DAMODARAMiSANJIVAYYAiNATIONALiLAWiUNIVER

SITY
iVISAKHAPATNAM,iA.P.,iINDIA

CCLiSEMINARiPAPERi

RoleiofiprosecutoriiniInternationaliCriminaliCourt.

MR.iARVINDNATHiTRIPATHI

BharathiSimhaiReddy
2015022i&i“X”iSEM

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

IiBharathiSimhaiReddyiherebyideclareithatithisiassignment:iRoleiofiprosecutoriiniInternat
ionaliCriminaliCourt.iSubmittedibyimeiisioriginaliwork.iIihaveidulyiacknowledgediallithei
sourcesifromiwhichitheiideasiandiextractsihaveibeenitaken.iTheiprojectiisifreeifromianyiplag
iarismiissue.i

PLACE:iVisakhapatnam

2
 ABSTRACT

TheiRomeiStatuteiofitheiInternationaliCriminaliCourti(ICC)ihasiestablishediaisystemiandipr
oceduresiforitheiProsecutoriofitheiInternationaliCriminaliCourtitoibeichargedibyiactingiinde
pendentlyiofitheiOfficeiofitheiProsecutoriasianiindependentiorganiofitheiCourt.iToifurtherie
nforceitheineutralityiofitheiOfficeiofitheiProsecutor,itheiICCitreatyiprovidesithatiofficersiare
inotirequireditoiactioniinstructionsifromianyiexternalisource.iAsisuch,itheiOfficeiofitheiPros
ecutorioperatesiindependentlyiofitheijudiciaryianditheiRegistryiofitheiInternationaliCriminali
Court,ianditheiProsecutorialoneihasifulliauthorityioveritheiadministrationiandiadministrationi
ofihisioffice.

TheiRulesiofiProcedureiandiEvidenceishalliserveiasiaimeansiofisupportingitheiapplicationiof
itheiRomeiStatuteiofitheiInternationaliCriminaliCourtiandiinialliitsicases.iItisupportsiandiinte
rpretsitheiprovisionsiofitheiStatuteiandidoesinotiapplyianyiretroactiveiamendmentsitoithosei
Rulesitoitheidetrimentiofitheipersoniunderiinvestigation,iprosecutionioriconvictediperson.iTh
oseiRulesishallibeiadoptediasisooniasitheyiareiadoptedibyitheimembersiofitheiAssemblyiofi
StatesiPartiesiandibyiaitwo-
thirdsimajority.iTheiStatuteishalligiveitheirightitoianyiStateiParty,iorianyimajorityiofitheijud
gesioritheiProsecutor,itoimakeianyiamendmentsioriproposalsitoithoseiRules.

3
 TABLEiOFiCONTENTS

 Acknowledgement
 Abstract
 ObjectivesiAndiAimsiOfiStudy
 SignificanceiAndiBenefitsiOfiStudy
 ScopeiOfiTheiStudy
 ReviewiOfiLiterature
 ResearchiMethodology
 ResearchiQuestion
 Hypothesis
 Introduction
 Roleiofiprosecutor
 Theiinitialiactionsiofitheiprosecutoriinitheiinvestigation
 Recordingiandiregistration
 ProceduralistepsiforitheiprosecutoriofitheiICCitoirequestiinvestigation
 Theiroleiofitheiprosecutoriinihearingiwitnesses
 Roleiofitheiprosecutoriinigatheringievidence
 Obtainingiwarrantsiofiarrestiandidetention
 Pre-trialiproceedingsiofitheiprosecutor
 Preliminaryiproceedingsibeforeitheiinternationalicriminalicourt
 Internationaliprosecutorsiatitriali-itwoiperspectives
 Endsiv.iMeansiofiprosecutingitheicase
 Prosecutor’sidiscretioniv.iJudicialicontroliinitrials
 ManagerialifettersioniprosecutorsiautonomyiiniICC
 Standarditoiproceediandiburdeniofiproof
 Structuralichallengesitoitheipreparationiandipresentationioficase
 Conclusion
 Bibliography

4
OBJECTIVESiANDiAIMSiOFiSTUDY

Theimainiobjectiveiandiaimiofithisistudyiis:-

 ToistudyiroleiofiProsecutoriiniInternationaliCriminaliCourt.
 ToistudyivariousikindsiofidutiesiinvolvediiniInternationaliCriminalicourt.
 Toiunderstanditheiobligationsitoitheidutyiofiprosecutor
 Toistudyivariousijudgementsirelateditoiroleiofiprosecution
 ToiascertainitheistandiofiInternationaliorganizationsioniprosecutioniunderiInternation
aliCriminaliLaw.i

SIGNIFICANCEiANDiBENEFITSiOFiSTUDY

TheisignificanceiofithisistudyiisithatiweicomeitoiknowitheiroleiofiprosecutoriiniInternational
iCriminaliCourt.iAscertainitheistandiofiInternationaliorganizationsioniprosecutioniunderiInte
rnationaliCriminaliLaw.iUnderstanditheiobligationsitoitheidutyiofiprosecutor.

SCOPEiOFiTHEiSTUDY

TheiscopeiofithisistudyiextendsitoistudyingitheiroleiofiprosecutoriiniInternationaliCriminali
Court.iTheistudyiwouldibeilimiteditoitheiextentiofistudyingiroleiofiprosecutoriiniInternation
aliCriminaliCourtionly.i

RESEARCHiQUESTION:
IsitheiroleiofiProsecutoriiniInternationaliCriminaliCourtisimilaritoithatiofitheiroleiininational
icourts?

HYPOTHESIS:
RoleiofiprosecutoriiniInternationalicriminalicourtiisidifferentitoitheiroleiplayedibyitheiprosec
utoriininationalicourts,iasitheipriorioneirequiresiailotimoreievidence.iTheijudgementsicannot
ibeiappealediandihenceiareitoibeidealtimoreicautiously.

5
INTRODUCTION:

TheiRomeiStatuteiofitheiInternationaliCriminaliCourti(ICC)ihasiestablishediaisystemiandipr
oceduresiforitheiProsecutoriofitheiInternationaliCriminaliCourtitoibeichargedibyiactingiinde
pendentlyiofitheiOfficeiofitheiProsecutoriasianiindependentiorganiofitheiCourt.iToifurtherie
nforceitheineutralityiofitheiOfficeiofitheiProsecutor,itheiICCitreatyiprovidesithatiofficersiare
inotirequireditoiactioniinstructionsifromianyiexternalisource.iAsisuch,itheiOfficeiofitheiPros
ecutorioperatesiindependentlyiofitheijudiciaryianditheiRegistryiofitheiInternationaliCriminali
Court,ianditheiProsecutorialoneihasifulliauthorityioveritheiadministrationiandiadministrationi
ofihisioffice.

TheiRulesiofiProcedureiandiEvidenceishalliserveiasiaimeansiofisupportingitheiapplicationiof
itheiRomeiStatuteiofitheiInternationaliCriminaliCourtiandiinialliitsicases.iItisupportsiandiinte
rpretsitheiprovisionsiofitheiStatuteiandidoesinotiapplyianyiretroactiveiamendmentsitoithosei
Rulesitoitheidetrimentiofitheipersoniunderiinvestigation,iprosecutionioriconvictediperson.iTh
oseiRulesishallibeiadoptediasisooniasitheyiareiadoptedibyitheimembersiofitheiAssemblyiofi
StatesiPartiesiandibyiaitwo-
thirdsimajority.iTheiStatuteishalligiveitheirightitoianyiStateiParty,iorianyimajorityiofitheijud
gesioritheiProsecutor,itoimakeianyiamendmentsioriproposalsitoithoseiRules.

Iniaccordanceiwithiarticlei42i(1)iandi(2)iofitheiStatute,itheiProsecutorishalliactiindependentl
yiasianiindependentiorganiseparateifromitheiorgansiofitheiCourtiandishallireceiveireferralsia
ndianyidocumentediinformationionicrimesiwithinitheijurisdictioniofitheiCourtitoiexamineith
emiforitheipurposeiofiinvestigationiandiprosecutionibeforeitheiCourt.iAimemberiofitheiPros
ecutionimayiseekianyiinstructionsifromianyiexternalisourceiandimayinotiactiunderianyiofith
eseiinstructions.1iTheiProsecutorishallihaveifullipoweritoiorganizeiandiadministeritheiOffice.
iTheiAssistantiProsecutorishallibeiassistedibyioneiDeputyiProsecutoriorimore.

ROLEiOFiPROSECUTOR:

Inialliofitheihistoricaliandimoderniinternationaliandihybridicriminalicourts,itheitrialistageiisi
aiculminationiofiaihostiofiprecedingiactivitiesiofitheiOfficeiofitheiProsecutori(OTP)iiniinves

1
iArticlei42i(1)iofitheiRomeiStatute

6
tigatingiaicaseiandipreparingiitiforiprosecution.iSubjectitoitheinuancesiofieachiproceduralim
odel,itheiProsecutor’sipre-trialiworkiencompasses:2

 Theiinstitutioniofiinvestigation,i
 Theiissuanceiandisubmissioniofiindictmentiforijudicialireview,i
 Requestingistatesiandiotherientitiesitoieffectiarrestsiandiothericoerciveimeasures,i
 Collectioniofievidenceiandiinterrogationiofipotentialiwitnesses,iandi
 Theitakingiofisuspectsioriaccusediintoicustody.

