GLIMPSES Peoples of The Philippines

GLIMPSES
In understanding the peoples of the Philippines,

an in-depth study of the different ethnic groups
is needed-their beginnings, differentiation,
adaptation, distribution, convergence and many
other aspects. This books intends to identify all the
ethnic boundaries that define their existence
and provides glimpse of the different peoples
that make up this nation.
ii
GLIMPSES
PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES
JESUS T. PERALTA
National Commission for Culture and the Arts
GLIMPSE: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES

©2000 by Jesus T. Peralta. All rights reserved.
i
GLIMPSE: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES
©2000 by Jesus T. Peralta. All rights reserved.
First edition, 2000

First printing, 2000
Cover design by Boy Togonon

Page composition by Rommel Macaraig
The National Library of the Philippines CIP Data

Recommended entry:
Peralta, Jesus T.
Glimpses: Peoples of the Philippines /
By Jesus T. Peralta – Manila : NCCA, c2000
1v
1. Ethnic groups-Philippines I. Philippines.

National Commission for Culture and the Arts. II.
Title.
GN495.4P5 305.8’09599 2000 P 200000005

ISBN 971-814-002-6
National Commission for Culture and the Arts

633 General Luna Street, Inramuros, 1002 Manila
Tel. 527-2192 to 98 • Fax 527-2191 and 94 email:
info@ncca.gov.ph • website: www.ncca.gov.ph
The National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) is the overall coordinating and
policymaking government body that systematizes and streamlines national efforts in
promoting culture and the arts. The NCCA promotes cultural and artistic development;
conserves and promote the nation’s historical and cultural heritage; ensures the widest
dissemination of artistic and cultural products among the greatest number across the
country; preserve and integrates traditional culture and its various creative expressions as a
dynamic part of the national cultural mainstreams; and ensures that standards of
excellence are pursued in its programs and activities. The NCCA administer the National
Endowment Fund for Culture and the Arts (NEFCA).
iv
CONTENTS
Preface vii
Acknowledgement xi
The People: Ethnic Differentiation 1
Ethnic Group Briefs 13
Ethno-Linguistic Group Listings 53
Distribution of Ethnic Groups by Provinces 63
Bibliography 115
Vi
iii
PREF ACE
The study that resulted in this book started in 1988 when initial inquiries
into a more definitive assessment of the people of the Philippines were made.
Surprisingly, the number of ethnic groups in the country could not be
ascertained. The number varies according to which authority is read. The
Republic of the Philippines has been in existence for a long time and yet no
one knows exactly who are the different people that make up this nation.
The beginning, differentiation, adaptation, distribution, convergences, and
other aspects of the different ethnic groups in the Philippine archipelago
have never been discussed in a continuous format. The question can even be
raised as to why there are ethnic groups at all, or if there still are ethnic
groups as they have been traditionally recognized. Many ethnic names are
known but little else is heard about the people they refer to. For instance,
who are the Balango? Where were they located originally and where are they
now? How many of them are there? The Tituray, Ikalahan, I’wak and others
are not even been mentioned in the 1990 national census.
Studying peoples is a very complex endeavor, and one has to speak about
them in the so-called ethnographic present because they continually change.
Even the relationships among them are in a state of flux, and are altered
when seen from another perspective. Also, relationships are often
compounded so that any genealogical tree of kinship between ethnic groups
can be graphically stated in a number of ways depending on the perspective
used. An attempt to show a dendogram of the relationship of Philippine
groups will be made here if only to serve as a point of departure for future
refinements.
To put all known ethnic groups in a single volume that will allow contiguous
glimpses, like still photographic frames flipped through, is the objective of
this work.
The different parameters that led to the formation of the different ethnic
communities that now compose the Filipino people are treated here. How
specific ethnicities developed due to the variations in the state coordinates,
whether environmental or sociological in nature, are discussed. However, the
state of isolation of a majority of these ethnic groups through time has led to
the establishment of rigidly maintained and defended ethnic boundaries.
During the past few centuries many of these boundaries have become
amorphous
especially where the strictures of a centralized government, modified
religious and belief systems, new sets of values, state-introduced systems of
education and economy have been established. The breakdown of traditional
institutions together with the deterioration of ethnic cultures has become an
essential component of the development of a single nation and people, and
this now characterized the state of the many ethnic groups. The loss of ethnic
culture is a high price to pay for nationhood. This is inevitable for ethnicity
by its very nature changes as individual persons alter through time. It is
static and constant only in the ethnographic present, but changes in the
harsh light of reality.
The tragedy of traditions in continual flux is evident now in the Philippine
ethnic societies. It is no longer possible to be very positive in the
identification of ethnic membership by appearance alone. Before a person
could readily be said to be a Kiyyangan Ifugao or a Duluanon B’laan because
the patterns and colors of clothing alone would identify him as such. Now
unless a person says that he is Kiyyangan or Duluanon, or speaks in this
mother tongue, identification cannot easily be done. Before the pagdiwata
ritual was performed in the Tagbanua villages on occasions of celebration.
Now this is choreographed on stage before seated audiences instead of
participating villagers.
Given the altered states of Philippine ethnic group it is imperative taht they
be located and identified for the rest of the Filipino people who are enmeshed
only in of nationhood. Secondly, with the mobility afforded by the
infrastructures of government, peoples have moved out from their traditional
enclaves into different catchment areas in the country. Thus, communities
that have developed in Mindanao composed of peoples from different ethnic
groups like the Hiligaynon and Ilocano. Others through internal pressures
exerted by their own culture have left their home land, like the Ilongot. There
are now more Ilongot in Bulacan, Cavite, and Palawan than in Nueva Vizcaya
or Quirino provinces. These matters are discussed in the second part of this
study.
The second part of this work gives a sketch of a majority of the different
ethnic groups, with longer annotations on those groups that are relatively
less known. The various names given to these various groups in different
studies are included to make the identification more specific, even if to a
certain extent it would create some confusion. Some of the ethnic groups
have not been described due firstly to the lack of literature or because no
fieldwork data have been obtained from the groups at the time of writing.
The core areas-places where the population counts are densest while
indicating the probable staging areas of dispersal of the different populations
v
are pointed out when possible. This is based on the postulate in natural
history that the area of greatest variation of a species is the area of origin.
The succeeding part attempts to list the different ethnic groupings in varying
levels of integrations. With the multiplicity of ethnic subgroup names, there
had been a tendency to equate specific ethnicity to a subgroup, or even a sub-
subgroup which is actually only a highly localized community with a locative
term to identify this member of an ethnic group. The classification clarifies
that different level of membership. Thus, twenty six (26) major groupings are
recognized, with the rest falling in different levels of integration. There are
problems, too where a subgroup at a secondary level, has received
anthropological treatment such that the focus had somewhat elevated the
status of the subgroup to the level of a major group, e.g. the Tasaday which
has been regarded by most as a distinct ethnic group when in fact it is merely
as subgroup of the Cotabato Manobo, or the “Badjaw” or Sama Delaut which
is only a subgroup of the larger Sama ethnicity. In northern Luzon, there are
the Malaweg, Itawit, and Ibanag that culturally for all intents and purposes,
have already converged into a single group. Insofar as the Negrito and
Manobo groups are concerned, the picture is not yet very clear. At one time,
the summer institute of Linguistics, revealed the existence of some 82
subgroups of the Manobo. How they are related is still not clear .the situation
call for more field work, and even then once can still not clear. The situation
calls for more fields work, and even then one can still expect changes because
ethnicity and its relationships with other groups are always in flux.
In understanding the peoples of the Philippines, it is an obligation that the
status and dispersal of the various groups have to be considered. Time was
when an ethnic group is concentrated in a home territory with strictly
defined and defended ethnic boundaries. The Itnegs were fund only in Abra,
the Ifugao in Ifugaoland , the maranao in Lanao del Sur, and so on. The
boundaries are even expressed in terms of village limits. With the
development of a plural society in the Philippines where a national economic
and market system is superimposed over the various domestic economies,
ethnic boundaries have become diffused, interdigitated, and in many
instances, anachronistic. The last part of this work traces the distribution of
the different ethnic groups in various parts of the country, including an
estimate of these populations. To a large extent the population count is based
on the 1980 and 1988 to 1990 statistic of the National Museum.
The bulk of the research data will probably never see publication. The
present work is actually only a spin-off of the ethnic Mapping Project. The
vi
main body of materials is comprised of raw statistical data running some 450
pages of continuous computer forms that define the indices of affinities
between different languages and dialects in the country today. Also included
are estimates of margins of error and research areas which can be taken up
by archaeology to understand more clearly the movements of populations
into the Philippine archipelago through time-correlations.
The completed databases, covering records of ethnic distribution, and
language affinities, can be accessed readily. It is hoped that this work will be
further subjected to refinement by another generation of anthropologists so
that our insight into the Filipino people will be clearer.
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A study of this scope is not possible unless the work of countless people
in the field of prehistory, anthropology, demography, and other related
disciplines of the humanities and the natural sciences are put together.
The task alone of collating the various word lists and ethnographies
involved the entire staff of the anthropology Division of the National
Museum of the Philippines in a single aspects of the study from 1988 to
1994. Artenio Barbosa, OIC of the Division, should be mentioned in
particular. Polarization of ideas also developed from arguments with Dr.
F. Landa Jocano-presently of the Asian Center of the University of the
Philippines-when he was still with the National Museum. Data have also
been culled from the works of social scientists from the University of San
Carlos, Siliman University, Mindanao State University, and many other
institutions.
The various regional branched of the National Museum, principally the
Butuan City Branch have also participated in the collation of
demographic data. Margarita Cembrano of Butuan practically combed
the island of Mindanao to make a more accurate count of the distribution
of different ethnic groups. At the Zamboanga City branch, Eufemia
Catolin and Hope V. Villegas provided the linguistic data from the
western part of Mindanao. At the Central Office the following
contributed to the Ethnic Mapping Project: Nicolas Cuadra, Donato
Zapata, Pedrito Caspe, Celedonia Yamson, Marcedita Magno, Nicetas
Aquino, LEty Cabang, Remy Merilou, Alejo Ballesteros, Helen Hosillos,
Mario Dancel, Them Simpao, Adela Escober, Erlinda Bagaslao, Aileen
Eclipse,Ederick Miano, Lutgardo Ramirez, and Felicely Magparangalan.
There were many individuals in personal or official capacities with
Different institutional affiliations who advanced information or provided
ethnographic data which otherwise would have been missed. Among
these are the staffs members of the Office of Southern Cultural
Communities based in Zamboanga City and headed by Director Pearl de
Castro, and the main office in Manila. Members, too, of the Summer
Institure of Linguistic in particular are Glenn L. de Peralta, Rose W.
Teves, Olivia Dupingay, Juan Galeon, E. Macaraya, Haji Yusof Malabong,
Dr. Toh Goda, Dr. Ghislane Loyre, and Dr. Lawrence Reid, Dr. Thomas
Headland, Dr. Delbert Rice, and Karl Aaronsen.
The National Commission for Culture and the Arts and the National
Museum of the Philippines are to be acknowledged, especially Dr. Jaime
viii
C. Laya, chairman of the board of the NCCA, for making the publication
of the manuscript possible.
Handling of the voluminous amount of data required the use of
computer technology, while existing database software were utilized,
special programs were commissioned practically gratis et a more to
handle specialized aspects, my three sons have to acknowledged: first
among them is my physicist son in Canada, Samuel, who designed the
intial ‘Lexicon” program to handle my linguistic data; then my second
son,Francis Paul, a chemical engineer, who improved of “Lexicon” by
eliminating some bugs; and thirdly, my computer genius of a son, Patrick
Ian, who wrestled with the highly complex main “Lex2” program to solve
my most intricate programming demands, and sat through the long hours
of processing my data at home when my AT286 office computer could no
longer handle the immensity of the data matrix. Patient through all these
and the lost weekends, is my painter/sculptor wife, Charito, without
who’s sustaining support, I would not have had the energy to push
through with the project.
ix
GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 1
The People: Ethnic Differentiation
T
he ecological diversity and the differential cultural adjustment of
Particular population to their effective environment both physical and
natural, have led to the evolution of at least 77 major Ethno linguistic
groups in the Philippine archipelago. These groups are compounded by their
own respective subgroups numbering about 244 with their own variation of
the central cultures ecotonal areas have also given rise to marginal
populations where culture change is much more accelerated than the core
area.
The diversification is not only dispersed horizontally in the various regions,
but also vertically, with respect to the different elevations of the habitation
areas of the groups. This has become so since changes in elevations in the
topography produce differences in climatologically affected flora and fauna.
Various parts of the country, too, are affected differentially by the wind
currents that flow over the archipelago seasonally, principal among which are
the southwest monsoon, the northeast monsoon, the southeast and the
Siberian current. Those that are affected directly by the monsoons exhibit
distinctive flora; others that are affected directly by the monsoons exhibit
distinctive flora; others that are not so affected developed differently.
Ecological zones, too, differ in terms of elevations. The edge of the sea
develops mangrove forests. Dipterocarp forests cover vast tracts of land.
Higher up are the mountain forests characterized by tropical oaks. Beyond
these are the temperate zone forests where the temperatures are brought
down by the increased elevation. And much higher still are the mossy forest.
Societies change since cultures adapt to the vagaries of the physical
environment, adjusting their subsistence patterns to the relevant features of
the environment. In all these, differentially developed ecosystems are niches
where ethnic groups coevolved correspondingly different culture complexes.
Due to the generally homogeneous forms of ecosystems prevalent in some
broad areas, and the relatively more increased interaction between ethnic
groups that inhabit proximate areas, some patterning of culture may be seen
in certain regions in the Philippines. Thus, the mountain regions of the
Cordilleras of Northern Luzon have peoples that appear to be related in
general aspects of their culture as the Ifugao, Bontoc, Kalinga, Ibaloy,
Kankanaey, Apayao, Itneg, and Gaddang. In the Cagayan Valley, between the
Cordilleras and the Sierra Madre Mountain, adaptation is again specialized
giving the rise to the cultures of the Ibanag, Itawis, and Yogad. Influenced by
the Islamic movements and provided with a base Southeast Asian culture the
2 PERALTA
southwestern part of the Philippines forms another generalized groupings for

similar cultures: the Tausug, Maranao, and Maguindanao. The peoples of the
central and eastern Mindanao are yet to exhibit another set pattern, like the
Manobo, Mandaya, and T’boli. Central Philippines and the other lowland and
coastal area all exhibit a leveling of culture such that homogeneity is more
the rule. An enigma in itself is the widely distributed groups of negrito who in
spite of isolation from one another, exhibit similar features in their culture.
In the hinterlands are small groups that subsist largely through
foodgathering activities. The similitude, however, is deceptive for each group
is very well defined and distinct differential in their resources and habitat
and as far ranging in variations as their Austronesian languages.
More than geographic and environmental circumscriptions are the social
boundaries that separate one group of people from another. From the basic
biological unit of parents and children, the more sociologically operable unit
composed of the household extends the concept of family; an s the former
forms the basic economic, social and ritual unit- the household. The
composition of this unit is defined by each society and it may range from a
single individual to more complex families composed of a number of nuclear
members. In some societies, a household of only one member is considered
an effective and operable unit so long as this single member fulfills all the
obligations to the society of a family member, that is, it performs all the
functions- subsistence, social, ritual, and others- usually attributed to a
fullfledged family.
Usually, households are bound together into a more or less cohesive
aggrupation based on kin relationships of some kind in varying degrees of
distances in consanguinity or affinity, gravitating around the household of a
senior member e.g. households of children establishing post marital
residences about a parent of either side. Groupings like these are further
increased in scale by the gathering of kindred, which greatly enhances the
spread of sociological benefits horizontally among peer groups, as in the
polarization of social groups in confrontational situations. The relationships
between such groups, however, can rebound into one of a more cohesive
nature as alliances develop where the canalization of behavior becomes more
of a pattern than a divergence. In such instances the emergence of a strong
personality would weld such alliances into a political structure some initially
based on reciprocity and redistribution of benefits.
Ethnic groups become marked also by means of which inheritances are
distributed among the members. While the general rule of kinship is an equal
reckoning of affiliation ob both parents, there are differences in the manner
by which property is treated upon the death of parents. In the Cordilleras, for
instance, it is the oldest child that inherits the property, but he is also under
social sanctions to support his siblings. In much of the lowland areas the
inheritance is more equally distributed among the offspring. This is so
because in the highlands, arable land in the rugged environment is a
premium commodity that cannot be continually subdivided and reduced
down the line of descent, whereas in the lowlands this is not usually the case
since agricultural land here is more expansive.
Since social proximities and distances lead group to invert into themselves to
the exclusion of others, the environment in which they find themselves tends
to be homogenous for all the members. The manner by which the members
adapt to the parameters of the environments in terms of subsistence
technology is usually common to all. Thus, along the shoreline communities
tend to be fisher folk, and in the uplands the subsistence pattern develops
along the lines of slash-and-burn cultivation, and so on. The domestic kind of
economy practiced would be one where each household is both the producing
and the consuming unit, without the generation of a surplus in the
production, there is little need for a market, if there is one at all, where the
existence of specializations in the production of goods would lead to the need
to trade for things one household does not produce.
Religion too is a powerful organizing principle that defines the edges of an
ethnic group. The communities may be organized based on any number of
parameters. One of this would be based on the circle of members that
constitute a “parish”. The parishes of ritual specialists are sharply confined to
specific groupings of individual households. The linkages may be based on
kinship network or more intimate personal associations, or simply the
structure of the religion itself limits the memberships. In some areas in the
Cordillera, for instance, the ritual specialist will only celebrate the rituals of a
particular grouping of household whether or not these belong to a contiguous
group. The membership is traced to the extent of the meat-sharing system
that is part of the ritual feast that highlights a celebration. Outside the
network of households and individuals that shared the meat of animals
scarified, membership to the community stops. There are overlaps in
particular meatsharing networks. Those that do not belong to any of these
networks will not be part of the ethnic group.
Persistence of Tradition
Although change is part of social existence, and societies fluctuate in number

and character, there is always a functional resistance of change due to
homeostasy of adaptation. Thus, there has been through Philippine
prehistory, and even up to more recent time, the maintenance of levels of
subsistence technologies and the corresponding cultural traits. Group like
the Tasaday, Tau M’loy, and Uka of southern Cotabato subsist through the
4 PERALTA
same food. Gathering level, but exploiting different features of the

environment, maintaining a balance with their ecosystem, the population
reached no take off point to another level of technology other that incipient
hunting. Thus, their societies are organized into separate nuclear units
loosely structured into bands widely distributed in respective territories of
exploitation in the rain forests of Mindanao.
Principal among the organizing principles is kinship, both sangunial and
affinal. Relationship with parents and parental relatives is equal in terms of
how these relationships are named. The difference is only in the way one
behaves with a particular relative. Often it is the frequency and intimacy of
interaction that define the difference.
The structure of leadership is hardly defined and may only be specific to
occasions. The most incipient form is probably one where the difference in
role is only one based on prestige or economic levels. In larger communities,
an individual is recognized because or personal prowess, but in most other
cases even this tempered by a council composed of the elders.
Religion is amorphous and phenomenon-bound. References are often made
to an overall “owner” of natural resources that the people exploit and to
whom some returns are periodically made. Or there might be a superentity
who is beyond all mundane things. There are spirits and pseudosupernatural
forces in the world about them that affect their lives unless these are
propitiated.
Broad spectrum dry cultivation supplements gathering and hunting among
other groups that occupy the Philippine highlands like the Subanon,
Mandaya, Mansaka, Manubo, T’boli and others in Mindanao, the Pala’wan
and Tagbanua of Palawan, the various Mangyan groups of Mindoro, and
many others. Such cultivation has repercussions on the sociology of these
groups. The cropping of cultigens has further effects on sedentism and the
increase in interpersonal relations since communities tended more and more
to be nucleated under these conditions. In this stage environmental
degeneration results in the imbalance between man and land ratio. A
homeostatic condition no longer exists to balance natural regeneration and
man’s exploitive intrusions into his ecosystem such that agricultural
production has to supplement the minimum subsistence requirements of
populations. Cultivation trends gradually shifted to focus more on mono
cropping, and as opposed to broad spectrum cultivation, seasonality of
cultivation activities also has implications on the social behavior of groups.
Mono cropping and seasonality make crops more vulnerable to pests and
disease, thus posing the threat of seasonal shortage of food supplies. The
cultivation, too, in ever increasing areas of land affords less protection than
the checkerboard techniques of earlier periods. However, since the
techniques of swidden cultivation is energy-
efficient in terms of the ratio of production output to labor inputs per unit
area, more than the production technique to persist through time up to the
present. The persistence of their subsistence technology brings with it the
maintenance of associated cultural milieus, thus the preservation of cultural
traditions and their resistance to change. Not until there was another
technological breakthrough did dramatic change in culture take place among
the peoples of the Philippines. And this came with the introduction of
intensive wet rice cultivation and the associated complex that goes with it.
But since the technology is adaptable only to specific geographic situations, it
flourished only in the lowlands except in certain mountain regions where
water could be channeled to terraces on the slopes as among the Bontoc,
Ifugao, and Kalinga. Vast mountain region are to remain under slash-and-
burn cultivation in spite of the technological breakthrough.
The persistence of cultures is due to the capacity of groups to maintain a
systematic organization where each of the functional segments of the society
makes adjustments to changes so as to preserve the social structure. As a
result, societies are organized as almost closed systems in a domestic type
economy. The structure of the societies is based on social functions that
cofunctions and covary, thus kinship, religion, social organization,
subsistence technology, leadership, and so on are integrated in an
interlocking network. An example of this is the I’wak of the southern
Cordilleras. Among the I’wak the basic social units is the household defined
by its capability to be economically selfsustaining and its ability to function
ritually in the community. A number of households are organized into a kin-
related group that operates also as a ritual congregation with the head, also a
ritual practitioner. This ritual congregation cofunctions with at least one
other ritual congregation in order to be able to conduct a community ritual.
Animal sacrificed during rituals are utilized in the meat distribution within
the community since this is shared equally among the members. Thus, the
principal ritual animal, the pig, is a basic requirement for a unit to be
considered a social member of the community. The taro, which is the
principal crop, is also the ritual cultigens and it systematically binds the
various households together in terms of cultivation. Taro is propagated
through cuttings. But since taro is harvested daily to fill the daily
consumption only not enough cuttings can be gathered to plant a field
sufficiently. Other members of the community contribute cuttings so that a
taro field may be planted, thus sharing in the capital outlay. The elders of the
community who are active in ritual practice also operate as the group from
which community decisions and leadership emanate.
6 PERALTA
Each of the social function, however, serves as a linchpin that holds the rest
of the society together. Social change is effected when a link in the structural
chain is changed. Among the I’wak, changes took place when advanced soil
degradation necessitated the shift of cultivation from taro to sweet potato.
Cooperation between households no longer became necessary, for instance,
to get slips for planting a field. Sweet potato did not have a function in
rituals, thus with cohesion gone, the society began to disintegrate even in its
religious structure. The effects are seen in household migration and the
movement from a purely domestic economy to integration with the market
economy and labor market. But even without changes that come from within,
social change comes inevitably with the integration of the various ethnic
groups with the market system that intermeshes the rest of the country hand
the continuing imbalance between population and the rest land they inhabit.
Thus, social practices change with the changing times. However, vestiges of
aspects of particular cultures persist, even when modified and become bases
for tradition to becomes what is recognized as the “adat” of the southern
Philippines, or the “kadawyan” of the north: things of the past, yet creations
of the contemporary factors the continually change them.
Intergroup Relationship
It is the amount of interaction between social units that affects the character
of a community or a society. Beyond this network of interchange are zones of
diminishing exchanges between peoples. There are interchanges even across
ethnic boundaries, however and the character of these social exchanges
defines the limit. Thus, even if there are factors that divided that various
peoples of the Philippines into distinct ethnic group, there still exist social
exchanges between them, if not in terms of exchanges for marriage, then
exchanges fpr goods or for social services. Trade is one of the strongest bases
for reciprocity among groups and the sociologically acceptable means of
penetrating social boundaries. For instance, Maranao merchant range far
into central Mindanao and Central Philippines in their trading forays. The
Ifugao go from the lowlands, on the other hand, depend on the highlanders
for forest products.
Ethnic boundaries, however, are continually maintained although
transactions take place through them. Interchanges among the different
Philippine ethnic groups are not entirely harmonious as frictions develop
even among the best of kin. When kin group are involved, friction escalates
in accordance with the number of participants and intergroup conflicts
taking place. More often than not blood flows which must be balanced by
each contending side, head taking thud developed as a social mechanism

among the Ilongot, for instance, for minimizing conflicts and retributions.
And peace pacts are forged between conflicting groups as among the Kalinga
to ensure peace, further enforced by the establishment of ritual kinship and
blood brotherhood, as in the case of the Tagbanua of Palawan. Slowly,
however, the civil government structures radiate even to the hinterlands to
slowly redefine traditional social controls that integrate the different ethnic
societies.
Beyond Technology
In spite of the agricultural base which has reduced ethnic economy to a

primarily domestic one, cultures of the various peoples flourished in
surprising ways. Among peoples that did not develop writing, oral literary
traditions that combine poetry and song grew with amazing proportions with
various kinds of epic poetry like the Hudhud and Alim of the ifugao, labaw
Dunggon of the Sulod, Darangan of the Islamic groups to name a few that
compare with the lliad and the odyssey. Those that developed writing like
the Hanunoo Mangyan have created poetry forms like the highly
sophisticated ambahan. Decorative art flourished in well-established
communities that are marked with functional specialization. Among the most
sophisticated of this art is the okil of the Maranao, exemplified in the painted
wood carvings in floral motifs that decorate the torogan, or royal house. The
Ifugao, well known for the complexity of their religious structure, combine
the art of sculpturing with their belief systems, exemplified by their
consecrated images like the bullol and the kinabbigat. The expression of
music-both vocal and instrumental, solo and in ensemble- became as
distinctive as the development of the languages. Flute music among the
Pala’wan, for instance, is used as a language with the various notes becoming
ideational apart from being tonal. Music of an ensemble is often inseparable
from the dance of which there are innumerable varieties from the purely
imitative to the prodigiously societal like the lunsay of the southern
Philippines.
Kinship
The pattern of kinship among the various groups varies in accordance with
accepted behavior which is to some extent expressed in kinship
terminologies. An individual is reckoned to be equally related structurally to
his parentage from both sides although behaviorally his interactions with
8 PERALTA
such individuals may vary in accordance with the social distance built
between them. Thus, he may relate himself more to either side depending on
this interaction bias in terms of social organization. Behavior-wise, kinship is
cognatic as has been noted in the northern mountain groups. In southern
Philippines, where Islamic religion has been entrenched, a lineal-like
organization is resurgent that is somewhat segmentary in nature.
Leadership
Leadership among the traditional peoples of the Philippines is amorphous

