COMPREHENSIVE INDUSTRY DOCUMENT SERIES:

COINDS/17/1983-84

EMISSION REGULATIONS
(JULY 1984)
PART ONE

·--
j

--
[EMRAl BOARD FOR 1HE PREUEDtlOD
ADD
COD1ROl OF WAlER POllU110D
DEW DELHI
•

. :
 CO MPR EH ENSIVE INDUSTRY DOCU M ENT S ERIES:
C OIN D S / 1 7 / 1 9 8 3-8 4

()
"U
()
OJ
m
z
<
(j)
()
CD
:J
.......
....,
CD
-

EMISSION REGULATIONS
�
(JULY 1984) �
(")
PART ONE "'O
(")
O'"
CD
:J
<
(/)
:J
(")
:J
-

CEN TRAL BOARD FOR THE PREVENTION A N D CONTROL OF WATE R POLLUTION

5TH & 6TH FLOOR, SKYLARK, 60, Nt.HRU PLACE,
NEW D ELHI - 110019.
PREFACE

This document contains emission regulations for six

()
specific industrial operations as per the Schedule "U
()
of Industries under Section 17 , of the Air (Prevention OJ
m
and - Control of PoJlution) Act, 1981. The other indus- z
<
trial operations listed in the Schedule are under active (j)
()
consideration for the national evolution of emission CD
:J
.......
....,

standards. CD
-

�
("')
"'O
("')
O'"
CD
:J
<
(/)
:J
("')
(NILA Y CHAUDHURI) :J
-
Chairman
 CONTENTS

Subject Page ()
"U
()
OJ
Emission Standards
m
z
Cement 4 <
(j)
Thermal Power 9
()
CD
Integrated· Iron and Steel 12 :J
.......
....,
CD
Fertilizer (Urea) 14 -

:;E
15 :;E
Nitric Acid
�
("')
Sulphuric Acid 18 "'O
("')
O'"
Guidelines for minimum stack height 21 CD
:J
<
(/)
:J
("')
:J
-
 EMISSION-STANDARDS

The emission standards for Cement, Thermal Power, Iron & S.teel, Fertilizer
(urea), Nitric and Sulphuric Acid plants, six ou t of twenty industries listed
in the Schedule in Chapter VII under Section 54 (3) of the Air (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1 981 are given below in abstract�

As prescribed in the Air (Prevent-ion and Control of Pollution) Act, 1 981

Section 17 ( l) (g), the emission standards for the six air polluting industries
()
mentioned above have been laid down. The emission standards for other "U
()
industries covered in the Schedule will be brought out subsequently. The OJ
rationale for adopting these standards are given in the report. m
z
<
These standards are applicable up to December, 1 9 86 and will be reviewed (j)

again in January, 1 987 based on experience and input from the monitoring ()
CD
:J ...
....
data obtamed in this.· period. The stack monitoring shall be done as prescribed ....,
CD -
by the Central Pollution Control Board. -

The State Board may adopt standards that are more stringent than thoS'e
given below depending on the location of the industries ahd specially if it
�
("')
-0
("')
m a protected area. They shall not, however, relax the standards.. 0-
CD
:J
<
A protected area is one that it already polluted from being in a metropolitan/ (/)
:J
industrial location or the area is sensitive because of its proximity to national ("')
parks, forests historical monuments and health resorts. :J
-

l. CEMENT

Standard for particulate matrer emisswn

Capacity Protected area Other area

3 3
200 tpd and Jess 250 mg/Nm 400 mg/Nm
-
3 3
Greater than 200 tpd 150 mg/Nm 250 mg/Nm
 - 2 -

2. THERMAL POWER

(a) Standard for particulate matter emission

Other area
Boiler size Protected area
Old New
(before J 979 (after J 979)

Less than 3 3 3
150 mg/Nm 600 mg/Nm 350 mg/Nm
200 MW

200 MW 3 3
150 mg/Nm 1 50 mg/Nm
anq above
()
"U
(b) Standard for sulphur dioxide control (through stack height) ()
OJ
m
Boiler size Stack height z
<
03 (j)
Less than 200 MW H = J 4 (Q) .•
()
CD
200 MW to Jess than 500 MW 220 metres :J
.......
....,
CD
500 MW and more 275 metres -

