Interline Power Flow Controller - Probabilistic Approach

Ryszard Strzelecki, Grzegorz Benysek, Zbigniew Fedyczak

University of Zielona Gora, Institute of Electrical Engineering
Podgoma 50 street, 65-246 Zielona Gora, POLAND
Jacek Bojarski
University of Zielona Gora, Institute of Mathematics
Podg6ma 50 street, 65-246 Zielona Gora, POLAND

Abstract - To improve energy quality in distribution
systems, many different solutions there are implemented, for
example: i) Active Power Filters (APF); ii) Unified Power
Flow Controllers (UPFC); iii) Unified Power Quality
Conditioners (UPQC); iv) Interline Power Flow Controllers
(IPFC). Interline Power Flow Controllers are the classical
series or series-parallel fdters applied to given number of
independent lines with common, for all lines, DC element.
Their possible functions are enlarging and include power flow
control between lines, reactive power compensation and
distribution system stability improvement. In the paper we
will show that using probabilistic approach to the distribution
system we can considerably decrease power rating of the
Parallel Active Power Filter's when it is a component of the
Interline Power Flow Controller.
This work was supported by the Polish Committee for
Scientific Research under Grant 8T10A 01820.
I. INTRODUCTION
back-to-back inverter. Its major purpose is to supply to the
DC element active power (meet demands on active power
of the series inverter's). Up to now power rating of the
parallel inverter's was chosen as the maximum active power
demand of the individual series inverters.
Taking into account that processes which are happening
in distribution systems are probabilistic (active and reactive
power quantities, voltages etc.) we will show that parallel
active power filter's power rating, when it is a part of the
IPFC system, can be considerably decreased in comparison
with its power in deterministic approach.
11. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF THE IPFCSYSTEMS
Lets imagine two Systems: 1 and 2. In this situation
IPFC consists from two back-to-back, series connected with
lines, dc to ac inverters, as it is on Fig. 1.

Active Power Filters, Universal Power Line

Conditioners, mainly Unified Power Flow Controllers and
Unified Power Quality Conditioners are in stage of hard
researches and increasingly applied. Their possible
fimctions are enlarging and include power flow control,
current and voltage harmonic compensation, voltage
imbalance, reactive power, negative sequence current
compensation [2][8]. To one of the most powerful
arrangements we can add so called UPFC (Unified Power
Flow Controllers). Those systems are the classical series-
parallel filters, which can control active and reactive
powers transmitted through the line. The major purpose of
the parallel filter is to keep voltage on the source element I
on constant value. The series filter has to inject controllable
(with angle and magnitude) voltage and in this way control Fig. 1. Two System IPFC.
power flow. One of the disadvantages of this solution is Each of the series inverters controls power flow by
need to equip every transmission line with independent injecting fully controllable voltages V,, and Vc2. This is
UPFC system. This solution is not attractive fiom presented functionally on Fig. 1. System 1 is represented by
economical point of view. reactance XI, has a sending-end bus with voltage phasor Vll
This problem can be solved by using so called Interline and receiving-end bus with voltage V21. Respectively
Power Flow Controllers (IPFC)[1][6][7][9][10]. Those System 2 is represented by reactance X2 and voltage
systems are the classical series or series-parallel filters phasors V12and V22.
applied to given number of independent lines, with Lets determine equation on power which series inverter
common for all lines, DC element. If IPFC system consists (for example in System 1) can not generate internally. For
only from back-to-back dc to ac series inverter, there is this purpose we have to define voltage phasors:
danger that power flow control in one line will degradate
power quality in others. This is happening because series ?11= v ~ Icoscpll+ j v l l sincpll
connected inverters can not internally generate voltage in
phase with line current [I]. This problem can be overcomed
by adding one, common for all series inverters, parallel

Q 2002 IEEE.
0-7803-7262-X/02/$10.00 1037
 - when PpFcl < 0, System 1 sends active power to
System 2;
- System 2 (or System 1) can keep PpFC= cons. even
controlling its own power flow, see Fig.2.
a)
After simply transformations equations on active and
reactive powers transmitted to the receiving-end bus of the
System 1 are as follows:

