GASCalc™ 5.

0 Calculation Reference
Relief Valve Values
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Background Information
Equations
Example Calculation
General Calculation Procedures
Notes & Considerations
Screen Description
See Also

General Calculation Procedures

To calculate the various values associated with the relief valve values calculation, complete the following steps:

! Select the Relief Valve Values menu item from the Valves & Fittings menu list. The Relief Valve Values
calculation screen will be displayed.

! Select the Clear command button to set all of the values to an empty (null) value.

! Select the Base Conditions command button. The Base Conditions screen will be displayed.

! Enter an appropriate base pressure and temperature value.

! Select an appropriate file or the None option from the Use Gas Properties File list. If the “None”
option is selected, enter the appropriate gas property values.

! Select an appropriate method from the Atmospheric Pressure Method list.

! Select an appropriate method or the None option from the Compressibility Method list.

! Select the Apply command button to save the changes and return to the current calculation screen.

! Click on the red label associated with the item to be calculated (the unknown) until the label is underlined.

! Select the desired dimensional units for all of the data items.

! Enter a value for all known data items.

! Select the Calculate command button.

Note - After the calculation is successfully completed, regulators that match the specified parameters can be listed
by selecting the List Matching Relief Valves command button.

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Example Calculation

Calculate the flow rate associated with the following relief valve and operating conditions:

Device Size & Type = 2 Inch Rockwell 257S.

Inlet (Set) Pressure = 100 Psig [6895 mBar]
Outlet Pressure = 0 Psig [0 mBar]
Elevation = 0 Feet [0 Metres]
Inlet Flowing Temperature = 60 Fahrenheit [15.6 Celsius]

Base Pressure = 14.73 Psia [1016 mBar]

Base Temperature = 60 Fahrenheit [15.6 Celsius]
Gas Properties = US Standard sample gas mixture [UK Standard sample gas mixture]
Atmospheric Pressure Method = AGA
Compressibility Method = None

To perform the calculation, complete the following steps.

! Select the Relief Valve Values menu item from the Valves & Fittings menu list. The Relief Valve Values
calculation screen will be displayed.

! Select the Clear command button.

! Select the Base Conditions command button. The Base Conditions screen will be displayed.

! For the Pressure, enter 14.73 Psi (Abs) [1016 mBar (Abs)].

! For the Temperature, enter 60 Fahrenheit [15.6 Celsius].

! From the Use Gas Properties File list, select us standard.prp [uk standard.prp].

! From the Atmospheric Pressure Method list, select AGA.

! From the Compressibility Method list, select None.

! Select the Apply command button.

! In the Operating Data section, click on the Flow Rate label until it is underlined. From the Flow Rate
dimensional units list, select Mcfh [Mm3h].

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! In the Valve Data section:

! Select the ? command button next to the Size/Type item. The Device Selection screen will be
displayed.

! Select the Manufacturer/Model tab.

! From the Manufacturer list, select Rockwell.

! From the Model list, select 257S.

! From the Body Size list, select 2.

Note - Orifice sizes are not available for this model - leave the Orifice Size field
empty.

! From the Size/Type Code list, select RW 257S 2.

! Select the Apply command button to apply the selected Size/Type Code and return to the
calculation screen. The Rated Valve Factor and Required Valve Factor values will
automatically be entered.

! In the Operating Data section:

! For the Inlet Pressure, enter 100 Psi [6895 mBar].

! For the Outlet Pressure, enter 0 Psi [0 mBar].

! For the Inlet Temperature, enter 60 Fahrenheit [15.6 Celsius].

! For the Elevation, enter 0 Feet [0 Metres].

! In the Calculated Values section:

! From the Outlet Velocity dimensional units list, select Feet/sec [Metres/sec].

! Select the Calculate command button.

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Results - The results should be similar to the following...