Q = Sulphur Dioxide emission in kg/hr. �

("')
"'O
H Stack height in metres. ("')
O"
=

CD
:J
IRON &: STEEL <
(/)
Standard for particulate matter :J
("')
:J
Process Emission Ji.mits -

3
Sintering plant 150 gm/Nm

Coke oven

Blast furnace
3
Steel making during normal operation i50 mg/Nm
3
during oxygen lancing 400 mg/Nm
 - 3 -

4. FERTILIZER (Urea)

Standard for particulate matter emission

Process Emission limit

3
Pri11ing T,awer 50 mg/Nm

5. NITRIC ACID

Standard for oxides of nitrogen, NO ()

x "U
()
OJ
3 kg of NO per tonne of weak acid (before concentration) produced m
x
z
<
(j)
6. SULPHURIC ACID
()
CD
Standard for sulphur dioxide and acid mist emission :J
.......
....,
CD
-

Sulphur dioxide Acid mist

Process
emission emission
�
(")
"'O
Single conversion 1 0 kg/tonne of concen­ (")
3 O'"
trated (100%Y acid 50 mg/Nm CD
single absorption produced :J
<
Double conversion (/)
4 kg/tonne of concen­
3 :J
trated (1 00%) acid 50 mg/Nm (")
double absorption produced
:J
-
 - 4 -

CEMENT

Sources of Emission

Generally particulates are emitted from the following sources ;

i. Rotary Kiln (Dry, Wet or Semi-Dry).

11. Raw Mill, Clinker Cooler.

iii. Finish Grinding.

iv. Packaging, .:)torage (Silos).

()
Besides emission is also associated with pulverisation of coal. "U
()
OJ
The control of particulate m the last three sources, namely, finish grinding,
m
r
packaging and storage is usually practiced in India ( Refer Annexure -1) at z
<
the highest possible level because of the urge for saving the products and (j)
raw material both in old and obviously new plants. Furthermore, it is easier ()
CD
to control from these three sources because of conditions of opera tion. :J
.......
....,

But in case of the rotary kiln the control of emission is difficult because CD
-

of elevated flue gas temperature and the presence of carbon monoxide.

Due to technological limitations, most of the countries had to provide higher
allocation of emission load to th� rotary kiln when all the above 4 sources
�
("')
"'O
("')
are considered together. To site this the Canadian example is used, where O'"
CD
:J
the controlled emission in terms of daily quantum are as furnished in Table <
(/)
I. :J
("')
Table l Emission Guidelines for Cement Plants (Canada) -
:J

(lb/2000 lb of Cement)

Guidelines
Source
New Plants Existing plants

Kiln 0.9 1.6

Clinker Cooler 0.6 0.6

F. inish Grinding 0.1 0.1

All others 0.2 0.2

 - 5 -

It may be seen that about 50 percent of total quantum of emission is permitted

from the rotary kiln after approoriate control.

Data provided in Table 2 suggest that about 3 to 4% of product 1s emitted

when no control equipment is ·in position. If the industry tries to reduce
this emission to 0.05 percent of product then the efficiency of control ranges
between 98.3 to 98.8 percent, which must be within the technological capa­
bility of the country.

Table 2 : Operation Characteristics oJ Rotary Kilns ()

"U
()
OJ
Unit l Unit 2 Unit 3 m
z
<
3 (j)
Flow rate 1 000 Nm /hr 90 84 98
()
3 CD
Dust cone. gm/Nm :J
3.65 22.4 35.60
(without control .......
....,
CD
-
Dust emitted tonnes/day
7.88 - 45. l 8 3.9
(without control)

Production tonnes/day 600 1 000 1 500

�
("')
'"O
("')
Percent of product emitted l.3 1 4.5 5.6 0-
CD
:J
<
(/)
NO TE It may be taken that approximately 3 to 4% of product is the :J
emission (uncontrolled) from rotary kiln. ("')
:J
-

The control devices associated with the rotary kiln should be capable of
attaining an efficiency exceeding 99 percent. Hence the efficiency ranges
prescribed here as 98.3 to 98.8 percent is quite conservative, and it is, there­
fore, expected that rotary kiln should not emit more than 0.05 percent of
product after installing control devices. The corresponding concentration
of emission is given in Table 3 for the 3 units. The concentrations range
3
between 1 40 to 320 mg/Nm •
 - 6 -

3
·Table 3 : Emission Concentration in mg/Nm

Unit l Unit 2 Unit 3

Production (P) J 00 tonnes/day JO 15

6
(tpq)
3
FJow rate (Q) 1 000 Nm /hr 90 84 98
3
Emission concentration (C) mg/Nm 1 39 248 31 8

3 ()
C (mg/Nm ) = 2080 (P/Q) arrived at as below "U
()
= 0.05 x p x lo? m_g/day OJ
3 3 m
Q x J 0 x 24 Nm /day z
6 <
= 0.05 x px 10 = 50000 x p (j)
24 x .Q 24 x Q
()
CD
= 2080 p :J
.....