V2lVIl
p2, = -(cos ' p 2 ] sin ' p I I + cos ' p I Isin ' p 2 ])+
XI

Except "classical" (well known elements) there are in

equations additional parts. Those parts are "telling" what is
the contribution of the active VcpI and reactive V,,I
components, of voltage Vc, on power delivered to the

"2v
\ /
receiving-end bus, of System 1. k 2 '
IPFC has to control both active and reactive powers
delivered to the receiving-end bus. Lets determine desired
powers in System 1 as follows: SYSTEM 2

P;] =const Fig.2. Phasor diagrams for: a) Systems 1; b) System 2.

Q;i =O Only in situation when voltages on busses are as follows
On the base of earlier detennined equations we do have: V11=V22 and Vzl=V12 and powers transmitted through both
Systems are the same (voltage proportions are different in
situation when powers transmitted through Systems are

Active power demand of the series inverter's in i~

System is as follows:

= (VZi- VIicos si)-pz:,

PPFCi= zpivqi
(12)
V2i
On the base of above equation we can tell that (for two
Systems):
- when PpFCl > 0, System 1 absorbs active power
from System 2; Fig.3. IPFC equipped with parallel inverter.

1038
 different) there will be no power degradation in individual Rest variables: 6, and Pzi* are treated as probabilistic but
Systems. This situation is strictly theoretical and if we do only with uniform distributions [3][4]:
want to avoid problem of power degradation in one System
b
to improve in other, IPFC has to be equipped in parallel i' - (18)
inverter, as it is on Fig.3.
Power rating of the parallel inverter's has to be as
p2i* - U(p,,i#bi) (19)
maximum active power demand of the individual Systems:

ai
where: Vli ,V2i , "" ,Pi."" - max or min deviations
- /
Lirrited

Distribution

ftom nominal values.

111. IPFC PROBABILISTIC

APPROACH
Up to now power of the parallel inverter's was chosen as
the maximum possible active power flowing between
Systems, see equation (13). Because phenomenas
proceeded in distribution systems are random [5] (voltage
values etc.), let us see what value of the parallel inverter's
power rating there will be with probabilistic approach (we
will compare parallel inverter's power rating using
probabilistic and classical deterministic approach).
Lets make an assumption that variables: V l i , VZ, Si and
P2; are independent and with known limited random
distributions. On the base of some observations we can say
that variables Vli, V2i (for ifi System) have usually normal
&stributions on limited sets [5]. To characterize voltages
VIi we will use so called limited, on set [ali,bli], normal
distributions [3][4]:

(14)
respectively to characterize voltages V2iwe will use limited,
on set [ali,bzi],normal distributions [3][4]:
f f
where:
'Plor2i,,,
- quantile of the normal distribution N(0,l);
plor2,i- probability that limited normal distribution will be
on set la1or2,ipblor2,il;
To have a certain information about parallel filter's
power rating we will also make investigations when both
voltages have uniform distributions (this represents the
worst situation):
Fig.4. a) normal distribution;b) uniform distribution;
Because integral ftom equation (12) is very difficult to
solve (when all variables are treated as probabilistic) we
will not determine open equation on parallel inverter's
power rating distribution. To estimate this distribution we
will use numerical methods (using numerical methods we
can obtain very good approximation because distribution of
the parallel inverter's power rating is convolution of regular
functions).
To assign relation between power rating of the parallel
inverter's in deterministic and probabilistic approach we
have to make some assumptions:
1. for given n Systems particular random variables have
the same types of distributions;
2. power in deterministic approach is determined on the
base of equation (13);
3. power in probabilistic approach is determined on the
base of equation (20).
pParallel = (abs(pParallel ,a Pmb 9 pParallel,bPmb)) (20)
prob prob
where: Pparallel,a ,Pparallel,b - ranges determined for

1039
maximum probability density with 0.999 level of
trust, as it is on Fig.5.

