GAME OVER Full Project

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
DESIGN DATA AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES.......................................................................2
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................3
1. LATERAL LOADS.................................................................................................................3
1.1 WIND LOAD CALCULATIONS....................................................................................3
1.2 ROOF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN................................................................................18
1.3 EARTH QUAKE ANALYSIS........................................................................................23
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................39
2. SLAB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN.......................................................................................39
2.1. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLAT SLAB...............................................................39
2.2 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RIBBED SLAB...........................................................80
2.3 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SOLID SLAB...........................................................101
2.3.1 Design of 2nd Floor Slab.........................................................................................101
2.3.2 Design of 1st Floor Slab.........................................................................................142
2.3.3 Design of Ground Floor Slab.................................................................................177
2.3.4 Design of Stair.......................................................................................................202
CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................207
3. DESIGN OF BEAMS..........................................................................................................207
3.1 DESIGN OF GIRDER FOR THE RIBBED SLAB......................................................207
3.2 BEAM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR SOLID SLAB............................................226
CHAPTER FOUR.......................................................................................................................252
4. COLUMN DESIGN............................................................................................................252
CHAPTER FIVE.........................................................................................................................313
5. FOUNDATION DESIGN...................................................................................................313
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................321
APPENDICES.............................................................................................................................322
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A B+G+8 MIXED-USE BUILDING BSc Thesis
INTRODUCTION
This project design is dedicated to the structural analysis and design of a B+G+8 multipurpose
building located in Addis Ababa. The project is mainly concerned with the design and analysis of
slab, stair case, beams, columns and footing and the analysis of the frame structure.
The design follows the following steps:
 Lateral load analysis

 Wind load analysis
 Roof analysis and design
 Earth Quake analysis
 Slab analysis and design
 Flat slab analysis and design (8th floor)
 Ribbed slab analysis (3rd – 7th floor)
 Solid slab analysis and design (ground – 2nd floor)
 Stair case design
 Feeding data and drawings obtained from previous steps to ETABS, SAP-2000 and
AutoCAD.
 Design of beam, column, foundation and detail drawing of reinforcement.
The slab systems are differentiated just for the academic interest there by to experience different
scenarios. Finally, representative structural detail drawing is produced.
SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING JUNE, 2013 Page 1

DESIGN DATA AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES
With reference to EBCS 1 and EBCS 2-1995
1. CONCRETE
Class 1 workmanship
Concrete grade C-25
γc=1.5 (Class I works)
fck =25N/mm2
0.85∗0.8∗25
fcd = =11.33N/mm2
1.5
fctk 1.55
fctd = = =¿1.03N/mm2
γc 1.5
2. Reinforcement STEEL
Steel grade S-300
fyk =300N/mm2
γs =1.15 (Class I works)
fyk 300
fyd = = =¿260.87N/mm2
γs 1.5
Es=200*103N/mm2
3. UNIT WEIGHT OF MATERIALS

 Concrete
- Reinforced, 2% reinforcement = 25KN/m3
- Lightweight concrete =20KN/m3
 Flooring and finishing;
- Marble chips =27 KN/m3
- Ceramic tile flooring = 21 KN/m3
- Cement screed =23 KN/m3
- Plastered and painted surface =23 KN/m3
4. DESIGN METHOD
Ultimate Limit States & Serviceability Limit States Design Methods;
EBCS 1, EBCS 2 -1995
5. Design Load with partial safety factors

