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Finance Fundamentals-Basic 1 PDF
Finance Fundamentals-Basic 1 PDF
Finance Fundamentals-Basic 1 PDF
Topic 1 ‐ Using financial tools in context
Revision notes
Time‐value of money1
t
x
P V = (1+r)
The Present Value (PV) of some future cash‐flow “x”, happening “t” units of me from now, is the
value this amount has now a er discoun ng it at the interest rate “r”.
F V = x(1 + r)t
Similarly, the Future Value (FV) of a current cash‐flow “x”, is the value this amount will have at a
future date “t”, a er accoun ng for the interest at the rate “r”.
NPV
T T
xt
NPV = ∑ (1+r)t
= ∑ P V (xt )
t=0 t=0
The Net Present Value of an investment, over the horizon [0,T], is the sum of the present values of
all the posi ve and nega ve cash flows (x_t).
IRR
T
xt
NPV = ∑ (1+rIRR )t
= 0
t=0
The Internal Rate of Return of an investment, is the rate r_irr at which the NPV breaks even, i.e. is
the minimal rate of return that the investment should yield,over the horizon [0,T], in order to repay
the costs.
1
We use compound interest throughout.
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