Initheiintermediateistageiofitrialipreparation,iitiisitheitaskiofitheiprosecutionistaffito:i

 Reviewitheiavailableievidenceiiniorderitoidetermineiitsipertinence,
 ToidiscloseitoitheiDefenceibothitheiitemsitheiOfficeiintendsitoiuseiatitrialiandithosei
potentiallyiusefulitoitheicaseiofitheiaccused,
 ToideliveritheisummaryievidenceitoitheiTrialiChamberiseizediwithitheicase.iEvenith
oughithisipreliminaryiworkiisicarriedioutiinipre-
trialiintervaliofiproceedings,iitiessentiallyipredeterminesitheiscopeiandicontentiofitria
lilitigationiandiisicrucialitoiensuringifairiandiexpeditiousitrials.

Admittedly,ieveryiproceduralistepithatioccursiinitheipretrialistageiisisineiquainoniforitheiord
erlyiconductiofitrialiandiforitheiadministrationiofiinternationalicriminalijusticeiinigeneral.iO
neimayinonethelessiargueithat,ifromitheiperspectiveiofitheiProsecutor’sirole,itheisignificance
iofitheitrialistageiovershadowsithatiofianyiprecedingiactivity,ieveniifiitsiintensityiandiattenda
ntileveliofidramaimayiatitimesibeimatchedibyitheiearlierimilestones.iAlthoughitheiprosecuto
rialidecisionsitoiinvestigateioriprosecuteiasiwelliasitheiarrestianditransferiofitheiaccusediarei
allidecisiveimomentsiinitheiprogressioniofijustice,itrialineverthelessiremainsitheitrueiclimaxi
ofitheientireienterpriseiofiinternationaliprosecutions.iItiisitheiforumiforiunearthingitheitruthia
boutitheieventsiiniquestion,iattributingitheiindividualicriminaliresponsibilityiandirenderingith
eiverdictiandisentence.iOveriandiaboveitheirisectarianiobjectives,itheiprioriprosecutorialiacti
vitiesimerelyiaimitoiensureithatitheievidenceicanibeipresentedionitheitermsithatiareibothifair

2
iCf.iH.-
J.iBevers,i‘Investigation,iTrialiandiAppealiinitheiInternationaliCriminaliCourtiStatute,i(1998)i6(4)iEuropeaniJo
urnaliofiCrime,ipg:i438i

7
iandiefficientisoithatitheiadjudicationicanibeiheldiresultingiiniconvictioniandisentenceiinicas
eiofitheifindingiofiguilt.

InitheiabsenceiofianiinsightiintoitheitrialicompetencesiofiinternationaliProsecutors,imanyiim
portantiaspectsiofitheiriroleiandipositioniiniinternationalicriminaliproceedingsiriskiremaining
iunder-
rationalizedianditheiunderstandingiofitheiveryinatureiofiinternationalicriminaliprocessicanibe
iimpaired.iStrikingly,ithisihasibeeniailargelyiignorediresearchisubjectiiniinternationalicrimin
alilaw.3iTheilackiofiattentionitoitheitrialifunctionsiofitheiProsecutoriisiinistarkicontrastiwithit
heiwealthiofiliteratureionitheiissuesiofiprosecutorialidiscretioniiniselectingicasesiandiaccuse
dianditheiscopeiofijudicialisupervisionioverisuchidecisions.iTheiveryitermi‘discretion’ihasic
omeitoibeiassociatediwithithisicategoryiofiprosecutorialidecisions.

TheialmostiexclusiveifocusionitheipolicyiandideontologicaliaspectsiofitheiProsecutor’sipre-
trialimandateidoesipoorijusticeitoitheibroaderidimensionsiofithisikeyiactor’sipositioniiniinter
nationalicriminalilaw.iItialsoifailsitoiansweriaiplethoraiofiquestionsiposedibyitheiemergingip
racticeibeforeitheinewlyiemergentiandiinexperiencediinternationaliandihybridicourts.iTheitri
aliproceedingsitheiICCitoidateihaveibeeniplaguediwithiuncertaintiesiregardingitheiproperirol
eiofiparticipatingivictimsiduringitrial,iiniparticulariasiitirelatesitoitheicompetenceiofitheiPros
ecutoritoipresentitheicase.iTheiSpecialiTribunaliforiLebanonimustiprepareiitselfiforianalogo
usichallenges.iItiisinowicertainithatitheiadventiofivictimsiasiself-
standingiparticipantsiiniinternationalicriminaliproceedingsirequiresirethinkingitheiProsecutor
’sirole.i

THEiINITIALiACTIONSiOFiTHEiPROSECUTORiINiTHEiINVESTIGATION

TheiProsecutorishallibuildiuponitheipowersiprescribediforihimiinitheiarticlesiofitheiStatuteit
oiproceediwithitheipreliminaryiinvestigationihimselfiafterireceivingiinformationiiniwhichiani
internationalicrimeiisilikelyitoioccur,iandiinidoingisoiheishallianalyseithisiinformationiandiin
vestigateiitsivalidityiandiseriousnessiandishallihaveitheirightitoiobtainianyiadditionaliinform
ationifromianyipartyilikeiTheiUnitediNationsiorgansiorianyiotherireliableiorgansiandisource
sithatiitideemsiappropriate.
3
iMelilli,i‘ProsecutorialiDiscretioniinianiAdversaryiSystem’,ipg:i689ii

8
Aftericoncludingithisiinformation,iheifounditheinecessaryiseriousnessiandiconcludedithatithe
reiwasiaireasonableibasisiforiinitiatingianiinvestigationi(Articlei(15/3)iofitheiStatute.)iwhichi
wouldimakeiaiwrittenirequestitoitheiPre-
TrialiChamberirequestingipermissionitoiconductiaipreliminaryiinvestigation,iattachingitheiin
formationiobtained,ievidenceiandievidenceiwithitheirequestiforipermission,itoihearitheiristat
ementsiinithisiregardiiniaccordanceiwithitheirulesiofiprocedureiandievidence.

Theiinterrogationiisidefinediasitheicomplainant'sidiscussioniaboutiandichargesiagainstitheiac
tsiattributeditoihimiInquiriesiandiquestionsiaboutitheichargeiandiresponsesitoiitiandiitsirespo
nseitoitheievidenceireferreditoibyitheiaccusationiandihisirequestitoireplyiothersidefinediinter
rogationiasisaying.iTheiaccusedishalliconfrontitheidefendantiwithitheicrimeiagainstihimiandi
theievidenceiagainstihim,iandidiscussiitiwithiaidetailedidiscussioniiniorderitoirefuteithisievid
enceiifiheiisinotiguiltyiofitheicharge,ioriheiconfessesitoicommittingitheicrimeiifiheiwishesito
iconfess.4

TheistageiofiquestioningiatitheiInternationaliCriminaliCourtiisianiimportantiandiseriousistag
eiinitheipreliminaryiinvestigation.iIniviewiofitheigravityiofithisistage,inationalilegislationiha
sialsoiattachedigreatiimportanceitoithisistageiandihasitakeniitiwithimultipleiguaranteesitoipre
serveipersonalifreedomiwithoutiaffectingiit.

TheitextiofiArticlei55iofitheiStatuteiofitheiCourtitoiprotectitheirightsiofitheipersoniagainstia
buseiofipowerianditheimostiimportantiofiitsisafeguardsiare:

First:iToiinformitheiaccusediprioritoitheiinitiationiofihisiinterrogationithatithereiisievidencei
foribelievingithatiheihasicommittedianioffenseiwithinitheijurisdictioniofitheiCourt.iThisiright
iisigivenitoitheiaccusediafteriverifyingihisiidentityiandifromitheiactsiattributeditoihim,ishowi
ngihimireasonsitoibelieveithatiheihasicommittedianioffenseiwithinitheijurisdictioniofitheicou
rt.iHowever,itheiinvestigatoriisinotiobligeditoistateitheidetailsiofitheifactsiattributeditoitheiac
cused,ithisirightiisigivenitoitheiaccusedisoithatiheiorisheimayibeiprepareditoidefendihimselfi
orihisicounseliifinecessary.

4
iAbdullatif,iBarai(2007),iTheiInternationaliCriminaliCourt,iDariAl-
HamediPublishingiandiDistribution,iAmman.

9
Second:iToiremainisilent,iwithoutithisisilenceibeingiaifactoriinitheideterminationiofiguiltiori
innocence.iThisiisioneiofitheirightsithaticharacterizeitheibasiciLawibyigivingiititoitheiaccuse
diwheniinterrogatediandihasicompleteifreedomitoiansweritheiquestionsithatiareidirecteditoihi
mibyitheiinterrogatoriandihisirightitoiremainisilent5(Articlei55i(2)i(b)iofitheiStatute).iIfiheiis
isilent,iheidoesinotianswerihim,iandihisisilenceiisinotiproofiagainstihim.