Pd =1.3DL + 1.6LL

CHAPTER ONE
1. LATERAL LOADS
1.1 WIND LOAD CALCULATIONS

Wind is air in motion. Structure deflects or stops the wind, converting the wind’s Kinetic energy
in to potential energy of pressure. Thus creates wind loads.
The effect of wind on structures is significant on light and dynamic structures. It does have
Considerable effect on vertically standing walls, columns and beams etc. wind actions act
directly on the external surfaces of enclosed structures and, through porosity of the external
surface, also act indirectly on the internal surface. They may also directly affect the internal
surface of open structures.
Wind action is represented by a simplified set of pressures or forces whose effects are equivalent
to the extreme effects of the turbulent wind.
Method of Analysis
There are two methods for wind load analysis, namely, the quasi-static method and detailed
dynamic analysis. The former is applied to structures whose structural properties do not make
them susceptible to dynamic exaltation. The latter is applied to structures which are likely to be
susceptible to dynamic excitation. The choice of the above two methods depends on the value of
the structure of their dynamic coefficient. The dynamic coefficient depends on the type of
structure, the height of the structure and its breadth. The quasi-static method is used for
structures whose Cd value is less or equal to 1.2. For our case the building variables are; Height
of building = 32.1m and Width of building = 34.95m, From figure 3.7 of EBCS-1, 1995, the
value of the dynamic coefficient of this building is; Cd=0.95 that is Cd < 1.2 and height of the
building is less than 200m, this implies that the simple procedure of EBCS (quasi-static) method
of analysis is the appropriate method.
The intensity of wind pressure depends on;
 Shape of the structure

 Velocity of air
 Density of air

 Stiffness of structure
 Angle of the induced wind
Reference wind velocity
The reference wind velocityV ref is defined as the 10 minute mean wind velocity at 10m above
ground of terrain category II having an annual probability of exceedence of 0.02 (commonly
referred to as having a mean return period of 50 years).
V ref =C DIR C TEM C ALT V ref , o EBCS: 1 Equation (3.7)
Where:
Vref,0 – is the basic reference wind velocity 10m above sea level
CDIR – directional factor and allows for the orientation of the structure in relation to the
direction of the prevailing wind.
CTEM – Seasonal variation factor – may be applied to structures of a temporary nature
which are exposed to wind for only part of a given year.
CALT – Altitude factor – allows for the altitude of the site on which the structure is located.
C DIR = 1.0 C TEM =1.0 C ALT =1.0
V ref , o = 22 m/sec
Thus: V ref =1 x 1 x 1 x 22 = 22 m/sec
Reference wind pressure
The reference mean wind velocity pressure q ref is given by
1
q ref = x ρ x V ref 2 EBCS 1, Section 3.7.1
2
Where: ρ is the air density
For Addis Ababa, an altitude greater than 2000m
According to EBCS 1, 1995, table 3.1: ρ= 0.94kg/m3
1 N
q ref = x 0.94 x 222 = 227.48 2
2 m
Exposure coefficient

The exposure coefficient, c e ( z) takes into account the effects of terrain roughness, topography
and height above ground on the mean wind speed and turbulence. It is defined by:
C e ( z )=C 2r ( z ) C 2t ( z ) [1+2 g I v ( z ) ] EBCS 1, Equation 3.13
c r ( z ) : roughness coefficient, accounts for the variability of mean wind velocity at the site of the
structure due to the height above ground level and the roughness of the terrain depending on the
wind direction.
The roughness coefficient at height z is defined by the logarithmic profile:
C r ( z ) =K t ln ⁡( z / z 0 ) for z min ≤ z ≤ 200 m EBCS 1, equation 3.10
C r ( z ) =Cr ( z min ) for z < z min EBCS 1, equation 3.11
K t is the terrain factor
z 0 is the roughness length
z min is the minimum height
According to EBCS 1 table 3.2, Addis Ababa is under terrain category IV.
For Terrain category IV
K t = 0.24, z 0 =1 and z min =16
The height of the building above the ground up to the top of the roof is 32.1m > z min
C r ( z ) =¿ C r ( 32.1 ) = K t ln ⁡( z / z0 ) = 0.24 ln ⁡(32.1/1) = 0.833
C t ( z ) : Topography coefficient, accounts for the increase of mean wind speed over isolated hills
and escarpments (not undulating and mountainous regions). It is related to the wind velocity at
the base of the hill or escarpment.
For flat terrain  < 0.05
C t = 1.0 EBCS 1, 1995 sections 3.8.4
g: is the peak factor
I v ( z ) : is the turbulence intensity, given by:
Kt
I v ( z )= EBCS 1, Equation 3.14
C r ( z ) Ct ( z )

