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Grid Synchronization of Renewable Generation

Systems Using Synchronous Power Controllers
Daniel Remon∗ , Weiyi Zhang∗ , Alvaro Luna∗ , Ignacio Candela∗ , Pedro Rodriguez‡∗
∗ Department
of Electrical Engineering
Technical University of Catalonia
GAIA Building, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain 08222
Email: daniel.remon@estudiant.upc.edu
‡ Department of Engineering

Loyola University Andalusia

Campus Palmas Altas, Seville, Spain 41014

Abstract—The increasing penetration of renewable energy
sources in power systems has increased the amount of gener-
ating units employing power electronics as their grid interface,
instead of synchronous generators. Their different dynamics have
brought new challenges for power system operators; in particular,
the reduction of the total inertia of power systems, which
leads to larger frequency disturbances. Different methods have
been proposed to address this issue, with virtual synchronous
machines as a promising solution; however, the start-up process
of these controllers has not received much attention. This paper
proposes a start-up strategy for the synchronous power controller,
explaining its working principle in detail, and assessing its
performance through time-domain simulation.
I. I NTRODUCTION
The irruption of renewable sources like solar and wind
energy is modifying the traditional energy mix of many power
systems. In many cases, these alternative sources reduce the
dependence on conventional power plants running on fossil
fuels, making power systems cleaner and more sustainable.
However, these changes suppose new challenges for power
systems, traditionally designed to rely on such power plants.
The main concerns of system operators are due to the inherent
variability of resources like solar radiation and wind, the
reduced contribution of many generating systems employing
these renewable energy sources, and the utilization of power
electronics converters instead of synchronous machines as the
interface between the resource and the grid.
Ideally, large generating stations should contribute to the
control of the power system, especially through frequency
and voltage regulation. In the case of renewable generators
injecting the maximum available power, this contribution is
constrained, and these units cannot inject additional power dur-
ing underfrequency events. Furthermore, conventional power
systems have relied on the large inertia of the synchronous
machines supporting the grid, which limits frequency excur-
sions after generation and demand imbalances. When these
This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science
and Innovation under the project ENE2014-60228-R.
Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in
this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of
the host institutions or funders.
units are replaced by power converters, these excursions may
be aggravated as the total inertia of the system decreases.
Taking this into account, recent research on the control of
renewable power generation systems connected to the grid
through power electronics, has focused on their interaction
with the grid and the support these systems can offer. The
flexibility of power electronics has enabled the development
of control strategies that allow these generators to contribute
to the control of power systems and to improve their stability.
In particular, different methods have been proposed to emulate
certain aspects of the dynamics of synchronous machines, with
special emphasis on their inertia.
A first approach considers an additional loop that modifies
the active power reference of a conventional converter con-
troller, as a function of the grid frequency [1]–[4]. However, an
alternative implementation is able to embed the main features
of synchronous machine dynamics in the active power loop,
giving the converter natural synchronization and grid-forming
capability naturally, and avoiding in many cases the utilization
of a phase-locked loop [5]–[10].
The results about this last group of controllers usually
address their performance in normal operation, or their impact
on power system stability. However, their start-up method,
which should avoid abrupt connection transients, is seldom
explained. For instance, in [7], a virtual admittance block is
temporarily introduced during the connection of the converter,
with the objective of making this connection possible without
activating the converter protections, but not trying to minimize
the effects of the transient; whereas in [9], an additional
synchronization system is considered for the start-up process.
This paper introduces a start-up process for power con-
verters employing the Synchronous Power Controller (SPC)
[8], [11]. The proposed process enables part of the controller
for the synchronization process, not requiring any additional
blocks. The controller and the start-up process are explained in
detail, and the performance of the start-up process is verified
through simulation.

