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CE-317 Design of Concrete Structures-II: Footings
CE-317 Design of Concrete Structures-II: Footings
CE-317
Design of Concrete Structures-II
Footings
Course Teacher:
2
Goal: 01
Footing Classification
3
Footings
Definition
Footings are structural members used to support
columns and walls
To transmit and distribute their loads to the soil
In such a way that
the load bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded
Excessive settlement, differential settlement, or
rotation are prevented
Adequate safety against overturning or sliding is
maintained
4
Types of Footings
Wall footings are used to
support structural walls that
carry loads for other floors
or to support nonstructural
walls.
5
Example of Footings
6
7
Types of Footings
Isolated or single footings
are used to support single
columns. This is one of the
most economical types of
footings and is used when
columns are spaced at
relatively long distances.
8
Example of Footings
9
Types of Footings
Combined footings usually
support two columns, or
three columns not in a row.
Combined footings are used
when tow columns are so
close that single footings
cannot be used or when one
column is located at or near
a property line.
10
Cantilever or strap footings
consist of two single
footings connected with a
beam or a strap and support
two single columns. This
type replaces a combined
footing and is more
economical.
11
Types of Footings
Continuous footings
support a row of three or
more columns. They have
limited width and continue
under all columns.
12
Example of Footings
13
Combined
Footings
14
Types of Footings
Rafted or mat foundation
consists of one footing usually
placed under the entire building
area. They are used, when soil
bearing capacity is low, column
loads are heavy single footings
cannot be used, piles are not used
and differential settlement must
be reduced.
15
Example of Footings
16
17
Pile caps are thick slabs
used to tie a group of piles
together to support and
transmit column loads to the
piles.
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19
Summary of Classification
Wall Footing
Isolated Column Footing
Combined Footing
Strap Footing
Mat Foundation
Pile Cap
20
Goal: 02
Footing Design
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General Requirements for Footing Design
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Distribution of Soil Pressure
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Design Considerations
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Footings must be designed to carry the column loads
and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying
code limitations.
1. The area of the footing based on the allowable
bearing soil capacity
2. Two-way shear or punch out shear.
3. One-way bearing
4. Bending moment and steel reinforcement
required
27
Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads
and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying
code limitations.
1. Bearing capacity of columns at their base
2. Dowel requirements
3. Development length of bars
4. Differential settlement
28
Failures
29
30
Failures
31
32
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Size of Footings
The area of footing can be determined from the actual
external loads such that the allowable soil pressure is
not exceeded.
Total load including self - weight
Area of footing
allowable soil pressure
Strength design requirements
Pu
qu
area of footing
34
Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear)
For two-way shear in slabs (& footings) Vc is smallest of
4
Vc 2 f c b0 d ACI 11-35
bc
where, bc = long side/short side of column concentrated
load or reaction area < 2
b0 = length of critical perimeter around the
column
b0 = 2(c1+d) +2(c2+d)
for rectangular
columns of sides c1
and c2.
36
3. The shear force Vu acts at a
section that has a length
b0 = 4(c+d) or 2(c1+d) +2(c2+d)
and a depth d; the section is
subjected to a vertical downward
load Pu and vertical upward
pressure qu.
Vu Pu qu c d for square columns
2
Vu Pu qu c1 d c2 d for rectangular
columns
37
Design of two-way shear
4. Allowable fVc 4f f c b0 d
Let Vu=fVc
Vu
d
4f f c b0
If d is not close to the assumed d,
revise your assumptions
38
For footings with bending
action in one direction the
critical section is located a
distance d from face of column
fVc 2f f c b0 d
39
The ultimate shearing force at
section m-m can be calculated
L c
Vu qu b d
2 2
If no shear reinforcement is to be
used, then d can be checked
40
Design of one-way shear
If no shear reinforcement is
to be used, then d can be
checked, assuming Vu = fVc
Vu
d
2f f c b
41
Flexural Strength and Footing
reinforcement
The bending moment in each
direction of the footing must be
checked and the appropriate
reinforcement must be provided.