Q ...,
CD
-

Recommendation

For rotary kiln the daily quantum of emission .ts to be computed on the basis
�
("')
"'O
("')
O"'
of 0.05 tonne per tonne of cement l?�oduced. The average concentrations CD
:J
to be maintained by the industry may be computed on the basis· of the air <
3 . (/)
flow rate, expressed in N m /hr maintained in the kiln. It is also expected :J
that emissions from cement plants of capacity less . that 200 tpd would be ("')
:J
comparatively lesser than a large cement plant. Also keeping in view that -
,
certain areas would haxe to environmentally protected because it is already
.
, ·

polluted or is a sensitive area, the fo!Jowing standards are adopted :

Capacity Protected area Other area

3
200 tpd and less 250 mg/Nm
3
Greater than 200 tpd 150 mg/Nm
 - 7 -

The concentration should not exceed under normal operation. The standards
shall apply to rotary kiln, raw mill, packaging, storage (silos) and finish grind­
ing. Mui ticyclone shall be fitted to clinker cooler.

Emission limits from pulverisation of coal are not prescribed for the present.

()
"U
()
OJ
m
z
<
(j)
()
CD
:J
.......
....,
CD
-

�
("')
"'O
("')
O'"
CD
:J
<
(/)
:J
("')
:J
-
 ANNEXURE - I

LIST OF EXISTING CONTROL EQUIPMENT IN SOME CEMENT PLANTS

Cement Plant Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit 7 Unit 8 Unit 9
m
z
<
Trial (/)
1. Year of
1970 1972 1977 1980 198 2 1981 1982 1981 ()
Commissioning run
CD
started :::l
.......
...,
CD
2. Crusher Cyclone Cyclone Cyclone Cyclone
()
""U
3. Raw Mill Bag type ()
OJ
dust ESP ESP ESP ESP ESP ,......

��
collector

4. Rotary Kiln Cyclone ESP ESP ESP ESP Cyclone ESP 0

"O
Multi- Multi Multi- Multi- ()
O'"
Cyclone Cyclone Cyclone Cyclone CD
:::l
<
5. Coal mill Cyclone Cyclone Cyclone Cyclone Cyclone Cyclone Cyclone Cyclone Cyclone c;;·
:::l
9
6. Cement mill Bag Bag Bag ESP ESP ESP ESP Bag ESP
:::l
Filter Filter Filter Collec- "-""

ESP tors

7. Packing plant Bag Bag Bag Bag Bag Bag Bag Bag Bag
Filter Filter Filter Filter Filter Filter Filter Filter Filter
 - 9 -

THERMAL POWER

For the present, control equipment will be required in thermal power stations
to limit the particulate matter emission. For keeping the sulph\Jr dioxide
level in the ambient within the air quality standards, the method required
shall be by maintaining a minimum stack height.

Basis

1. Separate limits have bee

' n laid down for each of the following categories
of boilers : ()
"U
()
Description Category OJ
m
less than 200 MW (a) z
<
200 MW and above (b) (j)
()
CD
It is considered that category (a) will comprise mainly captive power :J
.......
....,
plants of industries, and existing thermal power plants (Utilities) oper­ CD
-

ated by State Electiricity Boards. Category (b) will comprise large

thermal power stations operated by Central Agencies. �
(")
"'O
(")
2. The limits would also vary depending upon the ash content of coal O'"
CD
used. Emission factors for different types of boilers are furnished :J
<
in Table 2.1 . (/)
:J
(")
Table 2.1 Emission Factors for Large Industries Boilers
:J
-
(EP A: AP -42)

Particulates kg/t Sulphur dioxide

Type of coal burned kg/t of coal
burned

Pulverised Central 8.0 (A) 19 (S)

wet bottom 5.5 ( A) 1 9 (S)

