EFFECTI

VENESSOFTHELEGALAI
DACT,2017I
NADMI
NISTRATI
ONOF
JUSTI
CEI
NTANZANIA
*
ByNasr
uJuma

“
Sikuwezakuul
i
zachochot
eni
l
ichot
aka,
mimisi
omsominakesihi
ii
namambomengi
”

“
Kamahat
aji
tokezaWaki
l
iwakut
utet
eat
utaj
i
tet
eaweny
ewe.Kesii
siahi
ri
shwe.
”

“
Achakesii
endel
ee.Tut
aji
tet
eaweny
ewe”
.

Tr
anslat
ionr
espect
ivel
y.
:“Iwasnotabl
etoaskany
thi
ngIwant
edbecauseIam not
l
it
erat
eandthecasehasmanycor ner
s”

“I
fnoAdvocatehastur
neduptodef
endusweshal
lconductt
hedef
encebyour
sel
ves.
Thecaseshouldnotbeadj
our
ned.
”

“
Lett
hecasepr
oceedweshal
ldef
endour
sel
ves.
”

Thosewer ethewor dsofaf atherandhi sf i

fteeny earsol dsonr espect i
vely,whower ejointl
y
chargedwi thmur der.Theabov eexpr essi
onshowst hecl earcondi ti
onofourcommuni t
y
economi cally,i
nl i
teracyaswel lasi nhumanr i
ght sawar eness.Thatwasdur ingthet ri
alatt he
HighCour tofTanzani aatAr usha,t heaccusedwer eunr epresentednei therwer et heypr ovided
withlegalai donsuchaser i
ouscase.Asar esul t
,thef at herwasconv i
ctedandsent encedt o
sufferdeat hbyhangi ngandhi ssonwasacqui tted.Thef atherappealedt ot heCour tofAppeal
wher ehewasr epresent ed,hisAdv ocateprepar edt wogr oundsofappealandgr oundnumber
onebet hatt hetrialJudgeer redi nl awandf actbyaccept i
ngt hecaset opr oceedwi thoutt he
accusedbeaf fordedanoppor tunityt obedef endedwi t ht heabl ecounseli naser i
ouscase
whichi t
sr esultiftheaccusedi sconv i
ctedist ol ooset he“ motherofal lhumanr i
ght s”thust he
ri
ghtt oli
fe.Thef ailuret odot hatwasi ncontravent i
onofAr ti
cle13( 6)(a)oft heConst i
tuti
onof
theUni t
edRepubl icofTanzani aaswel lasSect i
on3ofTheLegalAi d( Cri
mi nalProceedi ngs)
1
Act .Att heCour tofAppealt heSt ateAt t
orneyagr eedt hatt het r
ialJudgeer redbyconduct i
ng
suchaser iouscasewi t
houtaf for dingtheaccusedal egalser viceofanabl ecounselt odef end
them.TheCour tofAppealobser vedt hatitwaswr ongf ort het ri
alJudget oconductt hatcase
withouttheaccusedbeaf for
dedt hel egalaidser vi
ce,theCour theldt hat,theappel lantdidnot
andcoul dnotgetaf ai
rt r
ialwi thoutl egalassi stance.Theconv icti
onandsent encewer eset
asideandi twast henor deredar etri
albyanot herJudge.Thi swasi nt hecaseofLekasi
2
Mesawar iekiv.Republ i
c.

Aquestionthatonemightaski sthat
,ifi
nsuchahugeandser i
ouscaseofmurderan
accusedisnotaf f
ordedwiththerighttolegalrepr
esent
ati
onthenwhatwast hepur
poseof
Secti
on3oft heLegalAid(Cri
minalProceedi
ngs)Act?Wasitmeantt
obeacer emoni
alki
ndof
alegisl
ati
on?Inwhatcaset henwillanaccusedbeaf for
dedwi
ththi
srighti
fisnotinacase

*
Anundergraduat
estudentatTumai
niUni
ver
sit
yMakumi
ra,
Arusha-
Tanzani
a,Bachel
orofLaws(
LL.B)
2015-2018
1
Chapter21oftheLawsRev i
sed
2
[1993]TLR139
wherewhenconvictedhewi l
lbesentencedtosuf
ferdeathbyhanging?Thet ri
alJudgeoughtto
haveborr
owedal eafwhi chhasbeencitedmanytimesindi f
fer
entfor
umst hatarepr
oponents
ofhuman right
s and par ti
cul
arl
yt he ri
ghttoaf ai
rt r
ial
,a righttol egalaid and legal
repr
esent
ati
onwhi chwasseti nar emarkabl
eprecedentofSimonChat andav.AbdulKi soma,
Kwiki
ma,Ag.J.hadt hesetosay;

“…whereparti
estoasui tar
elaymenconduct
ingthei
rowncase,t
hecourtshoul
d
scrut
ini
ze the pl
eadings befor
e admit
ti
ng them and gener
all
yfurni
sh any
3
necessarygui
dance.

Thewor dsoft het henAct i

ngJudgeoft heHi ghCour tlef
tahel pfulpr ecedentandapr ecedent
thatemphasi zesont her i
ghtt o af airt r
ialaswel lasl egalai d and l egalr epr esent at i
on
parti
cular l
yt olay men.Theessencebei ng,duet ol egalt echni quest hatar einvol vedi nj udi ci al
processest heper sonwhoi si gnorantoft hesamewi l
lsuf fert hef at eofl oosinghi scaseand
ult
imatel yhisr i
ght s,wi t
houtbei ngassi st edbyawel lt r
ainedl awy erther eali
zationofhi sr ight s
willbeapi pedr eam.Asonemayobser vef rom whatwassai dbyt heaccusedi nLekasi
Mesawar i
eki’
scaset hat,ifnoAdv ocatewi llturnupt odef endt hem t hent heywi l
l hav et odef end
themsel ves,thesewor dsf i
rstshowt hatt hechoi cet odef endt hemsel veswast heirl astchoi ce
andt hatt heychosei tonl ybecauset her ewasnoabl ecounselt odef endt hem ont heirbehal f.
Thef atherwhowast hef i
rstaccusedaddedt hat ,lett hecasenotbeadj ourned,t hisexpr esses
howal ay mani sfearingoft hecaset obepr olonged,asi ti sr equi redbypr inciplesofcr imi nal
procedur eandhumanr ightsatl arget hatacasemustendexpedi tiously,butt hecaset oend
expeditiouslydoesnotwai vether ightoft heaccusedt ober epr esent edbecauset her ei sst il
la
basicrightt oaf ai
rt r
ial,thust hecasewi llgospeedybutt hepr i
nciplesofnat uralandt hoseof
humanr ightsatgener allymustbeadher edt o.Thef irstaccusedal soaddedt hat“ Iwasnotabl e
toaskany t
hingIwant edbecauseI ’m notl it
er ateandt hecasehasmanycor ner s”thesewor ds
simplyshowsonhowl egalproceedi ngsar edi ffi
cul tt oaper sonwhoi snott rainedt ol iti
gat e.
Thelawasi tisinTanzani aist hat,onehast ohav eatl eastaBachel orofLawswhi chi sof fered
i
nourUni versiti
esf ort hreet of oury ear s,t hosedossi ery ear swi l
lnotbeenoughf orhi mt o
appearbef oret hecour tanddef endi ndiv idual s,onehast ost udyaPost -
Gr aduat eDi plomai n
LegalPr acti
cewhi chi sobt ainedatt heLaw SchoolofTanzani a( LST) .Thati sf orat rained
l
awy er,whatwi llhappenwhenani ll
i
terat el aymanwi llbeal itigantofhi sowncase?Adi sast er
andani mpedi mentt ohumanr ights.

Agai
n,

-“
Tumepokeat aar
if
akuwaBwanaMer i
nyowaki
limsomiali
yepewakesihi
ii l
i
akupemsaadawaki sher
ianakukut
eteaameugua,kwahi
vyohatawezakuf
ika.
Kesihi
ii
taahi
ri
shwampakawakat imwingi
ne”

-
“Ni
mekuwamahabusukwamudamr
efusana.Achakesii
endel
eebi
l
aWaki
l
i”

3
[
1973]LRT11
 Transl
ati
onrespectiv
ely:“Mr.Meri
nyo,lear
nedAdvocat
ewhowasassignedthedefence
bri
efundert
hel egalaidisreport
edill
,sohecannotappear
.Thecasewi
llt
heref
orehave
tobeadjour
nedt oanothersession”(Court
)

“
Ihav
ebeenincustodyf
oral
ongt
ime.Lett
hecasepr
oceedwi
thoutdef
encecounsel
.”
(
Anaccusedper
son)

Aftersuchanexchangebet weent heaccusedandt hecour t

,t hecour tor deredt het ri
alto
proceed.Thi swast he same Cour t,t he indistinguishabl
e Regi st
ry,the v er
yJudge and a
homophoni cpr onouncementl iket hatofLekasiMesawar i
eki’
scase( Supr a).Int hiscaset he
accusedwaschar gedofmur der.TheAdv ocatewhowasassi gnedhi scasei npr ovidi
ngt he
accusedwi tht hedef enceandl egalaidwasr epor t
edt obesi ck,theaccusednot i
ngt hathehas
beeni ncust odyf oral ongt i
mehepr ayedt hatl etthecasepr oceed.Hewasconv i
ctedand
sent encedt osuf ferdeat hbyhangi ng.Heappeal edt otheCour tofAppealwher ehewas
represent edbyanAdv ocatewhowasassi gnedt hecasei ntri
al.Amongot her sthepr oceedings
att het ri
alcour twer echal l
engedt ot heext entt hat,thetri
alJudgeer redi nl awandi nf actby
all
owi ngt opr oceedacasei nvolvingamanwhowhenconv i
ctedoft hechar gehef aceswi l
lbe
deat hpenal tywi thoutaf fordinghi m al egalaidser vi
cenorbei nf or
medhi m ont hedangerof
defendi ngonesel finaser iouscr iminalcasel i
ket hat.Thecour tofappealhel dthat,theabsence
ofCounseli nat ri
alinv olvingachar gecar r
yingdeat hpenaltyandt hefail
ur ebyt het ri
alcourtto
furnishanygui danceont hatcannotst andt obeaf airtr
ial
.Theconv i
ctionandsent encewer e
setasi debutor deredanot hert r
ialbyanot herJudge.Thi sist hecaseofDawi doQumungav.
Republ ic4 t
het rialJudgeoft hiscaseandJust icesofappealwhodeci dedt hi
scasewer ethe
samewhodeci dedt heLekasi Mesawar i
eki’scase( Supra).

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Ther i
ghtt oaf airtri
al asoneoft her ulesofnat uraljust i
cehasabr oadscopeandamongot her s
i
tcov ersa r i
ghtt o be r epresent ed.Thi sr ighti sr oot
ed i nt he Uni t
ed Nat ionsUni ver sal
5
Declarati
onofHumanRi ghts1948whi chr ecogni zesequal it
ybef oret hel aw ,r i
ghtt o an
6
eff
ect i
ver emedyonact st hatviolatesf undament alr ightsofani ndiv
idual ,andal soar i
ghtt oa
7
fai
rhear ing.Ar i
ghtt oaf airhear ingi ncludest her i
ghtf oronet odef endt hecasebr ought
againsthi m,andi tt husr equiresal egalpr act
iti
oneri nattainingthat.TheAdv ocates’serv ices
arev eryexpensi vef oracommonMwananchit oaf fordpay ingf or,thati stosayt her ei sa
dangerf orthepoort obeunder minedbyj udici
alpr ocesses, t
hust hedeni alofhi sconstitutional
ri
ght.InTanzani at herei snoacl earpr ov i
sioni nt heConst it
utionont her i
ghtf orani ndi gent
persont obedef ended, i
tisonlyconst ruedundert heumbr ellaofar ightt oaf airheari
ngwhi ch
8
i
spr ov i
dedunderAr ticl
e13( 6)( a) that ,toensur eequal itybef orethel aw thest ateaut hor i
ty
shallmakepr ocedur eswhi char eappr opr iateorwhi cht akeintoaccountt hepr i
nciplethat,when
therightsanddut iesofanyper sonar ebei ngdet ermi nedbyt hecour toranyot heragency ,that
personshal lbeent it
ledt oaf airhear ingandt her ightt oappealorot herl egalremedyagai nst
thedecisionoft hecour toroft heot heragencyconcer ned.

St
ateaut
hor
it
yisr
equi
redbyt
heConst
it
uti
ont
oensur
ethebasi
cri
ghtt
oaf
airhear
ingi
sa
4
[1993]TLR120
5
Arti
cle7
6
Arti
cle8
7
Arti
cle10
8
Constit
uti
onoftheUni
tedRepubl
i
cofTanzani
a,1977
real
it
yt oani ndi
vidual.Nowt her
ei sadangeri nacount r
yl i
kethiswher epovert
yiseat i
ngt he
massest ohav enocl earpr ovisi
oni nourconstit
uti
onwhi chrecognizesther i
ghtforonet obe
defendedbyt heabl ecounselandwher ehei sunabl eofhi ri
ngone,t obepr ovi
dedatt he
expenseofhi sfellowt axpayersthoughSt ateaut hor
it
y.Inourcount erpartKenyaitisprovided
undertheirConstitut
ionof2010pr ovi
desthat,everypersonhast heri
ghttohav eanydi spute
thatcanber esolvedbyt heappl i
cationoflawdeci dedinaf ai
randpubl i
chearingbeforeacour t
,
9
oranotherindependentandi mpar tialt
ri
bunal,itgoesf ur
therthat,everyaccusedpersonhasa
ri
ghttoaf airtri
al,whichi ncl
udest her i
ghttochoose,andber epresentedbyanadv ocat
e,and
10
beinformedoft hisri
ghtpr ompt l
y.

Tanzania hasalso hav ean obligat

ion underInternationallaw whi ch bindsherundert he
I
nternati
onalCov enantonCi v
ilandPol i
ti
calRights1966,whi chr ecogni zesther i
ghtt oaf ai
r
11
heari
ng. Tanzani a also hasan obligat
ion undert heBanj ulChar t
ert o ensuret hatev er
y
12
i
ndividualisequalbef or
ethelaw andshal lbeprotectedbyt hel aw ,andsi gnif
icantl
y,under
Art
icle7( 1)(
c)ofthesameChar t
eronone’ sri
ghttodef ence,i
ncludingt herightt
obedef ended
bycounsel ofhi
schoi ce.

Enact
mentoft
heAct

Priortheenactmentoft heLegalAidActof2017t her

ewasanActr ef
erredt oast heLegalAid
(CriminalPr ngs)Actof196913 whi
oceedi ch repeal
ed the then PoorPr i
soners Defence
Ordinance of194514,and t he LegalAid Actof2017 r epealed the LegalAi d(Cri
mi nal
Proceedings)Actof1969.The1969Actpr ovi
dedf ort
heaidingoff r
eelegalser v
icesincri
mi nal
proceedingsinvolv
ed indigentpersons,whi
lethe 2017 Actpr ov i
desf ort he regul
ate and
coordinatetheprovi
sionoft hel
egalaidservi
cest oi
ndigentpersons,tor ecognizeparal
egals
andot herrel
atedmatter
s.

TheLegalAi
dActof2017hassev
enpar
tswi
that
otalof50Sect
ions.Thi
sActi
sappl
i
edonl
yin
15
Tanzani
amainl
and .

TheNat
ionalLegalAi
dAdvi
sor
yBoar
d

Unliket he1969Act ,the2017Actest abl

ishest heNat i
onalLegalAi dAdv isoryBoar d16 whose
functionsaret oprov i
depol i
cygui delinestol egalaidpr ovi
ders,toadv i
set heMi ni
st erf orLegal
Affairsonpol icymat tersandhow t oi mprovet helegalai dser vi
ceinthecount r
y ,t oappr ove
annualr epor
tsofl egalai dproviders,todet ermineappeal sf r
om thedecisionoft heRegi str
arof
l
egalai dproviders,andi tshallalsoper for
m ot herfunctionsast heMi ni
sterf orlegalaf f
airsmay
17
dir
ect . TheBoar disr equir
edbyt helawt oconsul tMi nistr
ies,Governmenti nstit
utions, l
egal ai
d
prov i
dersoranyot herpubl icorpr ivatebodi esdulyest abli
shedinTanzani a.I naccor dancewi t
h
18
theSchedul e t otheLegalAi dAct ,thecomposi ti
onoft heBoar distheChai r
manwhoshal lbe

9
Arti
cle50(1)
10
Art
icl
e50( 2)(
g)
11
Art
icl
e14
12
Art
icl
e3oft heAfri
canCharteronHumanandPeopl
es’
Right
s
13
Chapter21oftheLawsRev ised
14
Chapter1oftheRev i
sedLawsofTangany
ika
15
Secti
on2
16
Secti
on4
17
Secti
on5( 1)(
a)–( e)
18
MadeunderSection4( 2)oftheAct
theJudgeoft heHi ghCour t,theAt torneyGener alorhisr epr esent at
ive,oner epresentativ
ef rom
l
egalai dpr oviders,oner epresent ativ
ef rom t heNat i
onalCr imi nalForum,oner epresentative
from Tangany ikaLawSoci ety( whichi stheonl ystatutorybodyi nTanzani at hatprov i
desl egal
aid)
,Di rectorofLegalSer vice f r
om t he Mi ni
str
y ofConst i
tuti
onaland l egalaf f
airs,a
representati
vef rom per sons wi t
h di sabi l
it
ies,and one r epresent at
ivef r
om par alegal
organisati
onsumbr el
labody .InTanzani a,mostoft hel egalai dser v i
cesar epr ovi
dedbyCi vi
l
Societi
esOr ganizat i
ons( CSOs) .Thecomposi ti
onoft heBoar dhasonl yoner epresentativ
ef rom
thelegalaidpr oviders,thatist oogener alanddoesnotcov erawi derangeofper soni nneedof
thelegalaidser vicesl i
kewomen.Ther eisagoodnumberofwomenor ganizationsinTanzani a
thatprovidef orlegalai df orexampl e,theTanzani aMedi aWomenAssoci ati
on( TAMWA)and
TanzaniaWomenLawy ersAssoci ation(TAWLA)amongot her s.Becauseoft hemar ginal
ization
ofwomeni nTanzani alikemanyot herAf ricancommuni ties,t heActwassupposet oaddat
l
eastoner epresentativefrom t hewomenl egalai dproviders.I nNi geri
a, undertheLegalAi dAct
of2011t heGov erni
ngBoar donl egalai di scomposedamongot hersar epresentativeof
19
WomenGr ouppr ovidingfreel egalaidser vices.

TheRegi
str
aroft
heLegalAi
dPr
ovi
der
sandAssi
stantRegi
str
ars

TheActal soest abli

shest heRegistrarofl egalai dpr ov i
ders20.Thi sper soni saper sonwho
deal swi thl egalai ddepar t
menti nt heMi nist
ryofLegalAf fairs.Thi sposi t
ional sowasnot
establishedi nt he1969Act .Hisfunct i
onsaccor dingt oSect i
on7ar et or egisterlegalaiders,
i
nv estigat ecompl aintsonmal pract
iceoft hel egal aidpr ov i
der
s, hehast hepowert osuspendor
cancelt her egistrati
onofal egalaidpr ovi
der .Hekeepsandmai ntainsther egisteroft helegal
aidpr ov iders,hehast hepowert oi nspectt heof fi
cesoft hel egalai dpr oviderst oassure
himsel font hequal i
tyoft helegalaidser vi
cei ssued.Amongot herfunct ions,theRegi str
arhas
thesi gni fi
cantf unctionoft aki
ngappr opri
at emeasur ef orpr omot ingl egall i
teracyandl egal
awar enessamongt hepublicandpar ti
cul
ar lyeducat ingt hev ulnerabl esect ionoft hemasses
aboutt heirrightsanddut iesintheConst i
tutionandot herlaws.Thi shasnoty ett owor kinour
count r
y ,forwehav eanumberofi nst i
tut
ionsbei tpubl icorpr ivatebutt hel egalliteracyand
awar enessi nt hecount r
yisv er
ylowi nsuchawayt hat ,evenbasi cr ight
sanddut i
esenshr i
ned
i
nt heConst i
tutionar eknownt oonl yf ew pr i
vi
legedcl assoft helegalpr ofessionandsome
otherv er yfeweducat edmember soft hecommuni ty.Thi sisachal l
enget ot henewest abli
shed
offi
ceundert hisActt oawakenot heri nstituti
onsr esponsi bl
ef orpr ov i
dingl egaleducat i
onto
thepeopl e.