Mu
As
a
ff y d
2
42
Another approach is to
calculated Ru = Mu / bd2 and
determine the steel percentage
required r . Determine As then
check if assumed a is close to
calculated a
f y As
a
0.85 f c b
43
The minimum steel percentage
required in flexural members is
200/fy with minimum area and
maximum spacing of steel bars
in the direction of bending shall
be as required for shrinkage
temperature reinforcement.
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The reinforcement in one-way footings
and two-way footings must be
distributed across the entire width of
the footing.
Reinforcement in band width 2
Total reinforcement in short direction b 1
46
Development length of the
Reinforcing Bars
The development length for compression bars was given
ld 0.02 f y d b / fc
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Assume a depth of footing. (2 ft or 24 in.) The
weight of concrete and the soil are:
1 ft.
Wc d 150 lb/ft * 24 in. *
3
300 lb/ft 2
12 in.
1 ft.
Ws s d s 100 lb/ft * 4 ft 24 in. *
3 200 lb/ft 2
12 in.
49
The effective soil pressure is given as:
qeff qs Wc Ws
5000 lb/ft 2 300 lb/ft 2 200 lb/ft 2
4500 lb/ft 2 4.5 k/ft 2
50
Calculate the size of the footing:
51
Calculate net upward pressure:
100 ft 2
52
Calculate the depth of the reinforcement use # 8 bars
with a crisscrossing layering.
d h cover 1.5d b
d 24 in. 3 in 1.51.0 in
19.5 in.
53
Calculate perimeter for two-way shear or
punch out shear. The column is 18 in.
square.
bo 4c d
418 in. 19.5 in. 150 in.
1 ft
c d 18 in. 19.5 in. 3.125 ft
12 in
54
Calculate the shear Vu
Vu Pu qn c d
2
554 k
The shape parameter
10 ft
b 1
10 ft
55
Calculate d value from the shear capacity according to
11.12.2.1 chose the largest value of d
Vc 2 f c b0 d
4
bc
d s is 40 for interior, 30 for edge
Vc s
2 f c b0 d and 20 for corner column
bo
Vc 4 f c b0 d
56
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
two way shear
1000 lb
554 k
d
Vu
1k
f 4 f c b0 0.75 4 4000 150 in
19.47 in.
57
The second equation bo is dependent on d so use the
assumed values and you will find that d is smaller and
= 40
Vu
d
40d
f 2 f c b0
bo
1000 lb
554 k
1k
10.81 in.
4019.5 in
0.75
2 4000 150 in
150 in
58
The depth of the footing can be calculated
by using one-way shear
1 ft
18 in
L c 10 ft 1 ft
d 12 in 19.5 in
2 2 2 2 12 in
2.625 ft
L c
Vu qn l2 d
2 2
6.14 k/ft 2 10 ft 2.625 ft 161.2 k
59
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
one-way shear
1000 lb
161.2 k
d
Vu
1k
f 2 fc b 12 in
0.75 2 4000 10 ft
1 ft
14.2 in.
12 in.
554.5 k - ft *
Mu
Ru 2 1 ft
bd 120 in * 19.5 in 2
0.1458 ksi
62
From Ru for the footing the r value can be found.
Ru f c 1 0.59 1.7
1.7 Ru
2
0
ff c
0.1458 ksi
1.7 1.7 41.7
2
0.94 ksi
0.04152
2
r fy 0.041524 ksi
0.04152 r 0.00277
fc 60 ksi
63
Compute the area of steel needed
12 in.
As r bd 0.0027710 ft 19.5 in. 6.48 in 2
1 ft
The minimum amount of steel for shrinkage is
As 0.0018 bh 0.0018 120 in.24 in. 5.18 in 2
The minimum amount of steel for flexure is
200
As
200
bd 120 in.19.5 in. 7.8 in 2 Use
fy 60000
64
Use a #7 bar (0.60 in2) Compute the number of bars
need
As 7.8 in 2
n 13 Use 13 bars
Ab 0.60 in 2
Determine the spacing between bars
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