Density t

rParalleb
-0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
c)
Fig.5. Method for power range determinationin probabilistic approach.

Iv. RESULTS OF SIMULATIONS

To have better view about relation between parallel
filter's power rating in probabilistic and deterministic
approach presented on Fig.6. investigations have been made
for different types (normal, uniform) and parameters I
I
(symmetrical and asymmetrical in relation to nominal
value) voltages: V J , ~V, Z ,distributions.
~ For rest variables
distributions have been determined as follows.
Angle Sifor all n Systems has uniform distribution with
parameters:
- u(O. 758n,i,l.258n,i) (21)
where: 6n,i- nominal angle of the i" System -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
d)
Reference active power delivered to receiving-end has
also uniform distribution with parameters:
'2; - u(O. 7P2n,,1.3P2n,) (22)

where: P2,,,=0.13 - nominal active power transmitted

through the i" System for nominal values: V1,,=l; n=2
n=3
V2n,i=1, &,i,,-4';
a)

Density

7 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.;

Fig.6. Resultant distributions of the parallel inverter's power ratingwhen:

a) VI,i - -
(1;0,00235) and V2,i N2,ia,b(1;0,00235)
;

b) V/,i " U ( ~ . . ~ ~ V ~ ~ , ~ , /and

.I~vV2
~,i~ , ~ )

c ) VI,^ - N~,ia,b(I;0,00104)and V2,i - N2,ia,b(1,075;0,00163);

d) VI,i -U(~.~V,,,~J.IV~~,~)
and v2.i - U ( ~ . ~ ~ Y ~ , , ~ . I . ~ V ~ ~ , ~ ) ;
On the base of distributions presented on Fig.6. we have
-0.20.15 -0.1 - 0 . 0 5 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 determined proportions between parallel inverter's power
rating by probabilistic and deterministic approach (see voltages: sending-end and receiving-end do have normal
Table I). limited distributions. In both situations (see Fig.8.a and
TABLE I
Fig.8.b) power savings are biggest when set ranges are
PARAMETERS 3TAINED
a)
PPddPmb

1 0.084 21.25 0.061 0.105

2 0.169 42.51 0.081 0.210
3 0.254 63.77 0.094 0.315
4 0.339 85.03 0.1 11 0.421
0.425 106.29 0.120 0.526 22.9
0
1 -10.18 66.55 0.090
2 -20.37 133.08 0.133 0.210 63.22
3 -30.55 199.62 0.161 0.315 50.97
4 -40.74 266.16 0.185 0.421 43.96
5 -50.93 332,70 - 0.213 0.526
0.088
40.46
70.93 1005
1 95.75 19.12 0.062
2 191.50 38.24 0.091 0.176 51.55 bl
3 287.26 57.36 0.116 43.80
4 383.01 76.49 0.134 0.353 37.99
5 478.77 95.61 - 0.159 0.441
0.088
36.05
92.04
1 86.89 58.00 0.081
2 173.79 116.00 0.128 0.176 72.72
3 260.68 174.01 0.162 0.264 61.36
4 347.58 232.58 0.195 0.353 55.24
5 434.47 290.02 0.219 49.65
=

Using values fiom Table 1, on Fig.7. there are plotted

curves representing savings of the parallel inverter's power
rating for different parameters and types of voltages: VI,^
and V2,idistributions. 1.005
Fig.8. Parallel inverter's power rating savings for: a) normal; b) uniform;
distribution of the sending-end voltage V1.i.Rest variables are as follows:
10
i i
I
i
6,- u(30,50),Si' U(o,o9,0,17)~
V2.i - N2,ia,,(1;O.Oo235) ~
I 5 .
20 a)
30

g
75 :
16
77
78 2
19
80 $
81 2

I 1 1 I I I I I I I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of Systems 100

Fig.7. Savings of the parallel inverter's power rating for given number of b)
Systems.