After arranging for codification purpose the exposure coefficient is given as
7 Kt
C e ( z )=C 2r ( z ) C 2t ( z ) [1+ ] EBCS 1, Equation 3.15
Cr ( z )Ct ( z )
C e ( 32.1 )=(0.833)2(1)2 ¿ ] = 2.01
The wind pressure acting on the external surfaces of a structure W e is:
The wind pressure acting on the external surface of a structure shall be obtained from:
W e =qref c e ( z e )c pe EBCS 1, Equation 3.1
c pe is the external pressure coefficient for buildings and individual parts of buildings depending
on the size of the loaded area A. Loaded area is the area of the structure, which produces the
wind action in the section to be calculated.
RECTANGULAR PLAN BUILDING
Case 1: (Assume the wind direction is perpendicular to the longer side)
H=32.1 m, b=34.95 m, d=17.5 m

Reference height (Ze)
(h=32.1) < (b=34.95) Ze = h
e= {2hb whichever is smaller = {2 x 32.10=64.20

34.95
e =34.95
(d=17.50) < (e =34.95) elevation is case d < e

e/5 = 6.99
From table A.1 of EBCS 1
A A = (6.99 x 32.1) = 224.379m2 >10 m2
A >10 m2
{ d
h
=0.545
C pe=−1
A B = (17.50 – 6.99) x 32.1 =337.371m2 >10 m2
A >10 m2
{ d
h
=0.545
C pe=−0.8
A D = ((27.00 x (32.1-6.97)) + (34.95 x 6.97) =922.112m2 >10 m2
A >10 m2
{ d
h
=0.545
C pe=+ 0.8
A E = A D =922.112m2
A >10 m2
{ d
h
=0.545
C pe=−0.3
Note:
-ve sign away from surface

+ve sign in to the wall (surface)
Summary
zone C pe W e =qref c e ( z e )c pe
A -1 N KN
(227.48 2 ) x(2.01)x(-1) = -0.4572
m m2
B -0.8 KN
-0.3658
m2
D +0.8 KN
+0.3658
m2
E -0.3 KN
-0.1372
m2
Wind Pressure at the 2nd Floor Terrace
According to EBCS 1, section A.2.3
Flat roofs are defined within a slope of ± 4°
Reference height Z e should be taken as h.
Pressure coefficient according to table A.2, EBCS 1

d = 17.5 m, b = 9.6 m, hp = 1.2 m, h = 6.97 m

9.6
e =9.6
H p 1.2
= =0.172
h 6.97
A f = 2.4 x 0.96 =2.304 m2 < 10 m2 and >1 m2 C pef = -1.71 interpolation
AG = 4.8 x 0.96 =4.608 m2 < 10 m2 and >1 m2 C peG = -1.16 interpolation
A H = 3.84 x 9.6 =36.864 m2 > 10 m2 C peH = -0.7
A I = 11.74 x 9.6 =112.704 m2 > 10 m2 C peI = ± 0.2
Summary
F -1.71 N KN
(227.48 2 ) x(2.01)x(-1.71) =-0.781
m m2
G -1.16 KN
-0.530
m2
H -0.7 KN
-0.320
m2
I ± 0.2 KN
± 0.091
m2

Wind Pressure at the Pent House Floor Terrace
d = 17.5 m, b = 10.95 m, hp = 2.52 m, h = 29.58 m