Dry bottom cyclone 8.5 (A) 1 9 (S)

spreader stoker 1 .0 (A) 19 (S)
6.5 (A) 1 9 (S)
A = Percent Ash content of coal
S = Percent Sulphur content of coal
 - l0 -

Sampling conducted at a recently commissioned 200 MW Thermal

Power Station showed that 99.78% removal of particulate matter
can be achieved with ESPs of latest indigenous design. The details
are provided in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 : Electrostatic Precipitator Efficiency

Type A B c

3
Inlet concentration of dust gm/Nm 1 5.5 l 20.95 21 .29

3 ()
Outlet concentration of dust mg/Nm. 30.6 46.7 44.6 "U
()
OJ
Efficiency % 99.75 99.70 99.79 m
z
<
Source : Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) (j)
()
CD
ln developing the standards it is considered that category (b) plaAts :J
.......
....,
must install ESPs to achieve 99.78% removal as demonstrated at the CD
-
3
above plant. A standard of 1 50 mg/Nm is proposed in these cases.

3.(a) In addition to the size of the boilers, qualified above, additional consi­
�
("')
"'O
("')
deration should be given to its age and its location. The age is impor­ O'"
CD
tant fr:om the point of view of the cost-benefit aspect and the location :J
<
from its en"4ironmental impact. (/)
:J
("')
3.(b) BHEL came out with ·their improved ESP design in 1 979. Therefore,
:J
-
all plants commissioned after 31 st December, 1 979 are being classified
as new plants. Even if the boiler has been installed prior to 1 979,
the plant will be· classified as new, in this standard, if the ESP has
been installed after December, 1 979. New plants should meet an
3
emission level of 350 mg/Nm (equivalent to about 99.4% collection
efficiency). This is more relaxed than the standard for boilers greater
than 200 MW because the emission load from the smaller boilers will
3
be less. Further, for older plants, a standards of 600 mg/N m is
proposed because these plants may have constraints on both funds
Finally in areas where the environmental quality has to be protected
3
a standard of 1 50 mg/Nm is being adopted.
 - 11 -

4. The· standards adopted for the Thermal Power Plants are :

New
Boiler size Old Protected area
(after 1979)
3 3 3
Less than 200 MW 600 mg/Nm 350 mg/Nm 150 mg/Nm

3 3
200 MW and above 150 mg/Nm 150 mg/Nm

Stade Height Requirement for Sulphurdioxide Control

()
"U
To maintain a healthy ambient air quality the stack height for boilers ()
OJ
should be as follows
m
z
Boiler size Stack height <
(j)
()
200 MW and More to Less than 500 .MW 220 Metres CD
:J
.......
....,
500 MW and More 275 Metres CD
-
0. 3
Less than 200 MW H = 14 (Q)
�
("')
"'O
Q = Sulphur dioxide emission in kg/hr ("')
O'"
CD
H Stack height in metres :J
=
<
(/)
Flue Gas Desulphurization :J
("')
:J
No s.tandards for sulphur dioxide emission is being prescribed, the control -

being effected through the height of the stack.

For plants having boilers of 500 MW and more, necessary space has to be
provided for installing flue gas desulphurization device, should there be a

requirement in the future.

 - 12 -

INTEGRATED IRON AND STEEL

l. Sources of emissions

The sources of pollutant emissions are :

i. Sintering

ii. Coke Oven

rn. Blast furnace

iv. S teel making (oxygen lancing) ()

"U
()
There will also be emissions from captive power plant and coal handling OJ
m
operations which are not considered here. z
<
(j)
2. Sintering plant
()
CD
From the sintering plant, dust emission is expected to be 2.5 percen t :J
.......
....,
CD
of product. A survey of the s teel plants in the country reveals that -

flue gas collection system in the sintering plants are such that it
is not possible to correctly measure the flow rate and the dus t concen­ �
("')
"'O
tration. No data otherwise is available to estimate the raw emission ("')
O'"
in terms of concen tration. CD
:J
<
In the absence of any monitoring data it• is considered that we will (/)
:J
have to go by the achiev$ibility of venturi scrubber, bag filter or ESP, ("')
:J
preceded by cyclones if necessary, in which case it is possible to achieve -

3
an outle t emission of 150 mg/Nm . Therefore the emission limit
3
for sintering plant is adopted as 150 rng/Nm .

3. Coke Oven

In the coke oven, process coal is heated in a battery to drive away

the organic matter and other impurities to obtain coke.

Heat source is coal or gas. About 60% of the total coke plant parti­
culate emissions are accounted. for b'y coke oven charging and about
30% by discharging (WHO: ESP/8 3.49). Attempt should be made to
 - 13 -

control emissions both from coke oven charging as well as from dis­
charging. No limit is proposed for the coke oven section.

4. Blast furnace

The top gas from the furnace which contains significant concentration
of particulates, after necessary cleaning, is used as a source of energy
in all the steel plants. Tapping is also a source of particulate emission
which may be required to be controlled. Considering the amount
of emission from the Blast furnace, no limit is proposed.

5. Steel making process with oxygen lancing ()

"U
()
OJ
The emission from this section would be normally high only during
m
oxygen lancing. The gas would contain iron particles and be of high z
<
temperature. In view of the above, high energy venturi scrubber (j)
or bag filter is the recommended control equipment. However, it ()
CD
is noted that ESP can also be used. In the absence of any monitoring ::J
.......
....,

data, a limit is adopted based on achievability. During non-lancing CD

-
3
period the emission can be controlled to 150 mg/N m or so, the figure
3
of 400 mg/Nm is adopted to take care of the lancing period. �
("')
"'O
("')
6. The following standards are adopted : O'"
CD
::J
Emission limit for <
Process (/)
particuJa te matter
::J
3 ("')
i. Sintering P iant J 50 mg/Nm

11. Coke Oven

iii. Blast Furnace

l v. Steel Making
3
a. During l\lormal Operation 150 mg/Nm
3
b. During Oxygen Lancing 400 mg/Nm
 - 14 -

FERTILIZER (UREA)

1. Background

There are a number of nitrogenous, phosphatic and complex fertilizer .

manufacturing plants in the country. Some of the plants have captive
sulphuric acid and nitric acid (intermediates) manufacturing units;
the emission limits for these units will be as per those developed
separately for the respective acid plants. Emission limits for fluoride
in case of phosphatic fertilizer plants is under preparation. The various
nitrogenous fertilizers are ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate,
()
calcium ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride and urea. Plants "U
()
manufacturing urea are taken up for the present. OJ
m
z
2. Source of emission <
(j)
The source ·-of emission of particulate matter urea dust from the urea ()
CD
plants is the prilling tower. Prilling tower use cooling air for the urea �
....,

prills and are mostly discharged from the top. In this process, the CD -

molten urea is sprayed from the top of the prilling tower and the
cold air flows counter current, which picks up fine particles of
alongwith moisture. The size of the particles range from 2 to 200
urea �
("')
'"O
("')
mJCrons. 0-
CD
::J
<
3. Emission limits (/)
::J
3
The air flow rate through the prilling tower is 400 - 500 m /hr per
-
:
tpd (tonne per day) of urea (Fertilizer Association, India). The dust
3
content of exhaust air could be around 300 - 500 mg/N m . In order
to arrest these particles a scrubber followed by a demister should
be provided. The expected efficiency of removal is around 90%.
Therefore the limit for particulate emission urea dust through the
vent of the prilling tower adopted as :

Process Emission limit for

particulate matter
3
Prilling Tower 50 mg/Nm
 - 15 -

NITRIC ACID

I • Background

The ammonia oxidation processes account for 90% of the nitric acid
production in the country. The processes are divided into four basic
steps :

Oxidation of NH to NO
3
Oxidation of NO to N0
2
()
Absorption of N0 in water "U
2
()
Concentration of HN0 IJJ
3
m
z
2. Sources of emission <
(j)
The main source of emission is the spent (tail) gas from the absorption ()
CD
tower in which N0 is absorbed in water to produce weak (50%-70%) :J
2 .......
....,

nitric acid. The pollutants are primarily nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide CD
-

and trace amounts of nitric acid mist. The spent gas after energy
recovery and acid mist removal is normally emitted through a stack. �
("')
The uncontrolled emission is estimated to be 25 to 27.5 kg of i'Y.O / "'O
("')
tonne of weak HN0 produced. (EPA:AP-42, Part A). As per data O'"
3 CD
:J
reported by an Indian plant the uncontrolled emission level 1s in the <
(/)
range of 2000-4000 pp rn. :J
("')
In general, the quantity of NO emission is directly related to the :J
x -

kinetics of the nitric acid formation reaction. The specific operating

variables that increase tail gas NO emission are
x

I. insufficient air supply, which results in incomplete oxidation

of NO

2. low pressure in the abosorber

3. high temperature in the cooler-condenser and absorber

4. production of an excessively high-strength acid and

 16

5. operation at high throughput rates, which results in decreased

residence time in the absorber.

There will also be emission from the tower in which concentration

of the weak acid 1s carried out and is estimated at 0.1 to 2.5 kg/tonne
(EPA: AP-42, Part A).

3. Control of Emission

The stack gas before release to the atmosphere can be treated by

a catalytic combuster or on an alkaline scrubber. In the catalytic
()
combustor tail gases are heated to ignition temperature, mixed with "U
()
fuel (natural gas, hydrogen, or a rnixture of both), and passed over OJ
m
a catalyst. The reactions that occur result in the successive reduction z
of N0 to NO. The extent of reduction of N0 to NO in the combustor <
2 2 (j)
is, in turn, a function of plant design, type of fuel used, combustion ()
CD
temperature and pressure, space velocity through the combustor, type :J
.......
....,
and amount of catalyst used and reactant concentrations. CD
-

The expected efficiencies of control in the case of catalytic combustor

are as follows (EPA: AP-42)
�
("')
"'O
("')
O"'
Type of fuel Control efficiency CD
:J
<
Natural gas 78.97 (/)
:J
("')
Hydrogen 97 - 99.8
:J
-

75% Hydrogen + 25% Natural gas 98 - 98.5

The other method of NO removal is by scrubbing. As per data reported

x
by an Indian plant, from an inlet concentration of 2000-4000 ppm,
NO can be reduced to about 300 ppm, providing an efficiency of
x
about 90%.

4. Emission standard

Considering 90% as the achievable control, an emission limit of 3

kg NO /tonne of weak acid produced (before concentration) averaged
x
ovt. a 2 - hour period, is adopted.
,·
 17 -

No limits for acid mist is envisaged because it is considered as insig­

nificant. The standard is as follows :

NO emission from Nitric Acid Plant

x

3 kg of NO per tonne of weak acid (before concentration) produced

x

()
"U
()
OJ
m
z
<
(j)
()
CD
:J
.......
....,
CD
-

�
("')
"'O
("')
O'"
CD
:J
<
(/)
:J
("')

:J
-
 - 18 -

SUL PHURIC ACID

l. Background

Sulphuric acid is produced mainly by the Contact Process. This involves

the catalytic conversion of sulphur dioxide, produced by burning sulphur,
into sulphur trioxide, which is then absorbed in strong sulphuric acid.

2. Source of Emission

Pollutants emitted from the plants are so2 , so and acid mist. Nearly
3
all sulphur dioxide emission from sulphuric acid plants are found in
()
the exit gases of the so converter. The amuunt of so2 emitted
2 to so 3 "U
()
is inversely proportional to the conversion efficiency. The conversion OJ
is affected by the following : m
z
<
i. number of stages in the catalytic converter CJ)
()
ii. the amount of catalyst used CD
:J
.......
..,
iii. the temperature and pressure and CD

1v. the concentration of reactants (502 and 02).

Uncontrolled
, em1ss1on for var10us conversion efficiencies are furnished
in Table l.

Table l : Conversion Efficiency and Sulphur Dioxide Emission

Conversion of so2 emission, Kg/ MT of

l 00% H 2so produced
4
l 2
93 48.0
94 41 .0
95 35.0
96 27.0
97 29.5
98 1 3.0
99 7.0
99.5 3.5
99.7 2.0
1 00 oo.o
(Source: EPA: AP-42)
 19 -

In addition to exit gases, small quantities of sulphur oxides are also

emitted from storage tank vents, loading operation, sulphuric acid
concentrarbrs and through leaks.

3. Emission limits

Recent monitoring carried out by the Central Board at two plants

one double absorption and the other single, is furnished in Table 2.

