Mathematics Part -2A

Prepared by Eng. Maged Kamel

Civil Engineer.
 Complex numbers
Argand diagram

imaginary
• Imaginary numbers were defined so that +ve
–ve numbers have square Root
−1 =i

-1 =i^2

imaginary
• Complex no can be written as -ve
real
real
Z=a+ b i where a is real number and i b imaginary +ve
-ve
number.
Draw : 3 + 3 i & -5 - 5 i y
+ P

imaginar
Z = (32 + 3^2) = 9 + 9 = √18 - (3+3i)
1
Z = 52 + 52 = 25 + 25 =√50 -5
3i

y
3 X
-5i
Real Real
 Polar representation

b
r.sin 𝜃
𝜃
𝜃 a
r. cos 𝜃
Z= r. cos 𝜃 +r.sin 𝜃 i
Z= r(cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 i) 𝑏
𝜃 = tan−1( )
Example : write z=-2-2.i in Trigonometric Z=rcsi 𝑎
Form.

Solution
imaginary
a=-2 , b=-2i , r^2=(2^2+2^2) r =2√2
2
𝛼 = tan−1 ( (− ) +
−2 𝛼 =45 degree -2
𝜃 rea
𝜃 = 180+45 =225° 𝛼 l
-2i
Z=rcsi = 2√2 csi 225 ° imaginary
Example : write z=2Csi 120 °In standard
form imaginary
Solution

√3 rea
𝜃=120
l
1

rcsi=−1 + √3 i
Derive the expression for roots of quadratic function.
Unit circle
Solution
Multiplication and dividing complex
numbers
 Example :Find the product of Z1=-1+i√3 & Z2=- 3 + 𝑖

Solution imaginary
Z1 = (-1+i.√3)
1 Z2 = (- √3 +i.)
-1 Re
al Z1Z2=( -1+ +i.√3).(- √3 +i.)=(+ 3 − √3) − 3𝑖 − 1𝑖
−√3
(-1, +√3 i)
2 Im
r1=( 3 +(1)^2))^0.50 =(3+1)^0.50=2
1 (- 3, +𝑖)
tan 𝜃1 = (√3 ) 𝜃1=120 degrees 3
2
−1 0 √3
r2=( 3 +(1)^2))^0.50 =(3+1)^0.50=2
RE
tan 𝜃2 = ( 1ൗ ) 𝜃2=180-30=150 degrees
−√3
(0,-4i)
Z1.Z2=2*2(cos (120)+I sin(120)).(cos(150)+I sin (150))
Z1.Z2=2*2(cos (270)+I sin(270))=4(0+i.-1)=-4i Z1. Z2=(-4i)
 Im
Example :Find the Quotient of Z1=-1+i & Z2=+ 3 − 𝑖
Z1 = (-1+1. i)
Solution imaginary
+195 RE
Z2 = (+ √3 -i.)

1 Re (-0.6830.-0.1830127i)
al
-1 √3
-1 Z1/ Z2=( -1+ +i.1)/(+ √3 -i.)=
−√3
(−1+i.1 (+√3 +i)
2 )
r1=( 1 +(1)^2))^0.50 =(2)^0.50=1.414 (+ √3 −i) (+√3 +i)
1
tan 𝜃1 = (−1 ) 𝜃1=135 degrees 4 − 3 − 𝑖 + √3 𝑖 − 1
1 5 1 +3 + 1
2
r2=( 1 +( 3)^2))^0.50
=(3+1)^0.50=2 (− 3−1 + 3−1 𝑖
tan 𝜃2 = ( 1ൗ +
−√3
) 𝜃2=360-30=330 degrees 4 4

Z1/Z2=1.414/2(cos (135-330)+I sin(135-330) =-0.6830-0.1830127.i

Z1.z2=1.414/*2(cos (-195)+I sin(-195))=0.707(-0.965925+i.+0.258819)=-0.6830-0.1830127i
De Moivre theorem
The theorem that a complex number raised to a given positive integral
power is equal to the modulus of the number raised to the power and
multiplied by the amplitude times the given power.
 Z^ n=r ^ n(Cos n𝜃 +sin n𝜃 ) n natural number

You want to estimate (+2)^3 imaginary

r=+2
r =abs(2^2+0)^0.50 =2 𝜃=0

Z^3=r^3( cos 3 𝜃+i. sin 3𝜃)

(2)^3= 2^3( cos ( 3*0)+i. sin (3*0))
(-8,0)
(2)^3= 2^3( cos 0)+i. sin (0))
r=+2 (+2,0) Real
(-2,0)
(2)^3= 2^3( +1)+i. sin (0))

(2)^3= +8 180=𝜋
360=2𝜋
540=3𝜋
8(cos 0+i.sin(0)
 Z^ n=r ^ n(Cos n𝜃 +sin n𝜃 ) n natural number

You want to estimate (-2)^3 imaginary

r=-2
r =abs(2^2+0)^0.50 =2 𝜃=180

Z^3=r^3( cos 3 𝜃+i. sin 3𝜃)

(2)^3= 2^3( cos ( 3*180)+i. sin (3*180))
𝜃
(-8,0)
(2)^3= 2^3( cos 540)+i. sin (540))
r=+2 (+2,0) Real
(-2,0)
(2)^3= 2^3( -1)+i. sin (0))

(2)^3= -8 180=𝜋
360=2𝜋
540=3𝜋
8(cos 180+i.sin(180)
 For k=0 (1)^(1/6)( Cos
0+2𝜋∗0
+I sin (
0+2𝜋∗0
)=1+0i
+6 +6

For k=1
0+2𝜋∗1 0+2𝜋∗1
(1)^(1/6)( Cos +I sin ( )=
Cos (1𝜋/3) + 𝑖 𝑆𝑖𝑛(1𝜋
+6 +6
/3)
=Cos (60)+I Sin (60)=+0.50+i
For k=2 3/2
0+2𝜋∗2 0+2𝜋∗2
(1)^(1/6)( Cos +I sin ( )= (2𝜋/3) + 𝑖 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝜋/
Cos
+6 +6 3)
Cos (1𝟐𝟎) + 𝒊 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟐𝟎)= -0.50+i
𝟑/2
For k=3
0+2𝜋∗3 0+2𝜋∗3 Cos (1𝜋/1) + 𝑖 𝑆𝑖𝑛(1𝜋/
(1)^(1/6)( Cos +I sin ( )=
+6 +6 1)
=Cos (180)+I Sin (180)=-1+i (0)
For k=4
0+2𝜋∗4 0+2𝜋∗4
(1)^(1/6)( Cos +I sin ( )= (4𝜋/3) + 𝑖 𝑆𝑖𝑛(4𝜋/
Cos
+6 +6 3)
Cos (2𝟒𝟎) + 𝒊 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝟒𝟎)= -0.50-i 𝟑/2
For k=5
0+2𝜋∗5 0+2𝜋∗5 Cos (5𝜋/3) + 𝑖 𝑆𝑖𝑛(5𝜋/
(1)^(1/6)( Cos +I sin ( )=
+6 +6 3)
=Cos (300)+I Sin (300)= 𝟏/2 -i
( 𝟑/2)