and defined by the moment. Among the Tau’t bato an incipient form that is
distributive in nature is exhibited. This is more like a type of social exchange
is the redistributive kind where the leader gathers from the production of his
groups and distributes among others to gain a larger following: often there
are a number of leader within a group depending on the nature of the
function-religious, political, etc. at times, a group of prestigious men, often
the elders, makes the necessary communal decisions. A mark of distinction,
however, is that beyond the functions of politics, a man labors in his own
fields and in all domestic functions acts in a community of peers.
Religion
The earliest indications of religious activities are probably the existence of

petrographs, petroglyphs, and the like, suggesting man’s attempt to influence
the elements of nature to his advantage. Examples of these have been found
in the provinces of Rizal, Bohol, Mountain Province, and Palawan. The way
man relates himself to the spiritual worlds Province, and Palawan.
The way man relates himself to the spiritual worlds varies in accordance with
the factors he has to deal with since his culture dictates this. In a general
sense, the deities he recognizes belong to different pantheons, with each
deity limited to a particular domain and other with a broader scope of
powers. Some are mere anthropomorphization of natural phenomena such as
the makakameng or “owner” of the I’wak; other are abstractions of social
values, e.g., the kabbigat or the lawgiver of the Ifugao. Religious cosmologies,
too, differ from the layered one that exemplified the underworlds and upper
worlds, to an inversion of the real world as among the Pala’wan. To the
south, Islam as adapted by local cultures flourished among the
Maguindanao, Maranao, and Tausug with the religious structures impeding
into the political structures. But everywhere in the Philippines, the pattern is
the same where the various functional structures overlap in a number of
ways such that it is difficult for instance to separate the political from the
religious leadership. And like his political counterpart, the religious leader
holds no special privilege in the community that exempts him from his own
domestic obligations. Thus, he cuts his own forest and tends his own fields.
The Anomaly of Persisting Cultures
Change is as inevitable as time, and this is true of what has been accepted as
traditional cultures. Traditions change as new values are developed, adopted
and integrated by a society. The kalinga of today are different from the
Kalinga some fifty years ago because people change as they alter their
physical and social environments since the perturbations impose upon them
some feedback groups that are now living in the fringes of urban areas of the
Philippines are representative of prehistoric cultures of the land. Ethnic
cultures have moved as far forward in time as the social developments in the
metropolitan areas.
The distinction of development, however, has diverged due to parameters of
other kinds. The existence of items of material culture identified with earlier
periods are of no help at all for such survivals as often are likely to have lost
their original function and context in a society. An example of this is the
polished stone adze which before was a utilitarian cutting tool but now
assumes a purely ritual function. It is now used as a talisman among the
Ifugao to make the warrior bulletproof, and as a cock fighting charm among
lowlanders.
So many changes have taken place that the question has been raised as to
whether there is still some validity to the existence of some ethnic groups as
they have been known heretofore. Some of these groups, especially those that
live near urbanized areas or are within reach of the sphere of government,
the market and educational systems, no longer look nor behave the way they
used to. The reason is that the state coordinates that are factors in the
development of specific ethnic groups before the coming of the colonizing
western powers no longer exist or at the mot are mere vestiges of what these
were.
Apart from the internal changes that take place within each community as a
natural course of things, more drastic are the pressures from outside that
alter the character of ethnic groups. Even, internally, societies change
without influences from outside. Culture traits change depending on the
individual actors in the society- a powerful leader may pass away and with a
new kind of leadership, the direction of the community might veer in some
other ways. A shift in the environment of subsistence, the rise of another
10 PERALTA
powerful person- all these cause alterations in the way the people are
organized.
Pressures from outside the society are even more compelling and effecting
changes in shorter time frames. Colonized peoples are even more subjected
to change that drastically alter aspects of their cultures. The way a group of
people organize their subsistence strategy largely defines how they organize
their society. While the domestic type of economy that defines the traits of
cultural communities’ changes little through time, the introduction of the
network of sources has affected micro economies. Self-sustaining domestic
economies have begun to cease from being merely producing-consuming
entities and have now interlinked with the marketing network. Cash
cropping, for instance, has become the byword of agricultural production,
and with it the recourse to mono cropping characteristic of ethnic agriculture
is no longer viable since now there is a need for the production of surplus in
the trade-off with the markets. Thus, households have become dependent on
the market system as whole communities are dependent on the production of
others in satiating their own consumption needs. New needs are created
neither for consumer goods of which there were nor before. The use of
money has become a necessity for survival in market relationships.
Even more drastic is the superimposition of an alien political structure upon
the local leadership organization. The national political structure has now
encompassed heretofore isolated communities with a kind of leadership
organization that infringes on traditional leadership forms like the
community council of elders, and relegating the latter to secondary functions.
Often those that occupy the positions of government in the civil structure are
those members of ethnic communities that are young and relatively more
educated since these are the ones that can relate better to the national
institutions. The elderly and less educated elders who ordinarily occupy
positions of authority in the communities are now subordinated to this
younger generation, resulting in internal cultural conflicts. Different social
intuitions, too, contribute to the degradation of local leadership since issues
are now elevated from the sitio to the barangay and higher, to the municipal,
provincial and national levels in either degradation of traditional authority or
the restricting of internal relationships within the group.
The most leveling factor of all is the public education system introduced
from the West. The reduction of learning of generation into standardized
gradation among age groups has pervaded the cultures of ethnic groups,
changing entire systems of ethnic knowledge, values, loyalties, perspectives,
internalizations, needs, and whole set of cultural traits, Education within an
ethnic group is culture specific while nationalized education establishes as
generalized standard that develops people in a larger scale that transcends
ethnic boundaries.
This is further aggravated by the official emphasis on the development of a

national language through the medium of public education. Language has
been said to be the bearer of culture. There is nothing in the culture of a
society that is not reflected in the vocabulary of the group. The degradation
of an ethnic language can only mean the erosion of traits in that culture. The
introduction of a new language necessarily induces changes in the
parameters of that particular culture, including its original language. The
internalization of concepts through the medium of language and the
externalization of these is altered since the culture of the introduced
language is internalized by the receiving culture.
What public education has not reached in terms of influence, mass media,
especially in form of the transistor radio, have made incursions into in order
to affect changes in erstwhile isolated communities that before this tended
toward conservatism. New tastes and needs ranging from consumer goods,
personalities, leadership, opinions, and points of views are continually
developed and then altered by relentless bombardment through the airwaves,
further contributing to the destruction of traditional value systems.
Indigenous religions which differentiated peoples were the first to go among
major ethnic groups, the great religions introduced by the Western powers
were an efficient leveling device that destroyed entire systems of beliefs and
with these indigenous values that bind together members of a community.
Exchanging these with new ones which are alien if not outright contradictory
to the traditional forms.
The end result is the gradual eradication of ethnic boundaries especially in
areas of greatest contact between groups. Where one can move through the
islands before and see differences among people through their manners of
dress, types of architecture, modes of subsistence, and organization of
communities, now there is a visual continuum where cultural breaks are no
longer perceived. One will be hard put to recognize the ethnicity of a person
unless that person states this or speaks his native tongue. The Filipino
nations is emerging without doubt, at the cost of the disappearance of
individual ethnic groups no longer exists, and have been replaced by new
social factors. There are survivals of ethnic cultures in areas still distant and
isolated enough to remain relatively untouched by external influences. But
these are more the exceptions that the rule. Even these communities have
developed needs attuned to the market system which have made them
dependent on external providence. It is only a matter of time when the
onslaught will reach them. Communities by now, in different degrees, have
become mere terminal points in the development of the peasant-urban
continuum. They are no longer discrete and independent cultural entities.
12 PERALTA
There are divergences, convergences, and parallel developments in societal

change. The cultures of the Filipino people are much too complex and
compounded to be reduced to generalized statements that are not just
sociological principles. The beauty of ethnicity is in the particular aspect. It is
the shell-inlaid wooden earplug of a wizened Abiyan Negrito woman, the
friction decorated blowgun of the Pala’wan, the chanting of the Alim by an
Ifugao membunung or again, the I’wak ritual practitioner reciting the bilang,
enumerating the deities with which they have accord and the names of the
ancestors with whom they maintain kin relationship.
Yet even these particular aspects of culture change through stimuli both
from within the structure of the society and from pressures impressed by an
external factors. The “traditions” develop in time where these were not
present before, as the ati-atihan of Aklan and the moriones of Marinduque.
Thus in time, too, even these changes, for the interpretation of cultural
values between groups is a constant where there is social contact. What
maintains the ethnic boundaries, however, is still the particular culture that
defines what changes is sociologically relevant to a population and how this
can operate within the limitations of the ecological niche. Thus we witness
the paradox of persisting cultures that are in reality altered to respond to the
perturbations in the social and physical environments. This is because
ethnicity is not of the static past, but of living peoples. But like all things,
even ethnic peoples change at the birthing of a nation.
Ethnic Group Brief
Luzon
1. Ivatan/Itbayathe Ivatan/Itbayat are the groups inhabiting the two island

groups in extreme northern Luzon which lie in the typhoon belt:
T
the Batanes-
Babuyan groups. Only the larger islands are habitable and
even the larger ones with an estimated area of 21,000 hectares are
largely rugged terrain. The relative isolation of the area has led to
development of distinct indigeneous cultures that have traits of the Cordillera
societies and of the peoples of Formosa. There is a strong regional self-
sufficiency. The total national population is about 20,350 (NM 1994) with
some 1,601 in Bukidnon and 1,044 in Cagayan.
Itbayat is the largest of the islands, with a population of some 3,551 (NSO
1990). Batan Island lies 20 kilometers is approximately 6,000 with the
communities largely distributed along the coastline due to the ruggedness of
the interior of the island. The people themselves distinguish between Itvayat
and Ivatan as languages and the speakers as having distinct ethnic

characters. The lifestyles, the architecture, including those of boats,
agricultural techniques, and crops are conditioned by the strong winds that
buffet the islands. Houses are built with thick walls of stone and mortar and
traditionally with roofs of layers and layers of thatching. The common dug-
out banca of the rest of the Philippines is alien to the place where the
fisherfolk use sturdier crafts which are rowed rather than paddled.
Agricultural fields are often broken up into areas by trees that function as
windbreakers. The overall feel of the cultures in the islands is traditional
megalithic, where self-sufficiency is the norm. thus there is no felt need for a
marketplace in the communities. Agriculture is the base of livelihood,
although production is low. Root crops are extensively cultivated, especially
sweet potato, with some production surplus. Taro, yams, banana, and citrus
fruits are also produced. Fishing is very limited about the Batan Islands,
although there are better fishing grounds in the Babuyan Channel.
The Ivatan are known for their oral traditions which include lyric folk songs
(lagi), working songs (kalusan), and legends (kabbata).
2. Ilocano
The northwestern coast of Luzon is exposed to the southwest monsoon and is
shielded by the Cordillera mountain ranges from the northern and
northeastern air currents. The result is a well-marked wet and dry season
that brings in excessive rains and extreme droughts. The narrow coastal plain
with highly eroded soil and dense population has made for the development
of a very hardy group of people. The Ilocano are in the provinces of Ilocos
Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Abra, and Cagayan. They are highly
concentrated in areas in the mouths of the Laoag and the Abra Rivers. While
the population is generally homogenous, a northern and a southern
dichotomy may be postulated in terms of dialect differentiation. If not a
sociological one as when northern Ilocano would refer to those in the south
as “those across the river”.
As late as the nineteenth century, there were eight to ten dialects known.
The total national population is 5,915,557, with concentration in the Ilocos
region distributed in Ilocos (460,684), Ilocos Sur (519,273), and the La
Union and in Isabela, 744,915 (NSO 1990). Ilocanos are found in all
provinces of the country.
The people are essentially rice producers who also indulge in extensive
agriculture with cash crops like tobacco and garlic. There has been a
continual migration of labor to different parts of the country to the
southernmost reaches, and even to other places like Hawaii, and California.
Outmigration was caused by dense population pressures in a land with
limited agricultural potentials. It is one of the most densely populated
regions in the country. The agricultural production is not sufficient to meet
14 PERALTA
and interregional trade. Tobacco is the leading cash crop. The textile industry
in the area has a long tradition. Fishing is second only to agricultural
production.
Among the more dominant of the ethnic groups, they have figured
prominently in the political, educational, economic, religious, and other
sectors of society. Intensely regionalistic like most of the other major groups,
the Ilocano take pride in their roots and language.
3. Tinggian
Otherwise known as Itneg or literally, Itneg, which means people living near
the Tineg river (Tinguian, Tinguianes, Itinek, Mandaya, Tingian), the group
has been classified into several subgroupings: adassen, BInongan, Inlaod,
Masadiit, Aplai, Gubang, Maeng, Luba, and Balatok, although the latter
might be a Kalinga group. The population range is 51,422 with
concentrations in the towns of Tubo (4,535), Manabo (3,250), Sallapadan
(3,525), San Quitin (3,270), Luba (4,746), and Boliney (3,694) in the
province of ABra (NSO 1990). Outside Abra, they number most in Ilocos
groups with whom they have a continual relationship.
There are two general groupings: the valley Tingian which are an
homogenous and concentrated population found in the lower reaches of the
province of Abra that thrive on wet rice cultivation; the mountain Tinggian
Traditionally, the Tinggian live in fortified villages adjacent to the swidden
fields they differ from other Philippine ethnic groups in that their dress is
arm ornaments. The village is the political unit with a lakay as the head,
assited by a council of elders. The indigenous religion recognizes Kadaklan as
the supreme deity, often identified also with Kabunyian, and other animistic
deities. The ritual specialists and healers are usually women. Prestige feasts
by men, saying, are common among the Cordillera groups and usually
aspired for by most people with sufficient kin support.
4. Apayao
The Apayao (Isneg, isnag, Mandaya, Ibulus, Imandaya, Imallod, Itne’g,
Kalina’, Apayaw, Iapayaw, Imandaya, Imallod, Idamma’n Abulog) inhabit the
northern end of the Cordillera mountain ranges in the northern portions of
the Kalinga and Apayao provinces. The country is mountainous. The
lowlands are mostly level swamps of lesser areas that alternate with hills.
This is the only part of the Cordilleras that can be traveled by water by the
use of boats and rafts. The territory, however, is not exclusively inhabited by
the Apayao alone. Other ethnic groups like the Kalinga and Itawit also
occupy pockets. Groups of NEgrito are also found, as well as Ilocano farmers,
especially in the flat lands.
There are at least three generalized groupings: (1) Kabugao Mandaya Tawit;
(2) Karawagan, and (3) Talifugu. The areas of concentration of the people are
in the municipalities of Pudtol (21,075). Kabugao (10,651), kalanasan
(8,367), and Conner (3,086) (NSO 1990). In the province they number to
about 24,844 with a total national population of some 27,627 (NSO 1980).
The groups are riverine-oriented and practice a slash-and burn type of
cultivation, and presently an intensive type of wet rice agriculture in the
lower reached of the drainage systems and the floodplains. Most are
traditionally oriented along the banks of the Abulug (Apayao) and Matalag
rivers, and the tributaries. Rice is a prestige crop with yams, taro, corn, and
sweet potato supplementing the diet.
Settlement areas are usually small permanent hamlets within hailing
distance and composed of kin-related households. Multifamily houses are
among the most sturdily built in the Cordilleras with nuclear compartment.
The political structure is usually headed by individuals of economic and
leadership distinction, mengal, with a large kin following: the position is not
inherited. The prestige validating feat, sayam, is also indulged in by highly
placed males to celebrate propitious events. Ritual celebrations are attended
to buy female ritual specialties that are generally mediums. Ritual feast are
usually accompanied by “boasting” by mengal around a ritual stone.
5. Kalinga
Historically, thi is a mixed group (Calinga, Kalinga, Kalina’) but now
considered as a more or less homogeneous group with an estimated
population are in the drainage areas of the Chico River and its tributaries in
northern Cordillera. One of the ways the culture has been grouped is as
follows: Balbalan (northern), Lubuagan (southern), and Maducayan
(eastern). Another postulated subgrouping is (1) Giad’an Balbalasang, (2)
Sumadel, (3) Lubuagan, (4) Nabayugan, (5) AbligSaligsig, (6) Kalagua, and
(7) MangaliLubo. There is a little-known highly mobile group in the Kalakad-
Tupac area in east Tanudan. The population is a mixed group thought
to be descendants of migrants into the area from the Cagayan valley to the
east and the province of Abra to the west. The population concentrations are
in Pinukpok (13,469), Tabuk (19,835), Balbalan (9,745), Tinanglayan
(12,306), and Tanudan (9,242). The national population is 91,128 (NSO
1990). There is a marked difference between the northern and the southern
populations due to the introduction of wet rice terracing in the south from
Bontoc. An eastern grouping caused by geographic circumscription is also
recognized. The society is organized into endogamous groups stemming from
budong alliance. Because of their dress and personal ornamentations, the
Kalinga have been dubbed the “Peacocks of the North”. Their octagonal
house in southern Kalinga is distinctive, as well as the peace pacts that they
16 PERALTA
enter into to preserve relationships with neighboring groups. Settlement area

are more dense in the south.
Agriculture is also carried on in terraces, though less grandiose than those of
the Ifugao and Bontoc, and field preparation is done with the use of draft
animals. Rice is the principal crop. Swidden crops include beans, sweet
potato, corn, sugarcane, and taro. Coffee is a popular cash crop. Distinctive
pottery basketry and metal craft are known.
6. Balamgao
The Balangao (Balangaw, Balangad, Bontoc, Baliwen) are found in the navel
of the Mountain Province in the central Cordillera mountain ranges in the
municipality of Natonim. The estimated population is 7,000. Although
related to the general Cordillera languags, Balangao appers to be a language
branch that developed independently from the central BOntoc, Kalinga, and
Ifugao groups. Both physical and social circumscription contributed to the
differentiation from the neighboring groups.
The subsistence mode is wet terrace rice farming although the terrace
systems are not as those of the Ifugao. The biannual rice crop production is
supplemented by some swidden cultivation of roots crops including yam,
taro, and sweet potato, and food gathering. Although the basic culture
belongs to the generalized Cordillera culture, it is closer to the Kalinga with
whom they are in contact. For instance their architecture is similar.
Howeverm Christianity has already penetrated the area; likewise in place are
the civil structure of government as well as its educational system. Otherwise
much of the indigenous customs still prevail as in marriage and lifestyle as
well as in the use of dormitories women.
7. Kankanay
The kankanay (Northern Kankanai, Lepanto Igorot, Katangan,
Sagada Igorot, Kataugnan) are found on the western flank of the Cordillera in
the Mountain Province just east of Ilocos Sur. They are in the municipalities
of Tadian, Besao, Sabangan, and Sagada. Cervantes in Ilocos Sur also has a
fairly large Lepanto Kankanai concentration. The population is estimated at
some 59,987 (NSO 1990) in the area about Lepanto and Tiagan to the
headwater streams of the Chico and Abra rivers where they practice wet
terracing. This type of cultivation, however, was preceded by dry cultivation
of tubers, a practice widespread among the peoples of the Cordilleras.
The northern Kankanay are more related in terms of culture to the Bontoc
peoples tot eh north and northeast on the Chico River system. The language
(Kataugnan), however, has been classified with the Kankanaey to the south of
them in the Amburayan area. There are differences in dialect from district to
district.
They have large nucleated communities associated with the terraces

especially about the Kayan, Bauko, Besao area. The social organization
parallels that of the Bontoc. The ward system of structuring groups is
practiced with the institution of the dapay, which is similar to the Bontoc ato.
Male meeting houses cum dormitories are separate from those of women.
Mining for gold and copper is extensive in Suyoc and Mankayan, they worked
extensively during historical times. Rice, sweet potatoes, and taro are the
principal crops. The terracing is similar to those of the Bontoc.
8. Kankanaey
The southern Kankanaey are linguistically linked with their northern
neighbors, the northern kankanay. In cultural terms, they comprise a very
distinct group. They occupy the area drained by the Amburayan Rivers. They
are more similar to the Ibaloi to the south, and like them, the Kankanaey are
in the province of Benguet in the northwest and the rest in the old
Amburayan are in the highlands above northern La Union, southern Ilocos
Sur, and the southern sections of Mountain Province. Although many
cultural traits are shared with the Ibaloy, the languages of the two are not
related since the affinity of Inbaloi is with Pangasinan. The terrain they
occupy is rugged and steep. There is an estimated population of about
158,313 nationwide (NSO 1990).
They have been described in the early 1900 as like the Ibaloy but they
celebrate their festivals”more splendidly. There is marked difference between
their language and that of the Ibaloi. But like the latter, their settlements are
dispersed. Their terraces have mud walls like those of their southern
neighbors, with the same kind of cropping. During modern times, their
agricultural thrusts turned more toward the production of mid-latitude
vegetables which are marketed even to the lowlands and cities of central
Luzon.
9. Bago
The Bago (Bago Igorot) were identified first in the municipality of Pugo in
the southern side of La Union. This is a highly acculturated group whose
villages are along major transportation routes between the lowlands and the
Abatan, Benguet markets in the highland. The major ritual practices and
beliefs are somewhat related to the northern kankanay, thus the idea that the
people were migrants because of trade from western Mountain Province. The
Kankanay regard them as such and not as a specific ethnic group. The
language is a mixture of northern kankanay with an infusion of lowlands
18 PERALTA
diealects. Most of the individuals are bilingual with Ilocano as the trade
language.
Their agricultural activities revolve around a mixture of highland root crops
like sweet potatoes, yams, and taro, and lowland vegetables and fruits.
10. Bontoc
With a total population of about 65,000 (NSO1980) the Bontoc (Bontok,
Bontoc Igorot, Igorot, Guianes) are found in the Mountain Province of the
Cordillera mountain ranges in the upper Chico river region. The group is
more densely located in the municipalities of Bontoc (18,080),
Sadanga(7,245), and Barlig (5,640). Five sub groupings are usually
recognized by social scientists: (1) Central (2) talubin, (3) Barlig, (4) Lias,
and (5) Kadaklan, based on dialectal differences.
The culture is distinguished by the stonewalled rice terracing technology
with the use of organic fertilizers- unique among ethnic groups in the
country. Fields are irrigated through intricate canals channeling mountain
streams, or through the use of raised wooden troughs, or even moved by
hand.
Rice, the Principal crop, is rotated with sweet potato, corn, millet, and beans.
The material culture is a generalized Cordillera stream distinguished by the
use of pocket hats among the males, and the preference for the ax instead of
the bolo as tool. The communities are organized about the village ward- ato-
small political units or male council houses/dormitory/gathering places.
Introduced to male adult roles in the community. There are girl dormitories
(olag) too under the care of elder women. Houses are usually built on the
ground with stone and boards, topped by a steep pyramidal roof. Stonewalled
pig pens are common.
11. Ifugao
The Ifugao (Ifugaw, Ipugao, Ypugao, Hilipan, Quiangan) are world famous
for their spectacular rice terraces especially in Mayaoyao and Banaue where
entire mountainsides are sculpted like giant steps. The national population is
over 167,369 (NSO 1990). Concentration in the province of Ifugao are in the
municiopalities of Banaue (25,400), Lagawe (15,615), Kiangan (21,3298 NSO
1990), and Mayaoyao (23,330,NSO 19980)/ the language has been grouped
in a number of ways; one of which is: (1) KianganHapao, (2) Banaue-Burnay,
(3) Ayangan-Mayaoyao, (4) Hanglulu, (5) Tuwali, and (6) Keleyi (related to
the Ikalahan). In the whole province, they numbr some 117,281 (1990
provincial estimates).
The basic subsistence technology is wet rice cultivation in massive rice
terraces covering entire mountainsides, and dry cultivation of other crops
like sweet potato. During off seasons, the terraces are planted with
vegetables.
Some amount of food gathering is still practices, along with minimal hunting
in the remaining forested areas. The group is noted for its wood
carvingusually associated with ritual-and weaving.
The group is famous for its very complex indigenous religion marked by a
cosmology that includes hundreds of deities. There are elaborate rituals that
accompany personal and social events, participated in by choirs of ritual
practitioners. Among the many celebrations is that of the elevation of a
couple to the rank of kadangyan- the most prestigious rank in the society
which involves the carving of a prestige bench- the hagabi. The Ifugao are
famous too, for their prodigious oral epic literature like the hudhod and the
alim.
12. Ibaloi
The ibaloy(Ibaloi, Ibadoy, Igodor, Benguet Igorot, Nabaloi, Benguet,
Iniballuy) constitute a large ethnic group that number approximately 112,447
(NSO 1990) and are found in the Benguet province, principally in the
municipalities of Itogon (12,353), Tuba (11,063), La Trinidad (12,136), Bokod
(8,911), Baguio (68,550), and Atok)9,063) (NSO 1980,1990). The population
has spread to the neighboring provinces of Pangasinan, La Union,
NuevaVizcaya, and Nueva Ecija. Kabayan is recognized as the center of
Ibaloy culture Sablan, and kabayan. A wide range of dialectical differences
are known but not clearly studied. Thus far (1) Ibaloy Proper and (2) Karao
are the sub groups cited.
To some extent, rice terracing is practiced in the lower reaches of the
drainage systems. Sweet potato and taro are planted dry in areas that cannot
be irrigated. The terracing technology is at present applied to middle latitude
vegetable growing. Rice is the principal and ritual food. Animal husbandry is
practiced, although meat is traditionally limited to ritual consumption. The
group has a long history of gold and copper mining.
The Ibaloy lack the ward system of the Bontoc although in the past there
were communal dormitories. A traditional community would have a council
of elders (tongtong)whose opinions hold sway over a two-tiered social
system: the rich (baknang) and the poor (abitug). Deities collectively called
“Kabunian” include the major entitiy “Kabigat”. Souls of departed relatives
(kaamaran) are revered. Ritual celebrations, reportedly numbering more
than 40 classes are conducted by mambunung. These include the prestige
feast pashit and curing séances that feature animal sacrifice, feasting, and
use of fermented rice beer. The rich in Kabayan used to be interred in coffins
after mummification in artificially made caves.
13. Ikalahan/Kalanguya
20 PERALTA
This group (Kallahan, Kalanguya, Kadasan, Ikalasan, Kalasan) may be found