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i abc R L vabc
eabc
(a)
Fig. 1. Electrical characteristic of the SPC: (a) Synchronous machine model, and (b) Virtual admittance implementation.
II. T HE S YNCHRONOUS P OWER C ONTROLLER
Power electronics converters employing the SPC are har-
moniously integrated in power systems through the emu-
lation of key features of synchronous machines. Namely,
these power converters work in natural synchronism with the
grid, responding to frequency disturbances, and behave as
voltage sources able to react to short-circuit faults and to
maintain isolated portions of the power system in operation,
not requiring ancillary synchronization systems nor switching
among different operation modes. These different aspects of
the converter response are defined by several blocks in the
controller structure.
A. Electrical Characteristic
The electrical characteristic of the SPC reproduces a simple
model of a synchronous machine, where it is represented as
a voltage source, corresponding to its electromotive force,
behind an impedance. In this model, the current generated
by the machine is determined by the voltage drop between
the electromotive force and the grid voltage at the point of
connection, and by the total impedance in between.
In the SPC, this is implemented in the form of a virtual
admittance block. This block receives the electromotive force
eabc generated by a Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO) using
the signals from other SPC blocks, and a measurement of the
instantaneous voltage at the point of connection vabc ; whereas
it generates a current reference iref
abc to be used by a lower-level
current controller.
The current reference is calculated taking into account the
fact that, in each phase, the voltage drop Δv = e − v
would induce a current through the impedance i, given by
(1), depending on the virtual resistance and inductance values
R and L. These two parameters can be modified according to
the grid conditions or in order to achieve different performance
objectives. Additionally, this current reference can easily be
limited to avoid harming the power electronics devices or
an undesired disconnection of the converter by its protection
system.
di 1 set of three-phase voltages employed by the virtual admittance
= (Δv − Ri) (1)
dt L block, is determined by a Reactive Power Controller (RPC).
The electrical model of the virtual machine, and its im-
plementation through a virtual admittance that determines the
current to be injected by the converter in order to reproduce
the response of the virtual machine can be compared in Fig. 1.
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ref
i abc   eabc

R  Ls
(b)
The virtual admittance allows employing commercial power
converters working as current sources, without additional
voltage control loops. Moreover, it avoids derivative terms as
those appearing when a virtual impedance is used to determine
a voltage reference from a current measurement.
B. Electromechanical Characteristic
The electromechanical characteristic gives the SPC its abil-
ity to work in synchronism with the grid, emulating a certain
amount of inertia. This is achieved through a swing equation,
whose expression, in per unit, is
dω
2Hω= Pmech − Pelec , (2)
dt
where H is the inertia constant in seconds, ω is its speed, and
Pmech and Pelec respectively are the input and output power.
In the SPC, these dynamics are determined by the Power
Loop Controller (PLC). This controller is a modified version
of the swing equation to provide additional damping for the
power system, which can be achieved through a first-order
low-pass filter, a proportional-integral controller, or a more
general transfer function [11]. In this case, a proportional-
integral controller is considered
Δω τz s + 1
(s) = , (3)
ΔP 2Hs
With any of these approaches, the PLC receives an active
power reference and an instantaneous active power measure-
ment calculated from voltage and current signals, and allows
fixing the inertia and damping to be emulated by the converter.
The resulting virtual machine speed is used to calculate
the angle of the voltage source representing the electromotive
force, employed by the virtual admittance block. Moreover,
this virtual speed can be used as an estimation of the grid
frequency both for regulation and synchronization purposes,
thus avoiding the need for a phase-locked loop.
C. Reactive Power Controller
The magnitude of the voltage generated by the electromotive
force, which is combined with the angle signal to define the
In its simplest version, this is a proportional-integral controller
canceling out the error in the reactive power injected by the
converter, although it can also control the voltage at the point
of connection, or employ more advanced control strategies.

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Fig. 2. Full SPC diagram including its start-up process.

D. Local Regulation Loops
In addition to the functions just described, which constitute
the core of the SPC, a power converter employing the SPC can
contribute to the regulation of frequency and voltage as any
other generating unit. This can be done through local regula-
tion loops that modify the active and reactive power references
proportionally to the frequency and voltage error, respectively,
thus defining droop characteristics that avoid undesired inter-
actions among several units. To prevent continuous variations
of the power references, the measurements are adequately
filtered, and these controllers can include deadbands.
III. S TART-U P P ROCESS
In the case of a power converter employing a controller
that reproduces the synchronous behavior of a synchronous
machine, like the SPC, it is necessary to initialize the con-
troller correctly before it is effectively enabled. Otherwise, the
voltage difference between the virtual electromotive force and
the grid voltage could be excessive, leading to the generation
of a large current reference, which would eventually result in
an unexpected current injection.
First, it is worth noting that the synchronization condition
is given by the electromotive force voltage eabc being equal
to the grid voltage vabc . In the virtual admittance block,
this is translated into the current reference irefabc being zero.
Equivalently, if this reference were used to calculate the
active and reactive power through the virtual admittance, the
condition would reduce to these active and reactive power
values being zero.
Therefore, if virtual active and reactive power measurements
are defined assuming that the reference current is virtually
flowing through the virtual admittance, it is possible to syn-
chronize the SPC to the grid before enabling the whole power
converter control system. The synchronization and start-up
process is shown in Fig. 2.
The process starts with the connection of the converter,
which involves charging its dc capacitor, closing its ac side
breaker, and enabling the modulation pulses and the current
controller with a current reference equal to zero (action 0 in
Fig. 2). After these steps, the power conversion system is ready
to start its synchronization, and the core of the SPC is enabled
(action 1 in Fig. 2), i.e., the virtual admittance block, the power
loop controller, and the reactive power controller are activated.
During this stage, the active and reactive power references are
set to zero, with the local regulation loops disabled, and the
power calculation block takes the reference current calculated
by the already working virtual admittance block, instead of the
measured current. Additionally, the current reference tracked
by the current controller remains equal to zero.
With these virtual active and reactive power measurements,
Pv , Qv , the internal voltage eabc is rapidly modified by the
PLC and the RPC, until it is synchronized with the grid voltage
vabc . During the synchronization process, the internal variables
are modified as in normal operation, but this does not cause
any disturbance in the power system because the effective
current reference for the converter is blocked. Furthermore,
only virtual values of active and reactive power are used, and
thus no actual exchange of power is needed.
To check whether the synchronization is completed, a given
power tolerance  St can be defined. When the virtual apparent
power Sv = Pv2 + Q2v is below this threshold for a given
stabilization time Ta , the controller can be considered synchro-
nized with the grid. Alternatively, the magnitude of the current
reference and a current tolerance can be employed for this
synchronization check. Once the controller is synchronized,
the current controller starts reading the current reference
calculated by the SPC, whereas the power calculation block
starts using the current measurement for normal operation
(action 2 in Fig. 2). The active and reactive power references,
and the local regulation loops can also be enabled from this
moment.