TheRegi str
ari salsomandat edt odet erminedi sputesbet weenl egalaidpr oviderssavef or
21
thosewhoar eAdv ocates ,t heBoar dischar gedwi tht hemandat et odetermineappeal sf r
om
22
thedecisi
onoft heRegi st
r ar ,butaccordingt oSection7( 2)ofthesameActt heRegi st
raralso
sit
sinaBoar d, andinf acthei stheSecr etar
yt otheBoar di
naccor dancewi t
hSect i
on7( 2).The
questi
ont hatonehast oposeher eishowt heRegi strarwil
lbesittingatthef ir
stinstanceand
theappellat
ei nstanceatt heBoar d,howcoul ditbet hatthesameper sonwhosatont hefir
st
deter
minat i
onal sosi t
si nt heappeal .Thepr act
icei nmostoft helegalprincipl
esi nacount r
y
thati
sr ul
edbyt her ul
eofl aw,t heper sonwhosatont hefirstdeterminati
oncannotsi ti
nt he
appeal,
thatist hepract i
ceaccept edwor ldwide,thisisbecausei fonedet er
mi nesacaseandi ts

19
Sect
ion2(
1)(
h)
20
Sect
ion6(
1)
21
Sect
ion7(
1)(
l)
22
Sect
ion5(
1)(
d)
appealtherewi l
lbel i
kelyhoodofonet ol oosehisappealbecauset hepossibili
tyi sthat,the
decisi
ont akenatt hefi
rstinst
ancewi llr
emai nthesamet hanbeingchangedbecause,t heone
determinedt heissueisthesame,unl essitisacceptedthatther
eisdoublest andar dsinl awit
wil
lbei mpr acti
cableforjusti
cetobeseent ohav ebeendone.Ther eisnopr ovisiont othat
eff
ectint hewhol eActthatexemptt heRegistrarinsi
tt
ingast heSecretar
yt ot heappel l
ate
board,t
her eisadangerofcont raveni
ngt heprovisi
onsofArti
cle13(6)(a)whichr ecognizest he
ri
ghttoappeal againstthedecisi
onoft hecourtoranyotheragencyconcerned.

AssistantRegi str
arsar eappoint
edbyt hePer manentSecretaryforMi nistr
yofLegalAf f
ais23.
r
Hewor ksi nadesi gnatedRegionandDi str
ict.Thereisagr eatdangeri naccor dancewith
Section8oft heActt heAssist
antRegistr
armustbeappoi ntedfrom amongstt hepubl i
coffi
cers.
Atleastt heRegi strarworksint heMi ni
stryundert hedepartmentofl egalaid,butf orthe
AssistantRegi str
art her
eisnospecifi
cmi nimum legalqual
i
f i
cat
ionf oritj
ustrequiresonetobe
apubl i
cof ficer.Duet othesigni
fi
canceoft heof fi
ceitwast obeofessencei ft heActwoul d
havepr ovidedf orthemi ni
mum qualif
icati
on( l
imit
edtolegalprofession)becauseoft henature
ofthef uncti
onsoft heoffi
ce.

Regi
str
ati
onofLegalAi
dPr
ovi
der
s

Legalaidprovider
sar er
egi
steredbytheRegist
rarofLegalAidProvi
der
s,thelawr
equi
resthe
Regist
rart
ocauset heRegi
sterbeiti
nelect
roni
corinpri
ntedform beavai
l
abletomembersof
publi
catpolicestat
ions,
courts,
pri
sonsandotherpubl
i
cplaces24.

Ther equi rement ssetbyt helaw t of ort hel egalai dinstitutiontoexi star e,beingr egistered
undert her elev antl aws, oneofi t
scor ef uncti
onshast obet heprov i
sionofl egalaidser vices,it
i
sr equiredt ohav eof f
iceandf acilit
ies.Thel awal sor equir
esi ttohaveatl easttwoadv ocates,if
not,oneadv ocat eandonel awy er, i
fnot ,onelawy erandt wopar al
egals,ifnot,oneadv ocateand
twopar alegals, ifnot ,t
hreepar alegals, theotherqual if
icationi sthat,ithast obecl earedbyt he
bodyr egistered i tast oitsr ecor dson f i
nancemanagement .Bef orebei ng registered,an
i
nst i
tutiont opr ovidef orlegalaidser viceswi thnoadv ocat ehast of urnishproofofaf fil
iati
on
withar egi st
er edl egal aidproviderwhi chhasanadv ocat e25.Thus, anAdv ocateaccordi ngt othe
26
Adv ocat esAct[ CAP341R.E2009] meansanyper sonwhosenamei sdul l
yent er edasan
advocat eupont heRol l.Lawyeraccor dingt oSect i
on2oft heLegalAi dActmeansanyper son
whoi sahol derofabachel ordegr eei nlaws.Apar alegalmeansaper sonwhoi saccr editedand
certi
fiedt opr ov idel egalaidser v
icesaf tercompl et
ingnecessar ytrai
ningi ntherelevantf ieldof
studyappr ovedorr ecognizedbyt heLegal AidActof2017.

TheRegi str
arorAssistantRegistr
arwi llconsidertheapplicationfort hei nst
it
utionseeki
ngt obe
regi
steredasal egalaidi nsti
tut
ion,andt heRegi strarmayacceptorr ef
uset heappl i
cation,
provi
dedt hat,
ifherefuseshei srequi r
edwi thinfourteenday stogi ver easonsforhisdecision27.
Thiswi l
lhelpont hear bit
raryuseofpower ,reducecor ruptpr acticesi nthepubl i
cdocket ,
expandaccount abil
it
y,andenhanci nggoodgov ernance,ther uleofl aw andhumanr ight(the
ri
ghtt obegi venr easonf orthedeci si
on.Al sot hereisar ighttoappealf ortheaggr i
eved
i
nstit
uti
oni ncaseofr egistr
ati
onr efusal,i
fi thasbeenr efusedbyt heAssi stantRegistrarthe
23
Sect
ion8oftheLegal
AidActof2017
24
Sect
ion9
25
Sect
ion10
26
Sect
ion2
27
Sect
ion13oftheAct
appealshalll
ietot heRegi str
ar,i
frefusedbyt heRegi str
art
heappealshal ll
i
etotheBoar d,i
f
aggrievedbythedeci si
onoft heBoardt henappeall iestotheMi nist
er,ifaggri
evedbyt he
Ministert
heaggrievedi nsti
tuti
onshallapplytotheHi ghCourtforredress28.I
nNdesambur ov.
29
AttorneyGeneral ,theapplicantappli
edforredressint heHi
ghCour tofTanzaniaaft
erhisri
ght
oflandoccupancybei ngrevokedbyt heMi ni
sterofLandandHousi ngwi t
houtconsideri
ngthe
appli
cant’
sdefence,t hecour tholdthattherevocati
onwasi mpr operforwantofadher enceto
therulesofnat
ural j
ust i
ce.

Asr equir
edunderSect i
on15oft heLegalAi dActof2017wher et heappl i
cati
onforbei ng
regi
steredasal egalai
di nsti
tut
ionhasbeengr antedther
eforeuponpay mentofapr escribed
feetheRegistrarofAssistantRegistrarshal
lissueacer t
if
icat
eofr egistrat
ion,thecer
tif
icate
shal
l betheconclusi
veevidenceasf araslawfuloperat
ionofaparti
cularinsti
tuti
onisconcern.

Suspensi
onandCancel
lat
ionCer
ti
fi
cat
esofLegalAi
dSer
vicePr
ovi
der
s

Ther egi
str
ati
onofani
nst
it
uti
onasalegalai
dprov
idermaybesuspendedorcancel
ledort
he
i
ssuingoft hewri
tt
enwarni
ngbytheRegist
rar
,amongotherreasonsthefol
lowi
ngarethe
reasons

Reasonsforsuspension; pr
ofessionalmisconduct,l
egalai
dpr ovi
dedi sinbreachoft hecodeof
conductprescr
ibedbyt helaw, operati
oninv ar
iancetotheinsti
tution’
sconst i
tut
ion,andfai
l
ure
tokeepproperrecordsofact ivi
ti
esunder t
akenonbehal fofanai dedper son;thi
si sonl
ywhere
30
theRegist
rarconsi
derst hatthereisanadv er
seef f
ectontheinterestoftheaided.

Reasonsf orcancel l
ati
on;t hel awdoesl eav eav acuum andal lowt helegalai dprovi
dert okeep
providingl egalai dint hef ol
lowingci rcumst ances;wher et her egistrationwasobt ainedby
mistake,f raud,unduei nfluenceormi srepresentat ion.IftheRegi strarissat i
sfi
edthatt hel egal
aidpr oviderhasf ail
edtocompl ywithther egistrationcondi t
ions, t
heRegi strarmayal socancel
i
ft hequal ifi
cati
onsf orregi str
ationhasceasedt oex i
st.Itmaybet her easonf orcancellati
oni f
theof ficebear eroft hel egalai dproviderhasbeendecl aredbankr upt ,ifanAdv ocat eora
paralegalempl oyedbyal egalai dproviderhasr egularl
ybr eachedpr of essionalconduct .The
Registrarmayal socancelacer ti
fi
cat
eofr egistr
at ionifthelegalai dprov iderhasdi scriminated
theai dedper sonbyr easonofgender ,reli
gion,r ace,t r
ibeorpol it
icalaf fil
iati
on.Thef ailuret o
providet heser v i
ceforwhi chhei sregi st
eredatar equir
edst andar dmaybet her easonf or
31
cancel l
ationoft heCertif
icat e.

Procedureforsuspensi
onorcancell
at on32;af
i tertheRegistrarhassat isfi
edt hatt
hel egalaid
provi
derisindefaul
toftheter
msandcondi t
ionsoft hecertif
icateissuedort hathef al
l
sunder
whatisenshrinedunderSecti
on16,t heRegi strarisrequi
redbyt helaw toissuet helegalaid
provi
deradef aul
tnoti
cespecif
yingthenat ureofdef aultandt hatnoti
ceshoul dbei nwr i
ti
ng.
Withintwentyoneday sthelaw requirest hel egalaidpr ovidertosubmi tinwr i
ti
ngt ot he
Registr
aronremedyorrecti
fi
cati
onoft hedef ault.Fai
lur
etor emedyorr ect
if
yt hedefaultbythe

28
Secti
on14
29
[1997]TLR137HC
30
Secti
on16(2)oft
heLegalAi
dAct
31
Secti
on16oftheLegal
AidAct,
2017
32
Secti
on17
l
egalaidpr oviderwit
hinaprescri
bedti
mewi l
lrendert
hecerti
ficat
ebecancelledorsuspended.
Thereisar ighttorevi
ewont hedecisi
onoftheRegist
rar
,thelawr equi
rest
hedi ssati
sfi
edlegal
aidproviderwhosecer t
if
icat
ehasbeensuspendedorcancell
edt oapplytotheRegistrarf
oethe
revi
ew.I faggr iev
ed withthe revi
ew,he mayappealt ot he Nat i
onalAid Adv i
soryBoard
establ
ishedunderSect i
on4oft heLegalAi
dAct.

Par
alegal
s

AccordingtoSecti
on3oftheLegalAidActof2017,aparal
egali
saper
sonwhoi saccr
edi
tedto
prov
idel egalai
dservi
cesaftercompl et
ingnecessar
ytrai
ningi
ntherel
evantfi
eldofstudy
approvedorrecogni
zedbytheLegalAidAct.

Registration ofPar alegals;t hey arer egi

stered by t he Registr
ari n accordance wi t
ht he
procedur esl aiddowni nt heRegul ati
ons.Foronet oqual if
yt obeapar al
egal,onehast o
possessanyoft hequal i
ficationssetundert heprovisionsofSect i
on19oft heAct ,thati
s,any
bachelordegr eei
nanydi sci pli
nefrom anaccr edi
tedi nsti
tut
ionbutthatbachelordegr eeshould
notbet hebachel ordegreeofl aws.Anotherquali
ficationisthat,onemusthav eanydi pl
omaor
certi
fi
cat e,oranycer ti
ficateofsecondar yeducat ion.Af t
eronehasanyoft hement ioned
quali
ficationsonei sr equiredt oundergonecessar yt rai
ningongener all
egalaspect sthatwil
l
guidehi mi nhi sworkasal egalaidprovider.Undert hepr ov
isi
onsofSect ion19(2)t heMinist
er
i
sr equiredt omakeRegul ationsprescri
bingthemannerofsucht rai
ning.

DutiesofaPar al
egal;I
naccor dancewi thSect ion20oft heAct ,aparalegalhast hedut ytocar r
y
outeducat i
onalprogrammesonl egalissuesandpr oceduresofconcer ntot hecommuni ty,
assistai
dedper sonsinpr ocedur estoobt ainnecessar ydocument s,gui dingaidedpersont oa
properforum ort oaccessofj usti
ce,andadv isi
ngt heconf li
cti
ngpar tiestoseekami cable
sett
lementorr efer
ri
ngt hem t odi sput
eset t
lementi nsti
tut
ions.Apar alegalisr est
ri
ctedfrom
engaginginanact iv
ityt hatisr eservedf orAdv ocates.Apar alegali
sr estri
ctedf r
om charging
anyf eefr
om anai dedper son.Incont rav ent
iont othepr ovi
sions,apar alegaluponconv i
ction
shallbeli
abletoaf i
neofnotl esst hanonmi l
li
onort ot hr
eey earsinpr isonort obothsucha
33
fi
neandi mprisonment.

Pr
ovi
sionofLegalAi
d

Howt
oappl
yforl
egalai
d?

Aper son(ani
ndigent
)whoi ntendstorecei
velegalai
disrequi
redtoapproachthelegalai
d
provi
derand applyfort he serv
ice,t
he appl
i
cation wi
l
lbe assessed by the pr
ovi
derin
accordancewi
tht
hepr es34.
ocedur

Whomayappl
yforl
egalai
d?

Ani ndigentpersonbyhi mself,orbyanyot herper

sonwhoi sauthor
izedbyhim, oranyper sonor
i
nstitutiononbehal fofani ndigentpersonwher eaut
hor i
tyofani ndigentpersoncannotbe
reasonabl yobt ned35.Butt
ai hepr ovi
sionoflegalai
dtoani ndi
gentpersondoesnotpr eventhim
from theser v
iceofanAdv ocateifheorshehasone.Thel awdoesnotspeci f
yt hethresholdto
beconsi der
edwhenonei sgr antedt helegalaidser
vice,thi
smayl eadtoaper sonwhoi s
33
Sect
ion20oft
heLegal
AidAct
34
Sect
ion21
35
Sect
ion22
enti
tl
edtot heservi
cet obedeniedofonewi thnoj ust
if
iedreason.IntheLegalAi
dActof
Niger
iaitsetsclear
lythat,aper
sonwhoi sentit
ledtolegalaidservi
cemustbeonewhose
i
ncomedoesnotexceedt henat
ionalmini
mum wage,sav ewhereintheBoard’
sopini
oni
tis
conveni
enttograntapersonwhoseincomeexceedsthenation’
sminimum wage.

Whoi
sal
l
owedbyt
hel
awt
opr
ovi
def
orl
egalai
dser
vices?

Accordingt
oSect ion24oft heAct,i
tisanAdv ocate,alawyerorapar
alegalonbehal
foft
he
l
egalaidprov i
der.Anypersonwhowi l
lprov
ideal egalaidservi
ceandheorshehasnot he
mentioned quali
fi
cati
ons,upon convi
cti
on fi
vemi lli
on shal
lbet hefi
neort welv
emonths
i
mpr i
sonment ,
ortobothsuchaf i
neandi mpri
sonment .

Doesonepayf
orl
egalai
dser
vice?

NO.Al egalai
dprovi
derwhorecei
veorr equestpaymentfr
om theaidedpersoni
nrelati
ontothe
servi
cerenderedasalegalai
dprovi
dershallbeliabl
euponconv i
cti
ontoaf i
neofnotlessthan
twomi l
li
onort osi
xmont hsimpri
sonmentort oboth.Inaddi
tiontoafineorimprisonmentor
i
mpr i
sonmentandaf ine,
theconvi
ctedlegalaidprovi
deri
srequiredbythelawtorefundtothe
aidedpersontheamountherecei
vedfrom him.

Theessenceofprovi
dinglegalser
viceistoprot
ecttheinterestoft
heaidedper
son,andthe
l
egalaidprov
ideri
srequi
redbyt helawtokeepproperrecordsofhisact
ivi
ti
esunder
takenon
behal
fofanaidedper
sonandsubmi tthem t
otheRegi
str
ar.

Legalai
dinci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngs

Thepr ov i
sionsofOr derIIIRule1and2oft heCi vi
lProcedur eCode36r ecogni zest heappear ance
ofMcKenzi eFr iendoft hedef endant( aper sonwhoassi stspar tytoacaseonsomel egal
i
ssues,t houghnotwel ltrainedi nal egalpr ofession).Thepr ovisionundert hisOr deral l
owst he
appear anceofapar tyeitherinper sonorbyar ecognisedagentorbyanadv ocate.I nNat i
onal
37
Bank ofCommer ce v.Vi t
alis Ay emba ,a wel lknown par al egali n Musoma t own one
Mr .
Makongor ohi sappear ancewasobj ect edbyt heCounself ort hepl aint
iffoneMr .
Banturaki
forther easont hatthepar tytot hecasewaspr esentandt hatar ecogni sedagenthasnopower
tostandbef oret hecourtofl awbecauset heonewhom her epresent swast here.Thecounsel
forthepl ainti
ffessent i
allywant edt odr awal ineininterpretingt hepr ovisionsofOr derIIIRule1
and2t ot heef fectofdisqual i
fyingapar alegalt oappearbef oreacour twher eapar tywasal so
present .Mwal usany a,J.ov erruledt hatobj ect i
onandr easonedt hati ft hepr ovisionwast obe
i
nterpr etedt ot hateffectt henwhywast headv ocateappear ingf ort hepl aintiff?Ther eason
beingt hatt her i
ghttol egalr epresent ationdoesnotv iti
atet hev ali
dityofappear anceoft he
partytot hatcase.I nthiscasehowev er, thepar t
ywhowasr epresent edbyMr .Makongor owas
notpr esenti nt hecour tandi twasr epor tedt hathewentt ohospi t
al atBugando, butt hecounsel
forthepl ainti
ffdi dnotbui l
thisobj ectiont ot heef fectthatt hedef endantwaspr esenti nper son.
SoMwal usany a,J.hel dt hat,ev eni fthedef endantwast herei nper son,t hatwi llnotv i
t i
ate
presenceofMr .
Makongor owhowasapar alegal.Thisi soneoft hecasesi nwhi chal egalai d
providerassi stedanai dedper soni naci vilsui t.