in Imugan and kayapa in the provinces of Nueva Vizacaya and Benguet living
in mid-mountain forests of tropical oak, hence their ascribed name.
Segments of this population may be found in the province of Ifugao where
they are known as Kalanguya, speaking dialects like Keleyi. This group is
concentrated in the southwestern corner of Ifugao. The national population
is some 34,000 (Rice 1974).
Like the Ifugao, the preferred food is taro even if the sweet potato is the
staple, and rices the prestige food. Planting is done in low terraced fields
along mountain drainage systems and valley flood plains. Pig raising is one of
the more important occupations. In the town of Imugan and the sorrunding
villages about Sta. Fe, Nueva Vizacaya, the population is noted for the
production of basketry and brooms.
Ikalahan culture is characteristically that of the Cordillera with involved
rituals and animal sacrifices and prestige feasts (padit0 of men which are
held for days accompanied by the sacrifice of prescribed sets of animals. Like
the I’wak, meat is consumed principally during rituals and is meticulously
shared.
14. I’wak
This small ethnic group (Oak, Iguat, Iwaak, etc.) has populationof
approximately 3,000 (NM 1972) dispersed in small fenced-in villages which
are usually enclaves in communities of surrounding major ethnic groups like
the Ibaloy and Ikalahan (1970 estimates). The characteristic village enclosing
fences are sometimes composed in part of the houses with the front entry
facing inward. Pig sties are part of the houses with the front entry facing
inward. Pig sties are part of the residential architecture. The I’wak is found
primcipally in the municipalities of Boyasyas and Kayapa, province of Nueva
Vizcaya. The sub groups are: (1) Lallang ni I’wak, (2) Ibomanggi, (3) italiti,
(4) Alagot, (5) Itangdalan, (6) Iasas (7) lliaban (8) Yumanggi, (9) Ayahas, and
(10) Idangatan.
Subsistence is based on dry cultivation of taro which is associated with
complex rituals using the pig as the principal ritual animal. Focus in
cropping is shifted to the cultivation of sweet potato as the staple. Some wet
rice is cultivated in the flood plains of mountain streams in the lower
elevations. The social organization is systematic and is based on indigenous
religion marked with the use of a ritual house about which a kin-based parish
is organized. Associated with the social organization and religion,
membership is defined in a meat-sharing system.
Like othet groups in the Cordillera, it is obligatory for an adult male to
celebrate a personal prestige feast (padit) at least once in his life time. He
would raise and gather a large herd of pigs for the highly complex rituals that
may take several days to conclude. Pigs like other animals are only eaten
within the context of rituals, and the meat is judiciously shared with all the
members of the community.
15. Isinay
The Isinay (Isinai, Inmeras) are a small group found principally in the
municipality of Bambang (1,225), Nueva Vizcaya and Dupax Sur (265) in
Quirino province. The total population is set about 6,000 (NSO 1980). The
language belongs to the northern Philippine, central Cordilleran group.
The subsistence technology is principally wet rice cultivation. There is some
swidden cultivation in the higher elevations. Subsistence is supplemented by
animal husbandry. Since the area is linked with the major transportation
arteries that connect southern and northern Luzon, and thus exposed to
intensive trade culture change us highly advanced and much of the
traditional culture is gone. The population has merged with mainstream
society due to the change wrought by the national power structure,
educational system, market economy, and the great religions. Except for the
language, the ethnic character is no longer distinguishable.
Population movement theories point to the Isinay country as of the possible
staging areas for the migration of people to the Ifugao highlands.
16. Pangasinan
The Pangasinan (Pangagalatok, Pangasinense) live in the peninsula
projecting west into the South China Sea just north of the Zambales
mountain ranges. The densest areas are in San Carlos City (117,850),
Dagupan City (101,131), and Malassique (79,808). The national population is
some 1,159,176 (NSO 1990).
Made fertile by the Agno River and its tributaries streaming down from the
southern end of the Cordillera mountain ranges, the area is lush with
vegetation and agricultural production. To the west, at the tip of the
peninsula are the Bolinao, a Sambal-related people; to the south are the
Sambals. Pressing from inland to the east are the Tagalog of Nueva Ecija, and
from the north are the has maintained a distinct language in spite of the
onslaught of the complex institutions of contemporary metropolitan cultures.
Agriculture, with the production of rice, is the leading industry, with fishing
about the waters of the Lingayen Gulf, along the fringers of which are areas
used for the cultivation of fish and crustaceans. The Pangasinan also produce
some of the best “buri” mats and are well known for domestic metal craft,
especially the production of bolos.
17. Ga’dang
22 PERALTA
The area in the middle Cagayan Vallley where tributaries of the Cagayan
River merge with the eastern sides of the Cordillera Mountains is occupied by
the people called Ga’dang. Some of the more conservative groups may be
found in highlands of southeastern kalinga-Apayao, eastern Bontoc and
Isabela. From here, they extend into the valley and have become interspersed
with the Christian Ilocano and Ibanag,specially in the Magat River valley in
northwestern Nueva Vizacaya. In the lowlands they are almost
indistinguishable from other groups. Five sub groups are recognized: (1)
Gaddang proper, (2)Yogad, (3) maddukayang, (40 Katalangan, and (5) iraya.
The area of Isabela (50,000 NSO 1980), with a total national population of
about 20,850 (NSO 1980).
Traditionally, subsistence is based on swidden cultivation of rice and sweet
potatoes, supplemented by cash cropping of tobacco and corn, in the
lowlands, intensive wet cultivation is practiced. Settlements are located near
streams and their cultivated fields. Leadership in a community is based on
bravery, skills, knowledge of custom law, and economic wealth usually
associated with the status of mingal. A peace pact (pudon) is practiced.
Religion is based on a dichotomy of the earth world and an afterworld,
although the former is the major concern. Ritual practitioners are both male
and female. Individual prestige feasts is practiced by males at least once in a
lifetime. For this, they accumulate wealth to finance the required seven
elaborate rituals. Ga’dang dress, especially that of the upland groups, is very
colorful, notable for the use of numerous types of beads of semiprecious
stones.
18. Ibanag
The Ibanag (Ibannag) are concentrated about the towns of
Tuguegarao (43004), Solano (18,172), Cabagan (30,883), and Iligan (27,170)
in the provinces of Cagayan and Isabela. The total population is in the range
of 311,187(NSO 1990). The dialect groups are: (1) north Ibanag and (2) south
Ibanag. They are related to the neighboring but less dominant Itawit and
Malaweg. The Ibanag originally inhabited the areas aout the mouth of the
Cagayan River. In historic times (1850-1900) they moved up river and
gradually influenced the cultures of older ethnic elements in the south like
the Itawit, Isinay, and Ga’dang. The language became the lingua franca for
commerce. Later, Ilocano cultural influences (185-01897) were incorporated
as tobacco growers also affected the cultures of these groups.
The culture is basically lowland technology with the cultivation of rice and
corn with tobacco and cotton as cash crops. Some upland farming of rice is
practiced. The culture is heavily influenced by the migration of Ilocano into

the Cagayan Valley.
19. Itawit
Otherwise referred to as Itauit, Tawit, Ibannag-Itawit, the group is
concentrated in the municipalities of Tuguegarao (23,916), Enrile (20,378),
Peñablanca (17,087), Amulong (4,336), and Tuao (19,066) in the southern
half of the province of Cagayan in the area drained by the Chico and Matalag
rivers. The national population is about 119,522 (NSO 1990). The culture is
intimately interlinked with that of the Ibanag which is more dominant.
During historic periods, Itawit populations gradually moved east of the
Cagayan River near the foothills of the Sierra Madre where the people
practice that slash-and- burn- type of cultivation, and further south to the
middle of the Cagayan Valley on the western side.
The settlements while nucleated are smaller than those of the Ibanag usually
removed from urban centers. Ion the flood plains of the Pinacanauan river,
agriculture is principally wet rice in paddy fields, corn, and cotton. Tobacco,
the principal cash crop, is planted during the dry months in between rice and
corn crops.
20. Malaweg
This group (Malaueg, Malweg, and Malagueg) is concentrated about the
municipality of Rizal, the general area formely known as Malaueg before the
twentieth century in the province of Cagayan, and west about Conner is
Kalinga-Apayao. The total population is some 14,591 (NSO 1990). Except for
the dialectal variation which is close to Itawit, the group is hardly
distinguishable from the Ibanag/Itawit groups that live in nearby Cagayan
Valley.
The Malaweg are located on a foothill west of Piat on the Matalag river near
the southeast border of Kalinga-Apayao province. Tobacco was raised here
on a commercial scale by the people which drew Ibanags to the area from the
east.
21. Yogad
Concentrated in the town of Echague (12,920) in Isabela , the Yogad speak
one of the five recognized dialects of Ga’dang(Gaddang proper, Yogad
Maddukayang, Katalanggan, and Iraya), the people are almost entirely
merged with the Christian Ilocano-Ibanag groups in the Cagayan Valley
lowlands. The people practice intensive rice cultivation supplemented by
corn and tobacco as cash crops, except of the language, they are
indistinguishable from the surrounding Cagayano. The national population is
estimated to be about 16,718 (NSO 1990).
24 PERALTA
22. Ilongot
Traditionally located at the junction of the Sierra Madre and the Caraballo
mountains in the headwaters of the Cagayan, Tabayon, and Conwap rivers in
Luzon are three groups of people: (1) Italon, found in the headwaters of the
Cagayan River, (2) Engotngot (Ipagi), found in northwest of the coast of
Baler, and (3) Abaka (Ibilao), living in southwestern Nueva Vizcaya. All three
are known collectively as the Ilongot. The other names by which the
decimated groups are known in literature are Ilonggot, Ibilao, Ibilaw,
Ilungot, Ligones< bugkalot, Quirungut, Iyonout, Egonut, Ipagi, Engongot,
Italon, Abaka, and Ibilao. They are densest in the municipality of A.
Castaneda (695) and Dupax Sur (685). In the whole of Nueva VIzcaya, they
number some 2,085, and in Quirino some 2,173 (NSO1980). There is a total
national population of 50,017 (NSO 1990). The whole population is
subdivided into some thirteen localized dialect groups: Abaka, Ayumuyu,
Belansi, Beqnad, Benabe, Dekran, Kebinanan, Payupay, Pugu, Rumyad,
Sinebran, Taan, and tamsi.
Of all the ethnic groups of the country, the Ilongot appears to have been the
only one devastated by its own harsh culture dispersing the population from
the traditional areas of habitation to toher province: Bulacan (4,969),
Cavite(4,781), Zamboanga del Sur (3,735), Palawan (2,745), and others
where the Ilongot populations are larger tahtn in the original homeland.
The people tend to live near tributaries and practice slash-and-burn
cultivation. The pattern of housing is dispersed and fortified, for the Ilongot
are externally aggressive, traditionally conservative, and resistant to external
cultural pressures. Socially, the families in a locality are loosely grouped into
bands called alipan. Like all other Philippine groups, kinship is bilateral and
there are no descent groups.
Formerly, the group subsisted on slash-and-burn cultivation, even in the
watersheds of the Pampanga river, but have been pushed slowly to the north
and east. Planting is mutlicropped although there is now a trend towards rice
as the dominant cultigens. Cultivation is based primarily on roots crops, and
subsistence is supplemented by hunting, fishing, and food gathering. The
society is traditionally egalitarian with no leadership structure. Leadership
resides in sets of skilled male siblings with powers of persuasion, especially
in the art of oratory or puron.
23. Kapampangan
The Kapampangan (Pampanggo, Pampango, Capampangan,
Pampangueño, and Pampangan) are one of the largest ethnic groups of the
country, genrally occupying the land about the flood plains and marshes of
the Pampanga River of Central Luzon. Hemmed in by the Zambal to the to
the east, the pangasinan to the north, and the tagalong to the south and
northeast in land that is not segmented language that has some affinity with
Sambal. It may be noted that Sambal, on the other hand, is generally related
with the Sinaunang tagalong of Tanay, Rizal. The populations are dense in
the urbanized centers of Angeles City(174,962), San Fernando (139,342),
Lubao (92,123), Mabalacat(92,778), and many other areas, with an estimated
aggregate of some 2,864,949(NSO 1990).
Their agriculture is based on intensive wet rice cultivation; their land being
situated in the rice bowl of Central Luzon, with extensive flood plains
watered by the Pampanga is noted for its fishing industry. The vast flatlands
are planted to rice and sugar cane. Woodcraft is highly developed especially
in Betis where the most skillful of wood carvers could be found; other areas
are known for mat-making, pastries, and various preserved meats.
The people are known for their culinary talents.deeply mainstream, the
kapampangan are foremost entrepreneurs and national leaders.
24. Palanan
Also called the Paranan, the group is largely concentrated on the Pacific side
of the province of Isabela about Palanan Bay. The population areas are in
Palanan (9,933) with a total population of some 10,925(NSO 1980). This is
probably the northeastern most extension of the Tagalog language.
There is, however, a considerable mixture with the culture of the Negrito.
The coastal area is narrow with the Sierra Madre looming precipitously and
hemming the land in on the west with the Pacific Ocean on the east. The
subsistence technology is oriented to the ocean close by with patchwork
swidden cultivation of rice on the slopes.
25. Tagalog
Considered to be the largest of the Philippine Ethnic groups, the Tagalog are
concentrated about the metropolitan area of Manila and spread out as the
major population of provinces like Rizal (812,713), Laguna (1,290,278),
Cavite (1,026,657), Batangas (1,445,509), Bulacan (1,384,270), and Nueva
Ecija (986,248). The population now stands at some 16,054,430 (NSO 1990).
The national language is actually being built around tagalong which is now
practically understood and spoken in other parts of the country. The people
are identified with all kinds of agricultural production, silviculture, animal
husbandry, and industrial production. They are also engaged in international
marketing, politics, and foreign relations.
The kinship structure is essentially bilateral with offspring related equally to
both parents, with inheritance following the same pattern although in
practice, it is more cognatic in nature. In the urban areas and where large
properties are concerned there is a tendency for the lineal distribution of
wealth in all sectors of government practice and in private institutions that
are national and international in scope. Being in the midst of the government
26 PERALTA
structure, the people are the most immediate beneficiaries of the benefits of
service. Such an advantage is mirrored in the development of the Tagalog in
contrast to the experience of other ethnic groups.
26. Bicol
The Bicol peninsula comprises the southeastern most extension of the island
of Luzon. Generically, the people are referred to as Bicolano although in
terms of language the population is highly differentiated not so much
because of physical circumscription but socially. Total population is
4,469,082(NSO 1990). The Bicol speakers include those in the provinces of
Albay, Sorsogon, Catanduanes, Camarines Norte, and Camarines Sur. The
Bicolano also inhabit principally the islands of Catanduanes, Masbate, Ticao,
and Buras. Bicol Naga is the lingua franca in the general area.
The most densely populated is the Bicol plains specially the LegaspiAlbay
agricultural areas which support nearly half of the population. Naga and
Legaspi are the primary urban centers. The economy is basically
susbsitstence and commercial agriculture. Rice is the dominant crop with
small surplus production due to irrigation. Upland rice is also produced.
Corn is second only to rice. Coconut and abaca are the leading cash crops.
The mining of gold, copper, iron, chromites, manganese, and others is a
developed industry Fishing and forest industries are flourishing.
27.Negrito
Like the Manobo, the Negrito groups of the Philippines constitute one of the
most complex populations in terms of dispersal. There are two major
branches which made their appearance in the Philippine archiepelago
between 30,000 to 20,000 years ago; one moving on the moving on the
eastern flank of the Philippines going up to the north to the Pacific side of
Sierra Madre Mountains constituting the Alta, Arta, and Agta groups; the
second branch moved along the western side, similarity going up northern
Luzon which now include the Pinatubo, Negrito, other corresponding major
sub groupings are the Dumagat, Ata, Ati, Atta, Sinauna, and Batak. The
people are characterized by shortness of stature, darkness of pigmentation,
and kinky hair. All of the NEgrito groups speak languages that are dialects of
the major adjacent peoples.
They are now widely distributed and found in highland areas or places that
are difficult to access: the Pacific side of northern Luzon to the Bicol
peninsula, the northern tip of the Cordillera Mountains, the Zambales ranges
and the Bataan peninsula, Bondoc peninsula, and the island of Negros, Panay
and Palawan. There are at least 25 groupings, with a highly tentative national
population count of 766 (NM 1994).
Although basically hunters and gatherers, being the most proficient in the
use of the bow and arrow, they also practice minimal horticulture in small
patches. They are known to have developed patron-client relationships with
adjacent groups for trade and food procurement. The social groupings are
small bands that have fluid membership based on bilateral kinship.
28. Sambal
The Sambal occupies the northwestern flank of the Zambales Mountain
ranges and the western tip of Pangasinan. The recognized dialect groups are:
(1) Botolan, (2) Tina, and (3) Bolinao. The Sambal population in Pangasinan
numbers some 29,795 while in Zambales there are some 89,010 (NSO 1980).
Nationally, there are 118,805 (NSO 1980).
From linguistic studies, it appears that the Sambal language is closest to a
variety of Tagalog known as “Sinaunang Tagalog” which is spoken in Tanay,
Rizal. This has been interpreted to mean that the Sambal-speaking peoples
were originally living about the Tanay, Rizal area and started moving
northward as the Austronesian Tagalog from Masbate and Mindoro started
moving about 6,000 B.C pushing earlier groups to the Zambales area.
Visayas
1. Masbateño
The island of Masbate lies just west of the province of Sorsogon in the Bicol
Peninsula. The population centers are in the municipalities of Masbate
(55,996), Aroroy (45,306), San Jacinto (34,185, NSO 1980), and Uson
(24,817), with the national population placed at 602,257 (NSO 1990). The
island is marked by relatively low-lying and discontinuous highland ranges
with narrow strips of coastal lowlands. This had led to the dispersal of
population all over the country especially in Palawan. The subsistence is
based on agriculture and fishing with mining in the south of Aroroy in the
Conical Peak area.
2. Abaknon
The Abaknon (Capul Samal, Capuleno) live on the island of Capul on the
northern tip of Samar in the San Bernardino Straits, south of the province of
Sorsogon. Although set across Central Philippines from the Sulu and
TawiTawi archipelagoes where the Sama groups live, the Abaknon speak a
language that is related to the Sama, and not to the languages of the peoples
about them like the Bicol and Waray. The largest concentrations of this
population are in northern Samar (8,840) and in Capul (8,735) with a total
population of some 9,870 (NSO 1980).
The orientation of the people is marine with the basic industry focused on
fishing, with set rice farming toward the interior. The communities are highly
acculturated and practically indistinguishable from the surrounding
communities of mainstream ethnic groups.
28 PERALTA
3. Rombloanon
The population is distributed in the island group of Romblon just south of
Luzon with concentrations in Romblon (20,510), San Agustin (19,660),
Cajiodioangan (13,800), and Look (13,420). The total population ranges to
about 147,000 (NSO 1980).
The island is well-known for mountainous topography; most of the
populations are concentrated along the peripheries of the island, with the
mountainous interiors practically devoid of inhabitants. There is a general
absence of large productive agriculture, and urban centers, Romblon is the
port of call and collection point of copra which is the only significant
production of the people. There is a modest production of marble which is
the richest mineral resource of the island. There are some livestock which are
supplied to Manila. Domestic fishing is prevalent.
4. Bantoanon
The Bantoanon occupy the Banton island group which is part of the
Romblom group of islands south of Marinduque. The areas of greatest
concentration are in Odiongan (24,870), Corcuera (8,470), Banton (6,850),
and Concepcion (4,455). The national population is placed at 52,745 (NSO
1980).
5. Aklanon
Aklanon refer to the majority population of the province of Aklan in the
island of Panay in central Philippines. The areas of highest densities are in
the municipalities of Kalibo(46,598), Ibalay (33,929), and Banga (27,342)
(NSO 1990). The estimated national population is 411,123 (NSO 1980).
6. Kiniray-a/Hamtikanon
Known also as Antiqueño, Hantik, and Hantikanon, they are concentrated in
the municipalities of San Jose (36,902). T.Fornier (24,254), Culasi (27,915),
and Bugasong (23,767). In the province of Antique, they number some
369,872. The total national population is about 529,285 (NSO 1990).
7. Hiligaynon
The Hiligaynon (Ilongo, Illongo, Ilonggo, Panayano) occupy the province of
Iloilo principally with a total population of some, 1,608,083. The largest
concentrations are in Ajuy (37,763), Calinog (40,578), Buenavista (40,862),
and Barotac Nuevo (39,157). The national population is some 5,648,595
(NSO 1990).
8. Sulod
The sulod in the island of Panay (Bukid, Bukidnon, Mundo, Putian,
Monteses, Buki) can be found in the province of Capiz, Antique and Iloilo in
the municipalities of Tapaz, Valderrama, and Lambunano, respectively. The

language belongs to the central Philippine group. Kthe population is within
the range of 14,000. The dialects are related to Hiniraya, the lowland
Kiniray-a the adaptation is highland culture and Visayan in features with the
subsistence based founded on slash-and burn cultivation. The principal crops
are upland, rice, corn, rootcrops, supplemented by trapping and food-
foraging. The cultivators are highly mobile; fields are shifted every two years
and allowed to lie fallow for the next five years or so before being utilized
again.
Clusters of few houses compose a settlement. It is usually headed by the
oldest man called parakuton, assisted by a younger man called timbang in
community activities and conflicts. The roles are not hereditary. Traditional
religious rites are numerous including 16 major ones celebrated by a baylan.
The group is known for their epics, like the epic of Labaw Dunggon, which
are among the most extensive in the country. And like those of the Ifugao,
these are committed only to memory.
9. Bukidnon
The Bukidnon (Magahat, Karolano, Mangahat, and Buquitnon) of negros
Oriental are different from the group of a similar name found in Mindanao
which is of Manobo affinity. There are two apparent subgroupings of the
NegrosBukidnon: the(1) Magahat who live along the tributaries of upper
Tayaban, in the municipalities of Tanjay, Santa Catalina, Bayawan (Tolong),
and Siatoni; and the 92) Karol-ano in the municipality, principally in
Kamansi, Oringao, Kabagayan, Manapla, Lumbangan, Mabuhay, and
Tayasan. The Bukidnon are shifting cultivators of the uplands in the interior
of the island. Their subsistence is mixed with food gathering. There is little
substantial ethnography on this group. They are not sedentary but they
maintain trade relationships with the lowland communities. The group was
first mentioned in 1894 in a report pointing out the existence of some 8,000
infields in the interior; and then again later in an account of the massacre of
an upland community in the implementation of the policy of reduccion. The
Bukidnon since then they have undergone acculturation while maintaining
an upland adaptation.
The culture is generalized Visayan adapted to dry agricultural regimes up to
elevations of 3,000 feet, planted to a wide range of cultigens with emphasis
on rice. There is similarity in culture with the Sulod of Panay.
The language is related to both Sugbuhanon and Hiligaynon.
10 Boholano
30 PERALTA
One of the major mainstream groups, the Boholano speaks a variation of

Cebuano with very minor changes in pronunciation. The areas of densest
concentration are in the municipalities of Talibon (40,770 NSO 1980),
Tagbilaran (54,734 NSO 1990), Ubauy (48,134 NSO 1990), and Loon (30,034
NSO 1990). The population in the island of Bohol alone is some 845,751
(NSO 1980). Whatever remains of their traditional culture has long been
gone.
The general culture is lowland and coastal Visayan with intensive wet rice
agriculture instead of the propensity for the production of corn as in central
Visayas. The other crops are camote, cassava, taro, beans, bananas, and
mango; with the latter two in substantial quantities. Copra is ubiquitous but
abaca is not as much. Fishing is common in the coastal areas. Southern Bohol
is known for the unique hunting specializations for whales, dolphins, sharks
and mantas which have influenced other areas in northern Mindanao.
11. Cebuano
These people, formerly the largest ethnic group in the country, are now next
only to the Tagalog, with a national population of 15,151,489 (NSO 1990). In
the island of Cebu alone, they number about 15,008,593 (NSO 1990).
Centrally located in the heart of the archipelago, they control commerce
south of Manila; they constitute the major ethnic population and cultural
influence in southern Philippines even among the peoples of Mindanao such
that Cebuano is the Lingua franca in the south.
12. Waray
The island of Samar and northern Leyte are inhabited by the Waray (Waray-
Waray), a hardy people who have attuned their lives to the fact that their
homes lie in the paths of Pacific typhoons. The core areas are Leyte
(700,634) and Samar (829,249 NSO 1990), with a total national population
of about 2,423,761 (NSO 1990).
The land is rugged with narrow coastal areas and a mature karst spine. Wet
rice intensive cultivation, production of copra, and domestic fishing economy
sustain the basic population. Fishing industry is particularly intensive in the
southern part of the island. The culture is basically Visayan. The Waray
weave beautiful mats from palm fronds in the vicinities of Basey in the
southern tip of Samar.
Mindoro
1. Mangyan
The Mangyan (Iraya, Alangan, Batangan, Tadyawan, Buhid, tao Buid,
Hanunoo, Ratagnon; alson known in literature as Mangaianes, Manghianes,
Manguianes, Tiron, Lactan, Buquit, Barangan, tagaydan, Pula, nauhan, and