Third:iTheirightiofiaipersonitoiseekilegaliassistanceiifiheichoosesihimselfiandiworksioniit,ia
ndiifiheidoesinotiexistimustibeiprovideditoihimiwithoutiincurringianyicosts.iTheiStatuteipro
videditheiaccusediwithitheirightitoiseekilegaliassistance,iwhetherilegaliadviceioritheiuseiofil
awyersioriotherilegalispecialists,iwhichiwasigivenitoitheiaccuseditoidefendihimself.iRulei22i
ofitheiRulesiofiProcedureiandiEvidenceiprovidesiforitheiconditionsitoibeimetibyicounsel,isin
ceiheimustihaveisufficienticompetenceiiniinternationalilaw,icriminalilawiandicriminaliproce
dure,iandimustibeiexperienced,iwhetheriaijudge,iaiprosecutorioriailawyer,iToihaveiatileastio
neiofitheilanguagesispokeniandispokenibyitheicourt,ianditoicounseliotheripersons,iincludingi
lawiprofessorsiwithitheirequisiteiexpertise.

RECORDINGiANDiREGISTRATION:

Theioriginiofitheicriminaliproceedingsiwasitheicommonipracticeioficodification,ithatiis,ithei
authorioritheipersoniinichargeiofirecordingieverythingithatihappensiinitheisessionsioriinvesti
gations,ianditheidevelopmentiofiscientificimeansihasibecomeipossibleiregistrationiinimanyio
fitheilegislationiofitheiInternationaliCriminaliCourt,iforiaipermanentireferenceicanibeiconsul
tediwhenineeded.iIniaccordanceiwithirulesiofiEvidence,iwhichirequiresithatitheipersoniquest
ionedibeiinformediinitheilanguageiheiunderstandsithatihisioriheriinterrogationiwillibeirecord
edibyivoiceiorivideoiandihasitheirightitoiobject.i

Theiperson'sirightitoibeiquestionediinitheipresenceiofiailawyeriisirecordediiniailawyer'sipres
ence,iandiiticanibeirecordedibyivideoioriaudio.iInitheieventiofiaidefect,ianditheirecordingiisi
suspendediduringiinterrogation,itheitimeiofisuspensioniisirecordedibeforeiTheiintervieweriisi
givenianiopportunityitoiaddisomethingioriclarifyisomething,iafteriwhichitheicontentsiofitheit
apeiareireproducediasisooniasipossibleiafteritheiinterrogationiisicompleted,iandiaicopyiofithe
iintervieweeiisigiveniwithiaicopyifromitapeirecorder,iandiafterithat,iaisealishallibeiplacedion
5
iArticlei55i(2)i(b)iofitheiRomeistatute

10
itheioriginalitapeiinitheipresenceiofitheipersonibeingiquestionediandihisilawyeriifipresent,ian
dishallibeisignedibyitheiProsecutor,itheipersonibeingiquestionediandihisicounseliifipresent.

TheiStatuteiprovidesithatitheiProsecutorihaditheiauthorityitoiquestionitheiaccusediatitheipreli
minaryiinvestigationistage,ibutididinotiaddressitheimanneriandimanneriiniwhichitheiProsecut
oriinterrogateditheiaccused,ibutithroughitheiproceduralirulesiandirulesiwhichitheiaccusediwa
sirequireditoiattendiduringitheiinterrogationiphase.
TheiInternationaliCriminaliCourtihasirestricteditheiProsecutoritoitheirequestiforileaveiandiha
sitheirightitoiinitiateiinvestigationsionlyiafteriauthorizationibyitheiPre-
TrialiChamber.iIfitheiPre-
TrialiChamberirefusesitoiauthorizeianiinitialiinvestigation,ibecauseiitiisinoticonvincediofithe
iseriousnessiofitheiinformationisubmitteditoiitibyitheiProsecutor,iTheirefusaliofitheiProsecut
oritoisubmitiaisubsequentiapplicationitoitheiChamberiandiisibasedioninewifactsiandievidenc
eiforitheipurposeiofiopeningianiinvestigationioniarticlei15i(5)iofitheiStatute.

PROCEDURALiSTEPSiFORiTHEiPROSECUTORiOFiTHEiICCiTOiREQUESTiINV
ESTIGATION:

TheiProsecutorishallimakeiaiwrittenisubmissionitoitheiPre-
TrialiChamberidetailingitheibasisiforitheirequestiforiauthorizationiofitheiinvestigationiandish
alliinformitheiPre-
TrialiChamberiofitheiinformationiprovidedibyitheiStateirequestingitheireferraliofitheicaseitoi
theiInternationaliCriminaliCourtiandithoseirequestedibyitheiProsecutorifromithatiStateiasiad
ditionaliinformation,iwhichiwasibasedionitheirequestiforipermissionitoiproceediwithitheiinve
stigation

Rulei55iofitheiRulesiofiProcedureiandiEvidenceisetsiforthitheiproceduralistepsiforidecidingi
andipassingiaijudgmentionitheirequestiforiauthorizationibyitheiPre-
TrialiChamberianditheisubmissioniofiitsijudgmentionithatimatterianditheibasisioniwhichiitiw
asibasedionitheipetitioningiProsecutoriandirequestingitheiStateiPartyiwithoutitheiabove,ibuti
stipulatedithatithisishouldibeidoneiasisooniasipossible.6

6
iDeliPonte,iCarla(2006),i‘InvestigationiandiProsecutioniofiLarge-scaleiCrimesiatitheiInternationaliLevel-
TheiExperienceiofitheiICTY’,iJournaliofiInternationaliCriminaliJustice,i4i,i539-558.

11
THEiROLEiOFiTHEiPROSECUTORiINiHEARINGiWITNESSES:

Theicertificateiisioneiofitheimostiimportantievidenceiinicriminalilawiandicomesiimmediately
iafterirecognition.iItiisianiacceptedimeansiofievidenceibeforeitheiInternationaliCriminaliCou
rt.iTheiStatuteidoesinotiprovideiforiaimechanismitoicompeliwitnessesitoiappearibeforeitheic
ourt.iTherefore,iinitheiInternationaliCriminaliCourtitheirightitoibeiheardibyitheiPre-
TrialiChamberiandialsoibyitheiProsecutoriisigrantediunderiarticlei15i(2)iofitheiRegulations.it
heiProsecutorishallianalyseitheiseriousnessiofitheiinformationireceivediandimayiforithisipurp
oseiseekiadditionaliinformationifromiStates,iUnitediNationsiorgansioriintergovernmentaliorg
anizationsiorinon-
governmentaliorganizations,iorianyiotherireliableisourcesithatiitideemsiappropriate,iandimay
ireceiveiwritteniorioralitestimonyiatitheiseatiofitheiCourt.

TheiStatuteiallowsiwitnessesitoibeiheardiandiinterrogatediatitheisameitime.iDuringitheiheari
ngiofitheiPre-TrialiChamber,iwitnessesiareientitleditoitestifyibyimeansiofioralioriaudio-
visualitechnologyiprovidedithatisuchiaitechnologyiallowsitheiwitnessitoibeiheardiatitheitimei
ofitestimonyibyitheiProsecutor,itheidefenseioritheiChamberiitself,iwhichiisiintendeditoiquest
ionitheiwitnessiinihisioriheriinformation.

ROLEiOFiTHEiPROSECUTORiINiGATHERINGiEVIDENCE:

TheiStatuteiofitheiInternationaliCriminaliCourti(ICC)iadoptsitheibasiciruleioficriminalitrialsi
underitheipresumptioniofiinnocenceiuntiliaifirmievidenceioficriminalizationioriconvictioniisi
established.iTheiburdeniofiproofiliesiwithitheiProsecutor.iTheiCourtidoesinotiseekitoigatheri
evidenceibutiratheriweighsiitsivalueiandiscope,iandithatisuspicioniisiinitheiinterestiofitheiwr
ongdoers.iTheiroleiofitheiprosecutoriinithisicourtiisidifferentifromitheipreviousiinternationali
criminalitribunalsiwhenicollectingievidence.

Theiformericourtsifolloweditheicommonilawisystemiwhereitheiprosecutor'sitaskiisitoicollecti
evidenceionlyiwithoutievidenceiofiinnocence,iunlikeitheiInternationaliCriminaliCourtieviden
ceiofiinnocenceiandiaccusationiasiinitheicivililawisystem.iTherefore,itheiProsecutoriofitheiC

12
ourtishallinotibeiailitigantiinitheiproceedings.iOnitheicontrary,iwhenievidenceiappearsithatir
evealsioriacquiresioricanibeiusedibyitheiaccused,iitishallibeidisclosediiniaccordanceiwithiarti
clei67i(2).iTheiProsecutorishallidisclose,iasisooniasipossible,itheievidenceiinihisioriheriposs
essioniwhichiisibelieveditoishowioritenditoishowitheiinnocenceiofitheiaccusedioritoimitigate
ihisiguiltiorithatimayiaffectitheicredibilityiofitheiprosecutionievidence.7i

TheiRomeiStatuteiisithusifarimoreiadvancediinicomparisonitoitheiformeriinternationalicrimi
nalitribunals,iwhichiisiinifavour,isinceitheipurposeiofitheiCourtiisitoiadministerijusticeiintern
ationally,ianditheiunjusticonvictioniofiaidefendantiunderminesithatiendiandicastsidoubtionith
eicredibilityiofitheiCourt.

