Q1) A 2.

4-kVA, 2400/240-V, 50-Hz, transformer has the following parameters:

R1 = 1.5 Ω, X 1= 2.5 Ω, R2 = 0.02 Ω, X2 = 0.03 Ω, Rc1 = 6 k Ω, and Xm1 = 8 k Ω.

It is operating at 80% of its rated load at 0.707 lagging power factor.

1) Sketch the approximate equivalent circuit referred to the high - voltage side.
2) Determine the efficiency and voltage regulation.

Solution:

𝑅𝑒1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑎2 ∗ 𝑅2 = 1.5 + 102 ∗ . 02 = 3.5𝛺

𝑋𝑒1 = 𝑋1 + 𝑎2 ∗ 𝑋2 = 2.5 + 102 ∗ . 03 = 5.5𝛺 Rc1 = 6 k Ω, and Xm1 = 8 k Ω

0.8*(2.4KVA ) 45
Ip   0.8 45 A
2400 0
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 0.8 ∗ 2.4𝐾𝑉𝐴 ∗ .707 = 1357.44 𝑊

𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = (0.8)2 ∗ 3.5 = 2.24 𝑊

V 1  2400 0  (3.5  5.5J )*(0.8 45)  2405 0.027 V

24052
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = = 964 𝑊
6𝐾𝛺

1357.44
𝜂= ∗ 100 = 58.4%
1357.44 + 964 + 2.24

2405 − 2400
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100 = 0.2%
2400
Q2) A 24-kVA, 2400/240-V, 50-Hz, transformer has the following parameters:

R1 = 25 Ω, X 1= 35 Ω, R2 = 250 mΩ, X2 = 350 mΩ and Xm1 = 3k Ω.

The efficiency of the transformer is maximum when it operates at 80% of its rated
load and 0.866 pf lagging. Determine
(a) The maximum efficiency,
(b) The efficiency at full load and 0.866 pf lagging, and (c) the equivalent core-loss
resistance.
Solution:

𝑅𝑒1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑎2 ∗ 𝑅2 = 25 + 102 ∗ 250𝑚𝛺 = 50𝛺

𝑋𝑒1 = 𝑋1 + 𝑎2 ∗ 𝑋2 = 35 + 102 ∗ 350𝑚𝛺 = 70𝛺 , Xm1 = 8 k Ω

(a) The maximum efficiency

0.8*(24KVA ) 30
Ip   8 30 A
2400 0
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 0.8 ∗ 24𝐾𝑉𝐴 ∗ .866 = 16627.2 𝑊

𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = (8)2 ∗ 50 = 3200 𝑊

𝜂 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
∗ 100
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
16627.2
∗ 100 = 72.2%
16627.2 + 3200 + 3200

(b) The efficiency at full load and 0.866 pf lagging

1*(24KVA ) 30
Ip   10 30 A, 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 1 ∗ 24𝐾𝑉𝐴 ∗ .866 = 20784 𝑊
2400 0

𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = (10)2 ∗ 50 = 5000 𝑊 , 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 3200𝑊

𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝜂= ∗ 100
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
 20784
𝜂= ∗ 100 = 71.7%
20784 + 5000 + 3200

(c) The equivalent core-loss resistance.

24002
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 3200𝑊 , 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = = 1800Ω
3200

Q3) the following data were obtained when a 25-kVA, 2300/460-V, 50-Hz
transformer was tested:
Voltage (V) Current (A) Power (W)
Open-circuit test 460 1.48 460
Short-circuit test 108.7 10.87 709
Determine the approximate equivalent circuit as viewed from (a) the high voltage
side and (b) the low-voltage side.

Solution:
Open-circuit test:
2
𝑉𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 4602
𝑅𝑐𝑙 = = = 460Ω
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 460

2
𝑄= (𝑉𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 ∗ 𝐼𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 )2 − 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 = (460 ∗ 1.48)2 − 4602 = 501.8𝑉𝐴𝑅

2
𝑉𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 4602
𝑋𝑚𝑙 = = = 421.61Ω
𝑄𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 501.8

𝑅𝑐𝐻 = (52 ) ∗ 460 = 11.5𝐾Ω 𝑋𝑚𝐻 = (52 ) ∗ 421.61 = 10.54𝐾Ω

Short-circuit test:
𝑃 709
𝑅𝑒𝐻 = 𝐼 𝑠ℎ 𝑜𝑟𝑡2 = 10.87 2 = 6Ω
𝑠ℎ 𝑜𝑟𝑡

2 2
𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 2 108.7
𝑋𝑒𝐻 = − 𝑅𝑒𝐻 = − 62 = 8Ω
𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 10.87

6 8
𝑅𝑒𝐿 = = .24Ω 𝑋𝑒𝐻 = = .32Ω
52 52