Rated Valve Factor: 5600

Required Valve Factor: 5600

Flow Rate: 319.3 Mcfh [9 Mm3h]

Differential Pressure: 100 Psi [6895 mBar]

Outlet Temperature: 53.21 Fahrenheit [12 Celsius]
Valve Factor Ratio: 100 %
Outlet Velocity: 1381.3 Feet/sec [421 Metres/sec]
Flow Mode: Sonic - Critical Flow

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Screen Description

The various values associated with the flow through a relief valve may be calculated using the Relief Valve Values
calculation routine. To perform a calculation, select the Relief Valve Values menu item from the Valves & Fittings
menu list. The Relief Valve Values calculation screen will be displayed. The features associated with the screen are
described as follows.

Data Items

Atmospheric Pressure - A data field used to enter a specific atmospheric pressure value for the relief valve location.
The item is only displayed and enabled when the Atmospheric Pressure Method in the Base Conditions is set to
“None - Entered Value”. If the field is displayed and enabled, enter a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure
the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.

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Elevation - A data field used to enter the height above mean sea level for the location of the relief valve location.
The item is only displayed and enabled when the Atmospheric Pressure Method in the Base Conditions is not set to
“None” or “None - Entered Value”. If the field is displayed and enabled, enter a value by typing it into the data field.
Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.

Flow Rate - A data field used to enter or display the flow rate through the relief valve. If the value is known, enter
a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.

Inlet Pressure - A data field used to enter or display the pressure for the inlet (upstream) side of the relief valve. If
the value is known, enter a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected
dimensional unit.

Inlet Temperature - A data field used to enter the flowing temperature of the gas at the inlet (upstream) side of the
relief valve. Enter a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected
dimensional unit.

Outlet Pressure - A data field used to enter or display the pressure for the outlet (downstream) side of the relief
valve. If the value is known, enter a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of
the assigned dimensional unit.

Required Valve Factor - A data field used to enter or display the required valve factor for the relief valve. If the
value is known and different than the displayed value, enter a value by typing it into the data field.

Size/Type - A drop-down list used to select the relief valve size and type. Either select an item from the list, or select
the ? command button to select a device using the Device Selection screen.

Calculated Values

Differential Pressure - Displays the calculated linear pressure difference across the relief valve. If the value is less
than the required minimum value listed in the Relief Valve Property Table, the calculated value will be displayed
in red.

Flow Mode - Displays the flow mode for the relief valve.

Match List - The match list displays the devices found during the match process. Use the scroll bars to browse the
devices contained in the list. Click on the record (row) for a device to display the device information screen.

Outlet Temperature - Displays the estimated gas temperature at the outlet of the relief valve.

Outlet Velocity - Displays the calculated gas velocity at the outlet of the relief valve.

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Rated Valve Factor - Displays the rated (published) valve sizing factor associated with the selected regulator. The
value is automatically entered when a relief valve is selected from the Size/Type list.

Valve Factor Ratio - Displays the ratio of the required valve factor to the rated valve factor.

Command Buttons

? - A command button used to display a data selection screen for the associated item. Use the various data lists on
the screen to select a value, then select the Apply command button to assign the selected value and return to the
calculation screen.

i - A command button used to display information about the associated item. The contents of the information screen
generally reflects the various data values contained in the associated Property Table. Select the Close command
button to return to the calculation screen.

Base Conditions - A command button used to access the Base Conditions screen. When selected, the Base
Conditions screen will be displayed. Make any desired changes to the settings, then select the Apply command button
to save and apply the changes to the current calculation screen.

Calculate - A command button used to calculate the value of the unknown (underlined) parameter.

Cancel - A command button used to close the screen without saving any changes.

Clear - A command button used to set all of the data items to blank (null) values.

Close - A command button used to close the screen and save the current data values.

Help - A command button used to display this Calculation Reference.

List Matching Relief Valves - A command button used to find relief valve models that “match” the current pressure
and capacity requirements. When selected the matching models will be listed in the adjacent match list.

Notes - A command button used to display the Calculation Notes editor screen for the current calculation.

Open - A command button used to open a previously saved calculation file. When selected, the File Selection screen
will be displayed. Enter or select the desired File name, then select the Open command button.

Print - A command button used to print the contents of the calculation screen. When selected, the Print Settings
screen will be displayed. Make any desired changes to the printer settings, then select the Print command button.

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Save - A command button used to save the contents of the calculation screen to a calculation file. When selected,
the File Selection screen will be displayed. Enter or select the desired File name, then select the Save command
button.