THEiROLEiOFiTHEiPROSECUTORiOFiTHEiINTERNATIONALiCRIMINALiCOU
RTiINiOBTAININGiWARRANTSiOFiARRESTiANDiDETENTION:

TheipowersiofitheiAttorney-
Generalicomeiinitheiapplicationiforiarrestiwarrants.iArticlei58i(1)iofitheiStatuteiprovidesitha
titheipre-
trialiChamberishall,iatitheitimeiofitheiinitiationiofitheiinvestigationiandiatitheirequestiofithei
Prosecutor,iissueianiarrestiwarrantiif,iuponiexaminationiofitheirequestiandievidenceioriotheri
informationiprovidedibyitheiprosecutor,iThereiareireasonableigroundsitoibelieveithatiaiperso
nihasicommittediaicrimeiwithinitheijurisdictioniofitheiCourt,iorithatitheiarrestiofitheipersoni
appearsinecessary.

ToiensureithatiheiisipresentibeforeitheiCourt,ioritoiensureithatiheidoesinotiobstructioriendan
geritheiinvestigationioritheiproceedingsiofitheiCourtioriwhereiapplicable,itoipreventiaiperson
ifromicontinuingitoicommitithaticrimeioritoipreventitheicommissioniofiairelatedioffenseiwit
hinitheijurisdictioniofitheiCourtianditheisameicircumstancesiarise.

TheiPre-
TrialiChamberishalliissueianiorderioridecisionitoiarrestitheiaccused,iatitheirequestiofitheiPro
secutor,iandiuponiexaminationiofitheirequest,ithereiareireasonableigroundsithatitheipersonih
asicommittedianioffenseiwithinitheijurisdictioniofitheiCourt,ihisipresenceibeforeitheicourtiaf
7
iWilliamiA.iSchabas(2007),iAniIntroductionitoitheiInternationaliCriminaliCourt,iCambridgeiUniversityiPress.

13
teriproceedingiwithitheiinvestigationiifiheideemsiitinecessaryitoipreventitheiobstructioniofith
eiinvestigationioritoipreventitheiaccusedifromicontinuingihisicrimes.iTheiimportanceiofithei
arrestiwarrantiisithatitheiaccusedimustibeibroughtibeforeitheicourt.iThisimayirequireisubstan
tialicooperationibetweenitheicourtianditheireservingiState.

PRE-TRIALiPROCEEDINGSiOFiTHEiPROSECUTOR:

TheiProsecutoriplaysianiimportantiroleibeforeitheiTrialiChamberiinitheipre-
trialiphase.iThisiwasielaboratediinidetailiinitheiRulesiofiProcedureiandiEvidence.iTheimostii
mportantithingiwasitheiProsecutor'sipoweritoirequestitheiTrialiChamberitoideferitrialiiniacco
rdanceiwithirulei(132.1)iofitheiRulesiofiProcedureiandiEvidence.

TheiProsecutorimayisubmitiaiwrittenirequestitoitheiTrialiChamberibeforeitheicommencemen
tiofitheitrialitoidecideionianyimatterirelatingitoitheiconductiofitheiproceedings.iAtitheicomm
encementiofitheitrial,itheiChamberishalliaskitheiProsecutorioritheidefenseiifitheyihaveianyio
bjectionsioriobservationsiregardingitheiconductiofitheiproceedingsitakeniprioritoitheitrialiTh
eiconfirmationiofitheichargesishallinotibeiadmissibleiandinoiobjectionsioriobservationsimayi
beiraisedioripresentediagainioniailaterioccasioniduringitheiproceedingsiwithoutitheipermissi
oniofitheiChambericonductingitheiproceedings.iTheiTrialiChamberimay,iatitheirequestiofith
eiProsecutor,idecideionimattersithatimayiariseiduringitheitrialiiniaccordanceiwithiofirulei134
iofitheiRulesiofiProcedureiandiEvidence.

PRELIMINARYiPROCEEDINGSiBEFOREiTHEiINTERNATIONALiCRIMINALiC
OURT:

TheiProsecutorihasiairoleitoiplayiinitheitrialistage,iiniaccordanceiwithitheiStatuteiofitheiInter
nationaliCriminaliCourt.iHeihasitheiauthorityitoiprosecute,iheireadsitheichargesidocument,iis
ientitleditoiaskiquestionsiatitheitrial,iandimakesistatementsiaboutitheievidenceiagainstitheiac
cusediandiisientitleditoisubmitihisistatementiiniaccordanceiwithiarticlei42(1)iofitheiStatute.i
Pre-
trialiproceedingsimayinotibeiabsentiatitheitimeiofitheiconfirmationiofitheichargesibeforeithei
trial,ianditheicontentiofisuchiproceedingsishallibeievidenceiofitheiaccusedithroughitheipre-
trialichamber.

14
THEiSTAGEiOFiAPPROVINGiCHARGES:

TheiPre-
TrialiChamberishall,iasiprovidediforiiniarticlei61iofitheiStatute,iholdiaihearingitoiconfirmith
eichargesioniwhichitheiProsecutoriintendsitoiseekitrial.iTheihearingishallibeiheldiinitheipres
enceiofitheiProsecutor,itheiaccusediandihisicounsel.iHowever,itheiPre-
TrialiChamberimay,iatitheirequestiofitheiProsecutoriorioniitsiowniinitiative,iholdiaihearingii
nitheiabsenceiofitheipersonicharged,iiniorderitoiconfirmitheichargesioniwhichitheiProsecutor
iintendsitoirequestitheitrial.

Initheifinalistage,itheiPre-
TrialiChamberishallinotifyitheiProsecutor,itheiaccusediandihisicounsel,iofitheiridecisionitoic
onfirmitheicharges.iTheyishallibeireferreditoitheiTrialiChamberiandithenitoitheiPresidencyia
ndishallibeiaccompaniedibyitheiminutesiofitheiPre-
iTrialiChamber.iWhenitheiPresidencyiestablishesiaiTrialiChamberianditransmitsitheicaseitoii
t,iofitheitrialichamber.iTheiPresidencyimayialsoireferitheicaseitoianotheriTrialiChamberipre
viouslyiestablished.

INTERNATIONALiPROSECUTORSiATiTRIALi-iTWOiPERSPECTIVES:

TheiproposedianalyticaliframeworkideconstructsitheiroleiofitheiinternationaliProsecutorsiatit
rialialongitwoiseparateidimensions.iTheifirstiperspectiveilooksiatitheisubstantiveinatureiofith
eitrialicompetencesiofitheiProsecutor.iItiisimeantitoisituateihimioniaislidingiscaleibetween,io
nitheioneihand,i‘internationaliciviliservant’iconcernediwithiimpartialiandineutraliadministrati
oniofijusticeiandiactingiinitheipubliciinterestiand,ionitheiotherihand,ipartisaniactoridriveniby
izealitoiprevailiiniaitrialicombatiandiseekingitheifull-
extenticonvictioniandimaximumisentenceiforitheiaccusediperson.iThisitheoreticalioutlookihi
ghlightsitheidifferentisidesiofitheiProsecutor’simandateirelateditoihisidialecticihypostasesiofi
‘ministeriofijustice’iandi‘partisaniadvocate’.iItiisiarguedithatitheiactualiprosecutorialipractice

15
iis,ioriatileastimustibe,iaibalancediunityiofitheseitwoiaspectsiandithatitheseitwoiextremesiare
itoibeitakeniasiabstractiheuristicimodelsiforidescribingitheitrialiroleiofitheiProsecutor.8

TheiinternationaliProsecutor’siroleiatitrialiisicommonlyiseeniasitwofold.iOnitheioneihand,iin
itheijudicialirealmiofitrialitheiProsecutor’sifunctioniasiaipartisaniadvocateicomesitoitheiforei
mostinoticeably.iTheiinvolvementiofitheiTrialiChamberiwhichiisiinichargeiofitheioverallifair
nessiofitheiproceedingsihasitheieffectiofialleviatingitheiburdenionitheiProsecutoritoisafeguar
ditheipubliciinterestiandigivesihisipositioniaidistinctipartisanitouch.iFirstly,iatitrialitheiProse
cutioniessentiallyiperformsiasitheiopponentiofitheiDefenceiinianievidentiaryicontestiunfoldin
gibeforeitheiJudgesiiniwhichitheiProsecutoritriesitoiproveitheichargesi‘beyondiaireasonablei
doubtibyiadducingiincriminatingievidence.iThisiisipartlyitrue,ialthoughitoiailesseridegree.i

WhereitheiProsecutioniisiresponsibleiforiinvestigation,iitiisiplacediunderitheiobligationitoidi
scloseiexculpatoryiorimitigatingievidenceitoitheiDefenceiand,iinitheicaseiofitheiICCioritheiS
PSC,ieveniactivelyitoisearchiforisuchievidence.iHowever,itheipresentationiofitheiexoneratin
gievidenceiwhoevericollectsiitiremainsiinialliinternationaliandihybridijurisdictionsiairegulari
functioniofitheiDefence.iSecondly,iasiaipartyitoitheicriminaliproceedings,itheiProsecutoriisie
ntitleditoibeitreatediequitablyibyitheiCourt.iAlthoughidueiprocessisafeguardsiformallyiaccru
eitoitheistatusiofitheisuspectiandiaccused,itheiapplicationiofitheirightitoiaifairitrial,iincluding
itheiprincipleiofiequalityiofiarms,ihasibeenirecognizedibyitheiTribunalsitoiextendialsoitoithei
Prosecutor.