BUid) is a generic term that refer to the indigenous peoples of the island of
Mindoro.
Several groupings have been noted by different authorities. These include:
(1) hHanunoo, southern part of Oriental Mindoro, (2) Buhid, just north of
the Hanunoo, (3) Batangan, in the interior forests north of the Buhid,
(4)Ratagnon, in the southern tip of the island, (5)Iraya, on the northern tip of
Mindoro, (6) tadyawan, on the east and northeastern side, and (7) Alangan,
on the vicinity Mount Halcon. The range of the other names by which they
are known is also very wide, especially with reference to exonym. The
estimated population is 30,000 (NSO 1980) with core areas located in the
towns of Sablayan (4,140 NSO 1980), BUlalacao (5,316 NSO 1990), and
Mansalay (4,090 NSO 1980).
Settlements are usually composed of five to twelve houses with single
families, on slopes near mountain streams. Each settlement is usually
identified by the name of the oldest member. An aggregation of settlements
may be geographically identified. The basic subsistence is shifting cultivation
with corn and rice as crops, intercropped with beans and sugar cane, later
planted to sweet potato, yam, and taro.
The single most impressive distinction of the Mangyan is their continued use
of a native Indic-based script or syllabary for writing their ambahan or
urukay, a form of poetry and songs. There are written by stylus or knives on
slivers of bamboo. These are sang or chanted accompanied by guitars,
fiddles, flutes or jew’s harps. Only the hanunoo of southeastern Mindoro and
the Buhid on the south of Bongabon Ruver actually use the script, although
there is a second type of script unknown to these two groups. This scripts is
used by the Buhid along the Tangon River.
Palawan
1. Palawan
The Tagbanwa (Tagbanuwa, Apurhuano, Tagbanua, Kalamian,
Calamiano, Kalamianon, Kalamianen, Tangula’nen, Silanga’nen, tagbanoua)
are the more dominant of the ethnic groups of Palwan. Mainly associated
with dry regimes of cultivation, they are found in central Palawan and
northward of the island. The area of concentrations are in Coron (4,366 NSO
1990), Aborlan (3,115 NSO 1980), and Puerto Princesa (1,415 NSo 1980). The
known sub groups in the mainland are (1) Apurahuan, (2) Inagauan, (3)
Tandala’nen, and (4) Silanga’nen, while (5) the Kalamianen of the Calamian
island group constitute more variable groups that are marine-oriented. The
estimated total population is 13,643 (NSO 1990).
32 PERALTA
The group is known for their highly involved ritual, the pagdidiwata, which
is held in celebration of different occasions: a bountiful harvest, weddings,
and others. The ritual includes the drinking of rice wine using bamboo straws
from stoneware jars traded in from China. The group too is one of the few
remaining ethnic groups that still utilize their own syllabic writing. Slash-
and-burn cultivation is the primary subsistence source.
The main crop is swiddens is rice, although cassava is a preferred staple.
Rice is a ritual food and considered a divine gift from which ritual wine is
fermented. Corn is intercropped with rice and others like taro, cassava, and
sweet potato. Fishing is an important subsistence source, together with
hunting. Income is also partially obtained from forest resources. Like copal,
rattan, and wax. Metal craft is done with the double-bellows forge. The
Tagbanwa are one of the few peoples who still use the blowgun.
While kinship is reckoned bilaterally, there is a bias towards the matrilineal
side in terms of residence after marriage. Relationships with affines are
tenuous such that “in-law avoidance” is practiced.
2. Agutayanen
The Agutayanen (Agutayanen, Agutayano) are found originally in the island
of Agutaya in the Cuyo group of islands in northern Palawan. The core area
of the culture is in Agutaya which has a population of about 5,269 (NSO
1980), although there is a larger group in mainland Palawan estimated at
some 7,225 with a total national population of about 25,475 (1980). The
language is closely related to the Calamian Tagbanua.
The culture is basically lowland island culture with a marine orientation and
some agriculture.
3. Kuyonen
These ethnic groups (Cuyonon, Cuyuno, Cuyo, Kuyunon, and
Kuyunin) are found principally in the island of Cuyo (12,470) in northern
Palawan, Puerto Princesa (20,940), Roxas (13,405) in the Palawan mainland,
and the island of Dumaran (6,690). The total population is about 97,000,
with about 89,000 (NSO 1980) of this found in Palawan. The Kuyonen
comprise the ethnic elite in Palawab, the place having been historically the
Spanish capital of Palawan prior to Puerto Princesa. It has been contended
that the Ratagnon, a sub group of the Mangyan of Mindoro, are probably
Kuyonen that migrated to Mindoro.
The basic subsistence activities are central Philippine in character combining
both marine and terrestrial strategies, with the latter employing both
intensive wet cultivation and dry regimes.
4. Pala’wan
The Pal’wan belongs to the large Manobo-based language of southern
Philippine, with two generalized sub groupings. The population number
approximately 40,630 and is found in the southern half of the island of
Palawan. The Tau’t Batu of Singnapan Valley of Ransang is one of the
subgroups occupying a specialized environmental niche. The areas of highest
concentrations are in Brooke’s Point (17,875) and Quezon (11,610 NSO 1980).
The people, depending on the annual seasonal cycle, move their residences
from caves to the open field. One of the unique protein captures are from
birds and bats that live in the habitation caves, a subsistence strategy which
appears to have been present in the prehistoric Tabon Cave of Quezon.
The Pala’wan are swidden cultivators. The emphasis is on rice, although this
is intercropped with many other cultigens including corn, yams, and sweet
potato. Cassava is a preferred staple. The architecture is distinctive,
composed of multi levels that correspond to specific functions. Very
characteristic of the Palawan swidden cultivator is the use of bamboo,
saplings, and other longitudinal material in the creation of grids over the
field to aid in the control of the distribution of crops.
5. Molbog
The Molbog (also called Melebuganon) are found in the Balabac island
groups in southern Palawan where they are estimated to number 5,292
(1990). The national population is 6,795 (1980).
The Molbog are Islamic in religion. The agricultural base of the people is
rather poor and the population density is very low. Cropping is combined
with fishing for subsistence. Coconut is the only commercial crop. The fish
resource base is rich but exploited by large-scale commercial ventures that
supply Manila.
6. Batak
The Batak (Batac, Tinitianes) are one of the sub groups of the Philippine
Negrito who are genetically associated with the NEgrito of west central
Luzon, i.e., the Pinatubo Ayta. Like the classic Negrito, the Batak are food
gatherers, hunters, and quasi-swidden cultivators. They are distributed in the
northeastern mountains of Palawan from the Babuyan River in the south, to
Malcampo in the north. Thuey speak both Tagbanwa and Pala’wan.
Originally dispered, they have been in recent times (1880) congregated in the
area about tanabag, their first nucleated settlement. This was made possible
with the introduction of dry rice cultivation and civil government structure in
the area. The estimated population is 1,780(NSO 1990).
34 PERALTA
The Batak were formerly proficient in the use of the bow and arrow as well as
the blowgun. They now practice minimal shifting cultivation of dry rice with
occasional gardens planted to cassava, tubers, and vegetables. There is food
gathering to supplement their needs.
The social organization is based on bilateral kinship, the discrete band, and
rather loosely, the community. The civil structure at present follows the
barangay with a kapitan over an aggregate of bands. Loosely, too, like the
Tagbanwa, there is the masikampo who heads the surigiden or council of
elders.
The belief system parallels that of the surrounding tagbanwa. It includes
belief in five souls: one in the head, and four each in the arms and legs.
Whatever happens to the souls determines the health, or life and death of the
individual.
7. Tau’t Batu
The western flank of Mount Mantalinganjan in southern Palawan is marked
with a karst formation with one of the largest sinkholes in the world, forming
a basin-like valley drained by the Sumurum River. In this relatively isolated
valley live the Tau’t Batu, a small sub group (87 NM 1983) of the Pala’wan
that speak a dialect of this language.
Following a seasonal fluctuation in the weather, the people follow a
transhuman way of life- a patterned movement within the valley following
the annual cycles of seasons to which they adapt their way of subsistence and
adaptation. During the beginning of the dry season, starting about the
beginning of the year to the end of the dry season in June, they in live in field
rainy weather they move into the caves that pockmark the limestone cliffs
after the rice harvest, sheltered from brunt of the rain and flooding river. in
the caves are sources of protein from bats and birds. These are caught with
the use of huge shatters woven from palm leaves and long poles with strands
of rattan thorns that can entangle bat wings readily.
Even in caves, the Tau’Batu construct habitation structures that are based on
a modular sleeping platform (datag) incorporated with a fireplace. The
houses in the open hillsides are more elaborate. The granaries are better
constructed and utilize ratguards on the posts.
The Tau’t Batu, like all Pala’wan use the blowgun for hunting small prey
Principal among their musical instruments is the huge two-stringed guitar-
the kudlong.
Sulu/Tawi-Tawi
1. Yakan
The island of Basilan just off the southern tip of the Zamboanga peninsula of
western Mindanao, and the islands of Sakol, Malanipa, and Tumalutab east
of Zamboanga are inhabited by the Yakan. There is an estimated population
of about 86,926 in the island of Basilan alone; largely concentrated in the
municipalities of tipo-Tipo (25,368), Lamitan (14,003), Sumisip (18,777),
and Tuburan (19,349 NSO 1990). The dispersal in other parts of the country
brings an estimated total population of 119,865 (NM 1990).
The language is closely related to the Sama, but the culture of the people is
adapted to land orientation rather than the sea for those living inland.
Agriculture is largely upland rice, although copra is also widespread. The
religion is Islamic with syncretic elements from traditional and indigenous
beliefs.
The Yaken are well known for their elaborate dress, items of which are
almost similar for both male and female. Noteworthy of these articles of
dress is the 15-meter long red sash0 the kandit. Textile weaving done on the
back strap loom is much sought after, especially because of the intricate and
beautiful motifs.
2. Sama
The Sama (AA Sama, Jama Mapun, Samal, Balangini, Balangingi, Bangingi,
Pangutaran) are a highly variable group with the population concentrated in
Sulu and Tawi-Tawi (118,572) provinces. The core areas are in Siasi (15,248).
Tandubas (16,706), and Sitangkai (30,328), and Pangutaran (14,382) (NSO
1990). The national population is about 319,809 (NM 1994). There are three
generalized linguistic groupings: western,eastern (Pangutaran), and central.
The people group themselves consistent with the dialects they speak and are
identified by their home islands. With these as bases, they distinguish at least
20 sub groupings among themselves, including one Sagaa, whose language is
spoken in north Borneo, the group is Islamic in religion. Some are nominally
Muslim. Still others are referred to as totally nonIslamic. In terms of
adaptation they group themselves into two: Sama Dilaut (mistakenly called
Badjao) and the Sama Diliya. The former is commonly associated with
marine orientation and still retain much of the indigenous religion: the latter
is usually landed and highly influenced by Islam.
The culture is basically lowland Southeast Asian with features both of
marine orientation and rice and cassava cultivation. Cassava is the preferred
staple. Copra is also produced. There are affinities with the coastal groups of
north Borneo. Trade is an important feature of the culture and in certain
areas ship buildings is a well-developed industry especially in the island of
Sibutu.
36 PERALTA
Houses are usually built on high stilts over shallow waters in sheltered areas,
with the ubiquitous boats of many kinds usually moored alongside. The dead
are interred in cemeteries on land identified by ornately carved wooden
markers. (Abstract representing the dead on top of vehicles like the duyong
or sea cow).
3. Sama Dialut
The Sama Dilaut are a small ethnic Sama groups (Bajao, Bajaw, Samal Laut,
Pal’au, Orang Laut Badjau, Lutao, Sama Dilaut, Sama Jengngeng) commonly
known as “sea gypsies” among the Westerm peoples, but as Sama Dilaut in
the localities. The places of population concentrations are in Sitangkai, Tawi-
tawi (1,075), and places of population concentrations are in Sitangkai, Tawi-
tawi (1,075), and Bongao (660). In the province they number about 1,735
(NSO 1980) and the national count is about 29,754 (NM 1994). It is difficult
to get an accurate census since the groups are highly mobile and spread out
in a wide area that extends even to the northern tip of Luzon.
There is question in the use of the name “Badjao”, for the true Badjao are
found in northern Borneo. The Sama Dilaut claim that whent they were in
Sabah they were called Badjao due to the similarity of their culture with the
boat peoples of Borneo. There is a considerable difference between the
languages of the Sama Dilaut from the eastern or western badjao of north
Borneo. The centers of population are in Sitangkai, Tando-owak, and
Tungihat in the province of Tawi-tawi.
The people live in house boats called lepa and their culture is closely linked
with the sea. Their houses are usually on stilts over shallow seas, linked by
bridges. House interiors are not partitioned and often feature a hanayan, an
ornate shelving. Culture traits are very similar to the mainstream of
Southeast Asia especially with similar groups with marine orientations.
Subsistence is largely associated with marine resources. Cassava is the staple.
Traditionally a non-aggressive people, they claim to have no weaponry.
When confronted with aggression, the reaction of the Sama is generally to
take flight.
The Sama houseboat, lepa, is one of the most beautiful of traditional boats,
possessing an ancient type of boat architecture with a uniquely designed sail
featuring a “mouth” which enables the boat to go almost directly into the eye
of the wind.
4. Tausug
The Tausug (Taw Sug, Tau Suug, Sulu, Suluk, Moro, Joloano, Taw Suluk)
number about 701,367 (NM 1994) in the Philippines, spreading out to
Malaysia where there are more than an estimated 110,000. The core areas in
the Philippines are in Jolo (50,265), Indanan (40,791), Siasi (30,064), and
Patikul (29,326). In the province of Sulu, there are over 413,700 (NSO 1990).
The society appears to be very homogenous. The name is supposed to mean
“people of the current” although some say this interpretation came from the
terms “tau”, person, and Suug which is the old name of the island of Jolo.
The religion is Islam and the society is structured around a sultanate.
The Tausug appear to have moved in the eleventh century A.D, into the
southwestern Philippines, where they have now rooted, from northeastern
Mindanao in the area of Butuan City. The language of both the Butuanon and
Tausug are closely related. The Kamayo of Bislig in coastal eastern Mindanao
is likewise linguistically related to the Tausug. The Tausug are a dominant
ethnic group in the Sulu archipelago not only due to their numbers but also
because of their political and religious institutions.
Subsistence is based on agriculture, fishing, and the production of coconuts
and hemp. Corn, cassava, yams, millet, and sorghum are planted apart from
rice. Metalcraft and weaving are well-developed. Trade is one of the more
popular occupations. Their language in fact is the language of trade in the
southern archipelago. Bilateral ties are important, with the kindred
extending to the second cousin, with a bias towards the patrilateral side. The
traditional political structure is the sultanate. The sultan is the head of all
ranks within the sultanate; succession is by election by his staff although
patrilineal succession is the ideal. The datus who in theory are descendants
of the original sultan occupy ascribed status.
5. Jama Mapun
The Jama Mapun (Bajau, Cagayano, Orang Cagayan, Sama Cagayan, Tao
Cagayan, Sama) are a Sama-speaking people widely distributed in the area
about north Borneo and southwestern Philippines. The largest concentration
is in the island of Cagayan de Sulu in southern Palawan. Including the
dispersed segment of the population, the national count is estimated at
22,320(NSO 1990). Traditionally, the Jama Mapun subsistence technology is
based on agriculture and maritime trading, with the cultivation of coconuts
for the production of copra as a cash crop. Corn and cassava are alternative
staples.
Unlike most other Sama groups, the Jama Mapun, are more oriented toward
land.
Settlements are nucleated along the coast but patterns tend to scatter
towards the interior. Much of the consumer goods are obtained through
barter of forest products and their own produce with the population centers
in north Borneo. Unlike in most Philippine groups, the kinship structure
displays both bilateral and unilineal features with patilineal bias with respect
38 PERALTA
to the inheritance of titles and an ancestors-focused relationship called a

lungan. The religion is basically islam with some syncretism, and the
political structure is related to the institution of the sultanate with its
religious overtones. The music and dance of the people are elaborate and are
Southeast Asian in context.
Mindanao
1. Manobo
The Manobo are probably the most numerous of the ethnic groups of the
Philippines in terms of the relationships and names of the various groups
that belongs the comprise the Manobo group. The total national population
including the sub groups is 749,042 (NM 1994); occupying core areas from
Sarangani island into the Mindanao mainland in the provinces of Agusan de
Sur, Davao provinces, Bukidnon, and North and South Cotabato. The groups
occupy such a wide area of distribution that localized groups have assumed
the character of distinctiveness as a separate ethnic grouping such as the
Bagobo or the Higaonon, and the Atta. Depending on specific linguistic
points of view the membership of a dialect with a super group shifts.
A tentative but more specific classification that needs attention divides the
Manobo into a number of major groups, some of which are: (1) Ata
Subgroup: Dugbatang, Talaungod, and tagauanum; (2) Bagobo subgroup:
Attaw (Jangan, Klata, Obo, Giangan, Guiangan), Eto (Ata), Kailawan
(Kaylawan, Langilan, Manuvu/Obo, Matigsalug, (Matigsaug, Matig Salug),
Tagaluro, and Tigdapaya; (30 Higaonon Subgroup: Agusan, Lanao, and
Misamis; (4) North Cotabato: Ilianen, Livunganen, and Pulenyan; (5) South
Cotabato: Cotabato (with subgroup Tasaday and Blit), Sarangani, Tagabawa;
(6) Western Bukidnon: Kiriyeteka, Ilentungen, and Pulanggiyen; (7) Agusan
del Sur; (8) Banwaon; (9) Bukidnon; and others. The various subgroups are
not sufficiency defined at present.
The Manobo occupy and have adapted to various ecological niches
ranging from the coastal tot eh rugged mountain highlands of the interiors of
Mindanao. The different subgroups are highly dispersed transecting the
entire island of Mindanao, there adapting to various environmental niches to
developed self-contained variations of a generalized culture. The orientation
of all the sub groups, however, is upland. Commonly, cultivation is multi
cropped and inter cropped, including rice, corn, legume, yams, and sweet
potato,.
Agriculture production is supplemented by hunting and food gathering.
Settlements are generally kin—oriented nuclear groups near the swidden
fields located on the ridges. The communities are widely dispersed and
placed on high ridges above mountain drainage systems. In some areas, there
are long houses that accommodate a number of families, usually of an

extended kind. Leadership is placed on a highly skilled and socially powerful
individual who builds up his following through various modes of alliances
including marriage. In a grouping, usually of kindred traditional community,
they would recognize one datu as head. A number of datus would be united
under a more sovereign datu up through a political pyramid with a sultan
and a rajah muda holding sway in a larger territory. Although the kin
relationship is bilateral. There is a bias toward the male in terms of decision-
making and leadership. The woman holds a subordinated position in the
society.
Nowadays, the structure of leadership is gradually changing with an overlay
of the contemporary civil structures radiating from the governor of the
province down to the level of the sitio councilman often assumed by the
better educated younger generation of the community. The groups are largely
Christianized and there are survivors of some belief systems the national
education system has also largely penetrated the more nucleated areas and
minimally the more inaccessible rural areas. The distinctive character of
ethnic dress has mostly given way to commercial clothing, with ethnic
materials findings their way to the antique trade.
2. Sangil/Sangir
The Sangil (Sangir, Sangihe, Sangu, Marore, Sangirezen, Talaoerezen) are

the people who live in the Sangihe and Talaud island group, and in the
southern coast of Mindanao about Sarangani Bay. The population is
concentrated in Balut and Sarangani islands (2,085) off Mindanao, and Jose
Abad Santos (685) in the province of Davao del Sur where there are a total of
4,322 (NSO 1980). The national population is some 10,344 (NM 1994). They
speak a language with Indonesian affinities. Islamic in influence, much of the
indigenous culture Kalagan group. The culture is associated with lowland
and coastal adaptations with a mixture of intensive cultivation and
horticulture.
The traditional crops include rice in upland fields, sweet potato, corn, and
banana. The people also engage in boat-making and cash-cropping with
coconut.
Prior to 1900 the local village group was called a soa, composed of kin
groups organized as out-marrying matrilineages. Much later, bilateral
relationships developed. Although Christianity and Islam have affected the
belief system, much of the aspects of the indigenous religion remain, Ritual
specialists serve as intermediaries with the supernatural, particularly with
ancestral spirits.
40 PERALTA
Grown in upland farms are sweet potatoes, corn, bananas, and rice. Coconut
is an important cash crop. The making of boats, especially large vessels, is
well developed.
3. Maranao
The “People of the Lake” (Maranaw, Ranao, Lanon, Hiloona) are one of the
larger groups in the country professing Islam. They are settled about Lake
Lanao- the largest deep lake in the country. The land is some 2,200 feet
above sea level in the Bukidnon-Lanao Plateau.
The national population is about 863,659 (NM 1994) of which some 553,054
situated in Lanao del Sur. The core areas are Marawi City (86,038), Lumba-
a-bayabao (18,603), and Bayang (18,639) (NSO 1990). In Lanao del Norte
they constitute the minority population. The genealogies of the families still
trace their Islamic origins to Sharifs Kabunsuan who introduced Islam
among the Magindanao.
The people are basically inland agriculture, with some dry rice cultivations in
the hilly areas and intensive wet rice in the flood plains. Communities usually
cluster about a mosque and a torogan, a royal house belonging to the leading
household in the area, which also serves a political function.
The Maranao are widely distributed all over the country and economically
are associated with market trade. Wet rice cultivation is the basic mode of
food, production, with some corn, sweet potato, coffee, cassava, and peanuts.
Dry rice is also cultivated. Fishing in the lake is also important although this
has declined.
The Maranao, however, are best known for the sophistication of their
weaving and wood and metal craft. They have produced probably the most
spectacular of Philippine vernacular architecture with their impressive
torogan. The design motifs which form the basis for their okil is one of the
most systematized in the country. Among the more noted of the most
systematized in the country. Among the more noted of the design motifs of
their okil is the sarimanok and naga, which are abstract animate forms of a
cock and the dragon or snake, respectively. The awang, the dugout boat they
use in Lake Lanao, is probably the most unique of dugouts in the country, if
not the most ornate.
Maranao textiles are also famous for their very ornate designs and colors
which reflect the status of the wearer. The tube skirt, malong, is a very
versatile article of clothing which serves many purposes.
4. Ilanun
The Ilanun (Iranun, Ilianon, Llanum, Hilanoones, Illanos) are a group
related to the Maranao and the Magindanao. They are found in the province
of Magindanao in the municipalities of Nulingi (15,175), Parang (8,045),