Unl
i
ket
her
epeal
edActt
husLegalAi
d(Cr
imi
nalPr
oceedi
ngs)Actwhi
chwasonl
yforcr
imi
nal

36
CAP33oftheLawsRev i
sed
37
Hi
ghCourtofTanzani
aatMwanza,
Civ
ilCaseNo.
37of1988(
Unr
epor
ted)
matters,thisnewActcov ersev enincivilcaseswhereapar tyhasinsuf
fici
entmeanstounabl
e
38
hi
mt oobt ainthelegalservi
ce .Thisl egalaidwillbeprovidedwhereapr esidi
ngJudgeora
Magistrateisoft heopini
onthati ti
snecessar yforsuchpersonbeai ded.Thisaidcut
sacr
oss
al
lcour t
si ncl
udingland,l
abour,taxtr
ibunals,andinanyadjudicat
orybody.

Thel egalai
dprovi
derisrequir
edtonoti
fythecourtandallpar
ti
est othecasethattotheeff
ect
thatthepartyhasalegalai
df r
om him,t
hisappl
iesalsoincasewher ethel
egalaidprovi
derhas
39
withdrawnfrom t
heproceedingbeitbyhi
m orbytheaidedperson .

Thelegalaidprov
iderhasari
ghtt
odeductthecosthei
ncur
redintheproceedi
ngsf
rom what
hasbeenawar dedtoanaidedper
son.Thi
sappli
eswher
eanai dedper
sonhasbeenawar ded
40
cost
sonly.

Thelegalaid pr
oviderhasadut yt
otakeal
lnecessar
ymeasur
est
o ef
fectexecut
ionof
41
j
udgmentsforanaidedperson .

Thel awr est

rictst
oawar dcostst
ot hesuitagai
nstaper sonunderthelegalai
d,savewher ethe
aidedper sonconduct edhimselfi
nawayt hatl
edtheot herpar
tytoincurunnecessarycosts,i
f
theai dedper sonunreasonablyrefusedt onegoti
ateaset tl
ementorr efusedtopartici
patein
alter
nativedisputeresoluti
on,i
fanai dedpersonmisleadsoractsdeceitf
ul,orbyreasonofany
42
conduct sthatabusest hecourtpr
ocess.

TheActdoesnotspeci fyinwhatki ndofci v

ilcasest helegalai
dwi l
lbeprovidedtoaper son.In
theLegalAidActofNigeria2011undert hepr ovi
si onsoftheSecondSchedul ePartCi sthat, t
he
Actwi l
lappl yin ci
vilmat ter
st hatinv ol
v es accidents and matter
si nvolvi
ng empl oy ee’
s
compensation,andalsoinmat tersthatcov erbreachoff undament alr
ightsguaranteedbyt he
Consti
tut
ion.Thisi
sver yi
mpor tanttobelookedati nthenewActi nTanzania(theLegalAi dAct ,
2017)becauseofthepr oblemsmostoft heempl oyeesfacesinthei
rempl oymentcont r
act s,so
i
toughttohav especi
fiedclearl
yduet othemagni tudeoftheproblem.

Legalai
dincr
imi
nalpr
oceedi
ngs

I
nKhasi
m Hami
siMany
wel
ev.Republ
ict
hecour
thadt
heset
osay
;

“Whenst r
ippedofalltechni
cal
it
y,thesimplequestiont
obedet er
minedint his
appealisastowhetherinTanzaniathepooraccusedper
sonshasthesamer ight
43
tolegalr
epresent
ati
onathistri
alasanaccusedwhocanaf for
dthelawyer
.”

Forthei
nterestofj
ust
ice,
apresi
dingJudgeoraMagi str
ateshal
lcerti
fythatt
heaccusedought
tohavel
egalaidprovi
dedtoanindigentpersonwhoisaccusedi
nt hecourtofl
aw,afteri
ssui
ng
ofthatcerti
fi
catebyaJudgeoraMagi st
r atet
heRegist
raroftheHi ghCourti
sr equi
redto
assi
gntot heaccusedpersonanAdv ocatef ort
hepur
poseofpreparat i
onandconductofhis

38
Section27oftheLegalAidAct
39
Section28
40
Section29
41
Section30
42
Section31
43
HighCourtofTanzaniaatDodoma,Mwal
usany
a,J.,
Cr i
minalAppeal
No.39of1990(Unr
epor
ted)
,as
attachedinChr
isPeterMaina,HumanRi
ght
sinTanzania,CasesandMater
ial
s,1997
 44
defence. I
ncaseal egalpr ovideri ncur sanyspeci alexpensesar isingf rom theper formanceof
i
tsdut y,thecl aim shal lber ef er
redt ot heChi efCour tAdmi nistrat orandi fsat i
sf i
edwi t
ht he
claim heshal laut hor izet hepay ment .InNchambiKi jav.Fr anci sMsal ikaandMhel aKay oka45,
foll
owi ngt heacqui ttaloft her espondent satt heDi strictCour tfort heof f
enceofcat tl
et heftthe
46
DPP di dnotappeal ed.Theappel l
antwhowast hecl ai mantappeal edbef oretheHi ghCour tbut
shewasdeni edt or unt hatappealf ollowingt hepr elimi naryobj ectionbyr espondent s’Adv ocate
tot heef fectthatt heappeali smi sconcei v edandi ncompet enti nl aw andt hati tshoul dbe
struckof fther ecor dwi tht hegr oundt hatt hecl ai manthasnor ightt oappeal .TheCour theld
thati npubl icpr osecut ionacompl ainanthasnor ightt oappealbutonl yt hrought heDPP
becauseal lcri
mi nalpr oceedi ngsar econduct edbyt heRepubl i
c, somet hingledtot heappel l
ant
tol oseherConst itut i
onalr ightsofl egalr epresent ation,rightt o own pr oper t
yand t o be
prot ectedwi t
hi t,al sor ightt oseekr edressbef oret hecour tsofl aw whenone’ sr i
ghtsar e
violated.I ti shight imenow t ohav eagl anceatourl awst hatspeci fi
est opubl icpr osecution
whi chr estrict
st hatev enwher ey ouasacl ai manti sdi ssati
sfiedwi tht hedecisionofcour tyou
hav enor oom t oaccesst hecour ttoseekr edr essbecauset heRepubl icdonotwantt oappeal .
Thisl awandpr acticei slegal andl awf ull
ybuti t
sl egitimacyandConst it
utionali
tyisquest ionable.
Thinkt hisi saper ti
nentt imet hatpr ivatepr osecut i
onshoul dhav ebeenputi ntopl ace,andt his
privatepr osecut iont hati sgr antedt hrought her efusaloft heRepubl i
ct oappealshoul dbe
encompassedi nt heLegal AidActt of allundert hel egal aidserv i
ces.

Legalai
dtochi
l
drenwhoar
einconf
li
ctwi
tht
hel
aw

Legalai di snotspar edwher eanaccusedi sachi l

d,sowher etheaccusedi sachi l
dheorshe
47
wi l
lal sobef urnishedwi tht helegalai dser vice. Wher eaper soni schar gedwi thadut yof
super visingt hewel f
areoft hechi ld,whent hatchi l
di sinconf l
ictwi tht helaw,heshal lcause
suchchi ldt oobt ainl egalai d.TheLaw oft heChi l
dActof2009r ecognizest her i
ghtt o
48
repr esent ati
onbyanAdv ocat etoachi l
d, buti tdoesnotexpr esslypr ovideforr i
ghtt ol egalaid
speci fical lytoachi l
d.TheActpr ovi
desf ort her i
ghtt orepresentationbyanAdv ocat e, t
hisi stoo
gener alandonemayi nterprett omeanf orchi l
drenwhocanaf f
or dt ohirelawy ers.Ther ightto
l
egalr epr esentationi sar i
ghtt oever yper sonandi nfacttherei snoper sonwhoi sr estri
ctsby
anyl aw f rom ber epresent ed.TheLaw oft heChi l
dActoughtt obr oadent hatpr ov i
siont o
prov idef ort hel egalai dt ochi l
drenwhoar ei nconf li
ctwi t
ht hel aw.Becauset heActwast o
addr essspeci ficr i
ghtsoft hechi l
ditoughtnott ohav ewaitedf rom 2009unt il2017wher ethe
LegalAi dActwasenact edandcov eredl egalai dt ochi l
dren.Al sot heChi l
drenandYoung
49
Per sonsAct whi chisanActspeci alforchi ldrenwhoar einconf li
ctwi ththel aw,i tdoesnot
prov idef orar ightt ofreel egal represent ationt oachi ld.Againbecauseoft hespeci ficpr oblems
ofchi ldreni nTanzani at heActoughtt ohav ei ncludedi nthemember soft heBoar doneoft he
organi zationst hatar especi ficforther ight soft heChi ldinTanzani a.InKeny awher et her ightto
l
egalr epr esentationt oani ndi gentper soni saconst i
tuti
onalr i
ght ,theyhav eenact edt heLegal
50
AidAct andi tprov i
desf orlegalai dt oaci tizenofKeny a,achild, arefugee, av i
ctim ofhuman
trafficki ng,an i nternally di splaced per son,and a st atel
ess per son subj ectt or esour ces

44
Sect i
on33
45
[2002]TLRatpage32
46
DirectorofPubli
cProsecuti
on
47
Sect i
on33oft heLegalAidAct
48
Sect i
on99( 1)(f
)
49
Chapt er13oftheLawsRev i
sedofTanzani
a
50
No. 6of2016
 51
avai
labl
e. Soonewi l
lseethatourcount
erpartKenyahavegonefarint
hescopeofprovi
ding
forl
egalaidser vi
ce,apartf
rom theaddi
ti
onalcategor
iesofper
sonsstat
edachil
disspeci
fied
underthatpr ov
isi
onbecauseofthespecif
ici
tyoftheneedsofachi
ld.

Legalai
dforper
sonsi
ncust
ody

Thel awr equi r

est hePol i
ceFor ceorPr i
sonSer vicet odesi gnat emechani sm f orf aci l
itatingt he
prov i
si on ofl egalai d ser vices byl egalai d pr ov i
der st o accused per sons orconv ictsi n
52
cust ody .I nt heActhowev er ,ther ei snopr ovisiont hati nv olv esdi rectlyt hemember soft he
Policeort hePr i
sonser v i
cesi nt hel egalai dbodi esbuti tr equi rest hem t oensur et heyf aci l
i
tat e
thepr ov isionofl egalai dser vices.It hinkher ei ti susef ult ol ear nf rom Ni ger iaundert he
prov i
si onofSect i
on2( 1)( d)and( e)whi chi ncludet heI nspect orGener alPol iceandt he
Cont rol l
erGener alofPr i
sonsi nt heGov er ningBoar df orl egalai dser v i
ces,t hist rigger st he
effect i
v esoft het wodepar tment si nt heiri nv olvementi nt hepr ov isi
onofl egalai dser v ice
becauset heyar et hespeci ficdepar tment st hatar edeal i
ngwi thmostofpeopl ewhoar einneed
oft hel egalai dser vi
ce.I twasr epor tedbyt heCommi ssionf orHumanRi ghtsandGood
Gov er nance( CHRAGG)i n2011t hat ,amongot herr i
ght s,chi ldrenar edeni edt her i
ghtt oaccess
53
Lawy erswhi leatcust ody .Thi sisnotonl yf orchi ldrenbuti nmostofi ncident sthePol i
ceFor ce
hasbeenr eluct antt oshow cor por ati
onf orpeopl ewhopr ov idesl egalai dser vi
ces.I twas
repor tedt hati n2016t heDeput yDi rectorofCr imi nalI nvest igat i
ons( DDCI )inZanzi baroneACP
Salum Msangisuggest edt hear restofl awy er swhoseekt or epresentsuspect si ncr i
mi nal
casesandt hatt hosel awy ersshoul dbeenj oinedi nachar gewi tht hosewhom t heywantt o
54
represent.I nt hesamey ear ,Jul yal awy erf r
om t heLegalandHumanRi ght sCent re( LHRC)
oneAdv ocat eNgal ulaShi lindewasunl awf ully,i l
legal l
y,andunconst itutional l
yar rest edand
detainedi nLol iondoAr ushawhowentt heret opr ov idef oral egalai dt ov i
llager schar gedwi th
espionage.Hewasnotgi venanoppor tunityt omeetsuspect shewant edt oai dandnev erwas
heal lowedt obepr esentdur ingi nterrogat ionbuthewasl at erinf ormedt hathei sjoinedi nt he
char ges.Thi spr ompt edl awy er si nAr ushawhodemonst rat edexpr essi ngt heiropposi t i
ont o
55
thatar rest .InDawi doQumungav .Republ ic( supr a)t heaccusedr iskedt opr oceedt odef end
himsel finamur dercaseatt heHi ghCour tbecauset hel awy erwhowasassi gnedt hatbr iefwas
repor tedt obesi ckasar esul thewassent encedt osuf ferdeat h.Thecr yoft heaccusedwas
thathest ay edf orsol ongi ncust odyandsohewant edhi scaset ocomet oanend, neitherwas
thecour tnort hepol i
ceorpr isondepar tmentbot heredt ocur et hepr oblem bymaki ngsui t
abl e
condi tionsofenabl i
nganot herAdv ocat et opr ov idef ort heaccusedal egalai dser vicei nsucha
seriouscase.I nHar unaSai dv.Republ ic56theaccusedwaschar gedby59count sofst eal i
ngof
aper soni npubi cser vice.Hewasacqui tt
edonal l59count s.Att heendoft hedayt hel ear ned
tri
almagi st ratedeci dedt odr afthi sownchar ge consi stingofonecountf orst ealingbypubl i
c
servantShs.85, 055/ =f orwhi cht heappel l
antwasconv icted.Hewassent encedt of i
vey ear s
i
mpr isonment .Theaccusedwasnotaf fordedwi t hther i
ghtt ol egalai dser vice.Mwal usany a, J.
point edoutt hat ,ther i
ghtt oaf airhear ingandar ightt olegalr epr esent ationar econst i
tut i
onal
ri
ght s,andt hatwher ethel egalai di sunr easonabl yr efusedbyt hecer ti
fyingaut horityorwher e

51
Section36(1)
52
Section36oftheLegalAidAct
53
TanzaniaHumanRi ghtsRepor
t2013bytheLegal
andHumanRi
ght
sCent
er(
LHRC)atpage229on
Juv eni
l
eJusti
ceAdmi nist
rat
ioni
nTanzani
a
54
TanzaniaHumanRi ghtsRepor
t2016bytheLegal
andHumanRi
ght
sCent
er(
LHRC)atpage50
55
TanzaniaHumanRi ghtsRepor
t2016bytheLegal
andHumanRi
ght
sCent
er(
LHRC)atpage50
56
[1991]TLR124
the t
ri
alMagi str
ate has omitt
ed to send t
he proceedi
ngs tothe cert
if
ying author
it
yf or
consi
derati
onoflegalaid,
thetri
alwil
lbeheldtobeanul l
it
y.Iseet
heperti
nenceofr epr
oduci
ng
aartofthatjudgmenthereundertograspwhatitt
akestot hi
sbasi
cconsti
tuti
onalri
ghtoflegal
repr
esentat
ion.

I
“nthefoll
owingcir
cumst
ancesitwil
lnor
mall
ybeprocur
edt
hatt
hei
nter
est
sofj
ust
icer
equi
re
t
hattheaccusedshoul
dbelegal
l
yrepr
esent
edathi
str
ial
.

(a) Whereanaccusedischargedwithaseriousoff
ence,1991TLRp130,wher
eofa
v
erylengthypri
sonsent
enceisli
kelyt
of ol
low uponaconv i
cti
one.g.off
encesofr
obberywi
th
v
iol
ence,economiccr
imesunderActNo.13/1984e.t
.c.

(b) Whent het ri

ali
sl i
kelytoincludecomplicat
edissuesoflawarisi
ngf r
om concepts
l
ikeal i
bi,possession,bur den ofpr oof ,consent,knowledge,confessi
ons,hearsayev i
dence,
specialci
rcumst ancesorspeci alreasonse.t.c.Buteachcasehast obedecidedoni tsmer i
tsto
fi
ndouti fithascompl icatedissuesofl awornot .ForexampleinSamsonvR C [ 1958]E.A.681
theE.A.C.A.obser v
edwi t
happr ovalwhatt heSey chel
lesHighCourthadsaidt hatitwasi nthe
i
nterestofj ust
icetogr antlegalaidonachar geofbeinginpossessionofpropertysuspectedto
havebeenst ol
e.Sey chell
est henhadal awsi mil
artoourActNo.21/1989

Int hesetwoinst
ances,ther
eisapr esumpt
iont
hatt
hei
nter
est
sofj
ust
icer
equi
ret
hatt
he
accusedshoul
dbelegall
yrepr
esent
ed.

Therefor
ewhet hertheset woinstancespr esentthemselvesthetri
almagist
rateisenj
oinedt o
conductani nquirytodeterminethemeansoft heaccusedpersontoseeifheorshecanaf ford
tohireanadv ocate. Afterthatther eportoft heinqui
ryaswel lasthecerti
fi
edcopyoft he
proceedi
ngsbesentt othecer t
ify
ingaut hori
ty(theChiefJusti
ce)for t
heconsider
ati
onast o
whetherlegalaidshouldbegr antedornot .Ast ot hedut
yofthecerti
fyi
ngauthor
it
y,t
heE.A.C.A.
InthecaseofMohameds/ oSali
m vR.[ 1958]E.A.202saidatp.203:

Thati nsuchacaset hecer ti

fyi
ngauthori
tyshouldgiventhemat t
eranxi
ousconsi derat
ionbefore
decidingtor efuseacer ti
fi
cateforlegalaidont hegroundofsuf fi
ciencyofmeans;t hata
reasonablyli
beralint
erpretati
onoughttobepl acedont hesecti
onandt hatincaseofdoubtt he
discreti
onshouldbeexer ci
sedintheprisoner'
sfavour.[
Thecer t
if
yingauthori
ty]hastoexercise
i
tsowni ndependentjudgmenti nt
hemat t
er.
..
.i
nsteadofmer el
yaccepti
ngt heopinionexpr
essed
byt hemagistrate.

Therefor
eiti scl
earf
rom theaboveauthori
tythatt
hecer t
if
yingauthori
tycannotdel
egateit
s
responsi
bil
i
tiesgi
venoutunders.3oftheLegalAid(Cr
imi
nalPr oceedi
ngs)ActNo.21/1969,t
o
the1991TLR p131t ot hemagistr
ates. TheChiefJust
icehi mselfhastomakeaper sonal
decisi
on.

Iwish to emphasi
zeheret hattheexer
ciseofsendi ng r
ecommendat i
onstothecer t
ify
ing
aut
horit
ybyamagi st
rat
e,doesnotdependont heaccusedhavi
ngrai
sedorappli
edforlegalaid.
Thetri
alcour
thastorai
seitonitsownmotion.Iti
sautomaticsotospeak,sol
ongastheset wo
i
nstancesmenti
onedabovehav ebeennot
.Inthatregar
dtheE.A.
C.A.i
nt heMohameds/ oSalim
vR.Caseatp.204hadthefoll
owingtosay
:

“Wewoul daddt hatweconsi

derthatiti
st hedutyofthetr
ialjudgeormagist
rat
et o
ascert
ainthatthequest
ionofprovi
sionoflegalai
dhasbeendul yconsi
der
edbyt he
properaut
hori
ty..
..i
nwhi
chtheaccusedappearsbef
orehi
m unrepresent
ed.
”

Theobserv
ati
onsoftheE.
A.C.
A.i
ntheMohameds/oSali
m Casearerel
evantthought
hey
concer
nedthepr
ovi
si
onsofs.3ofther
epl
acedPoorPr
isoner
sDefenceOrdi
nanceCap.21
becausetheseprov
isionsaresi
mi l
art
os.3oftheActNo.21of1969exceptthatwhi
leCap.21
appli
edtocapit
aloffencesonl
y,the1969Actappl
i
estoallser
iousof
fencesasher
einindi
cat
ed
above.