Onitheiotherihand,ithroughoutitheitrialitheiProsecutoricontinuesitoiexerciseifunctionsirelated
inotisoimuchitoihisipartisaniroleibutitoihisipositioniofiauthorityiasianiofficeriofitheicourtiand
iai‘ministeriofijustice’.iTheiProsecutoriisientanglediinitheifineinetiofilegaliandiethicaliobliga
tionsioweditoihisiinterlocutors:ijudges,iaccused,ivictimsiandiwitnessesiandiinformation-
providers.iInithisicapacity,itheiProsecutionibearsiitsishareiofiresponsibilityiforitheifairiandief
ficientiadministrationioficriminalijusticeiandiforitruth-
findingiasitheiultimateigoaliofitrialiprocedure.iItiisiplacediunderianion-
goingidutyitoiprotectitheisafetyiandiphysicaliandipsychologicaliwell-
beingiofivictimsiandiwitnessesianditoihonouritheiconditionsioficonfidentialityiagreediuponi
withitheiprovidersiofievidence.iMostiimportantly,itheiProsecutorimusticomplyiwithitheiprinc

8
iHall,iC.i(2004).iTheiPowersiandiRoleiofitheiProsecutoriofitheiInternationaliCriminaliCourtiinitheiGlobaliFig
htiagainstiImpunity.iLeideniJournaliofiInternationaliLaw.

16
iplesiofifairiplayiinirelationitoitheiaccused,iwhichiimposesionihimidutiesithatigoibeyond,ian
diatitimesiconflictiwith,itheipartisaniinterestiofisecuringiaiconviction.9

However,itheiqualificationiofitheiProsecutor’sicompetencesiasigoingieitheritoithei‘partisania
dvocate’iidealioriitsi‘ministeriofijustice’ioppositeiisifarifromistraightforward;iitishouldirather
ibeiaimatteriofidegree.iTheseilabelsidenoteiidealiandiabstractimodelsiwhichihighlightidiffere
ntiaspectsiofitheiProsecutor’siroleiratherithaniaccuratelyiandiadequatelyidescribeiit.iOneiexa
mpleiisitheiProsecutor’sipracticeiofiobtainingiguiltyipleasithroughipleainegotiations,iwhichii
sianiarchetypicaliandicleariexpressioniofitheiparty’siautonomyitoidecideiwhetheriandioniwh
atitermsitheiproceedingsicaniterminate.iItiisilessiobviousithatibesidesiensuringitheiminimumi
acceptableiscopeioficriminaliresponsibility,itheipracticeidefiesitheipartisanizealitoipursueiaif
ullestipossibleiconvictionionitheichargesiinitiallyipledionitheiaccountiofisometimesiratheri‘m
inisterial’iconsiderations.iPleainegotiationieventuallyipromotesitheibroaderigoalsiofiadminist
eringijusticeiinitheimostiefficientiwayibyiensuringithatitheisparediresourcesicanibeiuseditoip
ursueiotheriinvestigationsiandiprosecutions,iunearthitheiearlieriunknowniincidentsioficrimina
lity,ianditoiobtainiaccessitoitheiearlieriunavailableievidence,itherebyienablingitheiProsecutor
itoiaddressiimpunityioniaibroaderiscale.iThisidemonstratesitheiappropriatenessiofiusingitheit
erminologyiofi‘ministeriofijustice’iandi‘partisaniadvocate’inotiforitheipurposeioficlassifyingi
theiinternationaliProsecutors’ipowersibutiforiunderliningitheidifferentisidesiofitheirimandate.

ENDSiV.iMEANSiOFiPROSECUTINGiTHEiCASE:

TheidialecticitensionsibetweenitheitwoiaspectsiofitheiProsecutor’siroleiareinotiuniqueitoiinte
rnationalicriminalilaw.iInithisirespect,iaiparallelicanibeidrawniwithisomeinationalijurisdictio
ns,iwhichihaveilikewiseisoughtitoireconcileitheicentrifugalitendenciesiinitheiProsecutor’sitri
alirole.iTheinationalisystemsidealiwithithisidichotomyivariously.iFromiaicomparativeiangle,i
thisiisiaiconsequenceiofidifferencesiinitheiunderlyingiphilosophyiofitruth-
findingiandiproceduralifunctionsiassigneditoitheitrialiparticipants.

Theiadherenceitoitheiidealiofianiimpartialiandijudge-
likeiprosecutoriposesilessiofiaiproblemiinitheijurisdictionsiiniwhichicriminaliprocessiadoptsi
ani‘inquisitorial’iform.iOniaiconceptualilevel,itheisaiditensioniisialmostiunnoticed.iIniGerma
9
iIdi6

17
ny,itheiprosecutioniisiaihierarchicaliyetidecentralizedistructureioperatingiunderitheiauthorityi
ofitheiministersiofijusticeiofitheifederalistate,itheistatusiofitheiprosecutorsiisidistinctifromith
eijudgesiandisuiigeneris.iAlthoughitheiremnantsiofitheisubordinationiofitheiprosecutors’ioffi
cesitoitheiexecutiveiraisediissuesiofitheiriindependenceifromipoliticsiinitheipast,inowadaysit
heyiareilargelyiself-
governingistructures.iGenerally,itheicontinentaliprosecutorsiareicommitteditoiimpartialityiasi
aimethodianditruthiasiaigoaliinicriminaliprocess.iWhereitheiprosecutorsiareichargediwithico
nductingiinvestigations,itheyiareiduty-
bounditoidoisoiobjectivelyibyisearchingiforibothiinculpatoryiandiexculpatoryievidence.iMor
eover,itheiriquasi-
judicialimandateidemandsithatitheyibringitoitheiattentioniofiaijudgeianyiadmissibleievidence
ithatihasibeenioverlookediinitheiinquiryiandievenitoiappealionibehalfiofiaiconvictiifitheisent
enceiappearsitooisevere.

Initheicommonilawicountries,itheiconflictibetweenitheisystemiciroleiofi‘ministeriofijustice’i
anditheioperationalimodeiofiai‘prosecutingiattorney’iinherentiinitheistatusiofitheiprosecutors
iisifarimoreiconspicuous.iTheiexpectationitowardsitheiprosecutorsitoiactivigorouslyiyetiimpa
rtiallyiinianiadversarialicontextihasibeenicompareditoi‘askingiaiprofessionalichessiplayeritoi
putihisiheartiandisouliintoimakingiefficaciousimovesiforioneiside,iconsistentiwithiallirulesio
fitheigame,iwhileiatitheisameitimeiurgingithatiheinotibeiconcernediwithiitsioutcome’.iIndeed
,itheiadversarialisystemioperatesionitheiassumptionithatitheiattorneysionibothisidesiareiprofe
ssionaliandicompetentiadvocatesicapableiofiidentifyingiandibringingioutitheievidenceifavour
ableitoitheirirespectiveicausesiinitheibestipossibleifashion.iTherefore,itheiprosecution’sioblig
ationsiofifairnessitowardsitheiaccusedicommonlyidoinotireachibeyondidisclosureiofievidenc
eitoiavoidithei‘trialibyiambush’.

Theiuneasyibalanceibetweenitheiprosecutorialimandateitoiactiinitheiinterestsiofijusticeiandit
heidischargeiofifunctionsiofizealousiadvocateiforitheiprosecutioniisiestablishedipredominantl
yibyiprovidingiforiethicalistandardsitheiprosecutionicounselimustiadhereito.iItibearsinotingit
hatiinitheiadversarialimodel,itheiprosecutorsiareiespeciallyiinclineditoiactiasipartisaniagents,i
whichiisinotialwaysihelpfuliforiestablishingitheitruthiandideliveringijustice.iInimosticommon
ilawijurisdictions,itheiprosecutioniattorneysiareimembersiofipubliciprosecutioniservicesiwhic
hiareiinstitutionallyidivorcedifromitheiprofessionaliassociationsiofijudges.iHowever,itheideo

18
ntologicalistandardsigoverningitheiprosecutors’iconductiasiwelliasitheicaseilawiinithoseicou
ntriesiasiairuleiemphasizeitheispecialiquasi-judicialinatureiofitheiriposition.