Matanog (5,595), and Barira (5,650) (NSO 1980)- the area about Polloc
harbor and Illana Bay east of Zamboanga and traditionally to the foothills of
the Tiruray highlands; with a population of over 149,683 (NM 1994). The
major concentration of the people is now along the coastline. There is a
remnant group called Illanum of over 4,000 people on the western coastal
plain of North Borneo. The Ilanun differentiated from the Maranao and
Magindanao populations prior to the introduction of Islam into the area,
remaining distributed along the waterways and coasts with a major
development in the area between Balabagan and Malabang.
The people, who are marine-oriented, are historically known for their sea
exploits. Spanish pressures forced the Ilanun inland and forced them to the
sanctuary of the Lake Lanao area from which they shifted their operations.
The area became so important that the Spaniards tended to think that the
Illanun are from Lanao Del Sur. The withdrawal of the Spaniards led to the
lessening of contact between the Maranao and the Ilanun. At present, the
culture is generally similar to the Maranao of Lanao del Sur province with a
subsistence pattern based on intensive wet cultivation of rice, long distance
marine trade, and fishing.
5. Magindanao
The Magindanao (Magindanaw, Maguindanaw, Maguindanaon,
Magindanaoan, Mindanao) are one of the larger ethnic groups of the country
with a total population of over 1,649,882 (NM 1994), with about 469,216 of
this number found in the province of Maguindanao. The concentrations are
in the municipalities of Dinaig (35,851), Datu Piang (51,970), Maganoy
(46,006), and Buluan (52,242) (NSO 1990).
Constant contact by the Spaniards with this group led to the naming of the
entire island after the Magindanao during historical times. The Magindanao
practice Islam; their culture, social structure and organization are influenced
by this religion, without which the group would not have been able to resist
the incursion of the Spanish conquistadores. One of the three Philippine
sultanates is among the Magindanao. The Magindanao sultanate at one
period sociopolitical system and the hierarchical structure of social positions
are complex and similar to that of the Sulu sultanate. There are three royal
houses: Maguindanaon in Sultan Kudarat, Buayan in Datu Piang, and
Kabuntalan in earliest to, embodied in oral traditions and in accordance with
the Paluwaran code which contains provisions on every aspect of life. The
culture is characteristically lowland with a special adaptation to marshland.
Wet rice, the staple, is produced. Arts and crafts are welldeveloped,
exhibiting sophistication in weaving and metalworking, with very
42 PERALTA
characteristic design motifs that show affinity with the rest if Southeast Asia,
yet retaining a distinctive ethnic character.
6. Tiruray
The southwestern Mindanao highlands range to about 4, 000 feet and face
the Celebes Sea. The Tiruray, one of the ethnic groups that live in this area,
have retained much of their own religion in spite of their proximity to the
Magindanao of the Cotabato Valley. They live in the territory bounded by the
Tamontaca River to the north, and the Tran River to the south, the coast to
the west and the Cotabato Valley on the east.
There are three subgroups depending on their orientation-riverine, coastal,
and mountain-each with variations in dialect. The people also use ceremonial
and ritual languages. The houses are generally situated near the upland field,
grouped more or less in the vicinity of the house of the group leader, forming
a grouping called an inged. The traditional economy is based on dry
cultivation supplemented by food gathering, hunting and fishing. The
principal food is glutinous rice and corn. Other crops cultivated include corn,
sweet potatoes, sugar cane, cassava, taro, and tobacco. A lunar calendar and
another based on stars are used in determining agricultural seasons. There
are also institutionalized trading pacts with the Maguindanao. Their
traditional baskets with black trimmings are exceptionally beautiful.
This southern ethnic group (Tiruray, Teduray, Teguray, Tidulay) may be
found in the province of Magindanao, with concentrations in the
munipalities of Upi (13,535), South Upi(10,240), Dinaig (3,255), and
Ampatuan (1,300) (NSO 1980). The population ranges nationally to 76,883
(NM 1994), with about 30,000 in Magindanao alone. There are about 12,000
in Sultan Kudarat and 695 in North Cotabato. The Tiruray are in constant
interaction with the neighboring Magindanao.
As a people, the Tiruray are distinctive in terms of ethnic art and craft. Their
basketry are among the most intricately woven in the country, often
profusely covered with characteristic design motifs. Their horse-hair
ornaments-earings, pendants, neck pieces-are clearly representative of the
material culture.
7. Tasaday
This very small ethnic community is one of the many Manobo subgroups,
speaking a dialect closely related to the South Cotabato Manobo or Manobo
Blit. When first reported in 1971, the group was comprised of some 26
individuals. The population in 1986 was 61 (NM) and concentrated in the
vicinity of the Tasaday mountain due west of Lake Sebu in South Cotabato.
The group is a food foraging group recently being introduced to swidden
cultivation by their Manobo Blit wives, 17 of which have married into the
group. They previously had been frequenting caves as habitation, and when
initially found, were using stone tools minimally.
When reported first, the subsistence mode was food procurement, with
minimal hunting. The clothing used for both men and women were leaves of
the genus Coruligo or ground orchid. Later, Dafal, a Manobo Blit Introduced
to the Manobo Tasaday the metal blade and other food procurement
technologies.
8. T,boli
The T’boli (Tagabili, Tiboli) together with the B’laan to the east and Tiruray
to the north are in a single language group distinct from the remaining
language groups of Mindanao. The T’boli traditionally live in scattered
settlements in the highlands of southwestern Mindanao, in the province of
South Cotabato. The cultural hearted is around the complex of highland
lakes- Lake Sebu, Lake Selutan, and Lake Lahit. The settlements are usually
scattered but are composed of family clusters of fifteen households or more.
Clusters, however are within shouting distance at elevations averaging 3000
feet above sea level. More recently these settlements have become relatively
larger, comprising thirty or more household. Each settlement would have a
ceremonial house called a gono bong (big house). Members of such
communities are usually related by kindship. The head of each groupings is a
datu. Extended families are common in households that operate as the
economic and social unit.
The T’boli practice swidden farming, cultivating highlands rice(teneba)
which is the staple food. Other crops include sugar cane, taro, sweet, and
potato. Corn and coffee are considered cash crops. Of domestic animals, the
horse is an index of economic status. While forest products are important
food sources, lake fish is an important protein source, too.
During recent time, the T’boli have been noted for their backloom textile
tinalak woven from tie-dyed abaca fiber. Nationally popular, too, are their
personal ornaments made of multicolored beads, their embroidered blouses,
and hats. Small household industries using the lost wax process have grown.
The manufacture cast brass bolo handles, figurines and betelnut containers,
and other ornaments.
While the kinship system is bilateral there is a male bias, with the father as
the dominant figure in the household. In joint and extended families the
oldest male dominates. The oldest male child takes over this dominance
upon the death of the father. If there is no such son, lomolo is practiced
44 PERALTA
whereby the father’s eldest brother assumes wealth of the deceased, and
claims the latter’s wife as his own.
While the organized principle in the society is kinship, communities are also
linked through a recognized leader- the datu who does not really command
whose word is respected because of his status, economic means, courage,
skill in settling disputes, and wisdom in the interpretation of custom laws.
The position is achieved through community validation. He traditionally
acquires rights over a person whom he has paid as unsettled debt.
The major social ceremony and ritual of the T’boli is the moninum usually
associated with marriage but including a multilateral exchange of articles of
wealth (kimu). The ritual is the climax to a marriage which is composed of six
ceremonial and reciprocal feasts, with the families taking turns in being hosts
(moken) and guests (mulu). The cycle of ceremonies may take many years to
complete which sometimes results in the construction of gono minimum- a
huge house that can accommodate more than 200 persons.
9. B’laan
The B’laan (Bilaan, Balud, Baraan, Biraan, Bilanes, Blan, Buluan,
Buluanes, Koronadal, Sarangaani, Taglagad, Tagalagad, Tacogon, Tumanao,
Vilanes, Bubluan, Buluanes) are principally located in the province of Davao
del Sur where they number about 94,885. The core areas of the group are in
the municipalities of San Marcelino (10,953), Malita(7,776), J.A. Santos
(7,568), and Sarangai (5,563) (NSO 1990). They are now widespread in the
South Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat areas with an estimated total population
of 450,000. Traditionally, the B’laan inhabits the hills behind the west coast
of Davao gulf abutting the Bagobo territory to the north and the watershed of
Davao and Cotabato. In very recent times they have moved toward the
coastal areas. There are several subgroups: (1) Tagalagad, (2) Tagcogon,(3)
Buluan, (4) Biraan, (5) Vilanes, and (6) Balud.
The basic culture is dry cultivation of a board range food plants including
rice, supplemented by food gathering and hunting. Culture change is in an
advanced stage. The B’laan language is classified in a group that includes the
Tiruray and T’boli, which are distinct from the central Philippine group. The
same pattern of scattered settlements exists among the group although the
houses generally remain within sight of each other near swidden fields. Rice,
corn, and millet are planted. Corn is gradually supplanting rice as the staple.
Gardens are planted to sugar cane, bananas, and rootcrops.
Each neighborhood is organized under a local datu who has autonomous
authority over an area depending on his personal influence. The position is
supposedly hereditary and follows a rule of the firstborn assuming the

position. The lebe is the B’laan equivalent of the Bagobo magani.
10. Subanun
The Subanun or people of the upstream (Subanen, Subanon) may be found
on the western flank of Mindanao, in the provinces of Zamboanga del Norte
(204,056 NM 1994) and Zamboanga de Sur (193,305 NM 1994). The
population is estimated at 407,495 (NM 1994) with core areas in Katipunan
(10,255) and Lapuyan (10,510) municipalities (NSO 1980). The known
subgroups are due to linguistic variations: (1) Misamis, (2) Lapuyan, (3)
Sindangan, (4) Tuboy, and (5) Salug.
The cultural adaptation is upland and swidden cultivation. The traditional
settlement pattern is highly dispersed with a few residential structures on top
of ridges near potable water sources, which are placed adjacent to cultivated
fields. Locations near springs rather than streams are preferred. Rice is the
preferred food but fields are also planted to corn, sweet potato, and cassava.
Land problems and degraded environment have forced some of the people to
wet rice agriculture. Metal craft and weaving are practiced. They have
maintained trade with coastal peoples through centuries. Present-day
Subanon are non aggressive, although ther are indications that in the past
the people were required to provide a “soul companion” for an important
deceased relative.
Unique among the ethnic groups of the country is the Subanon set of rituals,
buklog, that utilizes a huge dancing platform to which a log is attached that
hits a hollowed sounding board on the ground.
A subgroup, the Subanen, is related to the Subanon but concentrated in
Siocon, Zamboanga del Norte with a total population of 52,600(NSO 1980).
11. Kamiguin
The oldest town of the island of Camiguin-Guinsiliban-just off the northern
coast of Mindanao was originally inhabited by the Kamiguin speakers of a
language (Quinamiguin, Camiguinon) that is derived from Manobo with an
admixture of Boholano. Sagay is the only other municipality where this is
spoken. The total population is 531(NSO 1990). Boholano predominates in
the rest of the island.
The culture of the Kamiguin has been subsumed within the context of
Boholano or Visayan culture. The people were Christianized as early as 1596.
The major agricultural products are abaca, cacao, coffee, banana, rice, corn,
and coconut. The production of hemp is the major industry of the people
since abaca thrives very well in the volcanic soil of the island. The plant was
introduced in Bagacay, a northern town of Mindaano, but it is no longer
46 PERALTA
planted there. Small-scale trade carried out with adjoining islands like Cebu,
Bohol, and Mindanao.
12. Mamanwa
The Mamanwa (variously called Caonking, Mamaw, Amamanusa,
Manmanua, Mamaua, Mamanwa) are one fot he three groups that occupy a
very distinct position in Philippine populations. Heretofore, the Mamanwa
has been classified as a Negrito subgroup, but physical anthropological data
indicate otherwise. The Mamanwa form a distinct branch from the rest of the
Philippine populations which include the various groups of the Negrito, and
the Austronesian-speaking peoples which now comprise the modern
populations.
The Mamanwa appear to be an older branch of population appearances in the
Philippines affecting to some extent the Negrito of northeastern Luzon. Like
all the NEgrito groups in the country, the Mamanwa speak a language that is
basically that of the dominant group about them.
The national population is about 1,922 (NSO 1990) with concentration in
Agusan del Norte (725) principally in Kitcharao (300) and Santiago (430)
(NSO 1980). The people, however, a re very mobile, continually was
relocating themselves in search of subsistence. Lately, they have moved into
Southern Leyte.
The life way of the Mamanwa is founded on slash-and-burn cultivation on
small patches minimal wet rice agriculture. Food gathering is heavily relied
upon. The bow and arrow which was once important in hunting is no longer
in use. Patron-client relationships with members of the surrounding group
operate to some extent to provide them with subsistence needs. Settlements
are generally small, numbering from three to twenty households in high
ridges are generally small, numbering from three to twenty households in
high ridges or valleys. The houses are usually arranged in a circle.
Traditionally, dwellings are without walls.
A community is usually composed of kindred. Leadership resides in the
oldest and most respected male. The role is not inherited but must be earned.
13. Butuanon
The flat marshland composing the estuary of the Agusan River in
northeastern Mindanao is inhabited by a group of people now known as the
Butuan. The native Butuan, however, would refer to himself rather as a
“Lapaknon” or a person on the other hand; believe that they are an offshoot
of Manobo populations of the Agusan Valley. The language of the Butuanon
is more closely related to Cebuano than any of the Manobo tongues. In fact,
the languages of Butuanon, Tausug of Jolo, and Kamayo of Bislig have a very
close affinity.
Linguistic data suggest that the Tausug moved into the Sulu archipelago
from the general area of Butuan during the eleventh century, at a period of
intense trade between Agudan and the Chinese,as shown by the very rich
archaeological materials in the area. The Kamayo might have developed from
the very early connection of Butuan with Caraga on the eastern coast of
Mindanao.
The population (24,566 NSO 1990) is at present highly urbanized with a
defined Visayan culture highly influenced by the Cebuano. Much of the
production of the area is in area is in rice, coconuts, logging, fishing, and fish
culture.
14. Kamayo
Kamayo are related linguistically to the Tausug and Butuanon, and belong to
the Meso and central Philippine family of languages. The group are
concentrated in the provinces of Agusan de Norte (6,500) and Surigao del
Sur (115,850). The population estimate at present is placed at 122,350(NM
1994).
Like most of the groups in the eastern coast of Mindanao, the
Kamayo cultivate wet rice in the flat land along the coast and nearby valleys
while upland fields are planted to a variety of crops including cash crops of
abaca.
15. Bagobo
The upland Bagobo traditionally live in the east and south of Mount Apo and
the eastern side of Cotabato,. Most Bagobo populations are now scattered in
the interior ranges beyond Davao City, while those on the coastal plains have
adapted a lowland way of life. The national population is placed at 58,601
(NM 1994).
The Bagobo are heterogeneous, including subgroups like the Tahurug west
of the middle of the Davao River; the Timananon in the headwaters of the
Tinaman River; the Puangion in the southeastern Bukidnon; the Kuamanon
living near the Kuaman River, and others, with differences in dialects and
cultures traits. Bagobo in the linguistic sense belongs to the Manobo family
of languages. The term is of little help in fixing ethnic identity because for all
intents and purposes the group described in 1910 is virtually nonexistent now
due to the spread of Christianity, plantation economy, and the market
system. Traditionally, the Bagobo society is dominated by a warrior class
called magani that includes the community leader, usually a datu who wields
no real power except hi influence as senior arbiter and judge, and qualities
48 PERALTA
which derive from his being a magani. He exerts influence over a community
composed of households organized through kinship principles, whether by
blood or by marriage.
The houses are scattered near swidden fields. The scattered neighborhood is
organized into a district or political domain under the datu who functions as
a temporal head of a group. It is said that several domains indentified as
Bagobo with its datu or chiefs, recognize the political authority of the datu of
Sibulan as a higher level of hierarchy. The house of the datu has been said to
be able to accommodate several hundreds of people, and it is he ceremonial
and defense center for the community. Specific domains are controlled by a
magani the magani is identified by his bloodied clothing, which he earns
from successful combats.
Abaca used to grow wild in the Davao provinces. These are usually stripped
for the fiber which has been used for commercial purposes especially during
the early 1900s when the demand for hemp was great. Domestically, the fiber
is used for weaving tie-dyed cloth. Both men and women use the abaca for
clothing which is usually heavily decorated with multicolored beads and
embroidery over the woven designs on the cloth. The Bagobo is also known
for the production of cast brass ornaments like bells, using the lostwax
process.
They subsist largely on upland rice cultivated in a dry regime in swiddens.
This crop is supplemented by corn, sweet potato, banana, sago, and coconut.
The Bagobo are food gatherers and hunters; they fish, too.
The bagobo pantheon is composed of a number of spirit beings that interfere
in the affairs of men. The principal being is the creator called Eugpamolak
Manobo or Manama. There are a large number of lesser nature spirits who
have to be shown respect and others who take pleasure in being irritants. The
mabalian who are usually women, perform the rituals, which include healing.
It is not rare that mabalians are also skilled weavers.
16. Mandaya
The Mandaya are a complex group (Mangwanga, Mangrangan, Managosan,
Magosan, Pagsupan, Divavaonon, Dibabaon, Mansaka) and can be found in
Davao Oriental province where there is a population of some 22,000 (NSO
1980). The national population is about 172,506 (NM 1994). They are
concentrated in the municipalities of Caraga(6,860), Manay (2,770), Cateel
(2,665), Lupon (3,055), and Tarragona (2,935). The known sub groupings
are: (1) Mansaka, (2) Pagsupan, (3) Mangwanga (Mangrangan, Compostela),
(4) Managosan (Magosan), and (5) Divavaon (Dibabaon, Mixed Manobo
Mandaya), (6) karaga, (7) Mansaka (NSO 1980).
They occupy the upstream areas, practicing slash-and-burn cultivation in

highly dispersed settlements. Apart from the wide range od cropping that
they do for domestic consumption. Abaca is cultivated as a cash crop. Rice,
various tubers, and bananas form the bulk of the diet. Communities are
dispersed usually near swiddens. Houses are usually occupied by two or
three family units, and these are usually within sight even if dispersed.
Proximity of these houses constitutes a neighborhood which is loosely
organized into a larger discrete domain with all the households related
through several crosscutting kin relationships. Families are either nuclear or
polygynous.
Traditionally, each domain has a headman, bagani, whose word is
considered law and who wears distinctive clothing. His rule is tempered by
an advisory council, angtutukay, usually composed of elders in the
community. With the disappearance of the bagani structure at present the
civil structures of the barangay prevails.
The Mandaya/Mansaka are famous for their distinctive dress and
ornamentation. The tie-dye weaving and embroidery by the women is linked
up with a sophisticated symbolic art system that evolved design motifs that
are provided with names. The beadwork and silver craft on body ornaments
marks this group as one of the most noteworthy of Philippine indigenous
peoples in terms of art.
17. Kalagan
The Kalagan (Tagakaolom Dagan, Laoc, Saka, Carargan, Calagan, Kagan,
Laoc,Saka, Caragan, Calagan, Saka, Mandaya, Mansaka) belong to the
Mandaya/Mansaka group, and have three subgroups: (1) Tagakaolo proper,
(2) Kagan, and (3) Lao. The latter is an acculaturated group in the
Haguimitan Mountains of the San Agustin peninsula on the east side of
Davao gulf, now largely occupied by the Mandaya. The core areas are in the
places between the coast and the B’laan country in the province of Davao.
They are in the tributaries of Malita and Lais, and Talagauton rivers in the
interior. The population is estimated at 87,270 (NM 1994). Historically these
were composed of small, warring groups.
Much of subsistence is through dry cultivation of a wide range of crops that
include rice and tubers. It is supplemented by food gathering. Rice is being
supplanted by corn in importance as the basic staple of the people.
Corn is cropped two or three times a year.
Traditionally culture is similar to the neighboring Kulaman and B’laan,
where specific territories are ruled over by a strong man with special status.
The culture however has undergone many changes with its linkages with the
national market systems.
50 PERALTA
18. Kolibugan
The Kolibugn resulted from the intermingling of the indigenous Subanon
populations with the Muslim populations in the coastal areas of Zamboanga.
The population is concentrated along the western side of the provinces of
both northern (6,495) and southern Zamboanga (3,270), and a national
count of over 11,000. The concentrations are in Siocon (2,040), Sirawai
(1,960), and Sibuco (1,520) (NSO 1980). The total population count is
estimated at 32,227 (NM 1994).
The generalized culture is lowland central Philippines focuses on wet rice

cultivation, and some localized swidden cultivation. Adaptation to the arine
environment is made, but mostly in terms of domestic fishing.
Ethno –Linguistic Groups Listing
1. Abaknon (Sama related) Capul Is. 2.

Aburlin Zambales
3. Apayao Aklan
3.1 Cabugao-Mandaya
3.2 Karawagan
3.3 Talifugo
4. Bagobo(see Manobo) Davao
5. Badjao (see Sama) Sitangkai, Tungihat, Tando-owak
5.1 Sama Dilaut
5.2 Sama Jengeng
6. Balangao Natonin, Mt. Province
7. Bantoanan Tablas, Simara, Banton
8. Bikol Bikol Peninsula
8.1 Naga
8.2 Buhi, Bato, etc.
8.3 Albay/Sorsogon
8.4 Catanduanes
9. B’laan Davao, S. Cotabato, S. Kudarat
9.1 Koronadal
9.2 Sarangani
9.3 Duluanon
9.4 Tau M’loy
10. Boholano Bohol
11. Bontok Mountain Province
11.1 Central
11.2 Talubin
11.3 Barlig
11.4 Lias
11.5 Kadaklan
12. Bukidnon Negros
12.1 Magahat Oriental
12.2 Karolano Occidental, kabangkalan
13. Butuanon Butuan City

13.1 Butuanon
13.2 Lapaknon
14. Caviteño Cavite
15. Cebuano (Sugbuhanon, Sebuan) Cebu
16. Cotabateno Cotabato City
17. Davao-Chabacano Davao City
18. Ermiteno Ermita, Manila
19. Gaddang Isabela, Ifugao, Aurora
19.1 Ga’dang proper
19.2 Yogad
19.3 Addukayang
19.4 Katalangan
19.5 Iraya
20. Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) 21. Iloilo
Hamtikanon Antique
22. Ibaloi Benguet
22.1 Ibaloi proper Kabayan
22.2 Karao Bokod
23. Ibanag Cagayan
23.1 Northern
23.2 Southern
24. Ifugao Ifugao
24.1 Tuwali
24.2 Ayangan
24.3 Hanglulu
24.4 Yattuka
24.5 Kalannguya
24.6 Keley-i
25. Ikalahan (see Kalanguya, Keley-i) Nueva Vizacaya
26. Illanun Lanao del Sur,
26.1 Idalanen Maguindanao
26.2 Maragat
26.3 Subpangen
27. Ilocano Ilocos
27.1 Northern
27.2 Southern
28. Ilongot Nueva Vizcaya,Quirino
28.1 Abaka
52 PERALTA
28.2 Aymuyu
28.3 Belansi
28.4 Beqnad
28.5 Benabe
28.6 Bekran
28.7 Kebinanan
28.8 Payupay
28.9 Pugu
28.10 Rumyad
28.11 Sinebran
28.12 Taan
28.13 Tamsi
29. Isamal (Kanlaw) Samal Is. (Kalagan
subgroup)
30. Isinai N.Vizcaya
31. Itawis Cagayan
32. Ivatan/Itbayat Batanes/Babuyan
33. I’wak Nueva Vizcaya/benguet
33.1 Lalang ni I’wak(Montang I’wak)
33.2 Alagot
33.3 Ibomangi
33.4 Itali’ti
33.5 Itangdalan
33.6 I-Alsans
33.7 Ileaban
33.8 Ayahas
33.9 Idangatan
33.10 Imanggi
34. Jama Mapunp(see Sama) Cagayan de Sulu
35. Kaagan (Kalgan related) Digos,Davao del Sur
36. Kagayanen (Manobo related) Cagayan Is.
37. Kalagan (Tagakaolo, Mansaka rel) Davao
37.1 Tagakaolo proper
37.2 Laoc
38. Kalamianen Calamian Group, Palawan
38.1 Kuyanen
38.2 Kalamianen
38.3 Agutaya
39. Kalinga Kalinga-Apayao
39.1 Tinglayan-Balbalasang
(ref. to Itneg)
39.2 Sumadel
(rel. to Bontoc)
39.3 Lubuagan
(rel. to Tinglayan, Bontoc)
39.4 Nabayugan
(rel. to Talifugu, Apayao)
39.5 Ablig
39.6 Saligsig
39.7 Kalagua (rel. Ibanag-Itawis)
39.8 Mangali
39.9 Lubo (rel. to Maducayang)
40. Kamayo (Butuan/Tausug related) Agusan del N/Surigao S.
41. Kankanai
41.1 Kankanai (Lepanto) Mountain Province
41.1.1 Kankanai Sagada
41.1.2 Bago La Union, Ilocos S., Pang.
41.2 Kankana-ey Benguet
42. Kapampangan Pampanga
43. Kasiguranin
(Agta influenced Austro.) Quezon
44. Kamigin (Manobo-related)Camiguin
41.1 Karaga Davao Oriental
45. Kiniray-a (Hinaray-a, Antique
Sulod, Putian,Bukidnon, Mundo,
Montes,Hamtikanon)
46. Kolibugan (Subanon related) Zamboanga del Norte
47. Magindanao Maguindanao/Sultan Kudarat
48. Malaueg Cagayan, Kalinga-Apayao
49. Mamanwa Surigao del Norte
50. Mandaya Davao Oriental
50.1 Mandaya (Divavaon) S & W of Compostela
50.2 Pagsupan Tagum & Hijo River areas
50.3 Mangwanga Mangrangan, Compostela
50.4 Managosan (Magosan) Agusan River headwaters
50.5 Karaga Davao Oriental
50.6 Mansaka N&E of Davao Gulf
51. Mangyan Mindoro
51.1 Alangan Occidental
51.2 Batangan Occidental
51.3 Buhid Occidental
51.4 Hanunoo Oriental
51.5 Iraya Oriental
51.6 Tadyawan Occidental
51.7 Ratagnon(?) Oriental
52. Manobo Central Mindanao
52.1 Ata (Atag) Cabacan Valley, N. of Mt. Apo
52.1.1 Dugbatang
52.1.2 Tagauanum
52.1.3 Talainkod (Talaingod) Davao
52.2 Bagobo
54 PERALTA
52.2.1 Attaw (Giangan[Jangan])

52.2.2 Eto
52.2.3 Kailawan (Kaylawan)
52.2.4 Klata (Kalata)
52.2.5 Langilan (Talaingod)
52.2.6 Manuvu/Obo
52.2.6.1 Tahawug W. Davao River
52.2.6.2 Tinainon Tinantan River
52.2.6.3 Pu’angian Pulangi River
52.2.6.4 Ku’amanon Kulaman River
52.2.7 Matigsalug (Matig Salug) Bukidnon-Davao
52.2.8 Tagabawa
52.2.9 Tagaluro
52.2.10 Tigdapaya
52.3 Higaonon (/Talaandig) 52.3.1
Agusan
52.3.2 Lanao del Norte
52.3.3 Misamis
52.3.4 Camiguin 52.4 North Cotabato
52.4.1 Illianen
52.4.1.1 Ilianen Agusan S., N.
Cotabato
52.4.1.2 Livunganen Davao 52.5 Western
Bukidnon/North Cotabato
52.5.1 Kiriyeteka
52.5.2 Ilentungen
52.5.3 Pulangiyen
52.6 Agusan del Sur
52.6.1 Adgawanon (in 1919
present day Higaonon or Banuaanon)
52.6.2 Talacogon Agusan
52.7 Banwaon San Luis, Agusan del Sur
52.8 South Cotabato
52.8.1 Cotabato(Interior and Coastal)
52.8.2 Tasaday
52.8.3 Blit
52.8.4 Lambangian Maguindanao
52.8.5 Aromanon
52.8.6 Kirintik
52.8.7 Kalamansig
52.9 Dibabawon (Dibabawnon, Dibabaon)
(Mixed mandaya) Davao
52.9.1 Manguangan (Tagabaas
subgroup of Dibabaon
in Asuncion?) Davao Del Norte

52.10 Rajah Kabungusan
52.11 Sarangani Davao del Sur/Sarangani
S. Kudarat, Davao oriental
52.11.1 Sarangani Sarangani, Davao del Sur & Co.
(Kulaman, Tudag, Gulangan)
Sultan Kudarat
52.12 Surigao
52.13 Talaandig (Bukidnon, see Higaonon)
52.14 Bukidnon (buquitnon)
52.14.1 Pangantokan Bukidnon
52.14.2 Tigwa (Tigwahanon, Tigwa)
52.14.3 Salug
52.15 Umayamnon Bukidnon, S&W Agusan del Sur

52.16 Tubalay S. Cotabato nr. Tirurai
52.17 Tagbanas Davao, Hijo Salu, Agusan rivers
53. Maranao Lanao del Sur
53.1 Bayabao
53.2 Masiu
53.3 Unayan
53.4 Baloi
54. Masbateño Masbate
55. Molbog (Palawan Gorup,
Melebuganon)Balabag, Palawan
56. Negrito 56.1 Agta
56.1.1 Angat Quezon
56.1.2 Casiguran Dumagat Aurora
56.1.3 Central Cagayan Cagayan
56.1.4 Ebukid Aurora
56.1.5 Iriga Camarines Sur
56.1.6 Katabaga Bondoc, penn., Quezon
56.1.7 Isarog Camarines Sur 56.1.8 Manide, Abiyan
Camarines Norte
56.1.9 Northeast Cagayan Cagayan
56.1.10 Palanan Isabela
56.1.11 Roso Cagayan
56.1.12 Sta. Margarita Cagayan
56.1.13 Villavicious Abra 56.1.14
Yaga Cagayan
56.1.15 Umiray Polillo
56.2 Alta Baler, Quezon 56.2.1 Edimale Alta Aurora
56.2.2 Kabuluwan Alta Baler, Quezon 56.3 Arta Maddela,
Quirino
56 PERALTA
56.4 Arta Negros (south)