Whati
sthefateofthecasewherel
egalai
dwasunr easonabl
yrefusedbythecert
if
yingaut
horit
y
orwasnotconsi
deredatall
? Wegettheanswerf rom thejudgmentofSamat t
aJ.( ashethen
was)i
nthecaseofA.Kalumbet
avR.[1982]T.
L.R.n.328wher eatpp.300-332sai
d:

Legalrepresentat
ionf oranaccusedisar ightwhi chisalmostuniversall
yrecogni
zed.In
somej uri
sdict
ionst her i
ghti
saconstituti
onalr i
ght.InTanzaniatherightisprovi
dedfor
i
ns.190oft heC.P.C.( nows.310ofC. P.
A.).Thatr i
ghtissojeal
ouslyguardedbyt hel
aw
thati
fanaccusedi sdepr i
vedofi
t,t
hroughnof aultofhisownandt hroughnof aul
tofhis
advocateandhei si ntheendconvicted,thatconv i
ctioncannotbeal l
owedt ostandon
appeal.Itmustbequashed.

Iam onlyaddbyr emar

kingthatthoughin1982whent hatjudgmentwasdel i
ver
ed,therightt
o
l
egalrepresentati
onwasonlyst at
utoryri
ght,ri
ghtnow i tisConsti
tut
ionalr
ighti
ncorporatedi
n
theConstit
utionVideActNo.15/ 1984.Ther i
ghttoaf ai
rheari
ngunderAr t.13(6)(a)ofour
Const
itut
ioncar r
ieswi
thitt
herighttoalegalrepresent
ation.

Thereforewher elegalai disunreasonablyr efusedbyt hecerti

fyi
ngauthorit
yorwher et het ri
al
magist r
atehasomi ttedt osendt hepr oceedingst othecerti
fyi
ngauthorit
yforconsiderationof
l
egalai d(inthetwoinst ancesment ionedabov e)thetri
alwil
lbehel dt
obeanul lit
y.Ther ei sno
questionast owhethert heirr
egular
ityhasoccasi onedami scarri
ageofjusti
ceornot;thepoi ntis
thattheirregul
ari
tyist ofundament althatthet ri
ali
saut omati
call
yanul l
i
ty.Infactthatiswhat
theTanzani aCourtofAppealhadt osayi nthecaseofLaur ents/oJosephvR.[ 1981]T. L.R.n.
351wher eMakameJ. A.saidatp.352:

“Wecannotsaythatifhehadbeenl
egal
l
yrepr
esent
edadi
ff
erentpi
ctur
ewoul
dnot
possi
blyhav
eemerged.
”

Thatisthepoi
nt.Thisi
sbecauset
hequal
i
tyofj
ust
icewegotwhenanaccusedi
snotl
egal
l
y
defendedi
sbus-st
andar
d.

Iti
snotev er
ymanwhohast heabili
tyofdefendhimselfonhi sown.Hecannotbr i
ngoutt he
point
sinhisownf avourortheweaknessesint heothersi
de.Hemaybet ongue-
ti
edornervous,
confusedorwanti
ngi nintel
li
gence.Hecannotexami neorcross-examinewi t
nessesint
ell
i
gibly
.
Thequalit
yofjust
ice,surel
yimproveswheretherei
slegalrepresent
ati
on.

Int hecaseathandIwaspr eparedtoal l

ow t heappealont hesi mpl egr oundt hatthet ri
alwas
nullit
ybecauset heappel l
antwasdeni edofhi slegalri
ghttol egalr epresent ati
on.Thedeni alof
ther i
ghtt ol egalaidisindeedr eprehensibleandi tboggl
esmymi ndast owhyt hisri
ghthasnot
beenexer tedsi nce1969whenActNo.21/ 1969wasenact ed.Coul di tbesobecauset herewas
noonet ochampi onther i
ghtsoft hepoor ?Unders.190oft heC. P.C.( news.310oft heC. P.
A.)
thereisast atutoryri
ghtt olegalrepr
esent ati
on.Thecourtshav edeci dedt oconst r
uet hatsection
tot hedi sadv antageoft hepoor .Variouscaseshav eheldthat ,thatsect i
onmeanst hatoncea
accusedper sonhasav ail
edhi mselft heser vi
cesofanadv ocat e( thatpr esupposest hatan
accusedper sonhasmeans)heshoul dnotbedepr i
vedoft her ightt obedef endedbycounsel
throughnof aultofhi sorhi scounsel .Thesecaseschampi oningt hecauseoft hehav es,are
numer ousandaf ewoft hem are:J.A.Haj ivR.:[1947]1T.L.R.( R)299( WilsonJ.);MugomavR:
[1957]E. A.555( C.A.)
;JoshuaNkonokivR. :[1978]L.T.
R.n.24 I ( Mnzav asJ. ),D. P.
P.v
Rugai mukamu:[ 1982]T.L.R.139( RubamaJ. )andAl i
masiKal umbet avR. :[1982]T.L.R.n.329;
andt heJamai cancaseofRebi nsenvR.:[ 1986]L.R.
C.(Const.)405( byPr ivyCounci l
).
 Ilookedforadecisionwhichwoul dheldthatast atut
or yr
ightoflegalrepresentationhasbeen
i
nfringedwhereanaccusedper sonisdepri
v edoftherighttobedef endedbycounselt hr
oughno
faul
tofhi sorhiscounselbecauseofhispov er
ty(i
nt hataccusedcoul dnotaffor dtohireone)
andt hecourtdi
dnotoni t
sownmot i
onconsi derwhethertograntlegalaidornot, butIcouldnot
fi
ndanysuchdeci si
on.Ifanythi
ngthatstatutoryri
ghtwasi nt
erpret
edi nfavouroft hehavesand
thehav enotswereignored.Ihopethisjudgmentcomest ot herescueoft heindi gentaccused
persons.”

Thatwasbef or ethe enactmentoft he LegalAi d Actof2017,t hough the poli

ce had a
consti
tut
ionaldutyofaf f
ordingthesuspectstherighttolegalrepresent
ati
on,willt
hisnewAct
changethisnot ori
ousconductofourpol i
ceser v
ice?,becauset heActundert heprovisi
onsof
Secti
on36obl igest hepoli
ceser vi
cetoensur ethatthesuspect sincustodyar eaffordedan
opport
unitytolegalaid/
represent
ati
on.I
tisthemat terofwaitandsee.

Awar
enesst
opeopl
eont
heaspectofl
egalai
dser
vices

Theaspectofl egalai dser vicesisundert hesuper vi

si onandaut horit
yoft heMi nist
r yfor
Const i
tut
ionand LegalAf f
airs,asenunciated abovet her i
ghtt o alegalrepresentat
ioni s
recognizedbyt heConst i
t ut
ionandanumberofI nternat i
onalHumanRi ght
si nst
rument s,but
thereisal owl ev elofawar enesstoi ndi
vi
dualsont hisright,par
ticul
arl
ywher eaper sont obe
aidedisani ndigentt her i
ghtt obeprov i
dedwithsuffi
cientmeanst odefendhiscasev eryfewof
theindigentper sonsknow oft hi
sr i
ght.Theproblem ofawar enesst otheBillofRightswas
reportedsincet heBi llcamei nt of
orcein1984,inat hesisbyWambal iin1997hepoi ntedouti n
theChapt erthatdeal twithLegalI ll
it
eracyandOt herPr oblemsofHumanRi ghtsEnforcement
thatthereislackofknowl edgeandi nformati
onaboutt heBi l
lofRightsandignoranceof

thecor rectav enuest oenforcet hem57.Ci vilSocieti

esandgov ernmentdepar tment spar ticularl
y
theMi nistryf orConst i
tut
ionandLegalaf fairsshoul dprovidef orcivicandl egaleducat i
onand
awar enesst ot hemassessot hatt hisri
ghtbecomesar ealityinaSt at ewher ethosewhohav e
are swal l
owi ng sof tlythe suf feri
ng cr owd.Sadl yi twas r eported t hat ,the Mi nistry of
Const itut i
onalandLegalAf fair
si soneoft hemostsecr eti
v epubl icinst i
tutionsi nTanzani a,the
Mi nistryr ecei vedt he2016Gol denPadl ockAwar dforfail
ur et omeetr ecommendedst andar ds
58
i
nt hedi scl osur eofpubl i
cinformat ion. Nowt hedangeroft hisisthat ,thepubl icinst i
tut ethat
wassupposet obet hewhi st l
ebl owerhast urnedtobeasecr et
iveone.I nThomasMj engiv.
59
Republ ic t heappel lantwasconv i
ctedofr obberywithv i
olenceatt hesubor dinatecour t
.He
appeal edwi tht hegr oundamongot herst hathewasnoti nfor medoft her i
ghtt of reel egalai d
paidf orbyt heSt ate.AttheHi ghCour twhi chwast heappel latecour tMwal usany a,J.whowas
presi dingJudgegr ant edtheappel l
antwi thf reelegalaidtot heappel lantt obepai df orbyt he
Stat e.I nhi sj udgmentMwal usany a,J.poi ntedoutt hatt hef ail
ureoft hecour tt ogr antt he
accusedper sonswhoar ei ndigentper sonst heirstatut
or yandconst i
tut ionalr i
ghtofl egal
repr esent ationpai dforbyt heSt atemakest hattri
alanullity,andhel df ur thert hatt het rialwil
l
alsobeanul l
ityifthecour tdoesnoti nformt heaccusedhi sr ighttolegalr epr esentation.I tisof

57
Democr acyandHumanRi ghtsi
nTanzani aMai nl
and, TheBil
lofRightsintheContextofthe
ConstitutionalDevelopmentsandtheHi stor
yofInsti
tutionsoftheGov er
nance,athesissubmitt
edtothe
UniversityofWar wickfort
heDegr eeofDoct orofPhilosophy(Ph.
D) ,
1997byMi chaelKajel
aBeatus
Wambal iatpage283
58
ARepor tti
tl
ed,2016Repor tonOpenandSecr eti
vePubl i
cInsti
tuti
onsinTanzania,acompilat
ionbythe
Tanzani anChapt eroftheI
nstit
ute(Misa-Tan),r
eportedinTheCi t
izenof29thSeptember2016
59
[1992]TLR
essencetoreproduceapar
tthatHisLordshi
pMwal
usany
adeal
twi
thi
nrespectt
olegalai
dand
l
egalrepr
esentati
oninThomasMj engi
’
scase

“
Ont hi
spointcounselfort
heappel l
antsMr.Mbezibasedhi sargumentonmyr ecentdecisi
onin
t
hecaseofKhami siHamisMany welevR.DodomaH. C.Cri
m.AppealNo.39/1990( unrepor
ted)
,
whichIunder
standhasgonet otheTanzaniaCourtofAppeal ,
onappealbytheD.P.P.Theref
oreI
wi
llnotspendmucht i
mediscussingthegenesi
soft herighttolegalr
epr
esentati
on,asmostof
t
hepointscanvassedwerethoroughlydocument
edint heMany welecase(
supra).

Suff
iceheretobri
efl
ystatewhatthatr
ighti
sallabout
.Ther
ightt
olegalr
epr
esent
ati
onst
andson
twolegs:Theconsti
tut
ionalr
ightandt
hestatut
oryri
ght.

Theconst it
uti
onalr ighttol egalr epr esent at
ionst andsont wol egs-f i
rstunderAr t.13( 6)(a)ofour
Const ituti
onwhi chpr ovidesf ort her ightt obehear d.Therear ethr eeper suasi veaut hor i
tieswhi ch
i
nt erpr ett hephrase' fai
rhear i
ng' int heirConst it
ut ionst oincludet her ightt ol egalr epr esent at i
on
pai df orbyt heSt atef orani ndigentper son F whoseconst itut
ionalr ight sar eatst ake.Fi rstwe
hav et hecaseofPowel lvAl abama( 1932)287U. S.45deci dedbyt heU. S. A.Supr emeCour t.Then
from Zi mbabwet heSupr emeCour tther eint hecaseofDube&anot hervTheSt at e:Supr eme
Cour tJudgmentNo. 212/ 1988.Thatcasei sdef endedbyHon.Mr .Just i
ceA. R.Gubbayoft he
ZimbabweSupr emeCour ti nhi spaperof' Thi rdCommonweal thAf ri
caJudi cianConf erence'i n
Lusaka, Zambi aApr il1990, Titl
ed' Judi ci
alRev iewi ntheenj oymentofHumanRi ghts' publ ishedi n
theCommonweal thLaw Bul leti
nVol .16No. 3ofJul y1990f rom pp.992-1001.Thet hird
per suasi veaut hor i
tyi sthedeci sionoft he Supr emeCour toft heRepubl i
cofI relandi nt hecase
ofTheSt ate(Heal y)vDonoghue( 1976)I R.325.Thatdeci si
oni sdef endedbyt heHon.Mr .Just ice
JohnKennyoft heSupr emeCour toft heRepubl icofI relandi nhi sar ti
cle' A Bi l
lofRi ght s'
publ ishedi ntheNor thernI relandLegalQuar terly( 1979)Vol .10No. 3atp.195.Thesecondl egon
whi cht heconst itutionalr ightr estsi sont her ightt oper sonalf reedom underAr t
.( 15( 2)ofour
Const ituti
on.ThatAr ti
clest ipul atest hatnooneshal lbedepr ivedofhi sper sonall i
ber tyexceptby
procedur eestabl i
shedbyl aw.I nI ndiai nthecaseofManekaGandhivUni onofI ndi a( 1978)2
S.C. R.248,i nterpretinga B si milarpr ov i
sion,i twashel dbyt heSupr emeCour tt her e,t hatno
procedur ecanber egar dedasr easonabl e,fairandj ustwhi chdoesnotaf fordlegalr epr esent at i
on
toanaccusedper sonwhoi spl acedi nj eopar dyofhi sl if
eorper sonall i
ber t
yi nacr imi nal
proceedi ngs.Theabov edeci sionwasi npr i
nci pleadopt edbyt heTanzani aCour tofAppeali nthe
case,ofD. P.P.vDaudiPet e:Cr im.AppealNo.28/ 1990 ( unr epor ted).The r ightt ol egal
repr esent ationfort hepoor ,includest her ightt obei nformedoft hatr i
ghtbyt het rialcour t,so
deci dedt hesupr emeCour tofI ndi aint heManekaGandhicase( supr a).TheHon.Mr .Just ice
Bhagwat i,thef or merC. J.ofI ndi adef endst he abov ecase,i nhi sar ti
cle'HumanRi ght sas
ev olvedbyt hejurisprudenceoft heSupr emeCour tofI ndiapubl ishedi nt heCommonweal thLaw
Bul l
et i
nVol .13No.1ofJanuar y1987atpp. 230-245.

Inf acttheri
ghtt olegalrepr
esentati
onforthepoorisrecognizedallov erthewor ld.Iti s
cont ai
nedintheUni ver
salDecl
arati
onofHumanRi ghts(
1948),t heI
nternati
onalCov enanton
CivilandPoli
ti
calRights(1976)
,Ar t
.7(
1)oftheAfri
canChart
erofHumanandPeopl e'sRights
(1981),andArt.6(
3)(1)oftheEuropeanConvent
iononHumanRi ghts(
1950) .Ther
efor
et heri
ght
tolegalrepr
esentati
onisacceptedbyt hecommunit
yofnati
onsasabi rthri
ghtforeveryhuman
being.

Thati swhyIhol dthatt heStatut

oryrighttolegalr epresent
at i
oniscontai
nedi ns.310oft he
C.P.A.No.9/1985asi nt
erpret
edinthel i
ghtofi nt
er nati
onalhumanr i
ght
sstandsandnor msas
abov eadumburated.Inshorts.310oft heC.P.A.shoul dbeinterpret
edtoeant hatt
hosewhocan
affordtopayhavear ighttol
egalrepresent
ation;andt hosewhocannotaf for
dt opay(i
.e.whoar e
poor )haveanequalr i
ghttof r
eelegalaidpai df orbyt hest ate,asprovi
dedi ntheLegalAi d
(CriminalPr
oceedings)ActNo.21/ 1969,thatrightincludesther i
ghttobeinformedoft hatr
ight
bythet ri
alcourt.Perhapsi ti
mpor t
antt oemphasi zethat,theabov econstructionofs. 310oft he
C.P.A.isinevi
tableinthelightofinternat
ionalhumanr ightsstandar dsandnor ms.AsMr .Justi
ce
A.R.GubbayofZi mbabweSupr emeCour tstatesatp.999( i
nhi sar t
icl
ecitedabov e):I ngi vi
ng
meani ng tolegislat
ion on human r i
ghtsexpr essed in generalorev en vaguet erms,wher e
uncertainorincompl et
e,thereisampl escopef oraJudget olookt oint
ernationaldevelopment s
and dr awn upon t hem in seeking a sol uti
on.I nt
ernationalhuman r i
ghtsi nstr
ument s and
precedents..
..
.pr
ov i
de invaluabl
ei nformation and gui dance.A j udi
cialdeci si
on has gr eat
er
l
egitimacyandwi l
lcommandmor er espectifitaccordswi thinternati
onalnor mst hathav ebeen
acceptedbymanycount r
ies,thani fitisbasedupont hepar ochialexper i
enceorf oiblesofa
parti
cularJudgeorCour t
.

Thatisonewayofr eachi
ng attheconcl
usi
on t
hatther
eexist
sast at
utor
yr i
ghtt
olegal
repr
esentati
onf
ort
hepoori.e.bywayofseekinggui
dancef
rom int
ernati
onalhumanri
ght
s
i
nstruments.

Theot herwayofest abli

shingt hest at
utoryrightt olegalrepresent at
ionisthegener ousand
purposi v
econst r
ucti
onofS. 310oft heC.P.Aint erpr
etedint helightofActNo. 21/1969.Those
provisi
onswer eenactedtoinculcateinourheadst hatjusti
ceshoul dnotonlybedone, butshoul
d
beseent o bedone.I twi l
lber ecall
ed thatbef oret he1969 l egisl
ati
on,therightt olegal
represent at
ionforpooraccusedper sonswasr est r
ictedtocapitaloffences(murder
,treasonand
mansl aught er)
.Howev eraft
erthe1969Act ,E t her i
ghttolegalrepresentat
ionforpooraccused
personswasext endedt ocovernon- capit
aloffencesl iketheft
,causi nggri
evousharm,r obbery
e.t
.c.whi char etr
iabl
ebyt heDistri
ctCour t
sandR. M.'
sCour t
s.

Counselfort heappel lantsMr.Mbezihasexcl aimedatt heexi sti

nganomal y
.Hesai dforof f
ences
l
ikeincestorwr i
tt
ent hreatstomur der,punishablewi thamaxi mum ofnotmor e5y earsand7
yearsimpr isonmentr especti
vely,theof fendersar epr ovidedf reelegalaidbyt heSt atesi mpl y
becauset heof fencesar etri
ablebyt heHi ghCour t.Howev eroffenderschargedwi t
hof fencesl ike
armedr obber y,punishablewithami ni
mum of30y earsi mprisonment ,arenotpr ovidedwi thfr ee
l
egalaid,si mplybecauset heoffenderi schar gedinasubor dinatecourt.Thatisunf ortunate.I tis
submitt
edt hatt hecor r
ectinterpretati
onoft hedecisionoft heTanzani aCour tofAppeali nt he
caseofLaur ents/ oJosephvR.[ 1981]T. L.R.351,ist hati neithercasewhet hertheof f
encei s
tr
ibl
ebyt heHi ghCour torsubor dinatecour t
,thet r
ialisanul l
ityiftheindigentaccusedper son
wasnotpr ovidedwi thcounsel,atleastforallser i
ousof fences.