Therefore,itheiroleiofitheiProsecutoriasiitiemergesifromitheicommonilawicanisafelyibeidescr
ibediasiai‘fairiministeriofijustice’iofiquasi-
judicialikind.iItiisianiunequivocalinormativeistand,iwhichigarnerediwideiandifirmisupport,ith
atitheiProsecutionsimustinotiactisolelyioriprincipallyitoi‘win’itheicaseibyisecuringiaiconvicti
on.iHowever,iiniaicertainisense,ithisiservesitoi‘maskiaireality’iiniwhichiprosecutorsiareiprin
cipallyithereitoiargueiforiconviction.iInitheipreparationiandipresentationiofievidence,ihisifun
ctionsiinitheifairiadministrationiofijusticeiareiessentiallyicondensediinitheidutyitoidiscloseiev
idenceitoitheiaccused.iTheiproperidischargeiofitheseiobligationsiwouldibeisufficientiforianyi
individualiprosecutoritoicomplyiwithihisifunctionsiasiaiministeriofijustice.iHowever,iexcessi
veiactioniforitheidefendant’sicauseionitheipartiofitheiprosecutorimayiendangeritheichancesif
oritheiprosecutionicaseitoiprevailiandiwouldiundermineitheiadvocateisideiofitheiprosecutor’s
imandate.

Finally,ilookingibeyonditheicommonilawiandicivililawidivide,itheiguidingistandardsionithei
properiroleiofipubliciprosecutorsithatiareidueitoibeiappliediacrossitheiboardicanibeifoundiini
airecommendationiadoptediinitheiframeworkiofitheiCounciliofiEurope.iTheiRecommendatio
ni(2000)19iestablishes,iiniparticular,ithatiinitheiperformanceiofitheiridutiesipubliciprosecutor
sishouldicarryioutitheirifunctionsifairly,iimpartiallyiandiobjectively,imakeithemselvesiawarei
ofiallirelevanticircumstancesiirrespectiveiofiwhetheritheyiareitoitheisuspect’siadvantageiorid
isadvantage,iandishouldinotiinitiateioricontinueiprosecutioniwhenianiimpartialiinvestigationi
showsitheichargeitoibeiunfounded.iSpecificallyiduringitrial,itheiprosecutorsimustibeiobjectiv
eiandifair,iwhichientailsiaidutyitoiprovideitheicourtiwithiallirelevantifactsiandilegaliargumen
tsinecessaryiforitheifairiadministrationiofijustice.iTheseiprovisionsiembodyiaistricteriapproac
hitowardsitheiprosecutor’si‘ministerialirole’ithatiresemblesitheistatusiinitheicontinentalisyste
ms.10

PROSECUTOR’SiDISCRETIONiV.iJUDICIALiCONTROLiINiTRIALS:

10
iJackson,i‘TheiEthicaliImplicationsiofitheiEnhancediRoleiofitheiPubliciProsecutors’,iPg:ii43.ii

19
Prosecutorialidiscretionidenotesitheiautonomyiofitheiprosecutoriasiaidecision-
makeriwithirespectitoivariousiissuesiinitheicriminaliprocessisuchiasiwhaticrimesiandiwhomit
oicharge,iwhatievidenceitoipresentiandiwhatisentenceitoirecommend,iincludingidiversionaryi
andiotherisimilaridecisions.iIniinternationalicriminalilaw,itheipreliminaryiinvestigationiandip
re-
trialistagesiareicharacterizedibyiaiwideidiscretioniofitheiProsecutoriin,iandihisiprimaryirespo
nsibilityifor,iselectingicasesiforiinvestigationiandiindividualsiforiprosecution.iThisiappliesito
itheiNurembergitrials,iwhichienvisagedinoijudicialibutipoliticalioversightioveriprosecutoriali
decisionsiiniselectingitheiaccused.

Theisituationiisinotidifferentibeforeitheicontemporaryiinternationaliandihybridicourts.iTheiC
o-Prosecutorsiholditheidiscretioniwhetheritoiopenitheijudicialiinvestigation,ibutitheiCo-
InvestigatingiJudgesiareitheionesiformallyitoichargeiindividualsinamediinitheiCo-
Prosecutors’iIntroductoryiSubmissionioriotheripersonsianditoiinvestigate.iSimilarly,iitiisinor
mallyiincumbentionianiinternationaliProsecutoritoidoieverythingiwithinihisicompetenceitoise
cureitheiappearanceiofitheiaccused,itoiobtainisufficientievidentiaryibasisiforitheiconviction,i
subjectitoitheirequirementithatithoseimeasuresineitheriviolateihumanirightsinoriaffectitheiint
egrityiofitrialiproceedingsiunderitheithreatiofitheiexclusioniofievidenceioristayiofiproceeding
s.iInitheicourtithatiembodiesiaijudicialiinvestigationimodel,itheirespectiveidiscretioniandires
ponsibilityiliesiwithitheiinvestigatingijudges.

Theitrialiphaseiillustratesiaicompletelyidifferentiset-
upiandipoweribalance.iAsinoted,iinifact,ithisitectonicishiftioccursialreadyiinitheiintermediary
istageiprioritoitrial.iThisiisitheiareaiiniwhichiinternationaliProsecutorsihaveiincreasinglyihadi
toiconcedeitheiriautonomyiinideterminingitheiscopeiandisubstanceiofitheicaseianditoishareit
heiripowersiwithitheibench.iTheimanagerialiinvolvementiofitheibenchiatitheipre-
trialistageiestablishediitselfiasitheipreferredisolutionitoitheipersistingiproblemiofiinefficiency
.

Atitheitrialiphase,itheiproceduraliroleiofitheiProsecutoriculminatesiinitheitaskiofipresentingit
heicaseiagainstitheiaccusediandilitigatingifactualiandilegaliissuesirelevantitoitheideterminati
oniofiguiltianditheisentence.iInicontrastiwithimuchiofitheipre-
trialiprocess,itheiwordi‘culmination’iisiaimisnomeriinithisicontext.iInifact,itheitrialiroleiofith
eiProsecutoriinvolvesianievenigreateridegreeiofidowngradeiinirelationitoijudicialiprerogative

20
sithaniatitheiintermediateiphase,iespeciallyiasicompareditoiinvestigation.iFullicontrolioverith
eiconductiofiproceedingsiisitransferreditoitheijudiciary,iandibroadiprosecutorialidiscretionigi
vesiwayitoijudicialidominion.iOnceitheiProsecutoridivestsiheridominantipositionianditheiJud
gesitakeichargeiofithei‘publiciinterests’iatistakeiinitheiproceedings,itheiProsecutor’siroleiacq
uiresiaipartisaniflavour.11

MANAGERIALiFETTERSiONiPROSECUTORSiAUTONOMYiINiICC:

TheicommencementiofitrialiatitheiICCiisiprecededibyianiintermediateistageifollowingitheico
nferraliofitheicompetenceitoitryitheicase,iwheniandiifitheichargesihaveibeeniconfirmed,itoith
eirelevantiTrialiChamber.iSinceitheiconclusioniofitheipre-
trialistageidoesinotirenderitheicaseiautomaticallyitrial-
ready,itheiTrialiChamberibearsitheiburdeniofimakingiitisuchiduringitheisaidiphase.iIniorderit
oilayitheigroundiforiaifairiandiexpeditiousitrial,iitiwilliworkiinicoordinationiwithitheipartiesi
toicraftitheitrialiprocedures,itoifacilitateiinteripartesidisclosure,ianditoiremoveianyiotheriobs
taclesitoitheicommencementiofitheitrial.iSimilarlyitoitheiconstructivelyiambiguousiregulatio
niofitrialiprocedureiinitheiStatuteiandiRulesibeyondimostigeneralitenets,itheipre-
trialipreparationiisisubjectitoifairlyilimitediguidance.iTheineediforitheiTrialiChamberitoidevi
seiandiadoptitrialimodalitiesionianiadihocibasisiforeshadowsiitsibroadidiscretioniasifariasith
eipreparationiforitrialiisiconcernediandiisimatchedibyiopen-endediintermediaryiprocedures.