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20 20
Injected current (A)

Injected current (A)

10 10

0 0

−10 −10

−20 −20
12 12
Active power Active power
10 10
Reactive power Reactive power
8 8
Power (kVA)

Power (kVA)
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0

1.0

Admittance multiplier (pu)

60
Virtual power (kVA)

0.8
30
0.6
0
0.4
−30

−60 0.2

−90 0.0

Time (s) Time (s)

400 400
Virtual voltage (V)

200 Virtual voltage (V) 200

0 0

−200 −200

−400 −400

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Time (s) Time (s)

(a) (b)
Fig. 3. Evolution of the current and power injected by the converter, and the main controller variables for two different synchronization methods: (a) Proposed
pre-synchronization, and (b) Virtual admittance conditioning.

IV. R ESULTS
This section validates the proposed start-up strategy through
the simulation of a power converter employing the SPC.
First, in order to assess the performance of the proposed
strategy to connect the power converter to an operating grid,
it is compared with a virtual admittance conditioning method.
Afterwards, the ability of the converter to energize a microgrid
with the same control strategy is verified.
A. Comparison with an alternative strategy
The proposed start-up strategy is compared with a condi-
tioning method is based on the same principle as the soft
starter proposed in [12] for a virtual impedance. Namely, the
converter control system is fully enabled after the device is
connected, but a very low virtual admittance value is set, so
the resulting current reference is close to zero regardless of
the voltage difference. After a period of time, the internal
voltage gets synchronized with the grid voltage, and the virtual
admittance can be set to its normal operation value; however,
the restoration of this value must be handled with care to avoid
a large transient, so a negative exponential function of time is
considered.
In both cases, the same power converter and control param-
eters for normal operation are considered. The converter rated
power is 10 kW, whereas the SPC parameters are designed
to emulate an inertia constant of 5 s, an active power closed-
loop damping coefficient of 0.8, and a virtual impedance of
0.05+0.3j p.u., considering a 10 kVA base power and a 400 V
base voltage.
After energizing the grid, connecting the converter dc side
to its power source, closing the ac breaker, and enabling the
pulses and the current controller with a zero current reference,
the synchronization process starts at t = 0 s. For the pro-
posed synchronization method, an apparent power tolerance of
100 VA, and a stabilization time of 0.1 s are defined; whereas
for the virtual admittance conditioning method, the initial
admittance value is multiplied by a 0.01, this is maintained for
0.5 s, and afterwards it is increased with a 0.1 s time constant,
so it can be assumed that it reaches its normal operation value
in 0.5 s. At t = 1 s, the active power reference is set to 10 kW,
and the local frequency regulation loop is enabled, with a 5%
droop.
The results obtained with each method are summarized in
Fig. 3. On the one hand, both methods allow the controller
to be adequately initialized and ready to inject power as
expected when the power reference is modified, and the
power conversion system response in normal operation is
similar in both cases. On the other hand, it is possible to see