56.5 Ati Negros(north)
56.6 Atta Pamplona, Cagayan
56.7 Ayta Bataan
56.7.1 Ambala
56.7.2 Magbaken
56.8 Ayta Quezon
56.9 Ayta Zambales
56.9.1 Abelen
56.9.2 Aberlen
56.9.3 Magganchi
56.9.4 Maggindi
56.10 Batak Palawan
56.11 Sinauna Tanay, Rizal
57. Palawan Palawan
57.1 Palawan South Palawan
(interior coastal)
57.2 Tau’t Batu Ransang, Palawan
58. Pangasinan Pangasinan 59. Paranan (mixed
Negrito) Palanan 60. Rombloanon
Romblon
61. Sama Tawi-tawi, Sulu, Basilan, Zamboanga del norte.
61.1 Siasi
61.2 Balangingi
61.3 Simunul
61.4 Sibutu
61.5 Pangutaran (Sama Saut)
61.6 Ubihan
61.7 Bitali(Sibuku) Zamboanga del Norte
61.8 Lutangan
61.9 Batuan
61.10 Mantabuan
61.11 Tandubas
61.12 Tabawan
61.13 Talun
61.14 Sanga-Sanga
61.15 Sapa-Sapa
61.16 Manubar (Siasi)
61.17 Buli Kullul
61.18 Laminosa
61.19 Bannaran
61.20 Sisangat
61.21 Jama Mapun Cag. De Sulu
61.22 Sitangkai
61.23 Saga-a Sampulna, Sabah
62. Sambal Zambales
62.1 Tina
62.2 Iba
62.3 Bolinao Pangasinan
63. Sangil/Sangir (Marore) Sangil
64. Subanon Siocon
65. Subanun Zamboanga del Norte & Sur
65.1 Lapuyan
65.2 Sindangan
65.3 Tuboy
65.4 Salug
66. Sulod Panay
67. Tagbanwa Palawan
67.1 Kalamian Calamian Group
67.2 Apurahuan Central Palawan
67.3 Tandulanen
67.4 Silanganen
67.5 Inagauan
68. Tagalog Luzon
68.1 Southern (Batangas/Laguna)
68.2 Nortthern (Bulacan/Rizal)
68.3 Paete/Tanay
69. Tausug
69.1 Tauhigad
69.2 Tauguimba (Buranun, Guimbahanun)
70. T’Boli (Tagabili, Ubo) South Cotabato
70.1 T’Boli
70.2 Sanduka
71. Ternateno Ternate, Cavite
72. Tinggian Abra
72.1 Adassen
72.2 Binongan
72.3 Inlaod
72.4 Masadiit
72.5 Aplai
72.6 Banao
72.7 Gubang
72.8 Maeng
72.9 Luba
72.10 Balatok
73. Tiruray Cotabato, Maguindanao
74. Ubo(T’Boli related) S. Cotabato
58 PERALTA
75. Waray Samar-Leyte

76. Yakan Basilan
77. Yogad(see Gaddang) Echague, Isabela
78. Zamboangeño Zamboanga City
62 PERALTA
60 PERALTA
Distribution of ethnic groups by Provinces*
(Arrangement: Population count0

TAGALOG
Total national Population 16054430
Abra 1,172 Ifugao 899

Agusan del N. 2,535 Ilocos n. 5,771
Agusan del S 1,553 Ilocos S. 5,466
Aklan 6,634 Iloilo 9,563
Albay 12,917 Isabela 91,358
Antique 5,906 Kailinga-Apayao 1,766
Aurora 69,152 La Union 16,786
Basilan 2,755 Laguna 1,290,278
Bataan 351,365 Lanao del N. 3,188
Batanes 432 Lanao del S. 2,584
Batangas 445,509 Leyte 9,896
Benguet 42,780 Maguindanao 38,823
Bohol 2,678 Marinduque 183,235
Bukidnon 4,918 Masbate 2,355
Bulacan 1,384,270 Misamis Occ. 675
Cagayan 22,341 Misamis Or. 6,009
Camarines N. 232,664 Mt. Province 241
Camarines S. 65,710 Negros Occ. 5,595
Camiguin 206 Negros Or. 2,522
Capiz 1,851 N. Cotabato 10,287
Catanduanes 2,378 N.Samar 1,454
Cavite 1,026,657 N.Ecija 98, 6449
Cebu 13,351 N.Vizacaya 2,1576
Davao 7,299 Occ. Mindoro 196,594
Davao del S. 40,332 Or. Mindoro 466,808
Davao Or. 1,827 Palawan 138,067
E.Samar 1,867 Pampanga 134,870
* unless otherwise specified, the population count
used in the tabulation is absed on a 1994 census
Pangasinan 61,951 Zambales 259,834

Quezon 1,278,252 Zamboanga N. 1,659
Quirino 5,617 Zamboanga S. 23,108
Rizal 812,713 Kalookan 565,573
Romblon 3,475 Las Pinas 225,979
Samar 3,806 Mandaluyong 191,048
Siquijor 128 Manila 1,236,270
Sorsogon 5,538 Marikina 238,731
S. Cotabato 29,082 Muntinlupa 217,430
S.Leyte 1,858 Navotas 158,638
S.Kudarat 9,791 Parañaque 236,329
Sulu 455 Pasay 270,780
Surigao N. 2,088 Pateros 43,069
Surigao S. 1,523 Quezon City 1,157,599
Tarlac 7, 7200 San Juan 95,183
Tawi-Tawi 2,080 Taguig 190,337
Valenzuela 263,332
CEBUANO
Total National Population 150,129,231

(Binukid count) 138,558
15, 1514989
Abra 211 Camarines S. 2,097

Agusan del N. 411,124 Camiguin 62,860
Agusan del S. 305,655 Capiz 1,518
Aklan 1,711 Catanduanes 259
Albay 1,194 Cavite 22,528
Antique 2,683 Cebu 2,572,399
Aurora 25,993 Davao 845,629
Basilan 5,097 Davao del S. 1,158,817
Bataan 5,097 Davao Or. 217,108
Batanes 81 E. Samar 1,688
Batangas 4,543 Ifugao 93
Benguet 1,344 Ilocos N. 843
Bohol 84,5751 Ilocos S. 568
Bukidnon 631,056 Iloilo 9,292
Bulacan 19,915 Isabela 2,292
Cagayan 1,430 Kalinga-Apayao 154
Camarines N. 956 La Union 1,186
Laguna 1,290,278 Sorsogon 1,028

Lanao del N. 46,956 S. Cotabato 383,142
Lanao del S. 17,577 S.Leyte 315,525
Leyte 760,796 S. Kudarat 39,782
Maguindanao 58,600 Sulu 1,735
Marinduque 183,235 Surigao del N. 134,829
Masbate 214,940 Surigap del S. 333,897
Misamis Occ. 412,940 Tarlac 2,776
Misamis Or. 832,101 Tawi-tawi 2,015
Mt. Province 86 Zambales 10,718
Negros Occ. 409,593 Zamboanga N. 562,135
62 PERALTA
Negros Or. 2,522 Zambanga S. 922,002
N. Cotabato 226,964 Kalookan 29,348
N.Samar 19,624 Las Piñas 14,920
N.Ecija 2,932 Mandaluyong 8,786
N. Vizcaya 880 Manila 47,275
Occ. Mindoro 3,316 Marikina 8,786
Or. Mindoro 2,089 Malabon 9,791
Palawan 39,611 Makati 23,426
Pampanga 134,870 Muntinlupa 9,064
Pangasinan 2,990 Navotas 7,380
Quezon 40,574 Parañaque 13,480
Quirino 136 Pasay 18,359
Rizal 22,701 Pateros 1,208
Romblon 1,128 Quezon City 77,051
W.Samar 46,180 San Juan 4,749
Siquijor 71,625 Taguig 14,626
Valenzuela 11,271
BISAYA (BINISAYA)
Total National Population 138,558
Abra 8 Benguet 288

Agusan del No. 442 Bohol 78,363
Agusan del S. 1,484 Bukidnon 856
Albay 18 Bulacan 398
Basilan 1,615 Cagayan 29
Bataan 319 Camarines N. 81
Batangas 238 Camarines S. 141
Camiguin 10 Rizal 1,516

Catanduanes 9 Siquijor 21
Cavite 1,003 Sorsogon 629
Cebu 346 S.Cotabato 1,533
Davao 16,319 S.Leyte 69
Davao Or. 643 Sulu 214
Davao del S. 200 Surigao del N. 211
Ilocos S. 12 Surigao del S. 5,957
Isabela 187 Tarlac 9
Laguna 222 Tawi-Tawi 418
Lanao del N. 31 Zambales 68
Lanao del S. 21 Zamboanga N. 398
Leyte 155 Zamnoanga S. 2,856
Maguindanao 19 Kalookan 641
Misamis Occ. 19 Las Piñas 20
Misamis Or. 483 Mandaluyong 473
Negros Occ. 21 Manila 1,044
N.Cotabato 2,269 Marikina 1,538
N.Samar 29 Malabon 323
Neuva Ecija 97 Makati 516
Nueva VIzcaya 32 Muntinlupa 122
Occ. Mindoro 344 Pasay 119
Or.Mindoro 7,048 Pateros 21
Palawan 1,196 Quezon City 3,349
Pampanga 179 San Juan 200
Pangasinan 70 Taguig 593
Quezon 242 Valenzuela 214
ILOCANO
1990
Total in Ilocos Region 1,528,208
Ilocos N. 460,684 Albay 932

Ilocos S. 519,273 Antique 492
La Union 548,251 Basilan 307
Abra 136,326 Bataan 9, 681
Agusan N. 2,872 Batanes 159
Agusan S. 5,985 Batangas 2,569
Aurora 49,283 Benguet 170,936
Aklan 466 Bohol 200
N.Samar 148 Surigao N. 537

N.Ecija 294,787 Surigao S. 1,631
N.Vizcaya 189,132 Tarlac 375,582
Occ. Mindoro 29,964 Tawi-tawi 221
Or. Mindoro 12,055 Zambales 136,515
Palawan 17,368 Zamboanga N. 1,621
Pampanga 15,561 Zamboanga S. 15,102
Pangasinan 909,970 Mandaluyong 7,112
Quezon 2,486 Marikina 11,862
Quirino 87,158 S.Juan 4,977
Rizal 23,273 Kalookan 28,981
Romblon 256 Malabon 4,977
Samar 449 Navotas 1,266
Siquijor 73 Valenzuela 11,620
64 PERALTA
Sorsogon 438 Las Piñas 7,102
S.Cotabato 53,801 Makati 22,686
S.Leyte 120 Parañaque 6,585
S.Kudarat 69,492 Pasay 10,245
Sulu 147 Pateros 795
Taguig 10,750
HILIGAYNON
Abra 96 Cagayan 261

Agusan del N. 3,309 Camarines N. 137
Agusan del S. 26,960 Camarines S. 909
Aklan 7,869 Camiguin 20
Albay 242 Capiz 575,369
Antique 9,132 Catanduanes 59
Aurora 188 Cavite 9,604
Basilan 1,748 Cebu 6,669
Bataan 2,959 Davao 53,012
Batanes 2 Davao del S. 30,059
Batangas 2,144 Davao Or. 3,410
Benguet 460 E.Samar 148
Bohol 107 Ifugao 10
Bukidnon 73,656 Ilocos N. 159
Bulacan 4,635 Ilocos S. 146
Iloilo 1,608,083 Siquijor 76

Isabela 552 Sorsogon 295
Kalinga-Apayao 10 S.Cotabato 374,755
La-Union 193 S.Leyte 179
Laguna 3,809 S.Kudarat 200,660
Lanao del N. 4,214 Sulu 11
Lanao del S. 11,057 Surigao del N. 1,064
Leyte 2,951 Surigao del S. 4,424
Maguindanao 41,988 Tarlac 614
Marinduque 53 Tawi-Tawi 51
Masbate 35,480 Zambales 3,276
Misamis Occ. 397 Zamboanga N. 3,501
Misamis Or. 3,611 Zamboanga S. 74,094
Negros Occ. 1,821,206 Kalookan 18,435
Negros Or. 43,249 Las Piñas 10,445
N.Cotabato 283,948 Mandaluyong 6,410
N.Samar 347 Manila 31,831
Nueva Ecija 373 Marikina 5,889
Nueva Vizcaya 312 Malabon 4,446
Occ.Mindoro 18,248 Makati 20,488
Or.Mindoro 10,373 Muntinlupa 6,570
Palawan 60,829 Navotas 2,393
Pampanga 2,826 Parañaque 9,463
Pangasinan 839 Pasay 12,620
Quezon 1,262 Pateros 440
Quirino 101 Quezon City 49,412
Rizal 14,870 San Juan 2,969
Romblon 1,474 Taguig 9,911
W.Samar 293 Valwnzuela 7,568
BICOL
Abra 219 Aurora 5,468

Agusan del N. 333 Basilan 50
Agusan del S. 399 Bataan 5,949
Aklan 552 Batanes 12
Albay 882,297 Batangas 7,250
Antique 401 Benguet 1,447
Bohol 242 Or. Mindoro 2,198

Bukidnon 234 Palawan 7,949
Bulacan 26,278 Pampanga 9,212
Cagayan 760 Pangasinan 971,342
Camarines N. 153,081 Quezon 34,315
Camarines S. 1,226,456 Quirino 617
Catanduanes 182,253 Rizal 45,080
Cavite 24,472 Romblon 394
Cebu 769 W.Samar 402
Davao 741 Sorsogon 510,292
Davao del S. 1,335 S.,Cotabato 4,605
Davao Or. 486 S.Leyte 114
E.Samar 214 S.Kudarat 690
Ifugao 22 Sulu 199
Ilocos N. 666 Surigao del N. 440
Ilocos Sur 549 Surigao del S. 267
Iloilo 667 Tarlac 2,187
Isabela 2,490 Tawi-tawi 8
Kalinga-Apayao 110 Zambales 6,833
La Union 1,081 Zamboanga N. 423
Laguna 28,795 Zamboanga S. 810
66 PERALTA
Lanao del N. 161 Kalookan 33,253
Lanao del S. 30 Las Piñas 11,940
Leyte 1,124 Mandaluyong 9,559
Maguindanao 190 Manila 41,042
Marinduque 92 Marikina 16,094
Masabate 14,576 Malabon 7,439
Misamis Occ. 20 Makati 20,744
Misamis Or. 300 Muntinlupa 11,520
Mt. Province 25 Navotas 2,740
Negros Occ. 344 Parañaque 11,019
Negros Or. 101 Pasaay 1,603
N.Cotabato 286 Pateros 1,920
N.Samar 630 Quezon City 75,727
N.Ecija 3,151 San Juan 4,567
N.Vizcaya 1,227 Taguig 14,420
Occ.Mindoro 1,176 Valenzuela 13,179
KAPAMPANGAN
Abra 324 Misamis Occ. 39

Agusan del N. 101 Misamis Or. 210
Agusan del S. 142 Negros Occ. 237
Aklan 112 Negros Or. 50
Albay 223 N.Cotabato 315
Antique 91 N.Ecija 9,287
Aurora 152 N.Vizcaya 419
Bataan 32,905 Occ. Mindoro 438
Batanes 3 Or. Mindoro 274
Batangas 747 Palawan 821
Benguet 2,239 Pampanga 1,326,395
Bohol 28 Pangasinan 97, 1342
Bukidnon 743 Quezon 449
Bulacan 7,401 Quirino 70
Cagayan 973 Rizal 5,712
Camarines N. 180 Romblon 31
Camarines S. 773 W.Samar 93
Capiz 61 Sorsogon 213
Catanduanes 60 S.Cotabato 4,498
Cavite 3,340 S.Leyte 10
Cebu 226 S.Kudarat 1,256
Davao 197 Surigao N. 123
Davao S. 1,060 Surigao S. 39
Davao Or. 13 Tarlac 376,307
E.Samar 36 Zambales 8,929
Ifugao 42 Zamboanga N. 19
Ilocos N. 381 Zamboanga S. 589
Ilocos S. 478 Kalookan 10,977
Iloilo 271 Las Piñas 2,387
Isabela 2,531 Mandaluyong 2,650
Kalinga-Apayao 228 Manila 29,188
La Union 593 Marikina 3,458
Laguna 2,461 Malabon 1,851
Lanao del N. 174 Makati 5,069
Leyte 174 Muntinlupa 1,961
Maguindanao 59 Navotas 711
Marinduque 30 Parañaque 1,944
Masbate 60 Pasay 1,986
Pateros 347 San Juan 863

Quezon City 23,332 Taguig 2,023
Valenzuela 5,085
WARAY
Abra 255 Lanao del N. 1,638

Agusan del N. 3,640 Lanao del S. 862
Agusan del S. 4,841 Leyte 700,639
Aklan 996 Maguindanao 1,654
Albay 2,743 Marinduque 513
Antique 917 Masbate 1,830
Aurora 1,397 Misamis Occ. 749
Basilan 542 Misamis Or. 2,428
Bataan 8,741 Mt. Province 109
Batanes 59 Negros Occ. 2,932
Batangas 6,532 Negros Or. 1,307
Benguet 1,874 N.Cotabato 2,726
Bohol 1,936 N.Samar 349,819
Bukidnon 4,331 Nueva Ecija 4,563
Bulacan 22,398 Nueva Vizcaya 827
Cagayan 1,756 Occ. Mindoro 2,751
Camarines N. 976 Or. Mindoro 3,020
Camarines S. 2,950 Palawan 7,495
Camiguin 305 Pampanga 12,835
Catanduanes 1,088 Pangasinan 201
Cavite 31,600 Quezon 6,488
Cebu 7,593 Quirino 371
Davao 9,025 Rizal 23,362
Davao del S. 7,708 Romblon 566
Davao Or. 2,029 W.Samar 479,430
E.Samar 321,546 Siquijor 67
68 PERALTA
Ifugao 36 Sorsogon 2,617
Ilocos N. 1,250 S.Cotabato 5,880
Ilocos S. 1,618 S.Leyte 1,846
Iloilo 3,371 S.Kudarat 877
Isabela 3,474 Sulu 483
Kalinga-Apayao 338 Surigao del N. 5,720
La U nion 2,132 Surigao del S. 3,384
Laguna 11,756 Tarlac 4,877
Tawi-tawi 299 Makati 12,417

Zambales 10,819 Muntinlupa 7,387
Zamboanga N. 730 Navotas 8,601
Zamboanga S. 7,050 Parañaque 12,448
Kalookan 34,877 Pasay 18,330
Las Piñas 11,898 Pateros 2,011
Mandaluyong 8,830 Quezon City 68,266
Manila 56,476 San Juan 3,065
Marikina 9,423 Taguig 12,025
Malabon 10,771 Valenzuela 11,419
MAGUINDANAO
Abra 33 Ilocos S. 61
Agusan del S. 70 Iloilo 152
Agusan del S. 147 Isabela 31
(NM 1989: 130) La Union 28
Aklan 49 Laguna 495
Albay 41 Lanao N. 579
Antique 9 Lanao S. 3,495
Aurora 21 Leyte 191
Basilan 124 Maguindanao 469,216
Bataan 100 Masbate 19
Batanes 6 Misamis Or. 62
Batangas 167 Negros Occ. 53
Benguet 74 Negros Or. 137
Bohol 19 N.Cotabato 122,683
Bukidnon 123 N.Ecija 223
(NM 1991:100) Occ. Mindoro 21
Bulacan 689 Or. Mindoro 94
Cagayan 12 Palawan 1,076
Camarines S. 185 Pangasinan 102
Capiz 32 Quezon 123
Cavite 630 Quirino 10
Cebu 100 Rizal 619
Davao 2,450 Romblon 10
Davao Or. 459 W.Samar 22
Davao S. 2,731 Sorsogon 21
E.Samar 19 S.Cotabato 38,238
Ilocos N. 47 S.Leyte 10
S. Kudarat 78,435 Muntinlupa 216

Surigao del N. 88 Navotas 81
Surigao del S. 176 Parañaque 123
Tarlac 124 Pasay 599
Tawi-tawi 10 Quezon City 1,892
Zambales 495 San Juan 65
Zamboanga N. 3,976 Valenzuela 366
Zamboanga S. 28,962 Davao del N. (NM 1991:223)
Kalookan 435 Davao Or. (NM 1991:150)
Las Piñas 319 Maguindanao (NM 1991:497,480)
Manila 6,361 N.Cotabato (NM 1991:171,946)
Marikina 121 S.Cotabato (NM 1991:58-895)
Malabon 212 S.Kudarat (NM 1993:114,549)
Makati 549 Zamboanga del S. (NM
1992:33,826)
PANGASINAN
Abra 137 Davao S. 999

Albay 218 Davao Or. 136
Antique 18 E.Samar 70
Basilan 19 Ifugao 59
Aklan 201 Ilocos N. 381
Aurora 300 Ilocos S. 1,012
Bataan 3,804 Iloilo 250
Batanes 4 Isabela 4,931
Batangas 630 Kalinga-Apayao 228
Benguet 16,998 La Union 12,414
Bukidnon 172 Laguna 3,204
Bulacan 4,411 Lanao N. 72
Cagayan 545 Lanao S. 4
Camarines N. 359 Leyte 159
Camarines S. 651 Maguindanao 187
Camiguin 17 Manila 15,197
Capiz 48 Marinduque 100
Catanduanes 64 Masbate 75
Cavite 3,029 Misamis Occ. 18
Cebu 264 Misamis Or. 244
70 PERALTA
Davao 1,221 N.Cotabato 351
N. Samar 55 Tarlac 11,307

N.Ecija 2,147 Tawi-Tawi 8
N.Vizcaya 1,562 Zambales 6,125
Occ. Mindoro 865 Zamboanga N. 49
Or. Mindoro 479 Zamboanga S. 401
Palawan 1,114 Mandaluyong 3,195
Pampanga 6,209 Marikina 4,612
Pangasinan 971,342 Quezon City 27,417
Quezon 605 San Juan 966
Quirino 838 Kalookan 9,205
Rizal 9,991 Malabon 2,592
Romblon 94 Navotas 511
Samar W. 62 Valenzuela 4,884
Sorsogon 71 Las Piñas 1,446
S.Cotabato 522 Makati 5,086
S.Leyte 19 Muntinlupa 2,252
S.Kudarat 635 Parañaque 2,661
Surigao N. 123 Pasay 3,459
Surigao S. 41 Pateros 388
Taguig 2,637
MARANAO

+77,931
863,659
Agusan del N. 2,619 (NM 1991:235)
(NM 1992:60) Bulacan 663
Agusan del S. 485 Bulacan 269
Aklan 58 Camarines N. 78
Albay 54 Camarines S. 61
Antique 112 Capiz 10
Aurora 9 Catanduanes 18
Basilan 522 Cavite 992
Bataan 19 Cebu 1,707
Batanes 5 Davao 4,118
Batangas 576 (NM 1991:7,700)
Benguet 406 Davao del S. 5,108
Bohol 176 (NM 1991:13,880)
Bukidnon 2,658 Davao Or. 1,833
(NM 1991:3,012) Romblon 35

E.Samar 25 W.Samar 23
Ifugao 42 Sorsogon 20
Ilocos N. 290 S.Cotabato 4,959
Ilocos S. 125 S.Leyte 66
Iloilo 284 S.Kudarat 837
Isabela 1,090 (NM 1993:4,500)
Kalinga-Apayao 93 Sulu 347
La Union 102 Surigao del N. 348
Laguna 409 (NM 1990: 7,165)
Lanao del N. 134,156 Surigao del S. 1,076
(NM 1991: 172,342) (NM 1990:7,165)
Lanao del S. 553,054 Tarlac 718
Leyte 251 Tawi-Tawi 251
Maguindanao 13,855 Zambales 726
(NM 1993:15,605) Zamboanga N. 2,210
Marinduque 85 (NM 1994:1,008)
Masbate 60 Zambaonga S. 7,726
Misamis Occ. 279 (NM 1992:2,150)
Misamis Or. 3,289 Kalookan 853
(NM 1993:6700) Las Piñas 267
Negros Occ. 444 Mandaluyong 167
Negros Or. 126 Manila 6,361
N.Cotabato 6,127 Marikina 252
(NM 1991:3,555) (1991:10,570) Malabon 183
N.Samar 200 Makati 535
Nueva Ecija 91 Muntinlupa 310
Nueva Vizcaya 71 Navotas 101
Occ. Mindoro 58 Parañaque 600
Or. Mindoro 125 Pasay 522
Palawan 3,567 Pateros 11
Pampanga 1,050 Quezon City 1,892
Pangasinan 360 San Juan 143
Quezon 177 Taguig 456
Rizal 619 Valenzuela 101
TAUSUG

+89,114
701,367
Abra 15 N.Cotabato 384

Agusan del N. 41 (RC 1991:38)
Agusan del S. 74 Nueva Ecija 12
72 PERALTA
Aklan 30 Nueva Vizcaya 20
Antique 9 Palawan 4,441
Basilan 50,402 Pampanga 32
(NM 1992:51,960) Pangasinan 54
Bataan 41 Quezon 47
Bohol 181 Rizal 223
Bukidnon 458 Romblon 1,471
Bulacan 50 W.Samar 10
Camarines S. 61 Siquijor 9
Camiguin 8 S.Cotabato 1,853
Catanduanes 9 (NM 1991: 5,820)
Cavite 61 S.Leyte 54
Cebu 196 S.Kudarat 1,291
Davao 2,420 (NM 1993:4000)
(NM 1991:5150) Sulu 413,700
Davao del S. 7,255 Surigao del N, 230
Davao Or. 1,420 (NM 1989:120)
(NM 1991:1458) Surigao del S 19
E.Samar 9 (NM 1990:1,200)
Ilocos N. 42 Tarlac 13
Ilocos S. 34 Tawi-tawi 35,510
Iloilo 48 Zambales 107
Isabela 37 Zamboanga N. 7,410
Kalinga-Apayao 9 (NM 1994:23,400)
La Union 9 Zamboanga S. 78,366
Laguna 32 (NM 1992:136,664)
Lanao del N. 192 Kalookan 93
(NM 1991:30) Las Piñas 9
Lanao del S. 361 Manila 857
Leyte 30 Malabon 10
Maguindanao 985 Makati 380
(NM 1991:3,200) Muntinlupa 30
Misamis Occ. 164 Navotas 30
Misamis Or. 72 Pasay 19
(NM 1993:500) Quezon City 626
Negros Occ. 10 San Juan 9
Negros Or. 118 Taguig 51
MASBATENO
(NSO 1980: 274,355)
Total 327,902
Grand total 602,257
Abra 1 Palawan 2,602

Agusan del N. 1,100 Pampanga 62
Agusan del S. 10 Pangasinan 61
Aklan 277 Quezon 722
Albay 116 Rizal 1,831
Antique 71 Romblon 567
Aurora 39 W.Samar 243
Bataan 323 S.Cotabato 178
Batangas 71 S.Leyte 19
Benguet 30 Surigao del N. 80
Bohol 40 Surigao del S. 39
Bukidnon 125 Tarlac 21
Bulacan 509 Tawi-tawi 9
Camarines S. 100 Zambales 31
Capiz 87 Kalookan 1,012
Cavite 711 Las Piñas 142
Cebu 411 Mandaluyong 80
Davao del S. 41 Manila 1,368
Davao Or. 174 Marikina 729
Iloilo 39 Malabon 504
Isabela 91 Makati 291
La Union 10 Muntinlupa 208
Maguindanao 10 Navotas 182
Negros Occ. 193 Parañaque 389
Negros Or. 8 Pasay 338
N.Cotabato 10 Pateros 10
N.Samar 114 Quezon City 1,762
Nueva Ecija 10 San Juan 11
Occ.Mindoro 753 Taguig 440
Or.Mindoro 132 Valenzuela 422
KINIRAY-A (HAMTIKANON)
Agusan del S. 688 Occ. Mindoro 16,450

Aklan 1,128 Or. Mindoro 742
Antique 369,872 Pampanga 9
Bataan 84 Pangasinan 21
Batangas 23 Quezon 79
Bukidnon 498 Rizal 180
Bulacan 131 W.Samar 11
Camarines N. 30 S.Cotabato 2,520
Capiz 1,766 Zamboanga S. 38
Cavite 83 Kalookan 873
Cebu 18 Las Piñas 215
74 PERALTA
Davao 1,704 Mandaluyong 209
Davao del S. 382 Manila 712
Iloilo 121,785 Marikina 200
Isabela 10 Malabon 174
Laguna 142 Makati 536
Lanao del N. 10 Muntinlupa 106
Leyte 72 Navotas 92
Misamis Occ. 9 Parañaque 53
Negros Occ. 767 Quezon City 1,485
Negros Or. 187 San Juan 11
N.Cotabato 4,418 Taguig 283
N.Samar 14 Valenzuela 225
MANOBO GROUP
( Manobo, Bagobo,Banuanon, Kulaman.)