Initheipresenticontext,iitiisiappositeitoiconsideritheiissuesiofiwhetheritheiICCipre-
trialiregimeiendowsitheiTrialiChamberiwithimanagerialipowersivis-à-
visitoitheiProsecutionitoibeiexercisedionitheieveiofitrial,isimilarlyitoitheiadihocitribunals’ico
ntext,iandiwhetherithaticouldihaveibearingiuponitheiProsecutor’siautonomyitoidetermineithe
iscopeiofitrialilitigationiandievidence.iTheioptioniofimanagerialijudgingiisinotispecificallyie
nvisagedibyitheiStatuteiandiRulesibutisurfacesiinitheiICCiRegulationsiofitheiCourtibecausei
manyiofitheipowersitheiChamberiisientrustediwithiforitheipurposeiofistatusiconferencesicani
beiinvokeditoi‘manage’itheipresentationiofievidence.iRulei131i(2)iprovidesithatitheiTrialiCh
amberimayiconferiwithitheipartiesibyiholdingifurtheristatusiconference,iwithiaiviewitoiensur
11
iIdi9

21
ingifairiandiexpeditiousiconductiofitheiproceedings,itoibeiconvenediafteritheifirstiandimanda
toryistatusiconferenceiheldiiniorderitoisetitheidateiforitrial,ipromptlyiafteritheiChamberiisico
nstituted.12

TheipowersicontainediiniRegulationi54idetailitheiauthorityiofitheiTrialiChamberiunderiArtic
lei64i(3)i(a)itoiconferiwithitheipartiesiandiadoptisuchiproceduresiasinecessaryitoifacilitateith
eifairiandiexpeditiousiconductiofitheiproceedings.iRegulationi54isetsioutiainon-
exhaustiveilistiofiissuesioniwhichitheiTrialiChamberimayiissueianiorderiatifurtheristatusicon
ferencesiinitheiinterestsiofijustice.iManyiofitheiissuesiexplicitlyiindicatedihaveitheirationalei
toienableitheiChamberitoiproactivelyimoderateitheilengthiandivolumeiofitheicase.iFirst,isom
eiitemsionitheilistipurportitoienhanceitheiTrialiChamber’siknowledgeiofitheiprojectediscopei
andicontentiofitheicaseitoibeitried,iwhichiisiaipre-
requisiteiforianyimanagerialifettersitoibeiimposedionitheiProsecutionioritheiDefence.iThisiin
cludesitheipoweritoiorderitheipartiesitoisubmit:i

(a) theilengthiandicontentiofilegaliargumentsianditheiopeningiandiclosingistatements;i
(b) aisummaryiofitheievidenceitheiparticipantsiintenditoirelyion;i
(c) heilengthiofitheievidenceitoibeireliedion;i
(d) theilengthiofiquestioningiofitheiwitnesses;i
(e) theinumberiandiidentityiofitheiwitnessesitoibeicalled;i
(f) theiproductioniandidisclosureiofitheistatementsiofitheiwitnessesioniwhichitheiparticip
antsiproposeitoirely;i
(g) theinumberiofidocumentsiasireferreditoiiniArticlei69i(2)ioriexhibitsitoibeiintroducedi
togetheriwithitheirilengthiandisize;i
(h) Theiissuesitheiparticipantsiproposeitoiriseiduringitheitrial.iThisisetiofitheiICCiTrialiC
hamber’sipowersitoiorderitheisubmissioniofimaterials,itheivolumeiofiwhichigoesibey
onditheirecordiofipre-
trialiproceedingsiandimayiincludeievidenceidisclosediinteripartesiandiadditionaliinfo
rmationiaboutitheicase.13

Secondly,isomeiofitheialreadyilistediasiwelliasiremainingiitemsiinitheiRegulationi54ilisticani
beiinterpretediasiendowingitheiTrialiChamberiwithitheipoweritoinotimerelyiorderitheirespect

12
iIdi13
13
iHunt,i‘PrimaiFacieiCase’,isuprainotei314,iati138-9.ii

22
iveifilingsibutialsoitoidecideionitheitermsioficaseipresentationiproposeditherein.14iIndeed,iiti
wouldibeipointlessiforitheiChamberitoireceiveiextensiveifilingsiforiitsiveryisake.iInstead,ithe
iTrialiChamberimayiand,iarguably,imustiuseiitsifamiliarityiwithitheimaterialsidelivereditoiiti
byitheipartiesiiniorderitoimanageitheicaseipresentation.iRegulationi54iisithusiaimanagerialid
eviceibyiwhichitheiChamberiwillistreamlineiandishortenitheitrialiproceedings,ibyianalogyiwi
thipre-trialiandipre-
defenceiconferences.iFurthermore,itheirationaleiforitheiChamberitoigainidetailediknowledgei
ofitheicaseimayiwelligoibeyondiensuringibettericaseimanagement.iTheidistinctionibetweenit
heilatteriandisubstantiveitruth-
findingimightiproveiporous,igivenithatithei‘managerial’imeasuresiwillinecessarilyibeiinform
edibyitheipreliminaryiviewsiofitheijudgesionitheiscopeiandiobjectiofitheifactualienquiry.iAti
anyirate,itheiTrialiChamber’siactionsiuponitheiinformationiobtainedifromitheipartiesiwouldis
teeritheifact-findingienquiryiatitrialiandihaveifar-
reachingiimplicationsiforitheiactualiscopeiofitheiProsecutor’siautonomyiatitrial.

STANDARDiTOiPROCEEDiANDiBURDENiOFiPROOF:

Proceedingionitrialiwithitheicaseithatitheiprosecutoriknowsiiniadvanceitoibei‘unwinnable’ior
icastingiailittleichanceioficonvictioniwouldinotibeiinitheipubliciinterestiandiamountitoianiim
prudentiwasteiofiresourcesianditheiabuseiofiprocess.iThisiisiparticularlyitrueiforiprosecution
sibeforeiinternationaliandihybridicriminalitribunals,iwhichiareiallirunningionilimitedibudgets
.iGivenitheinotoriousibutiinevitableiselectivityiofiinternationaliprosecutions,ianyiunjustifiedi
andifuturelessiexpenditureiprecludesitheideliveryiofijusticeiiniother,ipotentiallyimeritorious,i
casesiandiisidetrimentalitoioveralliefficiencyiandicredibilityiofitheisystem.15

Theievidentiaryistandardsiassociatediwithitheiprosecutor’sidecisionsiinitheirun-
upitoiandiduringitheitrialiareisetivariouslyiinitheinationalicontext.iIniEnglandiandiWales,ithe
idecisionitoiprosecuteihingesiuponitheidualitestithatirequiresitheiCrowniProsecutioniServicei
toireviewievidenceiforisufficiencyianditoiestablishitheipubliciinterestiinitheiprosecution.iThe
iformeriprongientailsitheidutyitoiobjectivelyiassessiwhetherithereiisi‘airealisticiprospectiofic
onviction’.iThisiisianiobjectiveitestiwhetheritheicourti(magistrate)iisimoreilikelyitoiconvictit

14
iIdi12
15
iArticlesi64i(6)i(d)iandi69i(3)iICCiStatuteii

23
haniacquit.iInitheiUnitediStates,itheievidentiaryistandardiappliediatitheipreliminaryihearingsi
andibeforeitheigrandijury,idependingionitheistate,iisiailowerioneiofiai‘probableicause’,iwhic
hiisiinitheimajorityioficasesieasilyimetibyitheigovernment.iManyiofitheicivililawijurisdiction
siadoptitheistandardiofievidentiaryisufficiency.i

Iniinternationalicriminalilaw,inoispecificistandarditoiorientitheiProsecutoriisiformulatedi‘init
heibooks’ioriinipubliclyiavailableiprosecutionipolicies.iItiisiunclearitoiwhatiextentiinferences
ithaticouldibeidrawnifromipublicistatementsiandipleadingsiofitheiprosecutionistaffiaccuratel
yireflectitheinormativeistatus.iAtitheisameitime,itheibenefitsiofihavingiaiclearlyidefinedievid
entiaryithresholdiiniorderiforitheiProsecutoritoimoveionitoitrialicanihardlyibeiquestioned.iTh
isiraisesitheiquestioniofiwhetheriitiisitheisameistandardiasitheioneithatiinformsitheiProsecuti
on’siownidecisionsibothitoiproceeditoitrialianditoiremainicommitteditoitheiinitialipositioniin
itheicourseiofitrial.16

STRUCTURALiCHALLENGESiTOiTHEiPREPARATIONiANDiPRESENTATIONiO
FiCASE:

Theiprosecutorialitaskiofipreparingitheicaseiforitrialiandiconductingitheiprosecutionimayibei
compoundedibyiainumberiofiformidableichallengesitheseiactorsiface,iinivariousiforms,ibefor
eiinternationaliandihybridijurisdictions.iOneiofithemiisitheicorollaryiofitheifragmentationiofi
theiprocessithroughiwhichitheiprosecutionicaseiorievidenceiisiconstructed,ioveriseparateifun
ctionsiofiinvestigationiandiprosecution.iInicomparativeiterms,itheichallengeiisinotiuniquelyii
nternationaliandimayiasiwellibeitracedibackiinitheinationalicontextsiwherebyiprosecutingico
unseliexerciseinoiorilimitedicontrolioficonductingiinvestigationsibyitheipolice.iTheilimitedia
bilityitoiinfluenceiandisuperviseitheiprocessiofievidence-
gatheringicouldipreventitheiprosecutorsifromidevelopingistrongiindictmentsioricogentilitigati
onistrategiesiandiacquiringitheiintimateiknowledgeiandiunderstandingiofievidenceirequisiteif
oripresentingiitieffectivelyiatitrial.