10.95
e =10.95
H p 2.52
= =0.085
h 29.58
A H = 4.38 x 10.95 =47.961 m2 > 10 m2 C peH = -0.7
A I = 12.025 x 10.95 =131.674 m2 > 10 m2 C peI = ± 0.2
Summary
F -1.73 N KN
(227.48 2 ) x(2.01)x(-1.73) =-0.791
m m2
G -1.11 KN
-0.507
m2

H -0.7 KN
-0.320
m2
I ± 0.2 KN
± 0.091
m2
Case 2: (Assume the wind direction is perpendicular to the shorter side)
d = 34.95 m, b = 17.5 m, h = 32.1 m
Reference height (Ze)
(h=32.1) < (b=17.50) Ze = h

17.50
e =17.50
(d=34.95) > (e =17.50) elevation is case d > e

From table A.1 of EBCS 1
A A = (3.5 x 6.97) = 24.395m2 >10 m2
A >10 m2
{ d
h
=1.089
C pe=−1
A B = ((17.50 – 3.5) – (7.95 – 3.5)) x (32.1 – 6.97) + (14 x 6.97) = 337.572m2 >10 m2
A >10 m2
{ d
h
=1.089
C pe=−0.8
Ac = 17.45 x 32.1 = 560.145m2 >10 m2
A >10 m2
{ d
h
=1.089
C pe=−0.5
A D = (32.1 x 17.50) =561.75m2 >10 m2
A >10 m2
{ d
h
=1.089
C pe=+ 0.79interpolation
A E = A D =561.75m2
A >10 m2
{ d
h
=1.089
C pe=−0.3
Summary
A -1 N KN
(227.48 2 ) x(2.01)x(-1) = -0.4572
m m2
B -0.8 KN
-0.3658
m2

C -0.5 KN
-0.228
m2
D +0.79 KN
+0.3612
m2
E -0.3 KN
-0.1372
m2
Wind Pressure at the 2nd Floor Terrace
d = 9.6 m, b = 17.5 m, hp = 1.2 m, h = 6.97 m

17.50
e =13.94
H p 1.2
= =0.172
h 6.97
A H = 5.576 x 17.5 =97.58m2 > 10 m2 C peH = -0.7
A I = 2.63 x 17.5 =46.025 m2 > 10 m2 C peI = ± 0.2
Summary

F -1.54 N KN
(227.48 2 ) x(2.01)x(-1.54) =-0.704
m m2
G -0.82 KN
-0.375
m2
H -0.7 KN
-0.320
m2
I ± 0.2 KN
± 0.091
m2
Wind Pressure at the Pent House Floor Terrace
d = 10.95 m, b = 17.5 m, hp = 2.52 m, h = 29.58 m

17.50
e =17.50
H p 2.52
= =0.085
h 29.58
AG = 8.75 x 1.75 =15.3125 m2 > 10 m2 C peG = -0.83 interpolation
A H = 7 x 17.50 =122.5 m2 > 10 m2 C peH = -0.7

A I = 2.2 x 17.50 =38.5 m2 > 10 m2 C peI = ± 0.2
Summary
F -1.42 N KN
(227.48 2 ) x(2.01)x(-1.42) =-0.649
m m2
G -0.83 KN
-0.379
m2
H -0.7 KN
-0.320
m2
I ± 0.2 KN
± 0.091
m2
Wind Pressure on the Roof
From the different types of roof, we select a duo-pitch roof with a pitch angle 16.07 0. There are
two direction of wind on the roof; Wind perpendicular (normal) to the ridge (θ = 0 0) and Wind
parallel to the ridge (θ = 900).
From section A.2.5, table A.4 of EBCS 1
Downwind face
Upwind face
α α
wind
θ = 00 h
Pitch angle positive
α>0
The roof is duo pitch roof with α =16.070