Thatacert
if
yingauthor
it
yunders.3oft heLegalAi
d(Cr
im.Proceedi
ngs)ActNo.21/1969hasa
discr
eti
ont
or efuseorgrantl
egalaidtoapooraccusedperson,isamy t
h.TheE. A.C.
A.i
nthe
caseofMohameds/ oSali
m vR:[1958]E.A.202whi
chor
igi
natedfr
om Tangany
ika,sai
datp.203:

Thatin such a case ( the cer t

if
ying authori
ty) shoul
d giv
et he matter anxi
ous
consi
derati
onbeforedeci
dingtorefuseacer ti
fi
cateforlegalaidonthegroundofsuff
ici
encyof
means;thatareasonabl
yli
berali
nterpret
ati
onoughtt obepl acedonthesecti
onandthatincase
ofdoubtthedi
screti
onshouldbeexer ci
sedintheprisoners'
favour.

Iwishonlytopoi ntoutthats.3oft hePoorPrisonsDefenceOrdi

nanceCap.21which theabov e
casewasi nt
erpretingisinparimateriawit
hours.3ofActNo.21/ 1969.I
nfactPr
of.JamesRead
i
nhi stoursdefor cearti
cle'TheAdv ant
ageofCounsel'inthe'
EastAfri
canLawJour nal'Vol
.VII
I
NO.4( 1971)concl udesatp.294thatthecert
if
yingaut
horit
yhasnoopt i
onbuttograntlegalai
dif
theaccusedispoor .Hesays:

Althought
hedecisionintheGalesHiredvTheKi ng:[1944]A.C.149t urnedi
npartupon
themandat or
ynat
ureofthelegisl
ati
veprovi
si
onf orl
egalaidinSomal i
land,ithasbeenregar
ded
asest abl
ishingageneralpri
ncipl
e-seef orexample,ther emarksofE. A.C.A.inSamsonvR.
[1958]E.A.681atp.682atp.683wher etheysaid:'
Wedonott hinkthatanythingtur
nsuponthe
 f
actthatappel
lant
swer eenti
tl
edasofr ightto haveanadv ocat
eassigned'
.Seealso t
he
j
udgmentofBennetJ.ofHighCour
tofUgandainYusufus/oGitavR.[1958]E.
A.211atp.213:
'
Ever
yaccusedhastheundoubt
edri
ghtt
obedef endedbycounsel
.

Itisastonishingtolearnt hatsince1969t hemember softheJudiciar

yandt heBarhav ewit
ha
calcul
atedconspi r
acyofsi lence,buri
edt heirheadsinthesandl i
keost ri
ches,pr
etendi
ngthat
theyareunawar eoft heabov eauthorit
iesoft heE.A.
C.A.Wit
houtshamet heyhaveglori
fi
edthe
ri
ghtoft hesewhocanaf fordtobedef endedbycounsel ,whi
lequiteobvioustothesimil
arri
ght
ofpoorper sonstri
edbysubor di
natecour ts.Suchananomal ouspracti
cecanbeseeni nsuch
casesas:D. P.P.vRugai mkamu[ 1982]TLR 139;Al imasiKalumbetavR:[ 1982]T.L.
R.329;
Joshwas/ oNkonokivR.[ 1978]L.R.T.n.24,MugemavR:[ 1967]E.A.676.Thepooraccused
personst r
iablebyt hesubor di
natecour t
sandEconomi cCri
mesCour tshavebeencompl etel
y
forgot
ten.Thej udi
ciaryandmember soft heBarar ei
nthedockf orhavi
ngl ef
tthepooraccused
personsint hecoldf orfartoolongsince1969.

Counself ortheRepubli
cMr .Kif
undawascandi denought oconcedet hatapooraccusedper son
hasast atutoryri
ghttobepr ov
idedwit
hfreelegalaidandt obeinformedoft hatri
ghtbyt hetr
ial
court
.Hesai dthatthatri
ghtstemsf r
om thepur posefulconstr
ucti
onofs.310oft heC. P.
A.as
readint helightofs.3oft heActNo.21/ 1969.Hesai df oral
lser
iousoffencest r
iablebythe
subordi
nat ecourts,
pooraccusedpersonshavet herighttof r
eel
egalaidpai
df orbythest at
e.He
concededt hatthetri
ali
nthiscasewasanul l
i
ty,andsai dthathewouldprayforaretrial
.

Howev erMr .Kifunda woul d notgo as f aras st ating thata pooraccused per son has a
constit
utionalri
ghtt ofreel egalaid.Hesai dthatsol ongasanaccusedper sonhasf ai
ledto
perform hisduti
est osocietybycommi tt
ingacrime, thenhef orf
eitshisr i
ghtstofreelegalaidas
perAct29( 1)ofourConst i
tuti
on.Itisthesamepoi ntthatpromptedMr .Kifundatoappealt othe
TanzaniaCour tofAppeali nt heMany welecase( supra).Theshor tanswert othatar gumentis
thatiti
sf ault
yinthatitpresupposest hatthepooraccusedper sonhasal r
eadybeenf oundgui l
ty.
AndIwonderi fitmakesanygr eatdif
ferenceift her i
ghtt ofreel egalaidforpooraccused
personsisf oundedonast atutor
ypr ov
isi
onoraconst it
utionalpr
ov i
sion.

IntheeventIhel
dthatthetr
ialwasanul
li
tybecauset
hesepoorappel
l
ant
swer edeni
edoft
heir
stat
utor
yandconsti
tuti
onalr
ighttof
reel
egalai
d,andwerenoti
nfor
medofthatri
ghtbyt
hetr
ial
court

Soat imehascomef orCourtsoflaw,publi

cinsti
tuti
onsandcivi
lsoci
etyorgani
zat
ionamong
otherstakehol
derstospreadthewordoft herighttolegalr
epr
esentat
ionandinparti
cul
art
he
ri
ghttofreelegal
aidfori
ndigentper
sons.

Thr
eer
elevantj
udi
cialdeci
sionsf
rom di
ff
erentj
uri
sdi
cti
onsont
her
ightt
olegalai
d

LegalAidSout hAf r
icavMagi di
wanaand19Ot hers60;Ther espondent swer eamongt he
workerswhowagedast r
ikedemandi nganincreaseofwagesbyt hei
rempl oyeetheLonmi nPlc
Mine.Theev entledt odeathsofappr oxi
mat ely44peopl e,mor ethan70wer ei nj
ured,and
approxi
mat el
y250peoplear r
ested.Foll
owingt heMar ikanaMassacr eof2012i nSout hAfri
ca
the Presi
dentf ormed the Commi ssi
on toi nvest
igat e mat t
ers of publ i
c,nat i
onaland
i
nternat
ionalconcer
ns.Whent hemi nersappearedbef oret heCommi ssi
ont heyrequestedfora
l
egalaid,buttheCEOoft heLegalAidSouthAf ri
ca(whoi st heappl
icant)agreedtof undonly

60
[
2015]ZACC28,Const
it
uti
onalCour
tofSouthAf
ri
ca.MosekeneDCJ,
Camer
onJ,
FronemanJ,
Jaf
taJ,
KhampepeJ,MolemelaAJ,Nkabi
ndeJ,Ther
onAJandTshiqiAJ
theaf f
ectedf ami liesandnott hemi nersf ort her easonoff inancialconst r ain,andt hatt he
fi
ndingoft heCommi ssi onwasmor eef f
ectivet ot hef ami li
est hant othemi ners,t heyal so
pointed t hatt he f ami l
i
es consi sted ofwomen,chi ldren and el derl
yper sons who ar e al
l
recogni zedasv ulner ablegr oups, andt hatt heint erestoft hemi nersissupposet obepr ot ected
byt heirTr adeUni ons.Thef i
rstrespondentMr .Mz oxoloMagi diwanaonbehal fandt oget her
withf ellowmi ner swentt ot heHi ghCour ttocompelt hePr esident,theMi nist erofJust iceand
Const ituti
onalDev elopment ,
andt heLegalAi dSout hAf ri
cat opr ovidewi t
ht hem ast ate-funded
l
egalr epresentat i
onatt heCommi ssi on.Theappl icationwasgr antedbyt heHi ghCour t,and
pointedoutt hatt her efusalbyt heLegalAi dwasi rrati
onalandunconst itutional l
yi nvalidf or
viol
at i
ngt hemi ners’r ightt oequal i
tybef orethel aw,pr otect i
onf r
om unf airdi scriminat i
on,and
theirrightofaccesst oaf airpubl i
chear ing.TheLegalAi dappeal edtot heSupr emeCour tof
Appealwhi chdi smi ssedt heappeal .TheLegalAi dappl i
edbef oretheConst i
tutionalCour tto
challenget hepr ev i
ousdeci si
on,butt heConst itutional Cour trejectedt heappl icat i
onf orl eavet o
appeal .TheConst i
tut i
onalCour tr uledt hat,t hedeci sionbyt heHi ghCour tofor der i
ngt he
applicantt opr ov i
def orast ate-
fundedl egalai dt ot her espondentwasnoti nt erf
eringwi tht he
discretionarypower s oft he LegalAi dt or ejectpr oviding l egalai d.The appl ication was
dismi ssedwi thcost .

InTheMat t
erofTheGover nmentoft heRepubl icofNami bi
aandt heDi rect orofLegalAi dand
61
the Pr osecutorGener alv.Geof r
eyKapuzo Mwi li
ma and 128 Ot her s .I nt his case t he
respondent swer echar gedwi th275count swhi chamongot her si ncludedhi ght reason, mur der
,
sedition,publi
cv iolenceandat tempt edmur der .Ther espondent swer ei nv olvedi nthear med
attackatt heCapr iviRegi oni nNami biai n1999somet hi ngwhi chl edt ot hepr oclamat i
onoft he
stateofemer gency .Ther espondentappl i
edf ort hel egalai dt obepr ovidedt ot hem fort hef ai
r
tri
alber eali
zed,thiswasopposedbyt heappel l
ant s, butt heHi ghCour torder edt hat,thesecond
respondentwhoi st heDi rectorofLegalAi dt opr ov i
del egalai dt ot heappl icant ssot hatt hey
willbeabl etodef endt hei rhugecase, andt heDi rectorofLegalAi dshoul dpayf orthecost sof
theCounsel swhor epr esent edt heappl icantsint hatappl ication.TheGov er nmentandt heot her
applicantsappeal edt ot heHi gherCour twhichconsi der edt her ightt olegalr epr esentati
onand
orderedt hattheSt atehasadut yt oprov i
del egalai dtoper sonsf acingt her igorsoft hel awand
cri
mi naljusti
ce,andt hatt heSt at ehasanobl igat iont opr otectanduphol df undament alrights
andf reedom inaccor dancewi t
hAr t
icle10,t her ightt of airtrialunderAr ti
cl e12,andAr t
icle25
62
onenf or
cementoff undament alrightsandf reedoms.

Onyango and Ot her sv.Tanzani a63 t

heappl i
cantsint hi
scasear eKeny answho wentt o
Mozambi quet oseekj oboppor t
uniti
eswheret heywereki dnapped, arr
estedandhandcuf f
edby
theMozambi can,Keny anandTanzani anpol icesandt heywer et hentransfer
redt oTanzani a.
Theapplicantsallegedi nTanzaniat heywer esubj ectedt osev erebeatingswi t
hheav ysticks
andmet alrods,torturebyel ect
ri
cshock,andbadenought heywer erejectedtocommuni cate
thei
rLawy ers.Theywer ethenchargedwi t
hmur derandar medr obber
ybutl aterthechargeof
murderwaswi t
hdrawnf orwantofev i
dence.Whi leatt ri
alinTanzani at wooft hem diedi n
custodyandt helocalcour ti
nTanzani aconvictedt hem andt heywer esentencedt othi
rtyyear s
i
npr isonf orconspi r
acyt ocommi tanof fenseandar medr obbery.Whent hepr oceedings

61
CaseNo.29of2002i ntheSupr
emeCour tofNamibi
a.Str
ydom,CJ.,
OLi
nn,A.
J.A,
Chomba,A.JA,
Mt ambanengwe,A.
J.A.etManyar
ar,
A. J.
A
62
Consti
tut
ionofNamibia
63
Afri
canCourtonHumanandPeopl es’Right
s,Appl
i
cationNo.006/ Judgmenton18thMar
2013, ch2016
agai nstt hem i nTanzani awer egoi ngont heyf iledacommuni cationatt heAf r
icanCour ton
HumanandPeopl es’Ri ghtsallegingt hatt herehasbeenav iol
ationoft hei rrightst opr oper t
y,
freedom, righttowor kandt hatt heywer edeni edar i
ghtt obet ri
edwi thi
nar easonabl et i
me.The
Af r
icanCour taskedt hePanAf ricanLawy ers’Uni ontoconsi dertheappl i
cant swi thl egal aidand
theUni onagr eed.Theappl i
cant sal l
egedt hatdur ingt hepr oceedi ngsinTanzani at heywer e
unrepr esent edandnoti nformedoft hei
rr i
ghtt ol egalai d.TheAf r
icanCour tpoi nt edt hat
Tanzani ahasanobl i
gat i
onundert heAf r
icanChar teronHumanandPeopl es’Right sof1981
64
(TheBanj ulCharter),andanobl igationundert heI nternationalCov enantonCi vi
landPol i
ti
cal
Right s( CCPR)of196665.TheAf
I ricanCour tthushel dt hat,Tanzani ahasv iolatedt hepr ov isi
ons
ofAr t
icle7( 1)(c)oft heBanj ulChar terf orf ai
luret ot akeanynecessar ymeasur est oensur e
thatt heappl i
cantswer eaf f
ordedl egalrepr esentati
oni ncl
udingbei ngi nformedoft hatr ightof
beingr epresented,itt huspoi ntedt hatt heappl icantswer eent i
tledt olegalai datal lst agesof
66
thepr oceedi ngs.

Pr
otect
ionoft
heLegalAi
dpr
ovi
der
s

Fort heret obet her ighttoaf airtr

ialwhi chi sthekeypur poseoft hepr ovisionforlegalaidthere
hast obeapr otectiontot hosepeopl ewhopr ovidelegal ai
dserv i
ces.Ther ecannotbeaf ai
rtrial
wher et hel egalr epresentativesar ethreat enedei t
herbyt hel aw orbypr acti
ceast heabov e
narrowedi ncidencei nLol iondoAr ushaTanzani awher eal egalaidpr oviderf r
om theLegaland
HumanRi ghtsCent rewasar rest
edandenj oinedasanaccusedwhenhewentatt hePol i
cet o
attendt hei ndigentper sons.Pr ot
ect i
oncut sacr osst othepay mentbyt heSt ateoft heservices
oft hatlegalr epresent ati
on.Ther emar kabl ecaseher einTanzani ai sN.I .NMunuoNg’ univ.
67
TheJudgeI nchar geHi ghCour t
,Ar ushaandTheAt torneyGener al Thi si sal andmarkcaseas
tot hepr otectionoft hosewhopr ov i
def oraf reel egalaidt obepai dbyt heSt ateandl egal
represent ati
onatl arge.Ther ear et wodeci sionsher e,oneoft heHi ghCour tandanot herisof
theCour tofAppeal .Ihavedeci dedt oat tacht hatoft heHighCour tbecauseofi tsvastnessand
i
tsav ai
l
abi l
ityunliket hatoft heCour tofAppeal whichcaneasi l
ybet raced.

64
Arti
cle7( 1)(c)
65
Arti
cle14( 3)(b)
66
www. ij
rcenter.
org/
2016/03/28/afr
ican-
court-
hol
ds-
tanzani
a-r
esponsi
ble-
for
-pr
ov i
ding-
legal
-assi
stance-
to-def
endant s/(astaccessed6thDecember2017,
l at7:59pm)
67
Civi
lCauseNo.3of1993, Hi
ghCour tofTanzani
aatArusha(Unr
eport
ed),Mapigano,J.,Mchome, J.,
andRut akangwa, J.
AnAppendi
x
N.I
.NMunuoNg’
uni

v.
68
JudgeI
nchar
geofHi
ghCour
t,Ar
ushaandTheAt
tor
neyGener
al

Judgment

MAPI
GANO,
J.

Thepet i
tionerN.I .N.MunueNg’ unowhol i
kest ocal lhimselfLor dNg’ uni,Supr emeDef enderof
theFai thandEl ectofGod, isanadv ocateoft heHi ghCour tofTangany i
ka( Tanzani aMai nland)
ofaf airlyl ongst andi ng.Hei sbasedi nAr usha.OnoraboutNov ember ,1,1993,hewas
assignedsi xbrief si nt ermsofsect i
on3ofLegalAi d( Cri
mi nalPr oceedi ngs)Act ,1969( Act
No.21of1969)asamendedbyActNo.19of1992,andi nstr
uct edt opr oceedt oBabat iwher e
theHi ghCour twasduet ohol daseason.Thepet it
ionerwasr equi redt odef endt heaccused
personswhower ef acingmur derchar ges.Undert hesai dsect ion3anaccusedper soni s
entitl
edt of r
eel egalai di nt hepr eparati
onandconductofhi sdef ence,wher ei tappear stot he
certif
ying aut hor ityt hati ti sdesi rabl
ei nt hei nterestsofj ust i
ceand t hathi smeansar e
i
nsuf fi
cientt oenabl ehi mt oengagesuchser v i
ces.Theexpr essi on“ certif
yingaut hority”is
definedundersect ion2ast heChi efJust i
ceort hePr i
ncipalJudgeort heJudgei nchar geoft he
distri
ctr egistrywher ethepr oceedi ngisconduct edi nr el
ationt oapr oceedi ngbef oret heHi gh
Cour t
;andi ncaseofpr oceedi ngbef oreadi strictcour toracour tofr esidentmagi strate,the
ChiefJust ice.Thepet i
tionerr efusedt ot aket hosebr i
efsandhedi dpoi ntbl ank.Byal et
ter
datedNov ember16,1993,exhi bitP3,t heDi strictRegi str
aratAr ushacommuni catedt ot he
petiti
onert hei nst ructionoft heJudgei nchar ge.Thef i
rstrespondenti nt hiscase, thatheshoul d
takebr iefsandt hewar ni ngt hati fhedi dnotdosoani mmedi atedi scipli
nar yactionwoul dbe
takenagai nsthi m.I tisal legedbyt her espondent svidepar a3oft hei ramendedpl eading,that
thepet itionerr ef usedt or eceivet helet t
erandt hathedi dsoar rogant l
y.Thepet i
ti
onerhas
deniedt het r
uthoft hatal l
egat ionandwel eav ethemat terforlater.I twasnotani dlewar ning.