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Notes & Considerations

! The Calculation Notes editor screen allows the User to add a specific title and/or notes to the current calculation
values.

! The red colored labels indicate which items may be calculated. An underlined (selected) label identifies the item
to be calculated as unknown. Only one item at a time may be selected to be calculated, the remaining items must be
known. To identify which item to calculate, click on the label associated with the desired item until the label is
underlined.

! When a relief valve model is selected for the Size/Type item, the Rated and Required Valve Factors are
automatically entered from values contained in the Relief Valve Property Table. After being initially set, the Required
Valve Factor value can be overwritten with a User specified value.

! When the List Matching Relief Valves command button is selected, relief valves that fall within the pressure and
flow limits are displayed and rated. The “matching” relief valves are selected from the devices listed in the Relief
Valve Property Table using the following criteria:

• If the rated maximum inlet pressure is greater than the specified inlet pressure, the device is considered.

• If the outlet pressure is less than the maximum rated outlet pressure and greater than the minimum rated
outlet pressure, the device is selected.

• If the flow rate is less then the maximum flow rate times the Upper Relief Valve Sizing Limit and greater
than the Lower Relief Valve Sizing Limit times the maximum flow rate, the device is selected.

! Adjacent to each model in the match list is a rating number and two ratios, all displayed as a percentage. The rating
is based on the pressure rating, flow capacity, and a combination of the two values as shown below:

• The Flow Ratio represents the ratio of the required capacity (flow rate value) to the maximum calculated
capacity for the model at the specified conditions.

• The Pressure Ratio represents the ratio of the specified inlet pressure to the maximum pressure rating for
the device.

• The Total Rating number represents the overall match rating. The rating is calculated as the product of the
Flow and Pressure ratios.

! When matching, the maximum flow for each model is calculated using the current inlet and outlet pressure, and
the model’s rated valve factor.

! The data for a specific model shown in the list, may be displayed by clicking on the desired model.

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! The sizing limits are set by selecting the Check & Match Limits menu item from the Preferences submenu of the
File menu list.

! The models listed in the match list are selected based on nominal properties. Refer to the appropriate
manufacturer’s literature before selecting a valve for a particular application.

! If the relief valve type is set by selecting an item from the Size/Type list, the appropriate valve sizing values will
be read from the Relief Valve Property Table as required by the calculation.

! A relief valve size and type must be selected, and a “calculation” performed before the List Matching Relief Valves
command button is enabled. This establishes the “required” pressure and capacity values needed to perform the
selection process.

! When the Device Information screen is displayed from the matching relief valves list, the displayed device can be
assigned to the Size/Type item on the calculation screen by selecting the Select/Apply command button on the
information screen.

! The values produced by this calculation routine only consider the relief valve itself, the affect of upstream,
intermediate, or downstream piping is not considered. Use the Relief Valve & Piping System or Regulator & Relief
Valve System calculation routines to include the influence of the associated station piping.

! The Outlet Velocity value is calculated using the calculated or specified flow rate, the outlet temperature, the outlet
pressure, and the listed outlet diameter value.

! Pressure values displayed or entered using this calculation screen, are represented in gauge pressure values.

! The Flow Rate value displayed or entered using this calculation screen represents the value in “standard” volume
units. A standard volume means that the value has been adjusted to the base pressure and temperature specified in
the Base Condition values.

! The temperature change across the device is calculated based on the Joule-Thomson method. The method is only
valid for high methane content gases. The temperature change calculation can be suppressed by selecting the Ignore
Temperature Change In Device Calculations preference option.

! To specify the number of digits to display to the right of the decimal indicator, double-click in the associated data
field. The Decimal Specifications screen will be displayed. Enter or select the desired number of digits, then select
the Apply command button to save and apply any changes.

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Background Information

A relief valve is a device used to reduce the pressure or prevent the build-up of pressure in a system by venting the
gas contained in the system to a lower pressure location. In many cases the relief valve vents through a vent “stack”
directly to the atmosphere. There are many designs, methods, and configurations of relief valve devices, however in
the context of this document and as implemented by GASCalc, a relief valve will refer to a device that is either open
or closed depending on the relationship between the upstream pressure and set pressure.