Roof Area b=14.40, w=17.50
Case 1: Wind direction perpendicular to the ridge: θ = 0o

d = 17.5 m, b = 14.4 m, h = 32.1 m

14.4
e =14.4
A f = 1.44 x 3.6 =5.184 m2 < 10 m2 and >1 m2 C pef = -1.49 interpolation and +0.2
AG = 1.44 x 7.2 =10.368 m2 > 10 m2 C peG = -0.8 and +0.2
A H = 7.31 x 14.4 =105.264 m2 > 10 m2 C peH = -0.3 and +0.2
A I = 7.31 x 14.4 =105.264 m2 > 10 m2 C peI = -0.4
A J = 1.44 x 14.4 =20.736 m2 > 10 m2 C peJ = -1
Summary
F -1.49 N KN
(227.48 2 ) x(2.01)x(-1.49) =-0.681
m m2
+0.2 KN
+0.091
m2
G -0.8 KN
-0.366
m2
+0.2 KN
+0.091
m2

H -0.3 KN
-0.137
m2
+0.2 KN
+0.091
m2
I -0.4 KN
-0.183
m2
J -1 KN
-0.457
m2
Case 2: Wind direction parallel to the ridge: θ = 90o
d = 14.4 m, b = 17.5 m, h = 32.1 m

17.5
e =17.5
A H = 7 x 8.75 =61.25 m2 > 10 m2 C peH = -0.6
A I = 5.65 x 8.75 =49.4375 m2 > 10 m2 C peI = -0.5
Summary
F -1.48 N KN
(227.48 2 ) x(2.01)x(-1.48) =-0.677
m m2
G -1.48 KN
-0.677
m2
H -0.6 KN
-0.274
m2
I -0.5 KN
-0.229
m2
The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure W i is:
W i =qref c e (zi )c pi EBCS 1, Equation 3.2
Where:
q ref : Reference mean wind velocity pressure derived from reference wind velocity; it is used as
the characteristic value
c e ( z i) : Exposure coefficient accounting for the terrain and height above the ground z; the
coefficient also modifies the mean pressure to a peak pressure allowing for turbulence
c pi: is the internal pressure coefficient
Z: reference height appropriate to the relevant pressure coefficient (z= z e) for external pressure
and force coefficient, (z= z i) for internal pressure coefficient
For closed buildings with internal partitions and openings windows the extreme values:
c pi = 0.8 and c pi = -0.5
And the z i is taken to be at the middle of the building
32.1
z i=¿ = 16.05m > Zmin
2
C r ( zi ) =¿ C r (16.05 ) = K t ln ⁡(z / z0 ) = 0.24 ln ⁡(16.05/1) = 0.666
7 Kt
C e ( z )=C 2r ( z ) C 2t ( z ) [1+ ] EBCS 1, Equation 3.15
Cr ( z )Ct ( z )
C e ( 16.05 )=(0.666)2 (1)2 ¿ ] = 1.56
Positive internal pressure c pi = 0.8

KN
W i =qref c e (zi )c pi =0.22748 x 1.56 x 0.8 = 0.284 (toward the wall)
m2
Negative internal pressure c pi = -0.5
KN
W i =qref c e (zi )c pi = 0.22748 x 1.56 x -0.5 = -0.177 (away from the wall)
m2
1.2 ROOF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Case 1: Wind direction perpendicular to the ridge: θ = 0o
KN
Maximum negative external pressure W e = -0.681
m2
KN
Maximum positive external pressure W e = +0.091
m2
KN
Negative internal pressure = -0.177
m2
KN
Positive internal pressure W i =¿ 0.284
m2
Net Pressure: We-Wi
Negative: -0.681 - 0.284 = -0.965 KN/m2
Positive: +0.091 – (-0.177) = 0.268 KN/m2
Case 2: Wind direction parallel to the ridge: θ = 90o
KN
Maximum negative external pressure W e = -0.677
m2
KN
Maximum positive external pressure W e = +0
m2
KN
Negative internal pressure = -0.177
m2
KN
Positive internal pressure W i =¿ 0.284
m2
Net Pressure: We-Wi
Negative: -0.677 - 0.284 = -0.961 KN/m2