+220,973
434,182
Surigaonon (144,123), Higaonon (125,490),
Matigsalug (26700), Dibabaon (177996),
Kamiguin (Higaonon)
Total +434,182
749,042
MANOBO Aklan 61
Agusan del N. 1,251 Aurora 9
Agusan del S. 49,445 Bataan 235
(NM 1992: 159,700) Batangas 689
Bukidnon 14,499 Benguet 149
(NM 1991: 56,450) Bukidnon 151
Camarines S. 20 (NM 1991:800)
Davao del S. 41,058 Bulacan 961
(NM 1991:24,145) Camarines N. 24
Davao Or. 5,850 Cavite 464
(NM 1991:40,00) Cebu 83
Iloilo 50 Davao 415
Maguindanao 2,256 Davao del S. 35,792
(RC 1991:1,000) (NM 1991:5 ,350)
Negros Occ. 9 Davao Or. 19
N.Cotabato 23,696 Ilocos S. 2,922
(RC 1991:55,758) Kalinga-Apayao 752
Pangasinan 11 La Union 20
Rizal 50 Laguna 704
S.Cotabato 1,872 Lanao del N. 83
S.Kudarat 9,558 Lanao del S. 387
(NM 1993:14,300) Maguindanao 154
Surigao del S. 7,152 Marinduque 141
(NM 1990:26,510) Misamis Or. 10
Zamboanga N. 11 N. Cotabato 3,742
Zamboanga S. 31 (NM 1991: 7,508)
Kalookan 11 Nueva Ecija 398
Mandaluyong 11 Nueva Vizcaya 10
Marikina 10 Occ.Mindoro 114
(156851) Or. Mindoro 275
Palawan 54
BAGOBO Pampanga 31
Abra 121 Pangasinan 32
Agusan del N. 31 Quezon 590
Agusan del S. 19 Quirino 38
Rizal 1,227 Pangasinan 52

S.Cotabato 172 Rizal 10
S.Kudarat 150 Zambales 11
Sulu 29 Zamboanga S. 134
Surigao del N. 9 Las Piñas 10
Surigao del S. 10 Mandaluyong 134
Tarlac 42 Manila 50
Tawi-Tawi 9 Marikina 10
Zambales 204 Quezon City 10
Zamboanga S. 29 Valenzuela 10
Kalookan 102
Las Piñas 52 SUB-TOTAL (1,394)
Mandaluyong 41
Manila 1,372 KULAMAN
Marikina 110
Malabon 42 Aklan 10
Makati 135 Basilan
10
Muntinlupa 64 Mt. Province 10
Navotas 20 Nueva Ecija 10
Parañaque 74 Pangasinan 10
Pasay 72 Tarlac 9
Pateros 9 Quezon City 4
Quezon City 1,053
San Juan 11 SUB-TOTAL (63)
76 PERALTA
Taguig 131
Valenzuela 52 TALAINGOD
Davao del S (NM 1991: 1,991)
SUB-TOTAL (53,379)
BANUANON ILIANEN
Agusan del N. 49 S.Cotabato (NM 1992:12)

Agusan del S. 10
(NM 1992:8,200) GUIANGAN
Aurora 11
Benguet 149 Bukidnon (NM 1991:450)
Bohol 70 Davao del S. (NM 1991:15,000)
Bulacan 9
Capiz 11 KLATA
Ilocos N. 10 Davao del S. (NM 1991:3,000)
La Union 10
Negros Or. 11 UBO
Or. Mindoro 594 Davao del S. (NM 1991:8000)
Palawan 28
AKLANON Palawan 4,756

Pampanga 95
Total National Population 393,922P angasinan 59
(NSO 1980:411,123) Quezon 52
Quirino 232
Rizal 3,059
Agusan del N. 10 Romblon 131
Agusan del S. 141 S.Cotabato 6,085
Aklan 357,740 S.Leyte 10
Antique 2,367 S.Kudarat 20
Aurora 32 Sulu 12
Basilan 10 Surigao del N. 119
Bataan 287 Tarlac 19
Batanes 1 Zambales 148
Batangas 102 Zamboanga S. 77
Benguet 48 Kalookan 1,567
Bukidnon 69 Las Piñas 225
Bulacan 701 Mandaluyong 182
Cagayan 40 Manila 5,590
Capiz 54 Marikina 443
Cavite 854 Malabon 283
Cebu 10 Makati 848
Davao 239 Muntinlupa 116
Davao del S. 411 Navotas 111
E.Samar 8 Parañaque 113
Ilocos N. 12 Pasay 302
Ilocos S. 11 Pateros 10
Iloilo 237 Quezon City 2,482
Isabela 161 San Juan 176
Kalinga-Apayao 10 Taguig 231
La Union 81 Valenzuela 571
Laguna 257
Lanao del N. 10 SUBANON
Lanao del S. 5
Leyte 10 Total National Population
Marinduque 21 141,985
Masbate 11 +265,510
Negros Occ. 112 407,495
N.Cotabato 482
Nueva Ecija 20 Agusan del S. 19
Nueva Vizcaya 18 Basilan 90
Occ. Mindoro 628 Benguet 40
Or. Mindoro 583 Bukidnon 19
(NM 1991:4,000) Davao 5,415

Cavite 28 (NM 1991:11,780)
Davao 116 Davao del S. 30
(NM 1991:300) (NM 1991:1,600)
Davao del S. 12 Ilocos S. 25
Lanao del N. 273 Laguna 9
(NM 1991:70) Maguindanao 150
Lanao del S. 64 (NM 1993:2,900)
Misamis Occ. 4,897 Or. Mindoro 20,897
Mt. Province 10 Palawan 6,237
Negros Or. 10 Pangasinan 39
Nueva Vizcaya 19 Rizal 70
Pangasinan 85 S.Cotabato 1,145
S.Cotabato 22 S.Kudarat 75
S.Kudarat 10 (NM 1993:2,300)
Surigao del N. 132 Sulu 44,369
Zambales 10 Surigao del N. 18
Zamboanga N. 58,711 (NM 1989:200)
(NM 1994:204,056) Tawi-tawi 118,572
78 PERALTA
Zamboanga S. 77,305 Zamboanga N. 8,059
(NM 1992:193,305) (NM 1994:2,570)
Manila 40 (Balanghai: 1,300)
Makati 62 Zamboanga s. 38,803
Quezon City 11 (NM 1992:19,205)
Kalookan 20
Las Piñas 21
SAMA Mandaluyong 10
Manila 468
Total National Population Malabon 10
278,642 Muntinlupa 11
+41,167 Parañaque 10
319,809 Pasay 30
Quezon City 10
SAMA (SAMA DILIYA) BADJAO (SAMA DILAUT)

Basilan 27,724 Aurora 5
(NM 1992:21,580) Basilan 703
Batangas 307 (NM 1992:12,000)
Benguet 11 Benguet 10
Bulacan 22 Bulacan 59
Camarines N. 10 Camarines S. 80
Cavite 37 Cavite 52
Cebu 20 Cebu 11
Davao del S. 110 Pampanga 512

Ilocos S. 9 S.Kudarat 12
Iloilo 10 Surigao del S. 30
La Union 9 Tarlac 141
Laguna 49 Kalookan 10
Misamis Occ. 9 Manila 87
Nueva Ecija 10 Quezon City 10
Or. Mindoro 19
Palawan 78 IBANAG
Pampanga 10
Pangasinan 51
Quezon 35 Total National Population 311,187
Rizal 62
S.Cotabato 95 Agusan N. 46
(NM 1991:500) Agusan S. 10
S.Kudarat 2 Aklan 58
(NM 1993:900) Albay 127
Sulu 818 Antique 112
Surigao del N. 114 Aurora 133
Tawi-tawi 10 Basilan 28
Zamboanga N. 10 Bataan 247
(NM 1994:2,500) Batanes 17
Zamboanga S. 155 Batangas 208
(NM 1992:10,100) Benguet 533
Kalookan 10 Bohol 204
Las Piñas 11 Bukidnon 296
Mandaluyong 10 Bulacan 987
Manila 41 Cagayan 111,481
Malabon 20 Camarines N. 77
Makati 83 Camarines S. 106
Parañaque 10 Cavite 622
Pasay 10 Cebu 114
Quezon City 116 Davao 269
Taguig 13 Davao S. 184
Valenzuela 10 Davao Or. 10
Maguindanao (NM 1993:1,500) E.Samar 1
Lanao del Sur (NM 1991:20) Ifugao 68
Surigao del S. (NM 1990:290) Ilocos N. 158
Ilocos S. 101
OBIAN Iloilo 84
Masbate 179 Isabela 162,28
0
Nueva Ecija 41 Kalinga-Apayao 2,36
7
Palawan 187 La Union 89
Laguna 426 Sorsogon 41
Lanao N. 24 S.Cotabato 206
Lanao S. 239 S.Leyte 75
Leyte 407 S.Kudarat 103
Magindanao 50 Surigao N. 30
Marinduque 9 Surigao S. 31
Masbate 90 Tarlac 444
Misamis Occ. 30 Zambales 152
Misamis Or. 157 Zamboanga N. 147
Mt. Province 41 Zamboanga S. 372
Negros Occ. 211 Kalookan 2,333
Negros Or. 120 Las Piñas 585
N.Cotabato 124 Mandaluyong 499
N.Samar 9 Manila 4,318
N.Ecija 381 Marikina 657
N.Vizcaya 467 Malabon 444
Occ. Mindoro 101 Makati 1,806
Or. Mindoro 10 Muntinlupa 324
Palawan 523 Navotas 30
80 PERALTA
Pampanga 497 Parañaque 634
Pangasinan 533 Pasay 568
Quezon 130 Pateros 199
Quirino 292 Quezon City 7,880
Rizal 1,333 San Juan 213
Romblon 99 Taguig 740
Samar 52 Valenzuela 1,034
CHABAKANO
(The various Chabakano groups are not delineated e.g. Zamboangeño/
Ternateno,etc)
Agusan del N. 221 Aurora 40

Agusan del S. 182 Basilan 32,556
Aklan 66 (NM 1992:28,860)
Albay 18 Bataan 340
Antique 40 Batanes 3
Batangas 122 Palawan 455
Benguet 191 Pampanga 163
Bukidnon 60 Pangasinan 30
Bulacan 134 Quezon 41
Cagayan 11 Rizal 582
Camarines N. 20 W.Samar 102
Camarines S. 110 Sorsogon 38
Capiz 75 S.Cotabato 714
Catanduanes 10 Sulu 10
Cavite 6,841 Surigao del N. 165
Cebu 689 Surigao del S. 551
Davao 633 Tarlac 20
Davao Or. 59 Tawi-tawi 153
Davao del S. 1,416 Zambales 449
Iloilo 425 Zamboanga N. 4,027
Isabela 64 (NM 1994:230)
La Union 102 Zamboanga S. 228,255
Laguna 339 (NM 1992:42,380)
Lanao del N. 172 Kalookan 485
Leyte 63 Las Piñas 421
Maguindanao 3,161 Mandaluyong 164
(NM 1993:3,000) Manila 1,040
Masbate 20 Marikina 290
Misamis Occ. 19 Malabon 92
Misamis Or. 221 Makati 839
Negros Occ. 143 Muntinlupa 82
Negros Or. 313 Navotas 10
N.Cotabato 941 Parañaque 183
N.Samar 9 Pasay 377
N.Ecija 172 Pateros 10
N.Vizcaya 40 Quezon City 1,975
Occ. Mindoro 42 San Juan 97
Or. Mindoro 34 Taguig 89
Valenzuela 162
KANKANAY/KANKANA-EY
Census 1990
(The NSO census does not distinguish between the two groups. Here the
Kankanai is taken to be only the population in Mt. Province. The rest are
counted as Kankan-ey arbituary for lack of more definitive data.)
Kankanai Total National Population 59,987

Kankana-ey Total National Pop. 158,313
218,300
Abra 9 Manila 42
Aurora 349 N.Cotabato 22
Benguet 118,908 N.Ecija 516
Bohol 19 N.Vizcaya 4,276
Bulacan 10 Occ. Mindoro 9
Davao S. 10 Or. Mindoro 29
Ifugao 201 Palawan 20
Ilocos S. 10,795 Pangasinan 288
Iloilo 10 Quirino 770
Isabela 1,583 Rizal 10
Kalinga-Apayao 8,389 Tarlac 11
La Union 11,837 Zambales 69
Laguna 8 Zamboanga S. 22
Leyte 10 Pateros 21
Taguig 40
B’LAAN

+99,606
213,435
Agusan del N. 10 N.Cotabato 2,650

Basilan 9 (NM 1991:3,576)
Bohol 20 Palawan 10
Bulacan 10 Rizal 41
82 PERALTA
Cebu 60 Siquijor 20
Davao 125 S.Cotabato 64,002
Davao del S. 42,699 (NM 1991:100,901)
(NM 1991:94,885) S.Kudarat 3,925
Davao Or. 21 (NM 1991:13,520)
Iloilo 11 Surigao del N. 10
Lanao del S. 5 Zamboanga N. 92
Mugindanao 9 Mandaluyong 10
Misamis Or. 30 Quezon City 11
MANDAYA
+138,659
172,506
Agusan del S. 58 Davao del S. 603
Cebu 41 (NM 1991:1,500)
Davao 15,496 Maguindanao 10
(NM 1991:54,065) N.Cotabato 49
Davao Or. 17,457 Rizal 10
(NM 1991:116,650) S.Cotabato 104
Surigao del S. 19
IFUGAO
Abra 16 Mt. Province 385

Agusan N. 10 Negros Occ. 82
Agusan S 21 N.Cotabato 21
Aurora 180 N.Ecija 358
Akalan 20 N.Vizcaya 17,417
Benguet 7,030 Or. Mindoro 31
Bukidnon 81 Palawan 29
Cagayan 587 Pampanga 20
Camarines N. 19 Pangasinan 261
Cebu 11 Quirino 12,149
Davao 32 Rizal 10
Ifugao 122,260 S.Cotabato 41
Ilocos S. 13 Surigao N. 22
Iloilo 19 Zamboanga S. 31
Isabela 5,858 Marikina 30
Kalinga-Apayao 28 S.Juan 22
La Union 103 Kalookan 21
Manila 89 Makati 42
Pasay 20
TAGAKAOLO
+97,031
156,576
Agusan del N. 20 Misamis Or. 10

Bataan 10 Mt. Province 10
Batangas 11 Negros Or. 66
Bohol 11 Palawan 11
Bukidnon 10 Pampanga 10
Bulacan 10 Pangasinan 10
Camiguin 9 S.Cotabato 7,908
Cebu 29 Surigao del N. 60
Davao 11 Surigao del S. 9
Davao del S 51,250 Zamboanga S. 11
Iloilo 10 Manila 11
Kalinga-Apayao 30 Parañaque 10
Misamis Occ. 8 Davao del S. (NM 1991:89,111)
S. Cotabato (NM 1991:7,920)
ILANUN

+148,516
149,683
Agusan del S. 33 Negros Occ. 43

Basilan 314 N.Cotabato 407
Bukidnon 19 (NM 1991:69,80)
Cagayan 10 S.Cotabato 20
Lanao del N. 10 (NM 1993:6,700)
(NM 1991:6,129) Zambales 9
Lanao del S. 93 Zamboanga S. 80
Maguindanao 77 (NM 1992: 1,300)
(NM 1993:127,990) Manila 21
DAVAWENO
Total Population 147,380
Agusan del N. 71 N.Cotabato 163

Agusan del S. 71 N.Vizcaya 9
Batangas 21 Or. Mindoro 10
Benguet 49 Palawan 10
84 PERALTA
Bohol 8 Pampanga 11
Bulacan 10 Rizal 401
Camarines S. 9 S.Cotabato 312
Cavite 10 S.Leyte 10
Davao 6,811 Surigao del S. 354
Davao Or. 125,540 Zambales 19
(NM 1991:54,825) Zamboanga S. 139
Davao del Sur 11,819 Kalookan 51
(NM 1991:8,000) Mandaluyomg 71
Ilocos S. 27 Manila 103
Iloilo 20 Marikina 10
Isabela 10 Malabon 10
Kalinga-Apayao 9 Makati 104
Leyte 10 Muntinlupa 30
Maguindanao 10 Pasay 70
Masbate 10 Quezon City 351
Mt. Province 32 San Juan 42
Negros Occ. 22 Taguig 13
Valenzuela 21
SURIGAONON

+35,186
144,123
Agusan del N. 11,939 Bataan 104

Agusan del S. 7,102 Benguet 20
Antique 10 Bohol 34
Baislan 20 Bukidnon 420
Bulacan 131 Romblon 11

Camarines S. 30 S.Cotabato 276
Catanduanes 11 S.Leyte 57
Cavite 50 Surigao del S. 78,934
Cebu 798 (NM 1990:114,120)
Davao 2,169 Tawi-tawi 80
Davao Or. 414 Zambales 41
Davao del S. 1,459 Zamboanga N. 78
Isabela 19 Zamboanga S. 221
Leyte 98 Las Pñas 256
Maguindanao 11 Mandaluyong 90
Misamis Occ. 19 Manila 441
Misamis Or. 69 Marikina 122
Negros Or. 11 Makati 10
N.Cotabato 51 Navotas 81
Palawan 284 Pasay 180
Pampanga 60 Quezon City 704
Pangasinan 897 San Juan 76
Quezon 72 Taguig 77
Rizal 462 Valenzuela 111
ROMBLOANON
(NSO 1980: 147,000)
Agusan del S. 20 Davao Or. 12

Aklan 511 Laguna 31
Antique 99 Lanao del N. 57
Basilan 20 Marinduque 19
Bataan 9 Masbate 144
Batangas 117 Misamis Occ. 10
Bohol 10 Occ. Mindoro 226
Bulacan 83 Or. Mindoro 20,897
Camarines N. 9 Palawan 442
Camarines S. 20 Rizal 316
Catanduanes 29 Romblon 101,231
Cavite 19 S.Kudarat 22
Davao 20 Tarlac 10
Davao del S. 30 Tawi-tawi 20
Zambales 10 Malabon 42
Zamboanga N. 10 Makati 94
Zamboanga S. 179 Muntinlupa 10
Kalookan 253 Parañaque 189
Las Piñas 84 Pasay 149
Mandaluyong 50 Quezon City 565
Manila 435 Taguig 25
Marikina 120 Valenzuela 50
HIGAONON
125,490
Total National Population
Agusan del S. 180,000 (1992)

Bukidnon 22,718 (1991)
Bukidnon. 1,060 (1991) Lanao
86 PERALTA
del N. 3,000
Misamis Or. 49,400 (1993)
HIGAONON/TALAANDIG
Agusan del S. 5,000 (1992)

Bukidnon 26,312 (1992)
KAMAYO
122,350
Agusan del N. (NM 1991:6,500)

Surigao del S. (NM 1990: 115,850)
YAKAN

+15,274
119,865
Surigao del S. 101 Pampanga 9

Aklan 53 Pangasinan 85
Antique 11 Quezon 10
Basilan 86,926 Rizal 245
(NM 1992:102,200) Romblon 4
Bataan 10 S.Cotabato 960
Aurora 64 Sulu 74
Benguet 42 Surigao del N. 10
Bukidnon 295 Surigao del S. 606
Bulacan 113 Tawi-tawi 297
Cebu 10 Zamboanga N. 811
Davao 423 Zamboanga S. 11,193
Davao del S. 71 Kalookan 10
Davao Or. 1,378 Las Piñas 21
Iloilo 37 Manila 10
Kalinga-Apayao 10 Marikina 61
La Union 10 Malabon 31
Laguna 29 Makati 188
Negros Occ. 19 Navotas 21
Nueva Vizcaya 22 Parañaque 20
Or. Mindoro 78 Quezon Cirty 11
Palawan 160 San Juan 11
Taguig 13
ITAWIT
Abra 26 Kalinga-Apayao 752

Bataan 20 La Union 32
Batanes 2 Laguna 20
Benquet 22 Misamis Or. 10
Bulacan 61 Mt. Province 12
Cagayan 110,803 N.Vizcaya 80
Cavite 61 Palawan 9
Davao 9 Pampanga 42
Davao S. 11 Pangasinan 47
Ifugao 11 Quirino 81
Ilocos N. 12 Rizal 94
Isabela 5,238 Surigao N. 10
Tarlac 19 Makati 708

Kalookan 111 Muntinlupa 21
Las Piñas. 113 Navotas 10
Mandaluyong 31 Pasay 69
Manila 290 Pateros 29
Marikina 50 Quezon City 491
Taguig 115
SAMBAL
113,032
(NSO 1980:118,805)
Agusan del S. 11 Occ. Mindoro 93

Antique 8 Or. Mindoro 8
Aurora 20 Palawan 460
Bataan 485 Pangasinan 1,325
Batangas 83 Rizal 295
Benguet 32 S.Kudarat 9
Bulacan 71 Surigao N. 10
Cagayan 83 Tarlac 2,397
Camarines N. 20 Zambales 104,840
88 PERALTA
Camarined S. 63 Zamboanga 74
Capiz 21 Kalookan 419
Cavite 60 Las Pinas 53
Cebu 10 Mandaluyong 39
Ifugao 10 Marikina 182
Ilocos N. 28 Malabon 10
Isabela 30 Makati 30
La Union 10 Muntinlupa 30
Laguna 41 Parañaque 61
Leyte 10 Pasay 68
N.Cotabato 11 Taguig 65
Nueva Ecija 133 Valenzuela 101
BOTOLAN Negros Or. 30

Camiguin 10 Palawan 13
Cebu 20 Rizal 20
Davao del S. 13 Siquijor 81
La Union 8 S.Cotabato 31
S. Leyte 34 Marikina 10
Sulu 21 Makati 42
Surigao del N. 29 Navotas 10
Zamboanga 10 Quezon City 10
IBALOY
Abra 5 Lanao S. 127

Agusan N. 10 Maguindanao 29
Agusan S. 240 Mt. Province 12
Aurora 29 Negros Occ. 1,832
Basilan 18 Negros Of. 1,314
Batangas 13 N.Cotabato 100
Benguet 86,052 N.Ecija 216
Bukidnon 303 N.Vizcaya 13,406
Bulacan 20 Or.Mindoro 11
Cagayan 198 Palawan 29
Capiz 126 Pangasinan 748
Cavite 10 Quirino 1,104
Davao 10 Romblon 160
Davao S. 91 S.Cotabato 377
Davao Or. 38 S.Kudarat 185
Ifugao 85 Surigao S. 55
Iloilo 1,113 Zambales 29
Isabela 2,205 Zamboanga S. 51
Kalinga-Apayao 435 Valenzuela 10
La Union 1,276 Parañaque 11
KALINGA
Kalinga-Apayao 83.963 Cavite 52

Agusan N. 10 Davao S. 11
Aklan 10 Isabela 1,599
Batangas 10 La Union 33
Benguet 2,527 Laguna 10
Bukidnon 11 Manila 20
Cagayan 593 Misamis Or. 52
Camiguin 8 Mt. Province 1,746
Negros Occ 10 Pangasinan 49 N.Ecija 159 Quirino 10 N.Vizcaya
47 S.Cotabato 9 Palawan 10 Zambales 193
Pampanga 21 Makati 10
KALAGAN

65,889
87,270
Benguet 10 Kalinga-Apayao 9 Bohol 10 Maguindanao 9

Cavite 10 N.Cotabato 52 Davao 4,705 Nueva Vizcaya 194 (NM
1991:21,624) Pangasinan 95 Davao Or. 8,794 S.Cotabato 2,925
(NM 1991:48,052) (NM 1991:4,860)
Davao del S. 4,453 S.Kudarat 8 (NM 1991:12,230) Surigao del N. 10 Ilocos
S. 16 Zambales 20 Isabela 29 Zamboanga S. 32
TIRURAY
Bukidnon 730 N.Cotabato 894 (NM 1991) (NM 1991)

