Transmission line multiple faults detection and indication to substation

These days the dependency on the electrical energy is increasing day by day. As the
usage of the electrical energy is increasing the safe and reliable operation of the device is
necessary to both the operator and the appliance itself. Different protection devices are available
in the market with different ratings and switching times. The development of the electronics has
made the life of the electrical engineer easier as this helps him for having more reliable and
faster control on the logic part of the protecting devices. By this project we study the working of
Transmission line fault detection techniques used for the detection of the faults in their protective
zone only. We will connect two bulbs for showing the fault on the line. One bulb will represent
the fault in the zone of protection and the other bulb will represent the fault on the other zone of
protection. When a fault is occurred in the zone of protection then the controller will act showing
the type of fault such as current or voltage fault etc.

This project mainly contains two parts:

1. fault detecting and load protecting section (transmitter)

2. fault indicating section (receiver)

Fault detecting and load protecting section:

This section contains:

1. fault detection circuit

2. triac/relay section

3. encoder and transmitter

Fault detection circuit is used to sense the type of the fault and it will give the signal to
the triac/relay section when ever there is a fault. This section can sense low voltage fault, high
voltage fault and high current fault. This will send the data to encoder about the type of the fault
that has been occurred. The signal given to the relay/triac section will make the triac/relay to
operate instantaneously to make sure that the load is not damaged. The encoder section will
encode the data from the fault detecting section and it will give the data to the rf transmitter.
Then the RF transmitter will transmit the signals into the air through antenna.

Fault indicating section:

This section contains:

1. rf receiver section

2. decoder section

3. microcontroller

In this section the rf receiver section will receive the data from the transmitter by using
the rf signals. These rf signals are sampled by the rf receiver and are sampled for giving digital
data. This digital data is given to the decoder. Decoder section will convert the serial data given
the by rf receiver into parallel data. This data is given to the microcontroller. The data given to
the microcontroller will indicate the status of the transmitter. A led on the transmitter section will
indicate whether the data received is a valid data or not.

ADVANTAGES OF THIS PROJECT:

1) usage of the wireless technology will make the device portable which will decrease the
power consumption.

2) Easy of installation and usage because of its weight

3) Fault clearing time can be reduced as the type of the fault occurred is being indicated
clearly on the LCD which can be read by the user easily.
4) power interruption time to the customer can be reduced.

DISADVANTAGES:

1) The current rating for which the project is designed is very less which is not suitable for
real time implementation.

2) The load is protected from voltage faults only. If there is any current fault it will just
indicate the fault by raising an alarm.

APPLICATIONS:

1. Can be used in distribution systems to identify the faulty feeder.

2. Can be used to protect the 1 phase load and appliances as the load is protected from
faults.
 Block diagrams:

Transmitter:
Receiver: