POETRY have been recited or sung, employed as a

way of remembering oral history,

P – Putting Words
genealogy and law
O – On Paper
 Poetry appears among the earliest records
E – Express in Part
of most literature cultures, with poetic
T – Thoughts from Me
fragments found on early Monoliths, Rune
R – Right to
Stones, Stelae
Y – Your Heart
 Monoliths – is typically a raised
Poetry stone with a runic inscription, but
the resin can also be applied to
 “Poetry is when an emotion has found its inscriptions on boulders and on
thought and the taught has found” – Frost bedrock.
 “It is the most perfect speech of man  Rune Stone – a large single
which comes nearest uttering the truth” – upright block of stone, especially
Matthew Arnold one shaped into or serving as a
 “It is the concrete and artistic expression pillar or monument
of the human mind in emotional and  Stelae – an upright stone, slab or
rhythmical language” – Walts Dunton column typically bearing a
commemorative inscription or
Poetry According to Origin
relief design, often serving as a
 Greek word “poesis” meaning “making” or gravestone
“creating”
* Poetry had a long history it was used in the old

21st Century Literature from the
Is a creative writing form which is used to
express thoughts, emotions and ideas in an
days for:
1
arrangement of words or verses.
 Philippines and the World
These are many types of poetry, all of
which have their own unique


Religious Rituals
Ceremonies
 Narrating Mythical Stories
characteristics:
 Epic Poem Earliest Period
 Cinquain
 Epic of Gilgamesh – Scholars first great
 Ballad
work of literature
 Haiku
 Iliad and Odyssey (Homer) the Greak
 Sonnet
Poet
 Limerick
 Vedas and Ancient India
 Elegy
 Poetry is a type of writing that uses Examples of Myths
languages to express imaginative and
 Pandora’s Box
emotional qualities.
 Homer’s Iliad
 Poetry is said to aspire to the conditions
 Pete and Hiaka
of music. Hence the rhythmic quality.
 Poetry it employs figurative and symbols Modern Day Myths have many components of
language that makes it susceptible to ancient/classic myth as in the following:
different interpretation.
 Star Wars
History of Poetry  Lord of the Rings
 Whale Rides
 Poetry as an art form predates written
 Superman
text: the earliest poetry is believed to
 Finding Nemo

Abis, John Adrianne D Grade 12 – Section E

  Monster’s Inc. Types of Imagery

Myhical creatures - duwende  Olfactory Imagery – stimulates the sense

of smell
Types of Mythical Creatures
 Tactile Imagery – stimulates the sense of
 Elves touch
 Dwarves  Visual Imagery – stimulates the sense of
 Goblins sight
 Hobgoblins  Auditory Imagery – stimulates the sense
of hearing
Vedas of Ancient India – the basic veda are the  Gustatory Imagery – stimulates the sense
samhila “collection” of the 4 vedas: of tasting
 Kinaesthetic Imagery – the imagery
 Ring Veda - knowledge of the humans of
produced by the use of words that appear
PRAISE
to the sense of movement, as in galloping,
 Sama-Veda – knowledge of the humans of
squinting and pirouette
MELODIES
 Organic Imagery – internal sensation:
 Yajur-Veda – knowledge of the humans of
hunger, thirst, fatigue, fear
SACRIFICAL FORMULAS
 Thermal Imagery – the imagery produced
 Athena-Veda – knowledge of the humans
by the use of words that appeal to the
of MAGIC FORMULAS
sense of heat, as in lukewarm, frigid and
Poetry steamy


21st Century Literature from the
Is one of the oldest genre in the
Philippines Literature.
Which do you use when studying poetry
2
 Poetry requires creativity

Philippines and the World
Aimed to propagate Roman Catholism and
submission to Colonial Virtues.


Poetry requires emotion
Poetry requires an artistic quality
Pasyon - is a narrative poem about the sufferings  Poetry requires logic
and resurrection of Jesus Christ belonged to this
Begin analysis with the poem’s title
category.
 Before beginning your dramatic analysis of
Types of Poetry
a poem, consider the poem’s title
 Dramatic Poetry – dramatizes action  Since poets do not speak either poems,
through dialogues or monologue the title of a poem is one clear way for a
 Lyrical Poetry – expresses personal and poet to indicate how to interpret it. Who
emotions. is speaking? Find who is being addressed?
 Narrative Poetry – poetry tells a story The title is very significant. It also helps
to point up the irony in the poem.
Examples
 The title helps the reader understand who
 Jose de la Cruz – Husing Sisiw is being addressed, as well as the direction
 Francisco Balagtas (Baltazar) – gained of utterance
wide readership during this period
Purpose of Poetry – to express ideas, feelings and
 Leona Florentino – Ilocana, won critical
emotions
acclaim in Spanish literature in Europe

Abis, John Adrianne D Grade 12 – Section E

Key Elements of Poetry  Sound – the use of tone color, rhythm and
measure to produce euphony (good sound)
 Form
and good harmony in poetry.
 Speaker
 Tone Color – element resulting
 Sound
from the use of rhyme, repetition
 Imagery
and other sound devices
 Figurative Language
 Rhyme – presence of words that
Elements of Poetry have identical or similar final
sounds: the recurrence of the
 Mood – the feeling the poet is trying to same final sounds result in what is
convey known “rhyme pattern”.
 Theme – is a truth, lesson, or message
about life
 Rhythm – is the best sound and feel of a
poem
 Meter – is the number ond style of
accented syllable in a line
 Rhyme – describe words that have the
same ending sounds
 Stanza – is a group of lines in a poem
 Line – is a single row of words in a poem

Types of Poetry

 21st Century Literature from the

Free Verse - poetry that doesn’t follow
3
any specific patterns in rhythm rhyme
Philippines and the World
scheme of line length. May contain rhymes
but they are not used in a prescribed
manner. Examples: Kochira muke Wari mo
Sabishiki Aki no Kure (Will you turn
toward me? I am lonely too. This autumn
evening)
 Haiku – a Japanese poem of seventeen (17)
syllables. In three (3) line of five (5),
seven (7), five (5) traditionally asking
images of the natural world
 Narrative Poem – a poem that tells the
sequence of events of a story. “the song
of Wandering Aengus”
 Sonnet – a very structured 14-line poem
that follows a specific rhyme scheme and
rhythm. 2 most common sonnets are
Italian Sonnet and English Sonnet by
Shakespeare
 Rhyme – one of the most beautiful
elements found in poetry is rhyme. Rhyme
is the marching sounds that are similar
 Tongue Twister

Abis, John Adrianne D Grade 12 – Section E

Lesson 1: Testimonio
Testimonio/Testimonial Literature – traces its
origin to autobiographical literature. An
authentic narrative, told by a witness who is
moved to narrate by the urgency of a situation
(eg. War, marginalization, oppression, revolution
etc.)
- this literature emerged as a backlash to the
mainstream Latin American literature; it was a
way to write back and correct the mainstream
literature
- it is similar to an ethnographic work, but it
emerges from a need to create social awareness
and consciousness to marginalized groups and
the exploitations they face
- is an attempt to create a “global reordering of
a social and economic context of
power/differences within which literature is
21st Century Literature from the
produced and consumed”.
- goes through an evolutionary process and the
Philippines and the World
birth of the testimonial narrative as a genre was
the least bit random
- has no fixed format while it is largely
narrative it may come in almost any form
(letters, oral histories, songs, etc.)
- given its form and purpose, counters the
prescriptive features of traditional literature.
The language does not have to be standard.
* Emphasizing popular oral discourse, the
witness portrays his or her own experience as a
representative of a collective memory and
identity.
Truth – is summoned in the cause of denouncing
a present situation of exploitation and
oppression or exorcising and setting aright
official history. (Yudice 1985)
Abis, John Adrianne D
Biografia de un Cimarron (Runaway of a
Runaway of Slave) – the first testimonial
narrative emerged in 1966 by the Cuban Miguel
Barnet
Lesson 2: Flash Fiction
Flash Fiction – refers to largely fictional work
of relative brevity, it should not have not more
than 50 thousand words. It goes by the name
“short story”, “micro-fiction”, “micro-narrative”,
and “sudden fiction”.
*According to Bob Batchelor (2011) it is also
known as the “smoke-long story” in China
because one is likely to finish reading it before
he/she finishes smoking a stick of cigarette.
* Flash fiction cannot be considered completely
new, however it traces its origins to older
genres such as the fable and the parable. It also
shares some characteristics with the more
traditional narrative forms.
* In the Philippines, it is equivalent to dagli, 4
dagli had already been around for decades
before the term flash fiction became popular
Lesson 3: Textula
Textula – traces its origins to the traditional
tagalog form of poetry called “tanaga”, which
consist of 4 line with 7 syllables each.
* It may be the basic rhyme scheme (AAAA)
* enclosed rhyme scheme (ABBA) also known as
inipit
* alternate rhyme scheme (ABAB) also known as
salitan
* (AABB) sunuran rhyme scheme
* it employs communication technology in the
sharing of tanaga
Grade 12 – Section E
Lesson 4: Fliptop/Rap Battle
Fliptop/Rap Battle – like textula, is a
contemporary type of poetry. It traces its
origins to the hip-hop culture which includes
among others in art forms, the rap, dis
jockeying and break dancing.
*Rap in the Philippines started to blossom in the
80’s and the 90’s through the popular rappers
like Francis M. and Andrew E.
- a contemporary type of poetry is a combination
of theatre, poetry and music. Fliptop battle is
meant to be heard or listened to for better
appreciation
- it promotes freedom of expression, freedom
from censorship, and paves an avenue for
creative expression of rhythmic poetry through
colourful language.
* The fliptop battle reached its universal
21st Century Literature from
fanbase in 2006 through social media outlets
Lesson 6: The Lyrical the
like youtube which paved the way for fliptop rap
Philippines and the World
to reach every household.
* Anygma (Alaric Riam Yuson) started Fliptop
Battle in the Philippines
* Similar to the old balagtasan, “poetic debate”,
“poetic jousting” or “poetic wrestling” the rap
used in Fliptop Battle is poetry in rhythm to a
beat or imagined beat
*It is a merging of literature and music as
evident in the musicality of language used
Important Elements of Fliptop Battle
> content
> flow
> delievery
Abis, John Adrianne D
Lesson 5: Blog
Blog – is the shortened version of the term “web
log”. It refers to a regularly updated journal on
the internet.
- the term is said to have come from the words
“weblog” coined by John Barger in 1997, and the
shortened to “blog” by Peter Merholz in 1999.
- it entails the use of cyberspace, that most
notable achievement of the IT revolution, which
has converted the world into the proverbial
“global village”
- democratizes the public sphere by giving the
opportunity to the individuals regardless of
their social status, gender, or race, to articulate
their thoughts and opinions on issues whether
local or international
Blogger – was later created in reference to the
person with a blog.
Essay 5
Lyric – is a poem that expresses personal
emotions. It has a certain musicality and rhythm
to it, and communicates the poet’s feelings
through figurative language.
- is a prose composition that conveys the
writer’s views about a particular subject.
Lyrical Essay – is a form of creative nonfiction
that combines both prose and poetry
Two literary genres on opposing poles
> expresses through an almost-musical weaving
of verse
> straightforward narrative or expository
sentences
* The lyrical essay is a new literary form,
considered by some writers as having been
“born” when the literary journal “Senaca Review”
defined and featured the genre in 1997
Grade 12 – Section E
Unique features of lyrical essay
> combines prose and poetry
> constructed from a distillation of ideas
> mentions but doesn’t expound
> suggestive but not exhaustive
> relies on associations, imagery and connotation
> makes reference to other genres, such as film,
music, literature
> arranged in fragments as a mosaic
> based on stories that are metaphors
> based on intimate voice
> crafted with lyrical language
Lesson 7: The Photographic Essay
Photographic Essay – it describes what you see
21st Century Literature from the
in the photograph. A series of pictures that
evokes an emotion, conveys an idea, or tells a
Philippines and the World
story. it expresses an artist’s personal ideas
through narration or exposition in the same way
an essay does, but it does so through
photographs
Narrative photo essay – tells a story through a
sequence of events or actions
Thematic photo essay – focuses on a central
theme and presents photos relevant to that
theme.
Elements in creating a photo essay
> The story – it expresses a central message or
tells a story
> The range of photos – is comprised of variety
of photos
> The order of the photos – logical and
creative sequence of the photos is very
important in communicating the central idea of
the photo essay
Abis, John Adrianne D
> Information and Emotion – photos provide
information to convey context and effectively
evoke emotion
> Captions – words chosen by the artist work
together with the images to produce meaning
Lesson 8: Speculative Fiction
Speculative Fiction – is a broad genre that
encompasses stories that take place in imaginary
worlds as a result of one or more “what if…?”
questions.
Sub-genres of Speculative Fiction
> Science Fiction – deals mainly with the impact
of actual or imagined science upon society or
individuals
> Fantasy – uses magic and supernatural
elements in plot, theme and setting. Magic is the
central to fantasy genre
> Utopian Fiction – presents a world that is
ideally perfect in all aspects of society 6
> Dystopian Fiction – presents a futuristic,
imagined world in which there is only an illusion
of a perfect society, but is in fact one which is
oppressed through corporate, bureaucratic,
technological, moral or totalitarian control
> Apocalyptic Fiction – deals with the end of
civilization either through nuclear war, plague,
or some other general disasters
> Post-Apocalyptic Fiction – is set in a world or
civilization after such a disaster
> Alternate History – is set in worlds in which
one or more historical events unfold differently
how it did in reality. Parallel Universe where the
event or decision turned out differently
Grade 12 – Section E
Lesson 9: Memoir
Memoir – from the French word “memoire”
which means “memory”, is a subgenre of creative
nonfiction that recounts the experiences of
someone’s life. It usually involves a public
portion of the writer’s life as it relates to a
historic event.
- it can be some time written after the
significant period of one’s life, allows for
profound reflection and introspection on the
part of the writer
- can be a powerful means of chronicling a
historical episode through one person’s
firsthand experience of that event
* It includes biographies, autobiographies, and
diaries
Biographies – account of one’s life written by
another person
21st Century Literature from the
Autobiographies and Diaries – are all written
by the individual whose story is being told.
Philippines and the World
Autobiography recounts a more general, broader
story of one’s life. Diary is a day-to-day account
of a person’s life, and is thus an immediate
recording of personal experience
Lesson 10: Metafiction
Metafiction – as fiction that “self-consciously
addresses the devices of fiction, it is a fiction
that systematically draws attention to itself as
a literary work”.
Lesson 11: Comicbook/ Graphic
Novel
Comic book – refers to any format that uses a
combination of frames, words, and pictures to
convey meaning and tells a story. usually it
exceeds 50 pages and is bound in either soft or
hard cover, it becomes a graphic novel.
- is a visual text, its language of storytelling is
unique. It uses static images, sectioned into
Abis, John Adrianne D
panels, to convey meaning, there are no words at
all: the images alone communicate meaning
(McCloud, 1993)
Parts of Comic Book
> Publisher – the company responsible for
publishing the book
> Main Title – title of the comic denoting the
series it belongs to
> Credits – lists the contributors to the book
> Subtitle – title of the individual issue
> Cover Image – meant to the reader’s
attention. It depicts a scene from a book
> Caption – speech box that contains narration
> Panel – single image is contained within a panel
> Gutter - space between panels
> Thought Bubble – contain thoughts of the
indicated character. These words represent
7
dialogue internal to that character
> Dialogue Balloons – contain words spoken by
indicated character
Lesson 12: Digital Media Text
Media Text – refers to any media product we
wish to examine and from which we derive
meaning value. It could be newspaper and
magazine articles, comics, films, TV shows,
music, performances, interviews, or talks
Digital Media – is digitized content-texts, audio,
video and graphics that can be transmitted over
the internet or computer networks. Makes
interactivity and community collaboration
possible in ways that traditional media does not.
Digital Media Users – were also empowered to
easily communicate and collaborate with other
users by forming communities around any sorts
of topic
Grade 12 – Section E
Types of Digital Media
> Podcast – listeners can tune in to the show at
their convenience and listen directly on any
device that can play the audio file
> E-books – electronic version of a printed book
that can be read on a computer or an e-book
reader
> Digital Story – multimedia movie that uses a
combination of pictures, video, audio, text,
narration and sometime animation
> Vlog – a blog that contains video content
TED – is an organization that started in 1984 by
creating conferences where great thinkers from
around the world converge and share ideas
through short, highly-informative, inspiring and
thought provoking talks.
Lesson 14: Theatrical Adaptation
Drama – is a literary genre that shares several
features with other forms of literature but
possesses certain unique characteristics that
distinguish it from the others
Dramatic works – tells a story by using the
elements of fiction (setting, characters, plot,
theme, pov) the same way novels and short
stories do
Actors – speak the dialogue and perform the
actions of the characters on a stage in front of
an audience
Costumes – are worn by the actors to help
portray their characters.
Stage – decorated to depict the setting of the
story and to set the tone.

Lesson 13: Spoken Word Poetry Lighting – used to draw attention to certain

21st Century Literature from the

Spoken Word Poetry – is a poetry intended for
performance onstage for a live audience. It is
characters or parts of the stage. Both lighting
and music are used to create the mood
8

Philippines and the World

mostly associated with hip-hop culture, but it
also has its roots in modern poetry, postmodern
Theatrical Adaptation – is a genre wherein a
story from another medium is rewritten to
performance, storytelling and monologue conform to the elements of the theater
theatre, as well as to various types of music
such as jazz, blues and fold. It aims to make a
lasting impact on the audience by using rhythm,
improvisation, rhymes, word play, and slang

What makes it unique and a powerful literary

genre? – it goes beyond mere self-expression. It
is also an empowering tool in expressing one’s
beliefs and stand on contemporary issues

Live performance – allows the poet/ performer

to convey emotions and conviction in a way that
words on a page cannot.

* Delivery of the works is just as important as

the structure of the written word. The poet’s
tone of voice, energy, gesture, facial
expressions are elements that convey meaning
as much as the words do

Abis, John Adrianne D Grade 12 – Section E