A relief valve is basically an automated valve with some sort of “controller” which opens and closes the valve as
required to maintain the upstream system pressure to a value below the set pressure. The upstream pressure is
“sensed” or monitored to determine whether to open or close the valve. Some relief valves have an internal sense
location, others use an external sense line to monitor the pressure at some distance upstream of the relief valve
location. The controller can be a simple spring and diaphragm arrangement or a more sophisticated pilot assisted
control system. The size and type of the valve affects the capacity and to some extent, the sensitivity of the relief
valve. The ability of the relief valve to accurately maintain the upstream pressure below the set pressure is dependent
on the combined interaction between the sense location, control system, valve type, and configuration. GASCalc does
not attempt to model the internal workings or behavior of the sense, control, and valve dependencies. The calculation
methods employed by GASCalc look at the nominal operation of the relief valve.

In general, the capacity of a relief valve is a function of the valve size (valve factor) and the pressure differential
across the valve opening. The volume (amount) of gas flowing through a relief valve can generally be increased by
increasing the pressure drop across the valve opening. Since the downstream pressure is usually at or near
atmospheric pressure, the pressure drop can usually only be increased by allowing the upstream pressure to increase.
There are exceptions to this general rule, however the maximum capacity of all relief valves is limited by sonic flow
through the valve opening. When this condition is reached, the flow is said to be “critical”. As a rule-of-thumb,
critical flow will occur when the absolute upstream pressure is approximately twice the absolute downstream
pressure. When critical flow is reached, the volume of gas flowing through the relief valve for a given valve size can
only be increased by allowing the upstream pressure to increase.

The relief valve manufacturer provides various equations and formulas to define the relationship between the valve
size and pressure drop. Most of the equations are based on the “universal gas sizing” equation. The original form of
the equation is shown in the Equations section of the Regulator Values Calculation Reference. The manufacturer’s
equations have been modified from the original definition through the use of assumptions or empirical observations
which cause the modified equation to better define the behavior of their particular device.

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Because of the use of the modified equations, there is not one specific equation that can be used to compare the
performance of relief valves from various manufacturers. One common parameter between the various equations is
known as the “valve factor”. Generally a larger valve factor means that the associated relief valve has a larger
capacity than a relief valve with a smaller valve factor. This at first would seem like a value that could be used to
compare valve capacities between varying makes and models. Unfortunately this is not the case, the factor is defined
and used differently by the various manufacturers. In general, the valve factor can be used to compare capacities
between the same make (manufacturer) and model, however it is not a good comparator between different makes and
even between different models by the same manufacturer. To compare relief valve capacities, it is best to calculate
the capacity of the devices under similar conditions using the appropriate “sizing” equation.

The “matching” feature used by the Relief Valve Values calculation routine provides a means of performing both
a capacity and pressure comparison between varying makes and models. The “matches” are selected from the
available devices listed in the Relief Valve Property Table. To create the “matching relief valves” list, the selection
algorithm reviews each relief valve in the Relief Valve Property Table as follows:

• The listed maximum operating pressure rating of the relief valve is compared to the required pressure
rating. If the maximum rating is greater than the required rating, the device is considered further. The
“required” pressure rating is represented by the entered or calculated upstream (inlet) pressure as specified
on the calculation screen.

• The listed minimum and maximum set pressure ratings are compared to the required set pressure. If the
required value falls with the rated values, the device is considered further. The “required” set pressure rating
is represented by the entered or calculated upstream (inlet) pressure as specified on the calculation screen.

• The maximum capacity of the device is calculated based on the listed valve factor and sizing equation,
using the conditions specified on the calculation screen. If the maximum capacity is greater than the required
capacity times the Lower Relief Valve Sizing Limit, and less than the required capacity times the Upper
Relief Valve Sizing Limit, the device is selected as a “match”. The “required” capacity is represented by the
entered or calculated flow rate value as specified on the calculation screen. The upper and lower sizing limits
are specified using the Check & Match Limits menu item found in the Preferences submenu of the File menu
list.