Positive: 0 – (-0.177) = 0.177 KN/m2
From the above computation the wind load for design will be the maximum of suction and
pressure respectively; W design = 0.965 KN/m2 is uniformly distributed suction and W
design = 0.268 KN/m2 is uniformly distributed pressure.
A) Transfer of loads to purlin
The loads consider in the design of purlins are Wind load (suction & pressure), Self weight of the
roof covering (sheet), Self weight of and Live load of the purlin.
i) Wind load; Maximum suction = 0.965 KN/m2 and Maximum pressure = 0.268 KN/m2
ii) Self weight of the roof covering, we select USG-28 & thickness = 0.000397m
Unit weight of steel = 7850 Kg/m3, 7850 * 9.81 m/s2 = 77 KN/m3 EBCS table 2.1
Self-weight for USG-28 = Unit weight x Thickness = 77 * 0.000397 m = 0.03 KN/m2
iii) Self weight of purlin; we select the cross section of the Purlin (Square Hollow Section)
=30x30x3mm3 from the ‘Dimensions and cross-sectional properties of Steel Sections’.
For cross section of 30x30x3 mm3, the weight is 2.36 kg/m.
= 7850 Kg/m3 * 9.81 m/s2 * 0.003 m
= 0.231 KN/m2
iv) Live load, for distributed load = 0.25 KN/m2 and for concentrated load =1 KN EBCS-1, table
2.14
B) Load Combination
There are three types of load combination; using purlin spacing = 0.9 m
1) Combination-1
Q1 = Pressure + Dead Load + Live Load (Distributed Load)
= 0.268 KN/m2 * 0.9 m + 1.3 (self-weight USG-28 * purlin spacing + self-weight of

purlin) + 1.6 * distributed load
= 0.268KN/m2*0.9 m+1.3(0.03KN/m2*0.9 m+0.231*1.4 KN/m)+1.6*0.25 KN/m2*0.9m
= 1.0567 KN/m
2) Combination-2
Q2 = Pressure + Dead Load + Live Load (Concentrated Load)

= 0.268 KN/m2 * 0.9 m + 1.3 (0.03 KN/m2 * 0.9 m + 0.231 * 1.4 KN/m)
= 0.6967 KN/m with Qk = 1.6 * 1KN = 1.6 KN at the mid span of the roof
3) Combination-3
Q3 = Suction + Dead Load
= -0.965 KN/m2 * 0.9 m + 1.3 (0.03 KN/m2 * 0.9 m + 0.231 * 1.4 KN/m)
= -0.413 KN/m
We choose the critical truss spacing i.e. 1.4m for our purlin design.
1) Load Comb-1
1.0567 KN/m
A 1.4 m B
Diagram for combination 1
Reaction: RA=RB=1.0567∗1.4 /2=0.74 KN
Bending moment : WL2/8 = 1.0567 * 1.42/8 = 0.259 KNm
2) Load Comb-2
0.6967∗1.4 +1.6
Reactions: RA=RB= =1.288 KN
2
W L2 PL 0.6967∗1.4 2 1.6∗1.4
Bending moment: + = + =0.731 KNm
8 4 8 4
3) Load Comb-3
0.413∗1.4
Reactions : RA=RB= =0.289 KN
2
W L2 0.413∗1.42
Bending moment : = =0.101 KNm
8 8
Therefore, the actions for the design of truss, the loads transferred to truss joints are two;
1.288KN downward, 0.289KN upward by taking the intermediate purlin.
C) Purlin design
Steel Fe-430
From the above calculation Maximum moment = 0.731 KNm
Maximum shear = 1.288 KN
δall of 430 = 275 N/mm2
MC I M
δ= ; Z= => Z=
I C δ
Z=( 0.731∗103 )/275 = 2.66 mm3 * 103 < 2.34 * 103 mm3 Change the Section!
 Reading from the ‘Dimensions and cross-sectional properties of Steel Sections’ table, the
cross-section that can satisfy the above section modulus is 40 x 40 x 2.0mm Square Hollow
Section.
D) Truss Analysis and Design