Whent hepeti
ti
onerremaineddef i
ant,thejudgecarr
ieditout .ByaletterdatedNov ember18,
1993exhi bi
tP1,thejudgesuspendedhi mfrom pr
actici
ngasanadv ocatependingar efer
ence
totheHi ghCourt.Thejudgestatedthathehaddonesoi nt heexerci
seoft hepowerconf err
ed
uponhi m bysection22(1)and( 2)
(b)oft heAdvocat
esOr di
nance,Cap.341.I ntheschemeof
thatOr di
nance,theChiefJustice,theHi ghCourtandt heAdv ocat
esCommi t
teeast herei
n
defined,haveco-ordi
natepowert odiscipl
ineadvocateswhobehav ei mproperlyorcommi t
offences.Inrel
ationtotheHighCour tthatpowerisgi venundersect i
on22( 1)and( 2)(
a).A

68
Ci
vi
lCauseNo.3of1993,
HighCour
tofTanzani
aatAr
usha(
Unr
epor
ted)
,Mapi
gano,
J.,
Mchome,
J.,
andRutakangwa,
J.
j
udgeoft heHi ghCour tisgivenpowerunderpar a(b)oft hatsubsect i
ont osuspendan
advocatefrom l egalpracti
ce,temporari
ly,pendingar eferencet o,ordi sal
lowanceofsuch
suspensi
onbyt heHi ghCourt.[
Indigr
essionwemayobser vet hatsecti
on22hasbeenbr anded
byMr .MohamedI smai l
,aprominentmemberoft heBar,as“ draconi
an”inar ecentpublicati
on
oftheLaw Soci ety.Butasj ustindi
cated,wear esparedt het askofadj udicatinguponi t
s
consti
tut
ionalv ali
dit
yint hi
scase.]Itisnotsur pri
singthatt hepetit
ionerwasaggr i
evedand
extr
emelybi t
ter.Hecamet othisCourtt oventi
latehisgrievanceandt oaskr edress.Inhis
amendedpet i
ti
onheaskst heCour ttoissuesev eralor
ders,includi
ngonef ordamage,under
Art
icl
es30( 3)and( 4)oftheConstit
uti
onoft heUnitedRepublic.

Wehav eidenti
fi
edanddr awnupsi xissuesont hepl eading,andwehav edeemedi ttostart
deal
ingwithwhichi saf actualone,namel y,(1)Itwoul dbeamat eri
alconsiderati
onthatt he
assi
gnmentwasmadebyt hej udge,giv
ent heprovi
sionofsect i
on3ofAct21/ 69bywhi chsuch
exer
ciseisthef uncti
onoft heRegi st
rar,DeputyRegi st
rarorDistri
ctRegistrarandnotofa
Judgeincharge.Itissubmit ted,andconcededbyMr .Songoro,l
earnedSeniorSt at
eAt tor
ney,
onbehalfoftherespondents, thati
twoul dbeanar rogati
onofpoweront hepar tofthejudgeif
theassi
gnmentwasmadebyhi m, wherebytheassignmentwoul dbef l
awed.

Thepet iti
onerwhobear st hebur denofpr oofisent ir
elyr ely
ingupont heinst ructionsand
warningoft hejudgewhi char equotedbyt heDi st
ri
ctRegi strarinexhi bit
sP1andP3.The
i
nstructioninexhi bi
tP3i sint heseterms:…. .
”Idirectthathe( peti
ti
oner)t akest hebr iefs
assi
gnedt ohi m andthatrefusalbyhimt otakethem wi l
lresulti
ni mmedi atedisci pli
nar yaction
agai
nsthi m underCap.341oft heLaws.”Inexhibi
tP1t hej udgest atedthus:“Ihav esuspended
hi
m( t
hepet iti
oner)fr
om practici
ngasanadv ocate,pendingar ef
er encetot heHi ghCour t,for
hi
sr efusaltocompl ywit
hmydi rect
iontohimt otakedock–br i
efsf ortheCrimi nalSessi onsat
Babati,
”

Thepet i
ti
onerwoul dhav eusf indt hatthesedirecti
onsar eacl earandconcl usiv
epr oofoft he
j
udgehav i
ngmadet heassi gnment .Ont heot herhand,Mr .Songorosubmi t
st hatt herei s
nothi
ng int hose di r
ecti
ons whi ch establi
shes the pet i
ti
oner’s assert
ion.He makes t he
substanti
alpointthatwhent hosedi r
ecti
onswer eissuedt heassignmenthadal r
eadybeen
made.Hepoi ntsout,wet hinkcor rectl
y,t
hatthewor ds“ref
usaltocompl ywi thmydi rectiont o
hi
mt otakedock–br ief
s”inexhi bitP3,i.
et otaket hebri
efshehadear li
errefusedtot ake.We
have considered the mat t
ercar ef ul
lyand we ar e atone wi t
h Mr .Songor o.When t hose
i
nstructi
onswer eissuedbyt hejudget heassignmenthadal r
eadybeenmadeandt hepet i
tioner
hadrefusedtot akethebriefs.Thatseemst ousi ndi
sputable.

Wehav ecomet ot heconcl usionthatonbal anceex hibitsP1andP3donotf ur ni

shsuff
ici
ent
probativeev idencet hattheassi gnmentwasact uall
ymadebyt hej udge.Thedocument sleave
themat terint her ealm ofconj ecture.Weaccor dinglyansweri nt henegative.( 2)Wewi l
lnext
turnt ofour thissues,whi chisdi vi
dedi ntofivesub-issues.Thef i
rstsub-i
ssuei swhetherthe
petit
ionerr efusedt or eceiveexhi bi
tP3.Asal readyment ioned, t
hisisanallegationmadebyt he
respondenti nt hepl eadingbutdeni edbyt hepet it
ioner .Itisalsoaf act
uali ssueandi thas,
therefore,t o be r esolved upon t he ev i
dence given.I tis suscept i
bletoav er
yeasyand
strai
ghtfor war danswer .Forr easonsunknownt oust her espondents,towhom t heonusof
proofiscast ,haveopt ednott ogi veevidence.Intheci r
cumst ances,asproperlyconcededbyMr .
Songor o, wear ecompel ledtof indthattheall
egat i
onhasnotbeenpr oved.Wet husanswerthis
sub-issueal soi nthenegat i
ve.
Thesecondsub- i
ssuei swhet hert hef irstrespondentcausedt hesuspensi onoft hepet i
tioner
from legalpr acti
cet oci rculat eal lov erTanzani aMai nland.Ther elev antandshor tf actswhi ch
appeart oust obemat erialar et hese.Exhi bitP1whi chbeart hesi gnat ureoft heDi stri
ct
Registraroft hedaywascopi edt ot heChi efJust ice,t hePr incipalSt ateAt t
orney,Ar usha,t he
Secretar yoft heTangany i
kaLaw Soci et y,theChai rmanoft heNor thernLawy ersGr oup.The
Registrarsoft heCour tofAppeal andHi ghCour t,theDi strictRegi strarsofal lzonesi nTanzani a,
thePr i
nci palResi dentMagi strate,Ar usha,andt heSeni orResi dentMagi str
at einchar geMoshi .
Thel astt wo wer erequest ed byt heDi str
ictRegi strart o passon t hei nformat ion tot he
magi stratesundert heirjurisdictions.Thepet iti
onercont endst hatt heDi st
rictRegi strardi dso
ont hei nstructi
onoratt hei nstanceoft hef irstrespondent ,andt hati twasi mpr operf ort he
respondentt odoso.Thesuspensi onwasal sogi v enpubl i
cit
yi nt hepr i
ntmedi a.Ini tsissueof
Januar y13, 1994, t
heMaj i
ranewspaperr anashor tarticl
eatpage5aboutt hesuspensi on.The
authoroft hear t
iclewasoneAbuNasi rwhoment ionedt hef irstrespondentast hesour ce.The
peti
tionerdoesnotknow t hesai dNasi r.Nordoesheknow how t hef i
rstr espondentcamet o
i
mpar tt he informat i
on t ot hatman.The pet iti
onernev ertheless cl ai ms t hati twas f ir
st
respondent“ t
ogooutofhi swayandbr ingt heat tentionoft hegener al publ i
ct othesuspensi on.”
Wer egr ettosayt hatthiscompl ainthasnomer it
sf ort wor easons.

Fir
stli
keMr .Songor
ohassubmi t
tedi
nhisshortaddr
ess,t
her
eishardl
yanyf
ir
m ev
idencethat
thejudgeissuedsuchinst
ruct
iontotheDistr
ictRegi
str
arandlat
erhadAbuNasirinf
ormed
aboutthemat t
er.

Secondly
,wear esati
sfi
eduponr ef
lection,thatt
hecompl ai
nti
s, i
nthelastanalysi
s,anon-issue.
I
tseemst ousthattherewasnot hingwr ongori mpropertohav ethesuspensionpublishedin
themanneri twasdone.Weknow ofnol aw,andnonehasbeenci t
edtousbyt hepet i
ti
oner,
whichrequir
esthatsucheventbekeptoutoft hemedia.Whatweknowi sthatArti
cle18(1)of
ourConstit
uti
ongiveseverypersont her i
ghttoseek,recei
veandi mpartinf
ormat i
onandi deas
thr
oughanymedi a.Wenowcomet ot hethirdandfourthsub-
issuesandwear egetti
ngt owhat
weconsidertobetheheartofthiscase.

Thepetit
ionerhaspref
err
edtocombineandar guet hesesub-
issuestoget
herandwewi l
lfol
l
ow
sui
t.Thequest ioniswhetherajudge,exerci
singhi spowerundersect ion22( 2)(b)ofthe
AdvocateOr di
nance,i
sunderdut yto giv
eahear i
ngt otheadv ocatebef or
ehemakesa
suspensi
onor der,
andift
heanswerbe“yes”,whetherthepeti
ti
onerwasdeni edthatri
ght
.

Thepet it
ioner’
ssubmi ssionisoft hef ollowingnat ure:-Ther i
ghtt oahear ingi sbasi c.Itisa
mat terofnat uralj usticeandi tisguar anteedbyt heConst i
tutionunderAr t
icle13( 6)(b)aswel l
asbyt heUni versalDecl arati
onofHumanRi ghtsandt heAf ri
canChar t
eronHumanandPeopl e
Rightswhi chTanzani ahasr ati
fied.Hewasdeni edt hatright.Heshoul dhav ebeenser vedwi t
ha
show –causenot ice,buthewasnot .Ther eafterthej udgeshoul dhav egi venhi m af airand
adequat eoppor tunityofmaki ngor alrepr esentati
ons,butt hej udgedi dnotdoso.Exhi bitsP1
andP3di dnotamountt oashow–causenot i
ce,letaloneahear ing.Sot hej udgesuspended
hi
mf r
om pr acti
ci nghi spr of
essi oni nv iolati
onoft heConst itutionalpr ovi
sion.Thesuspensi on
wasi nconsequenceMr .Songor odi sagr ees.Hesubmi tst hatt hepet i
ti
onerwasaccor deda
hearingbef or
ehewassuspended,andt hati sev i
dencedbyexhi bitP3.I fweunder standt his
correctly,hesubmi ts,intheal ternat i
ve,t hatinmaki ngthesuspensi onor dert hej udgewasnot
determi ningther ight sorobl igationsoft hepet it
ioner ,butwasj ustinitiatingadi scipli
nary
proceedi ng.Thet askofadj udicat i
nguponanadv ocat e’
sr ightsandobl igat i
onsand,i fhis
misconductisestabli
shed,determiningtheappropriat
epenalt
y,isindiff
erenthands,namely
,
theHighCour tsit
ti
nginr efer
encesect i
on22( 2)(
a),befor
ewhichhehasar ighttoheari
ngin
accordancewi ththerequirementsofnat ur
aljusti
ce.Whendi schar
ginghisf unct
ionunder
secti
on22( 2)(b),ajudgeexer cisedsummar ypowerandhei senjoi
nedt osuspendt he
advocate,andthesuspensionisnotenvisagetobeapenal t
y.

Lear nedcounselal soexpr essest hev iewt hatt hreecat egor i

esofsuspensi onar edi scer niblein
sect ion22( 2)(b),namel y( a)t empor arysuspensi on;( b)suspensi onpendi ngr efer encet ot he
HighCour t;and( c)suspensi onpendi ngdi sallowanceofsuchsuspensi onbyt heHi ghCour t.We
maysayatoncet hathei smi staken.Atanyr ate,wehav ebeenunabl et oseet hepoi ntor
relev antofsuchcl assi f
icat i
on.Wecannotacceptt hear gumentt hataj udgeexer cisinghi s
powerundert hatpr ovisioni senj oinedt osuspendt headv ocate.Sect ion22( 2)( b)isphr ases
thus:“ Anyjudgeoft heHi ghCour tshal lhav epowert osuspendanyadv ocat einl ikemanner( i
.e.
from pr acti
cing),tempor arily,pendi ngar ef erencet o, ordi sallowanceofsuchsuspensi onbyt he
HighCour t
.”Tousi tiscl earf rom t hewor dingoft hatpr ov i
siont hataj udgei sv estedwi t
ha
discr et i
on,andbey ondquest i
onhehas,whenexer cisingt hatdi scretion,t obr i
ngt ohi st aska
temper ateandj udi ciousmi nd.Nordoweacceptt hear gumentsuchsuspensi onwoul dt ake
awayhi smeansofear ni
ngal ivel ihood,andwoul dal sobeani mput ationonhi schar act er.We
consi deritper f
ect l
yf airt osayt hatt hepet i
tionerwasnotgi venahear ingbyt hej udge.Wedo
notagr eethatexhi bitP3const itut esashow–causenot ice.I twasj ustanot icet ot hepet it
ioner
tocompl ywitht hei nst r
uct ionoft hej udge,andoft heun- pleasantconsequencest hatwoul d
follow i fhedi sobey ed.Weent irelyagr eet hati nsuspendi ngt hepet iti
onert hej udgewas
i
ni t
iat ingadi sci
pl i
nar ypr oceedi ng.Buti nt heci r
cumst ancesoft hiscaset hatcount sforl ittl
e.In
ourconsi deredv iew t hepet iti
onerwasent itledt oahear ing.Wet hinkt hatwher eaper son’ s
l
ivel i
hoodi satissueorst ake, andanadv erseconsequencewoul dref l
ectuponhi sr eput at i
onor
stat us,hei sentitl
edt oanoppor tuni t
yt obehear d.Iti sscar celynecessar yt ost resst hatt he
ri
ghtt ol i
veli
hood( ort owor k)i saconst it
ut i
onr ight,whi chi nsomej uri
sdi ctionsi sact ually
equat edwi thther ightt olife.

Ther ightt oahear ingis,‘

weunder st and,notani nfl
exi blerul
ei ntermsofpr ocedur e.Thoughi t
requi resf air
ness,i tdoesnotr equiret heappl i
cationoff ixedort echni calpr oceduralr ules.So
thehear ingneednotbeor al.Wear eawar etheov ert hey earstherehav ebeent wocont endi ng
viewsast owhet herapubl i
cof fi
cerpr oposi ngtosuspendasubor dinat efrom of f
ice,nor mal l
ya
pur elyadmi ni
st rat
ivedeci sion,isobl i
gedt ogivehi m ahear i
ng.Thesev iewshav ebeenst ated
bySi rWi ll
iam WadeandDr .ChristopherFor sythint heirbookADMI NI STRATI VELAW,7t hed.
atpages560–561.Thel ear nedaut hor swr it
e:“Onei sthattheempl oy erneedsummar ypower
tosuspendwi thouthear ingorot herf ormalit
yasahol dingoper ation,pendi ngi nquiriesi nto
suspi cionsoral l
egations.Theot heri st hatsuspensi oni smer el
yExpul sionpr otant o.Eachi s
penal ,andeachdepr ivesthememberconcer nedoft heenj oymentofhi srightsofmember ship
orof f
ice.”Themaj ori
tyoft heJudi cialCommi t
teeoft hePr i
vyCounci lpr eferredthef i
rstv i
ewi n
thecaseofFur nellVWhangar eiHi ghSchool sBoar d,( 1973)AC660.I twast herehel dt hata
school teacheri nNewZeal andneednotbegi venahear i
ngbef orebei ngsuspendedwi t
houtpay
ev enwheni twasr ecognizedt hatsuchsuspensi onmi ghtinvolvehar dshi pandat empor arysl ur
ont het eacher .Ther easonst atedbyt heCommi tt
eewast hatt het eacherhadaccept edt his
possi bili
tyint ermsofhi sempl oy mentandt hatthedi scipli
naryprocedur easawhol ewasf air.I
t
i
sadeci sionwhi chhasbeendescr ibedascont r
ov er
si al,
andwet hinkr ightlyso.Foronet hing, i
t
i
snoteasyt or econcileitwi ththecur renttrendandt empoofhumanr ights.Inactual fact, aswe
wi l
lseeshor t l
yl aterher ein,theCommi tteehadachangeofhear t21y earsl ater.I nt he
meant i
meanumberofdeci si
onswer edel iveredbyemi nentj udgei ncommonl awj urisdi
cti
ons
favouri
ngt heotherv iew, andwer ef
ert otowoft hem.Thef ir
sti sBirssVSecr etaryf orJust i
ce,
(1984)1NZI R 513,i nwhi cht heCour tofAppealofNew Zeal andr eject
edt hedi sti
nction
betweensuspensi onandexpul sion,andhel dthatnat uralj
ust icer equiredequal lyi neachcase.
Thesecondi sDixonV Commonweal t
h( 1981)55FLR34,anAust raliancase,i nwhi cht he
decisi
onwassi milar.ThencameRessVCr ane, (
1947)2WLR476.Thi si sthecasei nwhi cht he
Commi tt
eemadeadepar tur
ef rom theopi niont heyhadst atedi nt heFur nell’
scase.I tis
undoubt edlymor epar all
eledwi ththepr esentcase.A summar yoft hedeci sionappear si n
ADMI NISTRATI VELAW,Appendi x2atpage1016,andwet hinkt heaccountbear srepr oducing
hereinext ensi
on:“ ThePr ivyCounciluphel dt hequashi ngbyt heCour tofAppealofTr ini
daland
Tobagooft hesuspensi onofaHi ghCour tjudgebyt heChi efJust i
ceandoft hedeci sionoft he
Judici
alandLegalSer vicesCommi ssiont or epresenttot hePr esidentt hatthequest ionoft he
j
udge’sr emov alfr
om of fi
ceoughtt obei nv est i
gated.Thesuspensi onwasunl awf ulf orneglect
oft hepr ocedurer equiredbyt heConst itution;thedeci sionoft heCommi ssi onv i
olatedt he
pri
nciplesofnat uralj usti
cesi ncet hejudgewasnotpr eviouslynot i
fi
edorhear dorgi venan
opportunitytoanswert hecompl aintsagainsthi m.Hewasal soent it
ledt odamages.

Undert heConst ituti

onofTr inidadandTobagot her emov alorsuspensi onofaj udgei sat hree–
stagepr ocess: TheCommi ssionf irstr epr esent st ot hePr esi dentasabov e: andi fthet r
ibunal so
recommends, t
hePr esidentmustr ef ert hecaset ot heJudi cialCommi tteeoft hePr ivyCounci l.
Att hesecondandt hirdst agest hej udgewi llhav enot iceoft hecompl ai
nt sandt heoppor tunit
y
toanswert hem.Butatt hef i
rstst ageal so, Pr i
v yCounci lhel d, theCommi ssi onhadadut ytoact
Fairlyandhadf ail
edt odoso.Rel ev antf act orswer et heser iousnessoft heal legationsandt he
suspi cionanddamaget or eput at i
onwhi chaf ai rhear ingmi ghthav eobv iated.ThePr i
vyCounci l
(throught hemout hofLor dSl y nn)r ecogni zedt hatal t
hough,accor dingt ot heaut hor it
ies,
prelimi nar yori nitiat
ingpr oceedi ngswoul dof tennotr equi reahear ing,thiswasnotanabsol ute
rule.Norwast heneedf orahear ingbyt heCommi ssionduet ot hespeci alposi tionofaj udge.
Thesamewoul dappl y,mut at i
smut andi s,t oot herper sonsi ncompar abl esi tuations.”Inour
j
udgementwet hinkt hatt hisi sagooddeci sion.Wemyonl yaddt hatt hesev eri
tyoft he
sanct iont hatt hedi sciplinar yaut hor itycani mposeatt heendoft hedayshoul dbeoneoft he
factor st owei ghwi t
hapubl icof ficerwhenhei sconsi der ingt hequest i
onwhet herhewoul dgive
hissubor dinatesuchhear ing.Wer epeatwhatwehav emor el esssai dal r
eady :Themat terwas
gov ernedbyt heaudial ter em par tem r ule,andt hej udgewasunderani mpl ieddut yt oobser ve
thatr ule.Wear esat i
sfiedt hatt her ehasbeenav iolati
onoft hepet i
ti
oner ’
sr i
ght .Ouranswert o
thet wosub- i
ssuesi st husi nt heaf fi
rmat iv e.3.Thel astsub- issuei swhet heri nmaki ngt he
i
mpugnedor dert hef i
rstr espondentwasaj udgei nhi sowncause.Thepet itionerunder scores
thepoi ntt hatt hej udgeusur pedt hef unct ionoft heDi strictRegi str
arwhenhepur portedt o
assignt hebr i
ef st ohim, andt hatwhenher ef usedt ogi v ein, thej udgepr oceededt otakeact ion
agai nsthi m,t her ebybecomi ngpr osecut or,wi tnessandj udgei namat terhewasper sonal l
y
i
nt erest ed.Wehav ealreadyhel dt hatt her ei snot raceofev i
dencet osuppor tal legationthatt he
j
udgemadet heassi gnmentoft hebr i
efs.