Table 2: Sulphur Dioxide and Acid Mist Emission from Sulphuric

Acid P !ants ()
"U
()
so emission Acid mist OJ
Type of plant 2
Quantum Concen:ration Quantum Concentration m
and capacity,
tpd Kg/t of H So mg/m3 z
2 4 <
(j)
Single* absorption 25 1775 29 860 ()
CD
100 :J
.......
....,
CD
-
Double absorption 1400 at
300 7 1 250 12
l 00°c
�
("')
"'O
* with mist eliminator ("')
O'"
CD
:J
In both the plants the so emiss10ns are uncontrolled. From the emis­ <
2
(/)
s10n data and conversion efficiencies (Table 1) it may be presumed
:J
that 99% and 96.5% conversion efficiencies are achieved in double ("')

:J
and single absorption processes, respectively. But the double absorption -

process is expected to achieve 99.7% conversion, the corresponding

so emission being 2 kg/tonne of H 5o (1 00%). Adopting 99.4%
2 2 4
as the stable average efficiency, an emission limit of 4 kg/tonne of
H so averaged over 2 hour, in case of double con tac t double absorption
2 4
process.

Plants having single absorption process are required to reduce 50 emission

2
for instance, by absorption in sodium sulphite or bisulphite and recycling
the same. A limit of 1 0 kg/tonne of H so ( 100%) averaged over
2 4
2 hours is suggested as the limit for 50 em1ss10n for these plants.
2
 2
- 0 -

A mist eliminator can achieve 97.5% acid mist removal. Thus an

3
outlet concentration of 50 mg/Nm can be achieved with an inlet
3
concentration of 14-00 mg/Nm of acid mist. The following standards
are adopted :

Sulphur dioxide Acid mist

Process
em i s sion emission
3
l. Single conversion 10 kg/tonne of 50 mg/Nm
3
Single absorption 100% H2so4 50 mg/Nm
produced ()
"U
()
2 4 OJ
. Double conversion kg/tonne of
3 m
Double absorption 100% H2 so4 50 mg/Nm z
<
produced
(j)
()
CD
:J
......
...,
CD
-

�
("')
"'O
("')
O"
CD
:J
<
(/)
:J
("')

:J
-
 - 21 -

1. GUIDELINES FOR MINI MU M STACK. HEIGHT

Plant Type Stack Height

For all plants except 30 m

Thermal Power Plant

2. For plants where the sulphur dioxide emission is estimated as Q(kg/hr)

the stack height, H in metres is given by
03
H = 14 (Q) . ()
"U
()
3. OJ
For plant� where the particulate matter emission 1s estimated as Q
m
(tonnes/hr) the stack heigt1t, H in metres is given by z
<
0.27 (j)
H = 74 (Q)
()
CD
4. If by using the formula given m 2 or 3 above, the stack height arrived :J
.......
....,

at, is more than 30 m then this higher stack height should be used. CD
-

In no case should the height of the stack be less than 30 m.

�(")
"'O
(")
O'"
CD
:J
<
(/)
:J
(")

:J
-
 CENTRAL BOARD'S PUBLICATIONS

COMPREHENSIVE INDUSTRY DOCUMENT SERIES: COINDS

Pri=
Comprehensive Industry Document Mon Mode Fibre Industry.
(Comprehensive Industry Document Senee: COINDS! l/1979-80) Re. 100/.
2. Mmimol Notionol Stondorde Mon Mode Fibre Industry.
(Comprehensive Industry Document Series: COINDS/211979-80). Ra. 40/-
3. Comprehensive Industry Document Oil Refinenee.
(Comprehensive Industry Document Serie•: COINDS/311981·82). Ra 100/-
4 M1mmol Notional Stondo?"de Oil Refineries.
(Comprehensive lnduetiy Document Series: COINDS/4/1981-82). Ra. 40/.
5 Comp:ehensive Industry Document Chlor-Alkoli IAbrtd9ed) Industry.
(Comprehensive [nduetry Document Series; COINDS/5/1979-80). Ra SQ/.
6 Minimal Notional Standa.tcle Couetic Soda Industry
(Comprehensive Industry Document Series: COINDS/611979-80) Re. 40/.
7. Comprehensive Industry Document Khondaori (SuQor) Industry
(Comprehensive Industry Document Seriee: COINDS/7/1980-81). Ra. 401·
()
8 Mintmol Notional Stondon.ie, SuQor Jnduetry. "U
iCom:>reheneive !ndueb-y Document Seriee: COINDS/911980-Bll. Ra. SQ/. ()
9 Comprehensive Industry Document Fermentction (Molt�riea. Breveriee ond Dietillenee) Industry.
(Comprehen6lve Industry Document Seri.,.: COINDS/10/1981-82).
OJ
m
CONTROL OF URBAN POLLUTION SERIES: CUPS z
l. Union Temtory of Delhi (Abnd9ed)
<
(Control ol Urbon Pollution Senee: CUPS/l/1978-79). Ra. 40/- (j)
2. U mon Temtory ol Delhi IDetoiled).
iControl of Urban Pollution Senea: CUPS/2/1978-79). Ra BO/. ()
3. lnduetiial Survey Union Temtory of Delhi CD
(Control ol Urban Pollutton Series: CUPS/3/1978-79) Ra. 40/.
:J
4. Waeter Water Collection Treatment & Diepoeol in Clop I Cttieo. .......
(Control ol Urban Pollution Series: CUPS/4/1978-79). Ra. 100/. ....,
5. Statue of Water Supply a.nd Wastewater Collection Treatment & Diapoa<1l CD
m Close II Towne of India -
(Control ol Urban Pollution Senee: CUPS/6/1979.80). !l-- 100/.
6. U.T. ol ChondrQarh. Preliminary Report