Theisameiappliesitoiinternationalicriminaliprosecutionsianditheiacquirediexperienceiinithisid
omainicaniteachianiimportantilesson.iMatchingiprosecutionitoitheievidenceicollectediisinotia
iviableiapproachithaticanibringitheiprosecutionifar.iGivingiinvestigatorsianioverlyibroadilee
16
iIdi7

24
wayiinidecidingiwhatileadsitoitakeiandihowitoigoiabouticollectingievidenceirendersiaiprosec
utoritooidependentionitheiresultsiofiinvestigationiandicreatesiairiskithatitheiprosecutoriwoul
dibeiunableitoibuildiaicredibleicaseiatitrial.iIniinternationalicriminalipractice,ianiimportantip
artiofitheiproblemiisitheiqualityiofiinvestigationsiandiprofessionalismiofiinvestigators.iAltho
ughianiextensiveidiscussioniisibeyonditheipresentiinquiry,itheimatteriisirelevantiinsofariasith
eisaidiproblemiisicapableiofiseriouslyicomplicatingitheitrialipreparationiworkiofitheiProsecu
tor.

Evenithoughiitiwouldibeiidealitoiensureithaticasesiarei‘trial-
ready’ialreadyiatitheiconfirmationistage,iitihasiprovedilargelyiunfeasibleiinilightiofitheicomp
lexiandiextensiveinatureiofiinternationalicriminaliinvestigations.iHowever,itoiaisignificantid
egree,iitiwasitheiquestioniofiimprovingitheiqualityiofipreliminaryiinvestigations,itoibeiattain
edithroughiearlyiinvolvementiofiprosecutingiattorneysianditheiricloseisupervisioniofiinvestig
ations.iTheineeditoicontinueiinvestigationsifariintoiintermediateiandisometimesievenitrialista
geiwillibeiaiseriousiburdeniforitheiOTPiitselfiandidrawiitsiresourcesifromitheitrialiproper.iB
esidesithat,iitiisicouldihaveinegativeiimplicationsiforitheifairnessiofitheiproceedings.17iThisii
ncludesiunavoidableidelaysiinitrialiasiresultiofitheiprosecutionidutyitoidiscloseinewievidence
itoitheiDefence.iMoreover,itheicontinuediinvestigationsiandidiscoveriesibyitheiprosecutioni
willirequireitheidefenceitoiconstantlyiandiinianion-the-
flyimodeiamendiitsicaseitoifitithei‘movingitarget’iofiaccusation,iwhichiincludesihavingitoico
nductiadditionaliinquiryiinitheihighlyistrenuousicircumstancesiofiintermediaryiphaseiorion-
goingitrial.

Althoughitheirespectiveidefenceimotionsiwereiallidismissed,ioneicannotieasilyiridiofianiimp
ressionithat,itakeniiniitsientirety,itheiprosecutionicaseiindeediwasiiniaistateiofifluxiandiconst
antlyiincrementingiasitheitrialiunfolded.iTheiDefenceihadinotibeeniproperlyiputioninoticeias
iregarditheinewipotentialibasesiforiconviction,ibutihadiratheribeenireceivingithisiinformation
iduringitheitrialiiniaiformiofievidenceiheldibyitheiChamberitoifalliwithinitheifactualisubstrat
umiofitheicharges.iArguably,itheiprosecutionitacticsicameitooicloseitoiai‘trialibyiambush’iw
hichiisiimpossibleitoieffectivelyidefendiagainstieveniforiqualifiediandiexperiencedicounsel.iI
fitheiProsecutoriasithei‘ministeriofijustice’iisitoiconcernihimselfiwithitheifairitrialirightsiofit
heiaccused,ithisipracticeicertainlyidoesinotisiticomfortablyiwithitheispiritiofithatimandate.

17
iArticlei145iIMTiCharter.i‘ProsecutorialiDiscretioniv.iJudicialiActivismiatitheiInternationaliCriminaliCourt’,i
pg:i732.ii

25
Theichallengeiofiinadequateiinvestigations,iwhichihasieffectsionitheiconstructioniofitheipros
ecutionicase,iisiyetitoibeimatchedibyianiadequateisolution.iClearly,ioneipartiofisuchisolution
iwouldibeitoiencourageitheicounseliresponsibleiforidraftingitheiindictmentiandiprosecutingia
titrialitoiexerciseiactiveisupervisionioveriinvestigationsiandiwitnessiinterviewsifromiearlyion
ianditoienhanceitheiaccountabilityiofiinvestigatorsitowarditheiprosecutingistaff.iTheiusualist
epsitakenibyitheiprosecutorsitoiimproveitheiresultsiofisubstandardiinvestigationsiexipostifact
oiandiiniaipiecemealifashionibasicallyibyiwayiofiproofingicomeiinicompanyiwithicostsiofifa
irnessitowardsitheiaccused.iButiexactlyithereiniloomsitheiriskiforitheiProsecutoritoicomprom
iseihisi‘quasi-
judicial’istatureiinipursuitiofiprosecutionioritoibeiseeniasidoingiso,iwhichiisinotimuchidiffer
entiinitheiend.

CONCLUSION:

ThisiprojectitacklesikeyiquestionsiofitheiinternationaliProsecutors’iroleiandipositioniatitheitr
ialistageifromitheiproceduraliperspective,iasiititriesitoiaddressitheiimbalanceiemergingifromi
theipredominantifocusionitheiissuesiofiprosecutorialidiscretioniwithirespectitoipre-
trialidecisions.iOneiisibounditoirecognizeithatitheitrialistage,iincludingitheipreparationiphase
ianditheitrial,iisitheiarenaiiniwhichiinternationaliProsecutorsiroutinelyiexerciseidiscretionioni
diverseimattersithatiareinoilessiusefuliforigainingianiunderstandingiofithisiactoriinitheiconte
xtiofitheiinternationalicriminalijusticeisystem.iManyiofithoseimattersiraiseicomplexiquestion
siofifairness,iprofessionaliethics,iandiexpedience.iThus,ifromitheiperspectiveiofipracticalirel
evance,itheiissuesiofitheinatureiandiscopeiofiprosecutorialidiscretioniduringitheitrialideservei
moreiattentionithanitheyihaveireceivedithusifar.

TheioverviewiofitheiroleiandipowersiofitheiProsecutoriatitheikeyiphasesiofitrial,ifromiopeni
ngistatementsitoisentencingirevealsimoreidifferencesithanisimilaritiesibetweenivariousitribun
als.iThisimayinotibeiwithouticonsequencesiforitheiuniformityiofiprosecutorialitrialifunctions.
iHowever,itheidiverseilegaliframeworksianditrialipracticeipointitoitheiproceduraliroleiofithei
Prosecutorithatigoesibeyondimereiadvocacy.iThisiplayeriisirequireditoiserveijusticeiinianiim
partialiway,ieveniwhereihisipositioniinitheitrialisystemiimpelsihimitoiactiasianiengineibehin

26
ditheitrialithroughitheipresentingiincriminatingievidence,itheidischargeiofitheiburdeniofiproo
f,iandithroughipleadingiforianiappropriateisentence.

Inipresentiinternationalicriminalipractice,iProsecutorsiareiincreasinglyiengagediiniinteraction
siwithiniainetworkiofiactorsiasidiverseiasijudges,iinvestigators,ivictimsiandiwitnesses,igroup
siandirepresentativesiofitargeticommunities,inationaliauthorities,iandiinternationaliandidome
sticipoliticians.iThisimulti-
facetediinvolvementiraisesiquestionsiofihowitheiProsecutorsiareitoireconcileiefficiencyiwithi
independenceiandiimpartialityiwithiprofessionalivigour.iTheibroadericontextiofitheiProsecut
ors’ioperationsinecessarilyiinformsitheiritrialiroleiandimodalities.iAicloseriinquisitiveilookiat
ihowitheicoreifunctioniofiprosecutingianiinternationalicriminalicaseiisiexercisediprovesirewa
rding.iByisheddinginewilightionitheiprevailingigeneraliconceptionsiofitheiroleiandipositionio
fiProsecutors,iiticanileaditoiaireversaliofisomeiofitheimostiwidespreadiassumptions.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

InternationaliLaw:

 RomeiStatute
 InternationaliMilitaryiTribunaliCharter

Publications:

 H.J.iBevers,i‘Investigation,iTrialiandiAppealiinitheiInternationaliCriminaliCourtiStat
ute,i(1998)i6(4);iEuropeaniJournaliofiCrime
 Melilli,i‘ProsecutorialiDiscretioniinianiAdversaryiSystem’
 Abdullatif,iBarai(2007),iTheiInternationaliCriminaliCourt,iDariAl-
HamediPublishingiandiDistribution
 DeliPonte,iCarlai(2006),i‘InvestigationiandiProsecutioniofiLarge-
scaleiCrimesiatitheiInternationaliLevel-
TheiExperienceiofitheiICTY’,iJournaliofiInternationaliCriminaliJustice
 WilliamiA.iSchabasi(2007),iAniIntroductionitoitheiInternationaliCriminaliCourt,iCa
mbridgeiUniversityiPress

27
 Hall,iC.i(2004).iTheiPowersiandiRoleiofitheiProsecutoriofitheiInternationaliCriminali
CourtiinitheiGlobaliFightiagainstiImpunity.iLeideniJournaliofiInternationaliLaw
 Jackson,i‘TheiEthicaliImplicationsiofitheiEnhancediRoleiofitheiPubliciProsecutors’
 Hunt,i‘PrimaiFacieiCase’

28