• A rating value is derived for each selected device. The pressure portion of the rating represents the ratio
of the required pressure rating to the maximum rating. The capacity portion of the rating represents the ratio
of the required capacity to the calculated maximum capacity. The combined rating represents the product of
the pressure and capacity ratios. In the list, a higher combined or total rating indicates a closer overall match
to the specified conditions.

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The capacity ratings for many of the more simple relief valve designs are based on allowing the upstream pressure
to increase considerably above the set pressure. This phenomena is referred to as build-up. GASCalc does not
specifically account or allow for build-up in the Relief Valve calculation routine. The User can account for this
condition by appropriately adjusting the inlet pressure value. The Regulator & Relief Valve System and the Regulator
& Piping System calculation routines do allow the User to manually enter minimum build-up values.

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Equations

GASCalc supports the calculation of the various values associated with the flow through a relief valve using a variety
of industry and manufacturer equations. The various equations supported by GASCalc are described on the following
pages.

American AFV

The values associated with the flow through a relief valve using the American AFV flow equation are computed using
the following formulas. The equation is suitable for use with an American Axial Flow Valve used as a relief valve.

Reference 1

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API-520

The values associated with the flow through a relief valve using the American Petroleum Institute Recommended
Practice 520 equation are computed using the following formulas. This method is suitable for use with relief valves
stated as being compliant with this standard and providing suitable sizing parameters.

Reference 2

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ASME-BPV

This method uses the equations described in the American Society of Mechanical Engineering, "Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code”, Section VIII, Pressure Vessels. The User may refer to that reference for further information on the
calculation of the relief valve parameters using this method. This method is suitable for use with relief valves stated
as being compliant with this standard and providing suitable sizing parameters. The basic equations used by this
method are described as follows.

Reference 3

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Equimeter & Rockwell

The values associated with the flow through a relief valve using the Equimeter or Rockwell flow equations are
computed using the following formulas. The equation is suitable for use with certain models of Equimeter, Sensus,
and Rockwell relief valves.

Reference 4, 5

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Fisher

The values associated with the flow through a relief valve using the Fisher flow equation are computed using the
following formulas. The equation is suitable for use with certain models of Fisher Controls relief valves, and control
valves and regulators used as relief valves.

Reference 6

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Mooney

The values associated with the flow through a relief valve using the Mooney flow equation are computed using the
following formulas. This equation is suitable for use with Mooney Controls regulators used as a relief valve.

Reference 7

Equation Variables

Unless noted otherwise, the following base units and variable definitions apply to all of the methods and equations
described in this section:

k = Specific Heat Ratio, Dimensionless

P1 = Pipe Inlet (Upstream) Pressure, Psia
P2 = Pipe Outlet (Downstream) Pressure, Psia
Q = Volumetric Flow Rate at the Specified Base Pressure and Temperature, Cfh
SG = Specific Gravity, Dimensionless
Tf = Average Gas Flowing Temperature, Rankine
Z = Compressibility Factor, Dimensionless

P1 = P1_GAUGE + PATM
P2 = P2_GAUGE + PATM
PATM = Average Atmospheric Pressure, Psia
P1_GAUGE = Gauge Pressure at Inlet, Psig
P2_GAUGE = Gauge Pressure at Outlet, Psig

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References

1. American Meter Company, Axial Flow Valves Capacity Tables, TDB 9610.5.
2. American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice 520, "Sizing, Selection, and Installation Of Pressure-
Relieving Devices in Refineries”, Sixth Edition, March 1993.
3. American Society of Mechanical Engineering, "Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code”, Section VIII, Pressure Vessels.
4. Equimeter Inc, Bulletin Model 441-57S, R-1360 Rev 4.
5. Rockwell International, Bulletin Model 441-57S, R 1360 Rev 3.
6. Fisher Controls, Catalog 10 - Sizing and Selection Data.
7. Mooney Controls, Sizing - Compressible Gases.

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See Also

Atmospheric Pressure Calculation Reference

Base Conditions Help Reference
Compressibility Factor Calculation Reference
Property Table Editor Help Reference
Regulator & Relief Valve System Calculation Reference
Relief Valve & Piping System Calculation Reference
Velocity Calculation Reference

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