7.
(Control ol Urban Pollution Series: CUPS/811981-82).
Inventory & Aeeeument of Pollution Emieelon In dnd Arourd Aora-Mathurn
Re91on iAbridQed) (Control of Urban Pollution Setiee: CUPS/7/1981-82).
Ra

Ra
SOI·

SO/. �
("')
"'O
ASSESSMENT AND DEVELOPMENT STUDY OF RIVER BASIN SERIES: ADSORBS
("')
O'"
L Umon Territory of Daman, Dadra and NaQ1n Haveli (AbridQed). CD
(Aeeeeement ond Development Study ol River Baein Sertea: ADSORBS/111978-79). Ra. 40/· :J
2. Scheme for ZoninQ and C1a1aificotion of Indian Rivera Eetuariee tmd Coaetdl Wdtera (Pt One: Sweet Water). <
(Aeeeeement and Development Study ol River Baein Serieo; ADSORBS/31197 8-79). Ra. 40/·
3 Bosin eub-Boein Inventory of Water Pollution: The GdnQa Basin Pt 1-Yomund sub-basin (/)
(Aeeeoement ond Development Study of River Baein Series: ADSORBS/3/1980-81). Ra. 100/. :J
4. Comprehensive Pollution Survey end Studiee ol GanQa River Boein in Weat BenQdl.
IAeeeeement and Developntent Study ol River Bo.in Series: ADSORBS/4/1980-81). Ra. 200/. ("')
5 Union Territory ol Goo. Doman & Diu (Dietl Goo) AbridQed.
IAeseeement ond Development Study ol River Boain Series: ADSORBS/5/1982-83). :J
6. Stream Water Ouality m Ma1or Rivers'" Gujarat DurinQ Biennium 1979-81 -
(Aeeeeement and Development Study ol River Boein Series. ADSORBS/6/1981-82).

PROGRAMME OBlECrIVE SERIES: PROBES

1. 0rQcniaation dnd Activitiee of State Water Pollution Control Boards.

(ProQromme Objective Series: PROBES/3/1978-79). Not !or &le
2. Industrial Eetote PlonntnQ:
(ProQramme Objective Series; PROBES/411979-80). Ra. 100/-
3. Epieodal Pollution A Coee Study Union Teriitory of Goo .
(Proqromme Obiective Series: PROBES/511979-80). Ra. 151·
4. PJ'OC'eedinqe of the Workshop on Biolcq1cal lndicatore and Indices on Environmental Pollution.
iPro9romme Obiective Senee: PROBES/6/1980-81). Ra 65/·
5. Ocean-Outlall for Pondicherry Papers Ltd. A Coee Study Union Territory of Pond1cheny.
(ProQramme Objective Series: PROBES/711982-83). Ra 301·
6. Initial Evaluation-Oil DrillinQ & Group GathetinQ Stdtion.
iProQromme Objective Series: PROBES/8/!'981-82).
7 Simple Guide Code ol Procilice for better Houee-KeepmQ and Pollution Control in ElectroplatinQ
Industry (EnQlieh/Hindl)
(ProQramme Objective Series: PROBES/911981-82). Ra. S/.

CENTRAL BOARD FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION

STH & 6TH FLOORS, SKYLARK BUILDING, 60 NEHRU PLACE, NEW DELHI-19