Thepet i
ti
onerhowev ersubmits,i
nt heal
ternati
ve,t
hatthejudgewassobr isklyandoff
iciousl
y
i
nv ol
vedinthemat t
erthateveniftheassignmentwasact ual
lymadebytheDi stri
ctRegi
strar
,he
couldproperl
ybeconsi deredtohav ebeenaj udgeinhi sowncause.Hemakest hear
gument
thathisrefusaltotaket hebrief
sshould,i fnecessar
yorneedf ul
,havebeent hesubjectof
refer
encetot heTanganyikaLawSoci et
yort oanotherjudgeortotheRegistraroftheCourtof
Appeal.Heconcludebyaski ngust ooperatethenemoj udexinresuapr
incipleanddeclarethe
suspensi
onanul
l
ity
.

Inhiscount er–submi ssionMr .Songor ocont endst hatt hejudgedi dnotdeci deanymat t
er;that
thesuspensi onor der“ didnotcont ainanyv er dictorf indingorpenal ty ,
”andt hattheor derwas
j
ustmeantt oinit
iatedi scipli
nar ypr oceedi ngbef oret heHi ghCour t
,wher et hepet i
ti
oner’sf i
nal
fatewoul dhav ebeendet ermi ned.Wehav er ejectedt hepr oposi ti
ont hatasuspensi oni snota
penalty.Wer espect full
yagr eewi thJ.R.Lucaswhosay sinhi sbookt itledONJUSTI CEt hatt he
nemoj udexi nr esuapr incipledoesnotext endt oev erydeci si
on–maki ng.It st r
adit
ionallocus
i
nl egaladjudicati
onwher eonepar t
y ’
sr i
ght sar esetagai nsttheot her’sandonecanpr evailonly
att heexpenseoft heot her.Weal sot akehi sv iew t hatanempl oy er,deci dingwhet hert o
dismissorsuspendanempl oyee,oughti nJust i
cet oconsi derwhatj ust i
fi
cat ionorexcuseor
mi ti
gat
iont heempl oyeecanbr ingf orwar dinhi sdef ence,buthei snotdebar redfrom deci ding
thecaseont hegr oundofhav ingani nteresti nt hesuccessoft hebusi ness,j ustlikeaj udge
whodeci deswhet hert ocommi tar ecalcitrantpar tyf orcont emptofcour t.Wear et herefore
unablet oagree,ev engr ant i
ngt hatt hejudgewasact i
vel yi
nvolv edinthemat ter,thatthemaki ng
oft heor derwasanoccasi onwhi chobl igedt hej udget ocompl ywitht henemoj udexr esua
princi
ple.Theonl yer ror,agr aveone, i
st hathedeni edt hepet it
ionerahear i
ng.

Wet urnt ot hef irstissue:whet hersect i

on3and4( 2)ofAct21/ 69ar eultrav i
resAr t
icl
e23( 2)
oftheConst itution; Arti
cle14( 3)ortheUni versalDecl arat
ionofHumanRi ght s;andAr ti
cle7( 1)
(c)oft heAf ricanChar t
eronHumanandPeopl esRi ght
s.I tseemst oust hatt hePet iti
oner
actuallyint
endst oinv okeAr t
icle23( 1)oftheUni ver salDeclarati
on, ofwhi chourConst ituti
on’s
Arti
cle23( 1)i sar epli
ca,andAr ti
cle15oft heAf ri
canChar t
er.I tisper ceiv
ablef rom t he
pleadingsandt hesubmi ssionwehav ebeenaddr essedthatt hisi ssuecompr isest wosub
i
ssues,r el
at i
ng,r espectively,t otheassi gnmentort hebr iefsundersect ion3andt hef ee
prescribedundersect i
on4, aswel lastheConst i
tutionalvali
di t
yoft hetwosect i
ons.Asr egards
secti
on 3,t he pet iti
onerur ges the pointt hatt he l egalser vi
ces r ender ed thereunderar e
compul soryi nnat ure,at hingf or
biddenunderAr ticle25( 2)oft heConst itut i
on.Itisdecl ared
undert hatpr ov i
siont hatt hereshal lbenof orcedl abouri ntheUni tedRepubl ic.Accordingly,the
petit
ionerinv itesust ohol dt hatt heactionof fendst heConst it
utionandt odecl areso,ev en
whenhi spleadi ngi ssilentonsuchpr ayer
.

Respondi ng, Mr .Songor osubmi tsthatsuchser vicesf all

ssquar elywi t
hintheambi tofAr ti
cle25
(3)(d)( I
),therebyconcedi ng,ifimplicitl
y ,t
hatt heser vi
cesar eenv isagedt obecompul sory.By
thatpr ovision,l abourorser vicewhi chf or mspar tofnor malsoci alser viceorot herci v i
c
obli
gat i
onsf ort hewel l–bei ngoft hesoci ety,ar enotdeemedt obef or cedorcompul sory
l
abour .Inhi sr ejoinderthepet iti
onermeet sthatar gumentwi t
ht hesubmi ssiont hatt hemaker s
oft heConst i
tut i
onhadi nmi ndt heki ndofser vicesenumer atedundersect i
on121oft he
Empl oymentOr dinance,Cap.366t hati s,t hingsl ikecommunalf armingandconst ructi
onof
pri
mar yschool s,f orwhi chmember sofacommuni tyar esomet imesmobi li
zed.Asr egar ds
section 4,t he pet i
ti
onerv igorouslycont ends t hatt he f ee pay ablet o an adv ocate under
subsect i
on( 2)i ssoi nadequat east oconst it
uteani nfringementoft her ighttoaj ustand
favourabler emuner ati
ongi vent oever yper sonunderAr t
icle23( 2).Het her eforecal l
suponus
todecl aret hatsubsect ionUnconst i
tutional,whi chi snoti ncompl eteHar monywi tht hepr ayer
hemakesatt heendofhi spl eadi
ng.Hedr awsourat tentiont owhatt heCour tofAppeal
remar kedi nt hepost– cr ipttoi tsj udgmenti nt hecaseoft heAt torneyGener alv .W.K.
Butambal a,Cr ,App.No.37/ 91( unrepor ted),towhi chwewi llrecurlater.Mr .Songor opur ports
todr aw adi st
inct ionbet weent her emuner ationr eferredt oi nsect ion4andt her emuner ati
on
envi
sageinArti
cle23( 2),towith,thatoneisstatutor
yinnatureandt heot hercont
ractual.He
goesont osubmitthatv i
s–av isanadv ocatel
egalaidisalsofree.But ambala’
scasei salso
sauceforthegoose:Mr .Songor oci t
edanotherobservat
ionmadebyt hatCourtint hesame
j
udgementatpage10.Het hencallsouratt
enti
ont osecti
on5oft heAct ,whichprov i
desf or
rei
mbursementofincidentalexpensesincurr
edbyt headvocatei
nr el
ationtosuchpr oceedings,
butweneedhar dlysayt hatthatsectionistotal
lyir
rel
evant.Wepr oceedt oconsiderthose
i
ssues.

Butbef orewedosowedesi r
et ostatehow wehav eappr oachedt hemat ter
sandt hewhol e
casegener ally
.Wef eelper mit
tedt ocallinaidcompar at i
vecasel aw formf oreigncourt sand
InternationalBi ll
sofRi ghts.Thati spreci
selythepatht hoseemi nentjuristswhoat tendedt he
Judi ci
alCol loquim atBangal orei nIndiain1988hav eexhor tedust ot read,i nthef amous
statementt heyi ssued known as The Bangal ore Pr inciples.These Pr inci
ples hav e been
conf ir
med,endor sedandr e-aff
ir
medi nsubsequentcol loquiaatHar are[ 1989] ,Banjui[1990]
,
Abuj a(1991) ,Bali
ol[1992]andBl oemfontein[1993]
.Someoft heseCol l
oqui awer eattendedby
somej ust i
cesofourCour tofAppeal .Ascorrectl
yobser v edi ntheBangal orePr i
ncipl
es, t
hereis
att hepr esentt i
mepl entyofj udici
aldecisi
onandani mpr essivecor pusofi nternati
onaland
nationalj urisprudencei nt heCommonweal thconcerningt heint er
pretati
onandappl icationof
humanr ightsandf reedoms,whi chisofpr acti
calv al
uet ojudgesandl awy ersgener all
y.I
t
seemst hatt hereispresent l
yaconsensusamongcommonl awj udgesont heont hef ol
lowing
cannonsofi nterpret
ation,amongot hers.

Thefi
rstpri
nci
pleisthataConsti
tut
ionshoul
drecei
veabroadandpurposi
veconst
ruct
ion:See,
fori
nstance,Mtiki
lavA. G[1996]1CHRLD 11,deci si
onoft heHighCourtofTanzaniaat
Dodoma,A.G.vMomodouJobe,[ 1984]AC689( PC)at700,andA.G.vWhi t
eman,[1991]2
WLR1200at1204.

Thesecondi st hataConst itut

ionali st obegi v
enaconst ructionwhi chinf usesf undament al
rightspr ovisi
onswi thlife:See,f ori nstance,t heNi gerianCaseatAgbakobavSt ateSecur i
t y
Ser vices&Anot her,[1994]6NWLP475; andt hedeci sionoft heCour tofAppealofTr i
nidaland
Tobago i n Boodr am vA. G and Anot her,[ 1996]1 CHRLD 58.The t hird pr i
nciplei st hat
rest r
icti
onst ofundament alri
ghtsar et obest rictl
yconst ruct:See,f ori
nstancePumbunvA.G.
[1993]2LRC 317at323,adeci sionoft heCour tofAppealofTanzani a;andRat ti
ganand
Ot hersVChi efI mmi grationOf ficerandot hers,[1994]1LRC343,adeci sionoft heSupr eme
Cour tofZi mbabwe.Asi ndicated,wehav ehadr ecour set ot hosePr i
nciplesi nt hiscase.Mr .
Songor ohast rulysaidt hatinaconst it
utionalpet it
ion, l
iket hepr esentone, thepet i
ti
onerbear s
thebur denofpr oof.Ithowev erneedst obequal i
fi
ed.I tisnowset t
ledinTanzani athatoncei tis
shownt hatabasi cr i
ghthasbeeni nfri
ngedori saboutt obei nfri
nged,thent heonusshi f
tst o
theopposi tepar t
yt oshowt hatt hei nfr
ingementwasaut hor i
sedi nallessent i
alrespect s;See
thej udgementoft heCour tofAppeali nA.G.vLessi oniNdei naiandot hers,[ 1980]TLR214at
239.Thest andardofpr oofi stheCi v i
lStandar d.Thebur deni sdischargedbypr oofupont he
bal anceofpr obabi l
iti
es.Wehol dt hatt herei snot hi
ngbasi cal
lywr ongwi thsect ion3oft heAct ,
thoughi tmaybei mprudentt odi smi ssout r
ightt hear gumentt hatisdoesnotpr ovi
desf or
adequat esafeguar dsagai nstarbitrarydeci sions.

Wearesat i
sfi
edthati
tisnotwit
hintheint
endmentofthatprovi
sionthatt
heassignmentof
suchbr
iefstoanadvocat
ebearbit
rar
y.Thesect
ioniscouchedinthefoll
owi
ngter
ms: -“
Where
i
nanypr oceedi
ng(asdefi
nedundersect
ion2)itappear
st othecert
if
yingaut
hor
itythati
tis
desi rabl e,int hei nterest sofjustice,thatanaccusedshoul dhav eLegalaidi nthepr epar at
ion
andconductofhi sdef enceorappeal ,ast hecasemaybe, andt hathismeansar einsuf f
icientt o
enabl ehi mt oobt ainsuchai d,thecer t
ifyi
ngaut hori
tymaycer ti
fythattheaccusedoughtt o
hav esuchl egalai danduponsuchcer ti
ficatebei ngissuedt heRegi str
ar( asdef inedunder
sect ion2)shal l
,wher eitispracticablesodo, assi gnt otheaccusedanadv ocat ef orthepur pose
oft hepr epar ati
onandconductofhi scaseorappeal ,ast hecasemaybe. ”Weconsi deri t
signi ficantt hatt heRegi str
arcanonl yassi gnedanadv ocate“wher eitispract i
cabl esot odo. ”
Wecannotdoubtt hatt hesewor dsar enotot ioseoramer epadding.Wet hi nkt heyi mpl ythat
someconsul tati
onbehadwi ththeadv ocat eorhi sdirectrepresentati
vesot hatt heRegi strar
maysat isfyhimsel f
,interalia,onwhet hert heser vi
cest ober enderedbyt headv ocatewi l
lnot
l
ayt ooheav yabur denuponhi m oradv erselyaf f
ecthispr acti
ceandl i
velihood.TheOxf or d
Adv ancedLear ner’sDi cti
onaryandt heEncy clopaedi aWor ldDi cti
onary( 1971)at t
acht he
followi ngmeani ngt ot hewor ld“ practi
cable”:t hatwhi chi scapableofbei ngputi ntopr actice,
doneoref fected,especi al
lywi t
ht heav ail
ablemeansorwi t
hr easonorpr udence. ”So,i fthe
Regi st rarpur por tst oexactser v i
cesf rom anadv ocateandt odosowi thoutexami ninghi s
circumst ances, thef aultisnoti nthel awbuti nt heman.Wesohol d,anditi
sj ustaswel lthati n
hispl eadi ngthepet i
tionerhasnotaskedust odoany t
hingtosect i
on3.

Wet ur nt osect ion4.Themaxi mum f eepay ableundert hatsect ioni sShs.500/ =nr espectof
eachpr oceedi ng,ori nr espectofeachaccusedper sonwher et hecer ti
f yingaut hor i
tydi rect s
thataccusedper sonsj ointlyt r
iedshoul dbesepar at elyr epr esent ed.Andi twoul dappeart hata
feewhi chi sinexcessofshs.300/ =i sr eser vedf orcompl exandl ongcases.I nt hepost -
cr iptin
theBut ambal a’scase,t owhi chwear er ef erred,t heCour tofAppealobser ved,obi t
er ,thatt he
fee“ maybegr osslyi nadequat eandoutofdat e”andt hat“ somet hingposi tivemustbedone,
unlesst hepubl i
cphi losophyi st hatt heser v i
cesadv ocat esr enderundert hel awar eintendedt o
beski nt ot hecl assi caldockbr ief
sofsomej ur i
sdi ctions” .Thatwassai dbacki nJune, 1991.I n
thetrialj udgementofMr .Just iceMwal usany a, nowr etired, thej udgehaddescr ibedt hef eesas
“outrageousl ypal t
ry.”I tist ruet hatatpage10oft hej udgementoft heCour tofAppeali nt hat
caset heCour thappenedt ost atet hatt heef fectoft hatdeci sionwast hatsect ion4wasst il
l
“goodl awandi nt hebooks” .Butt hatst at ementhast ober eadcont ext ual ly.Ther eshoul dbeno
doubtt hatt heCour tsai dsoaf terithadv oidedt het rialdeci sioni nwhi chMwal usany a,J.had
heldt hatt hesect i
onshoul dbemodi fi
edsot hati tcomesi nt oconf or mi t
ywi tht hepr ov isionsof
theBi llofRi ght .TheCour tofAppealv oi dedt het rialdeci sionont hegr oundt hatMwal usany a, J.
hadv i
rt uallyassumedt her olesofbot hcompl aintandj udge, justl i
ket hepet i
tioneri nt hiscase
i
ssay ingaboutt hef irstr espondent .Thecour tdi dnot ,t her efor e,consi der ,letal onedet ermi ne,
theconst i
tutionalv al i
dityoft hesect ion.I nt ruthi tmustbest at edt hatt her emuner ation’ s
prescr ibedundert hesect ionar eincr edi blyi nadequat e.Thi sisechoedi nt her epor toft heLegal
Taski nwhi cht hef eesar edescr ibedas“ veryl owi ndeed. ”Iti sst rongl yr ecommendedi nt hat
reportt hatf eesber aised.Whatonecansayi st hatasum ofshs500/ =waspr obabl ya
handsomer emuner ationi n1969.Butci rcumst anceshav esi ncechangedandj udi cialnot icehas
tobet akenoft hef al loft heshi l
li
ng’sv alue.Thatamountcannotnowbuyev enapai rofpl ast ic
sli
pper s.Thedi stinct i
onur gebyMr .Songor obet weent hesect ion4r emuner at ioncont empl ated
i
nAr t i
cl e23( 2)soundoddt ous.Wehav et oconf esst hati nr elationt of airr emuner ationt he
disti
nct ionbet weencont ractualandst at utoryr emuner at i
onsact ual lyescapesus.Wehav e
consider edt hear gumentt hatlegal aidi sf r
eet obot ht heaccusedper sonandt headv ocat e.Iti s
i
mpossi ble,asamat terofconst ruct i
on,t ohol dso.Sect i
on3doesnotsayso;andsect i
on4
saysi ncl earl anguaget hatanadv ocat ei st ober emuner at edf orhi sser vices, andwef eel bound
tosaythatmeanshei stor ecei
veaj ustonefav
ourableremunerat
ion,accordingtothequant it
y
andqual i
tyofthewor khehasdone.Wear esatisfi
edthatsection4( 2)deni eshim such
remunerati
onand,therefor
e,infri
ngeshisbasicri
ght,muchaswemayt aket hev i
ew t
hatt he
objectoftheActislaudabl e,andev enthoughwear ecognizantoft hef i
nancialconstr
aints
Tanzaniai
sexperi
encing.

Iti
snott her
espondents’pleadingorcont
ent i
ont
hatAr t
icle30(
2)t
heclaw–backprovi
sions,is
appli
cabletothesection.Si l
enceataj udici
alproceedingsomet
imescount
sforsomet hing.
Heret heeff
ectofsilencei smagni fi
edbyt herulethatonusiscastontherespondentsto
sati
sfythecour
tthatsection4i ssavedbythesub-Arti
cle.

Suchbei
ngt
hecasewi
tht
het
wosect
ions,
wenowhav
etoconsi
dercol
l
ater
ali
ssues.