Watching above curves we can tell that for different

parameters of the distributions (a, b- symmetry around
nominal value; c, d- asymmetry around nominal value) as
well as different types of voltages: and V , idistributions
(a, c- normal distributions; b, d- uniform distributions) 7

savings of the parallel filter's power rating are meaningful

even in the worst situation when all variables do have
uniform distributions.
Up to now we were making all investigations only for
100
selected events. To have full survey on next figures there
Fig.9. Parallel inverter's power rating savings for uniform distributions of
are presented 3-D plots of the power rating savings for
different set ranges of the distributions. As we could expect
-
p2; when: a) VI,^ N,,i0,(1:0.00235) ;b) V,,i - , I . I ~ v ~ ~Rest
, ~ ) .

(see Fig.8.) savings are biggest in situation when both -

variables are as follows: 6i U(30,53,V,, - N2,ia,,(I;0,00235),n=5.

1041

4.05
b)
4.05
Fig.10. Parallel inverter's power rating savings for uniform distributions of
6 When: a) - N1,i~b(1;0,00235);b) - U ( O . B S V ~ ~ , ~ Rest
vI,i vI,i ,I.ISY~~,~)~
variables are as follows: P2; - U(o,09,0,17)
;V,,i - N2,ia,,(1;0,00235),n=5.
symmetrical in respect to nominal value of voltages
On next figures there are presented power savings in
situation of changed limits of P2,i*distributions (that means
different from nominal power transmitted through i"
System). On the base of those plots (Fig.9.a, and Fig.9.b)
we can claim that biggest savings there are when powers
transmitted are under their nominal values (there is excess
of power in individual System which could be used by
another System).
On Fig. 10. there are presented power savings in situation
of changed limits of Sidistributions. Tracing curves we can
tell that biggest savings there are when angle 4 for i*
System is bigger than nominal one, that mean we do have
excess of power which could be utilized by another System.
1042
On the base of earlier results we can claim that in every
investigated case, savings of the parallel inverter's power
rating in comparison with classical approach are close to
60-80 % (dependently on number of Systems).
V. CONCLUSIONS
In the paper there are presented IPFC Systems. Those
Systems can be utilized to control active and reactive power
flow in given number of Systems. To advantages of IPFC
Systems over classical UPFC we can add one (common for
all inverters) DC element. On the base of our investigations
we can tell that if we want to avoid problem of power flow
control in one System with synchronous deterioration of
power in other Systems we do need to equip IPFC System
in additional parallel inverter, to meet the needs on active
power. Taking into considerations that processes in
electrical systems are random power rating of the parallel
inverter's can be in prominent part reduced, with very high
level of trust (0.999), in comparison with power in
deterministic approach.
VI. REFERENCES
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flow controller concept: a new approach to power flow management
in transmission systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.
Vol.14, No.3, pp.1115-I 122.
[2] R. Strzelecki, H. Supronowicz: "Power factor in AC supply systems
and improvements methods," Publishing house of the Technical
University of Warszawa, Warszawa 2000.
[3] M. W k o : "Mathematicalstatistics," Publishing house of the Adam
Mickiewicz's University, Poznan 1996.
[4] J. Bartoszewicz :, "Lectures from mathematical statistics," PWN,
Warszawa 1989.
[5] J. Popczyk: "Probabilistic models in electrical systems," WNT,
Warszawa 1991.
[6] R. Strzelecki, J. Kukluk, H. Supronowicz, H. Tunia: "A universal
symmetrical topologies for active power line conditioners," EPE'99-
Lausanne.
[7] R. Strzelecki, G. Benysek, J. Bojarski: "Interline power flow
controller," SENE Conference,POLAND, 2001, Vol. 2, pp. 591-596.
[8] H. Fujita, Y.Watanabe, H. Akagi: "Control and analysis of a unified
power flow controller," IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, 14, 6, 1999,
pp.1021-I 027.
[9] R. Strzelecki, J. Bojarski, G. Benysek: "Probabilistic method for
parallel filter's power selection in interline power flow controller", in
press.
[lo] R. Strzelecki, J. Rusihski, G. Benysek "Voltage source power
quality conditioner ",in press.