Maguindanao 58,759 S.Kudarat 6,500
(NM 1993) (NM 1993)
BUKIDNON/BINUKID
(The NSO census does not distinguish between Bukidnon of Negros
Magahat/
Carol-an) and Bukidnon (Manobo) of Mindanao.)
90 PERALTA
BUKIDNON Batangas 9
Benguet 30
Agusan del N. 20 Bohol 244
Agusan del S. 11 Bukidnon 47,019
Bohol 41 Bulacan 10
Bukidnon 22,053 Camiguin 10
Bulacan 11 Cavite 65
Cavite 19 Cebu 517
Cebu 30 Davao 100
Davao 8 Davao del S. 267
Davao del S. 11 Laguna 16
Davao Or. 11 Lanao del N. 16
Lanao del S. 13 Lanao del S. 10
Misamis Occ. 41 Leyte 10
Misamis Or. 2,237 Masbate 9
Mt. Province 34 Misamis Occ. 18
Negros Or. 10 Misamis Or. 101
Pangasian 41 Negros Occ. 10
Quirino 83 Negros Or. 47
Rizal 10 N.Cotabato 10
Siquijor 37 Rizal 21
S.Cotabato 21 Siquijor 21
Surigao N. 27 S.Cotabato 73
Tawi-tawi 9 S.Kudarat 10
Zamboanga N. 192 Surigao N. 71
Kalookan 11 Surigao S. 57
Makati 10 Zambales 10
Parañaque 22 Zamboanga S. 124
Quezon City 10 Manila 29
Makati 11
BINKID Navotas 10
Agusan del N. 144 Parañaque 10
Agusan del S. 53 Pasay 10
Basilan 10 Taguig 13
T’BOLI
+18,823
695, 47
Agusan del N. 20 Rizal 10

Agusan del S. 20 S.Cotabato 50,253
Bukidnon 11 (NM 1991:68,282)
Cavite 10 S.Kudarat 206
Davao del S/ 11 (NM 1993:1,000)
Maguindanao 22 Zamboanga N. 9
Pampanga 19 Las Piñas 21
Quezon 92 Makati 20
ILONGOT
Abra 31 Davao 807

Agusan del N. 391 Davao S. 21
Aklan 174 E.Samar 199
Albay 23 Ifugao 11
Antique 264 Ilocos N. 182
Aurora 11 Ilocos S. 109
Basilan 486 Iloilo 12
Bataan 61 Isabela 281
Batanes 17 Kalinga-Apayao 9
Batangas 1,291 La Union 318
Benguet 384 Laguna 1,695
Bohol 68 Lanao del N. 11
Bukidnon 37 Lanao del S. 48
Bulacan 4,969 Leyte 113
Cagayan 342 Marinduque 52
Camarines N. 169 Masbate 51
Camarines S. 458 Misamis Occ. 80
Catanduanes 93 Misamis Or. 394
Cavite 4,781 Negros Occ. 23
Cebu 1,164 Negros Or. 1,314
N.Cotabato 10 Surigao del S. 476

M.Samar 7 Tarlac 382
N.Ecija 316 Zambales 619
N.Vizcaya 2,011 Zamboanga N. 21
Occ. Mindoro 1,269 Zamboanga S. 3,735
Or. Mindoro 1,352 Kalookan 943
Palawan 2,745 Las Piñas 402
Pampanga 1,329 Mandaluyong 448
Pangasinan 808 Manila 553
Quezon 585 Marikina 334
Quirino 2,173 Malabon 833
Rizal 1,448 Makati 92
Romblon 50 Muntinlupa 11
92 PERALTA
Samar 222 Navotas 454
Siquijor 10 Parañaque 465
Sorsogon 122 Pasay 99
S. Cotabato 1,296 Pateros 139
S.Kudarat 10 Quezon City 1,091
Sulu 137 San Juan 550
Surigao del N. 360 Taguig 347
Valenzuela 300
TINGGIAN
Abra 39,016 Manila 31

Benguet 343 Mt. Prov 53
Bulacan 11 Negros Occ. 9
Cagayan 228 N.Cotabato 11
Cavite 10 N.Vizcaya 20
Ifugao 73 Pangasinan 9
Ilocos N. 369 Quirino 10
Ilocos S. 4,920 Rizal 11
Iloilo 1,113 S.Kudarat 33
Isabela 397 Sulu 32
Kalinga-Apayao 622 Zamboanga S. 10
La Union 31 Caloocan 20
Lanao del N. 5 Valenzuela 10
Makati 50
PALAWAN
Abra 9 Rizal 153

Agusan del S. 10 Romblon 15
Aklan 50 Sulu 9
Batangas 11 Tawi-tawi 50
Bulacan 81 Zamboanga S. 32
Cavite 10 Kalookan 40
Cebu 10 Las Piñas 11
Ifugao 10 Marikina 10
Laguna 21 Malabon 41
MIsamis Or. 10 Makati 10
Negros Occ. 10 Muntinlupa 10
Negros Or. 19 Navotas 39
Or. Mindoro 10 Pasay 10
Palawan 39,421 Quezon City 114
Pampanga 11 Quezon City 10
Pangasinan 20 Taguig 13
BUTUANON
Agusan del N. 10,705 Ifugao 10

Agusan del S. 3,310 Ilocos N. 10
Aurora 20 Ilocos S. 66
Benguet 285 La Union 12
Bohol 3,576 Lanao des N. 438
Bukidnon 1,087 Lanao del S. 35
Camiguin 248 Leyte 30
Cavite 10 Maguindanao 32
Cebu 1,744 Masbate 22
Davao 360 Misamis Occ. 1,375
Davao del S. 1,075 Misamis Or. 1,399
Davao Or. 259 Mt. Province 273
Negros Occ. 703 S.Kudarat 44

Negros Or. 2,183 Sulu 406
N.Cotabato 81 Surigao del N. 177
N.Samar 10 Surigao del S. 179
Or. Mindoro 552 Tawi-tawi 139
Palawan 50 Zambales 20
Pampanga 10 Zamboanga N. 852
Pangasinan 9 Zamboanga S. 781
Quirino 6 Manila 94
Siquijor 1,360 Malabon 40
S.Cotabato 208 Muntinlupa 11
S.Leyte 210 Pasay 29
Quezon City 31
KOLIBUGAN

+14,940
32,227
Aurora 62 Quezon 10
Bataan 10 Quirino 9
Benguet 22 Zambales 10
Bukidnon 9 Zamboanga N. 10
Cebu 156 (NM 1994:14,950)
94 PERALTA
Isabela 9 Zamboanga S. 16,948
Kalinga-Apayao 47 (NM 1992:9,800)
Laguna 11 Manila 10
N.Ecija 79 Makati 10
Pangasinan 11 Quezon City 10
APAYAO
Kalinga-Apayao 24,844 Cagayan 142

Agusan N 9 Davao 10
Aklan 10 Ilocos N. 2,134
Benguet 281 Ilocos S. 37
Laguna 20 Pangasinan 50
Manila 9 Surigao N. 10
Misamis Occ. 5 Tarlac 11
Mt. Prov. 10 Tawi-tawi 11
N.Vizcaya 10 Zamboanga N. 12
Zamboanga S. 12
MATIGSALUG
Bukidnon 23,700 Davao del S. 3,000

(NM 1991) (NM 1991)
BONTOC
23,552
(NSO 1980:65,000)
Abra 5 Ifugao 83
Aurora 177 Isabela 11
Antique 10 Kalinga-Apayao 457
Basilan 10 Misamis Or. 10
Benguet 6,618 Mt. Province 15,723
Bohol 21 Occ. Mindoro 18
Bukidnon 113 Or. Mindoro 11
Bulacan 30 Palawan 12
Cagayan 94 Pangasinan 22
Davao 10 Quirino 25
Davao S. 11 Rizal 22
Davao Or. 49 Zambales 10
MANSAKA

+3,523
22,769
Agusan del N. 10 Ifugao 8

Bohol 19 Ilocos N. 1
Cagayan 21 Lanao del N. 10
Cebu 20 Leyte 10
Davao 18,852 N.Cotabato 11
(NM 1991:21,711) Nueva Vizcaya 10
Davao Or. 186 Quirino 10
(NM 1991:850) Rizal 10
Davao del S. 40 S.Cotabato 10
S.Leye 18
JAMA MAPUN
Agusan del S. 10 Romblon 61

Cavite 40 Surigao del S. 90
Davao del S. 11 Tawi-tawi 14,423
Palawan 7,494 Zamboanga N. 72
Zamboanga S. 22
MANGYAN
21,862
(NSO 1980:30,000)
Aklan 127 Occ. Mindoro 5,172

Agusan del N. 10(Ir.) Or. Mindoro 15,639
Benguet 20(Ir.) Occ. Mindoro 380 (Ir.)
Cavite 19 Or. Mindoro 75(Ir.)
Cagayan 9(Ir.) Palawan 9
Cavite 22(Ir.) Pampanga 11
Davao Or. 10(Ir.) Pangasinan 10(Ir.)
Ilocos N. 12(Ir.) Rizal 50
Ilocos S. 10(Ir.) S.Kudarat 9(Ir.)
Lanao del N. 53(Ir.) Sulu 20(Ir.)
Misamis Occ. 20(Ir.) Surigao del S. 10(Ir.)
96 PERALTA
Misamis Occ. 9 Zamboanga S. 23(Ir.)
Mandaluyong 10 Parañaque 10
Manila 52(Ir.) Pasay 10
Makati 11 Pasay 10(Ir.)
Makati 10(Ir.) Quezon City 10
N.Cotabato 10(Ir.)
Note: In NSO 1990 Census, Mangyan is distinguished from Iraya
IVATAN/ITVAYAT
+3,199
20,350
Batanes Kalinga-Apayao 51
Basco 5,223 Laguna 61
Itbayat 3,351 Lanao del S. 16
Ivana 1,094 Manila 358
Mahatao 1,611 Negros Occ. 22
Sabtang 1,625 N.Cotabato 49
Aklan 9 N.Vizcaya 80
Bataan 20 Palawan 330
Batangas 9 Pampanga 10
Benguet 11 Pangasinan 32
Bukidnon 1,601 Quezon 10
(NM 1991:4,800) Rizal 123
Bulacan 73 S.Cotabato 40
Cagayan 1,044 S.Kudarat 11
Cebu 20 Zamboanga N. 10
Davao 10 Zamboangan S. 33
Davao del S. 10 Makati 60
Ilocos N. 10 Muntinlupa 50
Ilocos S. 4 Parañaque 11
Iloilo 9 Pasay 30
GA’DANG
Total National Population 19.220

(NSO 1980:20,850)
Antique 10 Lanao S. 10
Benguet 40 Mt.Province 1,557
Bukidnon 11 N.Ecija 10
Cagayan 91 N.Vizcaya 5,85
9
Cavite 10 Palawan 11
Ifugao 702 Quirino 65
Isabela 9,878 Zamboanga S. 10
Kalinga-Apayao 677 Manila 32
Lanao N. 88 Makati 118
Quezon City 21
DIBABAON
8,62
Total National Population 8
+9,36
8
17,99
6
Benguet 30 Palawan 9
Bukidnon 31 Pampanga 11
Cavite 30 Pangasinan 10
Davao 7,717 Rizal 20
(NM 1991:16,735) S.Cotabato 51
Davao Or. 11 S.Kudarat 30
Davao del S. 11 Surigao del N. 10
Iloilo 113 Surigao del S. 233
Kalinga-Apayao 20 Zambales 10
La Union 18 Zamboanga S. 32
Laguna 10 Manila 10
Maguindanao 10 Makati 10
Negros Occ. 132 Quezon City 40
N.Cotabato 19 Agusan del S.
(NM 1992:350)
YOGA
16,71
8
Agusan N. 11 Benguet 12
Capiz 17 Quirino 36
Ifugao 22 S.Cotabato 29
Iloilo 52 Surigao N. 10
Isabela 15,445 Tarlac 10
Lanao N. 9 Zamboanga S. 20
Negros Occ. 81 Kalookan 10
N.Vizcaya 31 Manila 48
Palawan 11 Makati 83
98 PERALTA
CAGAYANO/KAGAYANEN
Agusan del S. 29 Nueva Vizcaya 51

Aklan 11 Or. Mindoro 10
Benguet 53 Palawan 14,639
Bohol 17 Pangasinan 60
Bukidnon 8 Rizal 465
Camarines S. 10 Surigao del N. 22
Davao 40 Kalookan 41
Davao del S. 10 Mandaluyong 11
Ilocoa S. 21 Manila 61
Isabela 99 Pateros 10
Kalinga-Apayao 10 Quezon City 51
Misamis Or. 10 Taguig 13
Valenzuela 30
(Note: Cagayan of Cagayan Valley of Northern Luzon and the Cagayano of
Cagayancillo in the Sulu Sea and the Cagayano of Cagayan de Oro have not
neem distinguished here by the NSO 1990 census.)
MALAWEG
Aurora 11 Ifugao 10 Benguet 31 Iloilo 214 Cagayan 11,285 Kalinga-

Apayao 2,515
Davao 11 La Union 11
Negros Occ. 32 Zamboanga N. 30

Occ. Mindoro 76 Mandaluyong 20
Palawan 69 Manila 217
Quirino 5 Muntinlupa 10
S.Cotabato 21 Parañaque 10
Taguig 13
TAGBANWA
Total National Population 13.643
Agusan Del N. 9 N.Ecija 144

Agusan del S. 88 Palawan 1,1472
Aklan 9 Pangasinan 8
Benguet 21 Rizal 20
Bohol 17 S.Cotabato 10
Bukidnon 29 S.Kudarat 12
Cavite 11 Sulu 11
Davao 10 Surigao del N. 21
Davao Del S. 20 Zambales 93
Ilocos S. 75 Las Pñas 10
Lanao del N. 30 Manila 31
Leyte 10 Makati 52
Misamis Occ. 9 42
Negros Occ 11 Quezon City 10
N.Cotabato 1,313 San Juan 11
PALANAN
Bulacan 10 Pangasinan 21
Davao 10 Rizal 9
Davao del S. 9 Tarlac 20
Isabela 10,706 Zambales 9
Negros Or. 19 Kalookan 20
N.Cotabato 10 Manila 10
Nueva Ecija 10 Quezon City 41
Pampanga 21
SANGKIL (SANGIR/MARORE)
+2,830
10,344
Basilan 9 (NM 1991:2,570)

Bulacan 10 S.Kudarat 21
Cavite 177 (NM 1993:2,000)
Davao del S. 4,322 Kalookan 10
(NM 1991:5,000) Las Piñas 72
Isabela 26 Manila 10
Negros Occ. 11 Marikina 51
Or. Mindoro 32 Makati 51
Palawan 41 Muntinlupa 10
Rizal 30 Parañaque 60
Romblon 30 Pasay 39
S.Cotabato 2,397 Pateros 11
Taguig 64
NEGRITO GROUPS
(Negrito/Agta/Batak/Dumagat)
100 PERALTA
(There are at least 25 Negrito sub-grops. The dichotomy between the
difference Negrito groups is not delineated; also the difference between the
ATTA of northern Cordillera; and the non-Negrito ATTA of Mindanao is not
clarified in the NSO 1991 census. Some sub-groups in the NSO tabulation
said to be some provinces may have been mis-identified.)
7,466
(Less Non-Negrito)
NEGRITO Cagayan 18
Agusan del N. 57 Davao 10
Aurora 76 Davao del S. 19
Bataan 10 Isabela 8
Benguet 11 Kalinga-Apayao 175
(Negrito Atta) S.Kudarat 72

La Union 10 Sulu 33
Negros Occ. 10(Ati) Tawi-tawi 10
Pangasinan 10 Zambales 21
Rizal 31 Kalookan 10
Surigao del N. 152 Las Piñas 10
(Non-Negrito Mamanwa) Manila 11
Mandaluyong 10 Muntinlupa 10
Manila 63 Quezon City 84
Makati 10 Taguig 13
Muntinlupa 42
Parañaque 11 ATTA
Taguig 13 Aklan 10
Aurora 11
AGTA Bataan 11
Aklan 43 Batangas 40
(Ati?) Bukidnon 10
Batanes 1 Cagayan 175
Bukidnon 105 Camarines S. 9
(Non-Negrito Mamanwa) Cavite 30
Bulacan 50 Davao 7,307
Cagayan 269 (Non-Negrito)
Catanduanes 18 Davao del Sur 6,448
Davao del S. 88 (Non-Negrito)
(Non-Negrito Mamanwa) Ilocos N. 10
Ilocos N. 10 Ilocos S. 22
(Atta) Iloilo 20
Ilocos S. 9 Kalinga-Apayao 47
(Atta) Lanao del S. 8
Iloilo 10 Occ. Mindoro 11
(Ati) Pampanga 21
Isabela 11 Pangasinan 10
Laguna 29 Quezon 29
Lanao del N. 68 Rizal 43
Lanao del S. 13 Sulu 10
Maguindanao 60 Tarlac 11
Misamis Or. 10 Tawi-Tawi 10
Negros Occ. 11 Zambales 10
Occ. Mindoro 30 Zamboanga N. 12
Palawan 30 Manila 11
Rizal 94 Taguig 12
S.Cotabato 11
BATAK Manila 31
Antique 10 Makati 21
Basilan 10 Muntinlupa 11
Bataan 31 Quezon City 21
Bohol 90 Taguig 12
Bukidnon 143
Camarines N. 11 DUMAGAT
Camiguin 10 Agusan S. 10
Capiz 9 Albay 9
Cavite 52 Antique 11
Cebu 244 Aurora 384
Davao 22 Benguet 21
Davao del S. 73 Bukidnon 21
Ilocos N. 9 Bulacan 10
Ilocos S. 4 Cavite 31
Iloilo 20 Davao 41
Kalinga-Apayao 7 Cebu 10
Lanao del N. 11 Iloilo 66
Maguindanao 9 Isabela 127
Misamis Occ. 57 Laguna 67
Misamis Or. 110 Negros Occ. 510
Negros Occ. 21 Negros Or. 60
N.Cotabato 32 N.Cotabato 11
N.Samar 10 Nueva Ecija 87
Nueva Ecija 20 Palawan 41
Palawan 259 Pampanga 12
Pampanga 9 Pangasinan 20
102 PERALTA
Pangasinan 10 Quezon 656
Quezon 16 Quirino 71
Rizal 10 S.Cotabato 20
S.Leyte 19 S.Kudarat 20
Surigao N. 22 Zamboanga S. 442
Tawi-tawi 10 Kalookan 10
Zambales 10 Manila 10
Zamboanga S. 220 Marikina 11
Kalookan 21 Muntinlupa 20
Las Piñas 21 Parañaque 10
Mandaluyong 10 Quezon City 30
KALAMIANON
Abra 539 Nueva Ecija 21

Agusan del N. 30 Palawan 2,928
Agusan del S. 11 Quirino 10
Benguet 575 Rizal 11
Cagayan 86 S.Cotabato 70
Davao 52 S.Kudarat 40
Davao del S. 21 Sulu 244
Ifugao 18 Surigao del N. 19
Ilocos N. 574 Tarlac 57
Ilocos S. 431 Tawi-tawi 117
Isabela 127 Zambales 169
Kalinga-Apayao 273 Zamboanga N. 20
Lanao del S. 13 Kalookan 10
Mt. Province 63 Manila 30
N.Cotabato 11 Makati 10
N.Samar 11 Quezon City 41
MOLBOG
Total national Population 6,701
Cavite 9 Tarlac 80
Davao del S. 9 Zamboanga N. 32
Palawan 6,493 Zamboanga S. 11
Pampanga 47 Manila 10
Malabon 10
ISINAY

Agusan N. 10 Bukidnon 93
Agusan S. 22 Bulacan 41
Batanes 1 Cagayan 20
Benguet 80 Davao 21
Ifugao 21 N.Vizcaya 5,003

Ilocos N. 10 Pangasinan 12
Isabela 75 Quezon 10
Kalinga-Apayao 10 Rizal 9
La Union 10 Romblon 9
Laguna 11 Surigao N. 36
Lanao N. 19 Zambales 9
Lanao S. 11 Zamboanga N. 10
Misamis Or. 30 Zamboanga S. 10
N.Ecija 10 Quezon City 10
Valenzuela 11
IKALAHAN/KALANGUYA

N.Viz, Benguet, Ifugao (DR 1974:34,000)
Antique 10 Mt. Prov. 9

Aklan 38 N.Vizcaya 2,120
Benguet 51 Occ. Mindoro 9
Bohol 10 Palawan 11
Iloilo 10 Pangasinan 583
Lanao S. 32 Parañaque 10
Maguindanao 11 Pasay 11
CUYONEN (CUYUNIN)
2,367
(NSO 1980:97,000)
Agusan del S. 20 Cagayan 19

Aklan 380 Cavite 19
Antique 196 Davao 31
Basilan 79 Davao Or. 10
Bataan 18 Ifugao 121
Batangas 9 Iloilo 10
Bohol 11 Isabela 39
Bukidnon 10 Laguna 20
Bulacan 40 Masbate 68
Mt. Province. 112 Zamboanga S. 54

104 PERALTA
Negros Occ. 13 Kalookan 21
Nueva Vizcaya 11 Las Piñas 30
Occ. Mindoro 20 Manila 183
Palawan 419 Marikina 10
Pampanga 11 Malabon 82
Quezon 21 Makati 20
Rizal 31 Parañaque 19
Tawi-tawi 11 Quezon City 91
Zambales 10 San Juan 77
Valenzuela 21
MAMANWA
Agusan del N. 961 Negros Or. 11

Basilan 21 Pampanga 49
Bataan 10 Pangasinan 10
Bohol 20 Quezon 19
Camiguin 10 Rizal 20
Cebu 11 Sorsogon 11
Davao Or. 10 S.Cotabato 10
Davao S. 10 Surigao del N. 489
Ilocos N. 31 Surigao del S. 71
Iloilo 10 (NM 1990:50)
Negros Occ. 22 Manila 11
Quezon City 32
KAMIGUIN
Agusan del S. 41 Cebu 11

Antique 10 Ifugao 11
Benguet 71 Iloilo 20
Bukidnon 58 Misamis Occ. 9
Cagayan 10 MIsamis Or. 10
Mt. Province 51 Tawi-tawi 10

Or. Mindoro 9 Zambales 18
Palawan 10 Las Piñas 11
Pampanga 10 Marikina 10
Pangasinan 98 Makati 11
S.Kudarat 10 Muntinlupa 22
Quezon City 30
ABAKNON (CAPULENO)
430
(NSO 1980:9,870)
Batangas 28 N.Samar 191

Benguet 31 Occ. Mindoro 10
Bulacan 10 Palawan 57
Davao del S. 11 W.Samar 11
Iloilo 50 Manila 31
KENE
(Unknown group Listed in NSO Census 1990)
Antique (Culasi) 10 Pampanga 62

Aklan (Kalibo) 10 (Apalit 21
Cavite (Dasmarinas) 10 Mabalacat 21
Davao (Panabo) 10 Porac 11
Ifugao (Lagawe) 35 Macabebe 9
Ilocos S.(San Emilio) 25 Tarlac 31
Iloilo (Jordon) 10 (Bamban 11
N.Ecija (San Jose) 10 San Jose 10)
Occ. Mindoro 10 Tawi-tawi 17
Oalawan (San Vicente) 10 Kalookan 19
Muntinlupa 10
114 PERALTA
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GLIMPSES Peoples of The Philippines

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GLIMPSES

In understanding the peoples of the Philippines,

National Commission for Culture and the Arts

GLIMPSE: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES

First edition, 2000

Cover design by Boy Togonon

The National Library of the Philippines CIP Data

1. Ethnic groups-Philippines I. Philippines.

GN495.4P5 305.8’09599 2000 P 200000005

National Commission for Culture and the Arts

The People: Ethnic Differentiation 1

Ethnic Group Briefs 13

Ethno-Linguistic Group Listings 53

Distribution of Ethnic Groups by Provinces 63

The People: Ethnic Differentiation

southwestern part of the Philippines forms another generalized groupings for

Although change is part of social existence, and societies fluctuate in number

same food. Gathering level, but exploiting different features of the

each contending side, head taking thud developed as a social mechanism

In spite of the agricultural base which has reduced ethnic economy to a

Leadership among the traditional peoples of the Philippines is amorphous

The earliest indications of religious activities are probably the existence of

The Anomaly of Persisting Cultures

This is further aggravated by the official emphasis on the development of a

There are divergences, convergences, and parallel developments in societal

1. Ivatan/Itbayathe Ivatan/Itbayat are the groups inhabiting the two island

and Ivatan as languages and the speakers as having distinct ethnic

enter into to preserve relationships with neighboring groups. Settlement area

They have large nucleated communities associated with the terraces

This group (Kallahan, Kalanguya, Kadasan, Ikalasan, Kalasan) may be found

practiced. The culture is heavily influenced by the migration of Ilocano into

the municipalities of Tapaz, Valderrama, and Lambunano, respectively. The

One of the major mainstream groups, the Boholano speaks a variation of

Manguianes, Tiron, Lactan, Buquit, Barangan, tagaydan, Pula, nauhan, and

to the inheritance of titles and an ancestors-focused relationship called a

are long houses that accommodate a number of families, usually of an

The Sangil (Sangir, Sangihe, Sangu, Marore, Sangirezen, Talaoerezen) are

of Magindanao in the municipalities of Nulingi (15,175), Parang (8,045),

supposedly hereditary and follows a rule of the firstborn assuming the

They occupy the upstream areas, practicing slash-and-burn cultivation in

The generalized culture is lowland central Philippines focuses on wet rice

Ethno –Linguistic Groups Listing

1. Abaknon (Sama related) Capul Is. 2.

13. Butuanon Butuan City

52.2.1 Attaw (Giangan[Jangan])

in Asuncion?) Davao Del Norte

52.15 Umayamnon Bukidnon, S&W Agusan del Sur

56.4 Arta Negros (south)

75. Waray Samar-Leyte

(Arrangement: Population count0

Abra 1,172 Ifugao 899

Pangasinan 61,951 Zambales 259,834

Total National Population 150,129,231

Abra 211 Camarines S. 2,097

Laguna 1,290,278 Sorsogon 1,028

Total National Population 138,558

Abra 8 Benguet 288

Camiguin 10 Rizal 1,516

Ilocos N. 460,684 Albay 932

N.Samar 148 Surigao N. 537

Total National Population 5,648,717

Abra 96 Cagayan 261

Iloilo 1,608,083 Siquijor 76