The loads in a truss member are loaded separately with the wind pressure or suction loaded in a
900 to the purlin. All the other loads, i.e. the live load (concentrated), live load (distributed) and
dead load are loaded in the gravity direction.
The span length between two consecutive purlins is taken as 90 cm and the length of a purlin
running from a truss to truss is taken to be 1.4 m.
i. Downward Action of wind (pressure)

ii. Upward Action of wind (suction)
The Dead Load loaded to the truss is 0.32886 KN; the live load (concentrated) loaded to the truss
is 1 KN (at middle truss) and the Live Load (Distributed) loaded to the truss is 0.315 KN. All
this loads are loaded as downward forces on the truss.
Truss Analysis
In the analysis process we consider the three combinations we have mentioned above and design
the truss for the load that gives as the maximum axial force.
The truss at the end of the structure is subjected to a lesser load than the truss at the middle of the
structure therefore, for the sake of simplicity we design the truss for the structure that give as the
maximum force and that is the middle truss.
Rafter
 Maximum Compression Force: -143.601 KN

 Maximum Tension Force: 128.793 KN
Horizontal Member

Vertical Member

Diagonal Member


The negative members in the truss show compression in the particular truss member and the
positive member in the truss is indicting the tension in the particular truss member.
Truss Design
From the SAP calculation we have found the reaction forces applied to every member of the
truss. From the different compression and tension values we got, we use the value that give the
maximum compression or tension and design our truss with the force.
Rafter Design
 Maximum Compression Force: 143.601 KN

F F
δ= A=
A δ
143.601
δall= 275 KPa A= =522.19 mm2
275
 For the calculated area proportion we read from table a cross-section that satisfies the given
condition. Therefore, a Square Hollow Section of 40*40*4 mm is used.
Horizontal Member Design

152.682
A= =555.21 mm2
275
Vertical Member Design

192.672
A= =700.63 mm2
275
Diagonal Member Design


145.966
A= =530.79 mm 2
275
1.3 EARTH QUAKE ANALYSIS

The Building is to be constructed in Addis Ababa, which is located in latitude 090-02 N and
longitude of 38-43 E. It is catagorized under sesmic zone two. The wind load is neglegible as
compared to earth quake load, hence it is neglected.
1. To determine the method of analysis

Check for regularity
From EBCS 8 - 1995 2.2.2.2(3), the requirment to be satisfied for regularity if:
a) Meet criteria for regularity in

i) Plan ii) Elevation
b) Have fundamental period of vibrationT, in the two main directions less than two
second.
A. 1. Check regularity according to (a)
i. Check the regularity of a building in plan.
According to the code the building satisfy plan regularity because
 The building has rectangular shape. According to EBCS 8-1995 sec.
2.2.2.2(2) criteria for regularity in plan, the building satisfy plan regularity.
ii. Check Regularity in Elevation according to the code the building satisfy elevation
regularity.
B. For building with heights up to 80m the value of T1 approximated from
T1= C1H3/4 EBCS 8 Eqn(2.3)
H- height of building above the base in meter
H=32.84m
C1=0.075 for reinforced concret moment- resisting frame according to, EBCS8-1995 sec.
2.3.3.2.2.(3)
T1=1.029 sec ..........≤ 2 sec. OK!
Therefore our building is regular so we can use static analysis method.