Theev ermeanti smadei npar a16oft hepet i

tiont hat“ thesecondr espondentwasnegl igent
notmaki ngsur ethatAct21/ 69wasmendedi nt ime. ”Andweconsi dert hatt hewor dnegl igent
i
snotmeantt obeari tstechni calsense.I ti st hesubj ect–mat t
eroft hesecondi ssue.The
pet i
tioner poi nt s outt hatt he Const it
ution ( Consequent i
al,Tr ansi ti
onaland Tempor ary
Prov isions)Act ,1984,No.16/ 84,gav et heGov ernmentat hree–y ear ’sgr acewi thi nwhi cht o
repealort oamendal lthel awswhi chwer einconf lictwi tht hepr ov i
si onsoft heConst itut i
on.He
then makest he ar gumentt hatt he f ai l
ure on t he par toft he second r espondentt o ask
Par l
iamentt oef f
ectsuchamendment st oAct21/ 69t o-dateconst i
tut enegl igence.Mr .Songor o
count ersandcl aimst hatt her ei snot hingi nAct16/ 84whi chi mposedsuchdut yont hesecond
respondent .Heal sosubmi ts,ci tingAr ticle98oft heConst ituti
on,t hatt hepowert ol egi slat eis
vest ed i nPar liament ,t houghheconcedest hati ti st heExecut ivewhi chnor mal lymov es
par l
iamentt odoso.I tisbey ondquest iont hatPar li
amenthast hepoweranddut yt ol egi slate,
butt hequest i
onwhi chneedst obeanswer edi swhet hertheAt t
or neyGener alhasar olet opl ay
i
nt hel egislat i
vepr ocess.Theanswermustbeanunequi vocal“ yes” .Wedounder st and, andwe
thi
nki tiscommonknowl edge, thati tisal egi t
imat epr ov i
nceanddut yoft heExecut ive, andt hus
theAt torneyGener al, toinfluencel egislat i
onandpr oposer epeal sandamendment soft hel aws
toPar l
iament .Thati swhatAr ticle59( 3)st r
ongl yi ndi cates.Howev er,thati snott osayt hat
demandi ngoragi tat i
ngf orl egalr eformi st heexcl usi v
epr eser veoft heExecut ive.Anyci ti
zen,
l
etal oneal egalpr act iti
oner ,i snotpr event edf rom doi ngso.Wear eamazedt ohearMr .
Songor oci t
ingAr ticle98.ThatAr ticlepr ovidesf ort hepr ocedur ef ort heexer ci
seofl egi slat i
ve
powerbypar l
iament .I tist otal l
yi rr
el ev antt ot hemat terathand.Fr om hi sst andpoi ntMr .
Songor oshoul dr atherhav er el iedonAr ti
cles63( 3)( a)and64( 1) .Act16/ 84,supr a,pr ov i
des,
undersect i
on5( 2) ,asf ollows: -“ Not wi thst andingt heamendmentoft heConst i
t ut i
onand,i n
par ti
cul ar,thej ustifiabi l
ityoft hepr ov isionsr elatingt obasi cr i
ght s,f reedom anddut i
es,no
existingl aworanypr ov i
sionsi nanyexi st i
ngl awmay ,untilaf tert hreey earsf rom thedat eoft he
commencementoft he Act ,be const rued by any cour tIt he uni t
ed Republ ic as bei ng
unconst i
tutionalorot her wisei nconsi st entwi thanypr ov i
sionoft heConst itut i
on.”Theobj ect i
ve
wast o af for dt heGov ernmentsuf ficientt imet o car ryoutt heexer ciseofr epeal ing and
amendi ngt hel awsort hosepr ov isionsoft hel awswhi chwer eul t
r av irest heconst itutional
prov isions.I ti sal sor elevantt oobser v et hatAr ticle15oft heAf ri
canChar teronHumanand
Peopl eRi ght s,whi chcamei ntof orceonOct ober21, 1986, andwhi chTanzani ahasr atified, isin
par imat erialwi t
hourAr ticle23( 2).ByAr ticle1oft heChar ter ,Tanzani ahasunder takent o
adoptl egi slati
v eorot hermeasur est ogi veef fectt oi t
.Wear ef ullyawar et hatther ear eot her
Internat ionalI nstrument s,r atifiedbyTanzani a,whi chcompr i
sesi mi larAr ti
cl es.Inact ualf acta
numberofr epeal sandamendment soft hel awhav ebeenmadesi ncet hecommencementof
Act16/84.Butnot
hinghasbeendonetotheimpugnedpr ovisionsi nordertobringAct21/ 69
i
ntoconformi
tywit
ht hebasi
cri
ght
sprov
isi
onoft heConstit
ution.Ther ebei
ngnoev i
dencethat
heAttor
neyGeneralhastakenanyst
epsinthatdirect
ion,t
her easonableinf
erenceisthathe
hasbeenremissi
nhisdutyandachar
geofneglect,
notnegli
gence, hasthustosti
ck.

Wecomet othef i
f t
hi ssue:Whet herthepet i
tioner ’
sr eput ati
onhasbeeni njur edbyt hewr ongf ul
actsandomi ssionsoft her espondent s.I nrelat i
ont othef i
rstr espondent ,wet akei tt ohav e
referencet ohi sf ailur et ogi vet hepet it
ionerahear ingandt ohi sdeci siont osuspendt he
petitionerf r
om l egalpr actice; andi nrelat i
ont ot hesecondr espondentweunder st andi ttohav e
reference t o hi sf ailur et o hav e sect ion 4 ( 2)ofAct21/ 69 amended appr opr i
at ely .The
petitioner ’
sev i
denceshowst hathei smar r
iedwi thchi ldren.Hehadbeenanadv ocat ef or16
year s.Heheadedorl edani mpr essivenumberofNGOs.Hewast hepr esidentoft hePr agmat i
c
Democr aticAl l
iance, apol iticalpar t
y;foundi ngChancel loroft hePr ivateUni v ersityofTanzani te
andt heLor dNg’ uniAcademy ;Chai rmanoft hef oundi ngCommi tteeofUni onofAl lBant u
Peopl esofAf rica;foundi ngChai rmanofChamaj aliEastAf ri
ca;pr esidentoft heAssoci ationof
EastAf ri
can Ci ti
zensf ort heRenewaland Sust enanceoft heEastAf rican Communi t
y,a
pressur egr oup:Chai rman–gener aloft hewor l
dwi deor ganizat i
onwhoseobj ecti st owat ch
overt heact i
vit
iesoft heuni tedNat ionsOr gani zation;memberoft heCommuni tyLeaderoft he
Wor ld;andsupr emedef enderofBant uism int hewor ld,aspi ritualor gani zationandi tisi n
connect ionwi tht hisbodyt hathehast akenf orhi mselft het i
tl
e“ ElectofGod. ”Hesay st hatt he
suspensi onhasdoneasev er einj ur
yt ohi sreput ation.Hehasl ostcl ients,goodwi ll
,friendsand
fol
lower s.I thasal sodeni edhi sf inancialmuscl etor egistersomeoft heNGOs.Notonl yt hat.I t
hasl ower edhi mi nt heest imat ionofhi sf ami ly.Wehav ecomet ot heconcl usiont hatt his
compl ai
nthassubst ance.I ti scer tainlyandi nfli
ctionofgr eathar m ont her eput ationofan
adv ocat et o cal lhi m undi scipl i
ned,as i twas done i nt he Maj ir
a ar ticle.Lestwe ar e
misunder stood, wemakei tabsol utelycl earthatwear enotdepar ti
ngf rom ourf indi ngt hatupon
theev i
dencei tcannotbehel dt hatthef ir
str espondentwasbehi ndt hepubl i
citygi v ent ot he
suspensi onor der.Itseemst oust hatt hesuspensi onwasboundt obeknownbymember sof
thepubl i
c,i ncludingt hepet i
tioner sf ami l
yev eni fithadnotbeenpubl ishedi nMaj ira.Mr .
Songor ocont endst hatt her ei snocor robor ativeev i
dencet hatt hepet i
ti
onerhassuf fer edsuch
i
njur ies,pr obabl yfor get t
ingt hatacour ti sent i
t l
edt obel ievet hewor dofacompl ainantandt o
appl ycommonsense.

Wenow comet othesi xthandl astissue,whi chconcer nsther eli

efswhi char esoughti nthe
peti
tion.Ther earet hr
eesubst antiverel iefs.Thef i
rstisadecl ar
ationt hatAct21/ 69isul tr
av i
res
theConst i
tuti
on,whi chdoesnotcor respondwi tht hepet i
ti
oner’
ssubmi ssion;thesecondi ss
declarati
ont hatt hesuspensi oni snul landv oid, andt het hi
rdisanawar dofdamages.Wehav e
thatsect i
on4( 2)ofAct21/ 69of f
endst hepr ov i
sionofAr ti
cle23( 2)oft heConst itut i
on.This
l
eadsust o considert hepr ovisi
on ofsect i
on 13 ( 2)(a)oft heBasi cRi ghtsand Dut i
es
EnforcementAct ,1994,Act33/ 94.Readt oget herwi thAr t
icl
e30( 5)oft heConst itut i
on,the
provisionrequiresus,i fwedeem i tfitandt hei nterest sofsocietysodemand,t oref rai
nf r
om
declaringsect i
on4( 2)Unconst i
tutional ,buti nst ead,t oal l
owPar li
amentt oseti tri
ght .Itshould
beobser vedt hatMr .Songor odoesnotur geust odoso.Subsect i
on( 5)ofAr t
icle30j ust
ment ionedwasi nsetint heBi l
lofRi ght saf tert heenact mentofAct33/ 94, anditwoul dappear
thatthei deawast ol egiti
mat i
zesect ion13( 2)( a).Sect i
on13( 2)isanext remelystr angeand
curi
ouspr ovision,toputi tmi l
dl y
.I ti scer tainlypr egnantwithpr oblem,someofwhi char e
fundament al
.Comment i
ngont hepr ov isions,Dr .Wambal ioftheUni versi
tyofDarEsSal aam,
andanact iv
ememberoft heBar ,thatwear enotdepar ti
ngf rom ourf indingthatupont he
evidencei tcannotbehel dt hatthef i
rstr espondentwasbehi ndt hepubl i
cit
ygi v
ent ot he
suspensi onor der.I tseemst oust hatt hesuspensi onwasboundt obeknownbymember sof
thepubl i
c,includi ngt hepet it
ioner’
sf ami l
yev enifi thadnotbeenpubl i
shedi nt heMaj i
ra.Mr .
Songor ocont entst hattherei snocor r
obor ativeev idencet hatt hepet it
ionerhassuf f
eredsuch
i
njur i
es,probabl yf orgett
ingt hatacour tisent itl
edt obel i
evet hewor dofacompl ai nantandt o
appl ycommonsense.Wenow comet ot hesi xthandl asti ssue,whi chconcer nst her eli
efs
whi charesoughti nt hepet it
ion.Ther ear et hreesubst anti
v erel i
ef s.Thef i
rstisadecl aration
thatAct21/ 69i sul t
rav i
rest heConst ituti
on,whi chdoesnotcor respondwi t
ht hepet it
ioner ’
s
submi ssion;thesecondi sadecl arationt hatt hesuspensi onisnul landv oid,andt het hi
rdi san
awar dofdamages.I tisper f
ectlyarguabl e,wet hink,thati npr oposi ngt hel egislat i
onoft hat
prov i
siontheExecut ivemusthav ebeenv iewi ngt hebasi cr i
ght spr ovi
sionsandt heJudi ci
ary
whi chischar gedwi ththet askofenf orcingt hem wi t
hjaundi cedey e.Weconsi dert hatpr ov i
sion
asanabsur dity.Itisimpossi blefortheCour ttoappl yitwithanysenseofj udicial
cendour .

Wehav e,t her efore,t oinv oket hepr inci pleofhar moni zat ion,l iket hel ear nedj udgedi di nt he
Mt i
ki l
a’scase.Weal sohav etoi nv oket hepr inciplet hatf undament al ri
ght spr ov i
sionsshoul dbe
const ruedast omaket hem meani ngf ulandef fect i
ve, likei twasdonebyt heSupr emeCour tof
Zimbabwei nSal em vChi efimmi gr ationOf ficerandAnot her ,[1994]1LRC343.Wi tht hatwe
mustpr oceedt odecl aret hatsect ion4( 2),andNott hewhol eAct ,isunconst itut i
onal ,andt o
nulli
f ythesamet ot heext entt hati tpr ov idesf orunj ustandunf av our abler emuner ationt ot he
adv ocat eswhor enderser v i
cesundert heAct .Wesodo.Secondl y ,thepet itioner ,aswehav e
seen, i
saski ngf oradecl ar ati
ont hatt heor derf orhi ssuspensi onf rom pr act icei snul landv oi d.
Ont hebasi sofourf i
ndi ngsont het hirdandf our t
hsub- issuesoft hef orthi ssue,wehav et o
grantt hi spr ayer ,
and, accor dingly ,wedecl ar et hesuspensi onanul li
ty.Monet arycompensat ion
i
ssoughtf orl ossofi ncomeandi nj ur yt or eput ation,andt hepet iti
onerwant st hequant um
assessedatonehundr edmi l
lionshi llings.Hesuggest st hatdamagesar eawar dabl ei na
const itutionalpet i
ti
on.Heal sosay s,i nef fect,t hati ti si nconv enientf orhi mt oaddr esst hi s
clai
mt hroughanot herpr ocedur e.Mr .Songor ohasnotcont est edt hesesuggest ions.Ar ticle30
(3)ofourConst it
ution,towhi cht hepet itionerci t
esi nsuppor t
, prov idesasf ol lows: -“Wher eany
personal leget hatanypr ovisionsoft hisPar toft hisChapt er] TheBi llofRi ght s]oranyl aw
i
nv olvingabasi cri
ghtordut yhasbeen, isbei ngori sl ikel yt obecont rav enedi nr elat iont ohi m
i
nanypar toft heuni t
edRepubl ic,hemay ,wi t
houtpr ejudi cet oanyot heract ionorr emedy
l
awf ull
yav ailablet ohi mi nr espectoft hesamemat t
er ,inst itutepr oceedi ngsf orr eliefi nt he
HighCour t.”Act33/ 94cont ainsasi mi larpr ov isi
on.Wear esat isfiedt hatt hatpr ov i
si oni swi de
enoughandadmi t
soft heconst ruct ionat t
achedt oi tbyt hepet iti
oner .Inl egalpar l
ance“ reli
ef ”
or“remedy ”i ncludesdamages.What ’
smor e, i
thasbeenhel di not hercommonl awj ur i
sdi cti
ons
withsi mi l
arpr ov i
sionst hatdamagesar eav ail
abl et oaper sonf orbr eachofhi sconst i
tutional
ri
ght s, fori nst ancei nBenbyvCommi ssi onerofPol ice[ 1996]1CHRD37Hi ghCour tofTr i
dad
andTobago;Concor dPr essofNi ger i
aLt dvA.G.andOt her s[ 1996]1CHRLD47Hi ghCour t,
Niger ia,atLagos:Nat ionalConsul tativ eCounci lvA.G.[ 1996]1CHRLD 91Hi ghCour tof
Mal awi ;andSi mpsonandAnot hervA.G.[ 1994]3NZLR667;[ 1994]3LRC202.I nSi mpson
caset heCour tofAppealofNewZeal andhel d,interal ia, thatt heor di nar yrangeofr emedi esar e
availabl ef orenf orcementandpr ot ect ionoft her ight sandf reedom, asr i
ght sandf reedomsar e
affi
rmedbyt heBi llofRi ght saspar toft hef abr i
coft hatcount ry ’
sl aw;andt hati tdoesnot
mat tert hatt herei sal ackofexpr essr emedi espr ov isioni nt heconst itutionbecause,wher e
necessar y,t hecour twi l
ldev elopappr opr i
at er emedi est oensur et heenf or cementoft hose
ri
ght sandf reedoms.TheCour twentont oobser vet hati ti sappr opr iatet or eadar emedyof
monet arycompensat i
oni ntot heBi l
lofRi ght sast hiswi lloftenbet heonl yef fect i
ver emedyi n
non–cr i
mi nalcases, whichdonoti nvolv etheexcl usi onofev i
dence; andt hatamer edecl aration
thatt hecompl ai nant ’srightshav ebeeni nfri
ngedwoul dbewor thless.Weconsi deri tal so
per t
inentt opoi ntoutt hatt heuni versalDecl arationofHumanRi ght s,vi
deAr ticl
e8,andt he
Internat ionalCov enantonCi vilandPol i
ticalRi ghts,videAr ti
cle2( 3) ,provi
det hatev eryonehas
ther ightt oagr antofef fectiver emedybyt hecompet entnat i
onalt ri
bunalsf orv iolatingt he
fundament alri
ght sgr antedhi m byt heconst i
tuti
onalorbyl aw.Ther ei sonefurthermat tert obe
decided.Asst ated, thepet it
ioner ’sclaimi ncludesonef orlossofi ncome, whichi saspeci esof
speci aldamages.Now, asar ule,whi chappl iestoal lkindsofl egalact i
ons,suchdamagesmust
beexpr essl ypleased,whi cht hepet i
tionerhasnotdone.I ndi gressi onagai n,wemayobser ve
thathi spl eadi ngasawhol ei ssomewhataper functorypi eceofwor kandi nelegant .The
omi ssi ont opl eadt hedamagesspeci ficallyis,howev er,notf at al.Ther ulehasbeenj udi ciall
y
evolv ed, andweconsi deritasensi bl
eone, thatacour tshoul dt akeal i
beralappr oacht or ulesof
pract i
ceandpr ocedur ewher ebasi cr ightsandf reedomsar ei nv oked,soast ogi v et ot he
compl ai nantaf ullmeasur eofhi sr ight s:SeeJaundoovA.g. ,197AC1972at983:andRev .
Longweandot her svA.G.andAnot her ,Msc.Ci ty.App.No.11/ 93oft heMal awiHi ghCour t
(unrepor ted) .Ther at i
onal eist hatsi ncet hecour tisaguar di anoft heConst itut i
on,i ti sdut y
boundt oensur et hatt her ightsguar ant eedbyt heConst itut
ionar eef fecti
vel
yenf orced, andt hat
todecl inet oexami net hemer i
tsofapet i
ti
onont hebasi sofapr ocedur altechni cali
tywoul dbe
anabr ogat ionoft hatdut y.Wewhol l
ysubscr i
bet ot hatview.

Upont hepetit
ioner’sevi
dencethathismont hlyi ncomef rom pract i
cewasshs.300, 000/=ont he
average,whi chweconsi dermodestandaccept abl
e,andconsi deri
ngt hathissuspensi onhas
runf or50mont hs,weawar dhi
m asum off ifteenmi ll
ionshilli
ngs( 15,000,000/=)inspeci al
damages.Asr egardsgeneraldamagesf orinjuryt oreputati
on,weconsi derasum off i
vemill
ion
shil
l
ingsasaf airandjustcompensat i
on.Interestont hepri
ncipalamountshal lr
unatt hecour t
rat
e, i
.e.10%annum f rom thedateofthedecr ee.Hei salsogrant edthecost s.Sinceinprincipl
e
thest ateisdirectlyli
ableforanycont r
avent i
onofaconst it
utionalrightbyi tsservant,itisto
beart heburdenofmeet ingthedecree:SeePay etvA.G.19962CHRLD99.WesoOr der.

NOTE:Thecasewaslaterappeal
edt otheCourtofAppealbytheJudgeI
nchar
geandt
he
69
At
tor
neyGener
al,
butal
lgroundsofappealwasdi
smissedwit
hcost.

69
TheJudgeInChargeofHighCourt
,Arushaandt
heAt t
orneyGeneral
v.N.I
.NMunuoNg’uni,
Courtof
AppealofTanzaniaatAr
usha,Ci
vi
lAppealNo.47of1998(Unrepor
ted),
Ramadhani
,J.
A,Makame,J.A,
andLugakingi
ra,J.
A