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Voltage on α axis (V)
400
200
0 0.0
−200
−400
−600
600
Voltage on β axis (V)
400
200
0
−200
−400
−600
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Time (s)
(a)
Fig. 4. Detail of the synchronization process: (a) Voltage synchronization with the proposed pre-synchronization, and (b) Current and power injected by the
converter during the virtual admittance conditioning process.
some differences during the synchronization process. The most
significant one takes place when the process starts: with the
proposed method, no impact is seen on the grid, as expected;
however, the admittance conditioning method results in a short
transient where some current and power are exchanged with
the grid. Furthermore, when the admittance starts to increase
towards its rated value, another transient exchange of power
can be seen. The amplitude and duration of these transients are
closely related to the speed with which the process is carried
out, making it difficult to reduce the time taken by this process
below 1 s. With the proposed method, the synchronization is
completed at t = 0.95 s, once again with no effect on the
grid when the current reference is enabled, and this duration
could be reduced by increasing the considered apparent power
tolerance.
Further details of the synchronization process are shown
in Fig. 4. Fig. 4a depicts the evolution of the electromotive
force as it gets synchronized with the grid voltage through
the proposed pre-synchronization method. In Fig. 4b, it is
possible to appreciate the transient caused during the admit-
tance conditioning process. The active and reactive power
are affected throughout this period, and especially during the
first 0.10 s, when the instantaneous apparent power exchange
reaches values around 3% of the converter rated power.
B. Energization of a microgrid
In the following test, the same power converter is employed.
However, instead of a working grid, an initially de-energized
microgrid is considered. The simulation studies the process
through which the power converter energizes this microgrid
with a few loads, taking into account that more loads and
generating units can be connected afterwards following the
same procedure as in normal operation. The total load initially
connected is modeled by a single load of 8 kW and 6 kvar.
The control of the power converter is the same as in the
previous test, only adapting the apparent power tolerance and
stabilization time considered in the synchronization process
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0.6
Injected current (A)
0.4
0.2
−0.2
Virtual e −0.4
Grid v −0.6
0.2
0.1
Power (kVA)
0.0
−0.1
−0.2 Active power
Reactive power
−0.3
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Time (s)
(b)
in order to allow an immediate connection of the converter.
Namely, the apparent power tolerance is given an infinite value
and the stabilization time is set equal to 0 s.
In these conditions, and after connecting the converter dc
and ac sides and enabling the pulses with a zero current
reference, the power converter receives the connection signal
at t = 0 s. From this moment, the active and reactive
power references are kept at 0, and frequency and voltage
regulation is provided with 5% and 2.5% droops, respectively.
Afterwards, the converter active power reference is increased
to 10 kW at t = 1 s.
The evolution of the system is shown in Fig. 5. After the
connection signal is sent, the converter immediately starts
injecting the current required by the load, which also re-
flects on the power fed by the converter, which practically
coincides with the rated value of the load after a short
transient. Similarly, the voltage droop keeps the voltage at
the required RMS value of 400 V. On the other hand, the
frequency shows a more interesting behavior. The presence
of the load and the tight voltage control determine the active
power drawn from the converter; however, the power converter
reference is significantly lower than the required value. Within
the controller, this causes the SPC frequency to decrease,
thus reducing the frequency of the generated signals, and
the frequency dip makes the regulation loop increase the
active power reference, thus limiting the power imbalance.
Afterwards, when the active power reference is given a value
over the requested power, the sign of the imbalance reverses,
the frequency rises, and the frequency droop counteracts this
trend by reducing the active power reference, until a new
equilibrium is found at 50.5 Hz. Therefore, the frequency of
the generated voltage signals behaves as if they were induced
by a synchronous generator, and its dependence on the power
balance provides useful information to control the microgrid
without communications, enabling different generating units
to share the load and the active participation of demand.
Additionally, Fig. 6 shows the voltage at the point of

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V. C ONCLUSION
20
A start-up strategy for power converters employing the
Injected current (A)

10
synchronous power controller has been proposed and ex-
0 plained in detail. Employing this controller, a generating unit
−10 producing renewable energy through power electronics can
−20
emulate certain features of the dynamics of a synchronous
12 generator, thus contributing to the control and stability of
10 the power system. The proposed strategy fully utilizes the
8 controller structure, not requiring any additional systems.
Power (kVA)

6
This strategy has been validated through simulation, com-
4
2
paring its performance in the connection of a power converter
Active power
0 Reactive power
to a low voltage grid with respect to an alternative method.
The results prove that the proposed strategy is able to obtain
50.5
shorter start-up times and to suppress undesired transients.
50.0
Frequency (Hz)

Furthermore, the same control system can be employed to

49.5
energize a microgrid with this power converter, limiting the
49.0
connection transient, controlling the voltage tightly, and send-
48.5
ing other elements in the system adequate signals for active
48.0
power balancing.
500 Time (s)
RMS line-to-line voltage (V)

400
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