Base Shear Force Determination
The sesmic base shear force can be calculated:
Fb=Sd(T1)W EBCS8- 1995 Eq. 2.2
Fb-base shear force
Sd(T1)- Design spectrum
T1- fundamental for period of vibration of the structure transitional motion in the direction
considered
W-sesmic dead load computed
w-is total dead weight of the building
For linear analysis: Sd(T1)= αβγ…………………………………………………EBCS 8.Eq. 1.1
The parameter α is the ratio of design bedrock acceleration to the acceleration of gravity g and is
given by:
α = α0I where α0 is the bedrock acceleration ratio for the site, since the building is found
in Addis Ababa, it is categorized in Zone 2. Thus, α0=0.05… [EBCS 8 fig.1 seismic hazard map
of Ethiopia Table 1.1]
I = Importance factor given in Table 2.4 in EBCS 8 – 1995
I = 1.00………………………for importance category III
α = α0I = 0.05*1.0 = 0.05
β = Design response factor for the site given
β = 1.2S / T2/3 < 2.5
S =Assume site coefficient for soil characteristics for classification of Class A
S = 1.00
T = T1 = 1.029sec T = Fundamental period of the building
β = 1.2 S / T2/3 =1.177 ≤ 2.5
γ =γ o∗k D∗k R∗k W ≤ 0.7 is a behavior factor to account for energy dissipation capacity
Where:
γ0= basic value of the behavior factor, dependent on Structural type EBCS-8(table 3.2)

kD= factor reflecting ductility class
kR= factor reflecting the structural regularity in elevation
kW = factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in Structural system with walls.
Therefore,
γ0 = 0.2 For frame equivalent system according to [EBCS-8 (table 3.2)]
kD = 2.00 For DC ’’L’’ Low ductile [EBCS 8-section 3.3.2.1(4)]
Our building is of low ductile class according to EBCS 8-sec 3.1.3(3).
Ductility class ‘’L’’ corresponds to structures designed and dimensioned according to EBCS 2,
supplemented by rules enhancing available ductility.
kR = 1.00 For regular structure EBCS 8-sec 3.3.2.1(6)
kW = 1.00 For frame equivalent structural system
Behavior factor:
γ =0.2 x 2 x 1 x 1=0.4
Sd ( T 1 )=α∗β∗γ=0.05 x 1.177 x 0.4=0.02354
CENTER OF MASS
Center of mass of the ground floor

Description l b h volume weight xi yi wixi wiyi
c1 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 1.25 27 38.7 835.92
c2 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 6 27 185.76 835.92
c3 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 13 27 402.48 835.92
c4 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 18 27 557.28 835.92
c5 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 1.25 20.5 38.7 634.68
c6 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 6 20.5 185.76 634.68
c7 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 13 20.5 402.48 634.68
c8 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 18 20.5 557.28 634.68
c9 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 0 14 0 433.44
c10 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 6 14 185.76 433.44
c11 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 13 14 402.48 433.44
c12 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 18 14 557.28 433.44
c13 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 0 7.5 0 232.2
c14 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 6 7.5 185.76 232.2
c15 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 13 7.5 402.48 232.2

c16 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 18 7.5 557.28 232.2

c17 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 0 0 0 0
c18 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 6 0 185.76 0
c19 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 13 0 402.48 0
c20 3.44 0.6 0.6 1.2384 30.96 18 0 557.28 0
A13 6 0.3 0.4 0.72 18 3 0 54 0
A34 7 0.3 0.4 0.84 21 9.5 0 199.5 0
A45 5 0.3 0.4 0.6 15 15.5 0 232.5 0
AB1 7.5 0.3 0.4 0.9 22.5 0 3.75 0 84.375
AB3 7.5 0.3 0.4 0.9 22.5 6 3.75 135 84.375
AB4 7.5 0.3 0.4 0.9 22.5 13 3.75 292.5 84.375
AB5 7.5 0.3 0.4 0.9 22.5 18 3.75 405 84.375
B13 6 0.3 0.4 0.72 18 3 7.5 54 135
B34 6 0.3 0.4 0.72 18 9.5 7.5 171 135
B45 6 0.3 0.4 0.72 18 15.5 7.5 279 135
BC1 6.5 0.3 0.4 0.78 19.5 0 10.75 0 209.625
BC3 6.5 0.3 0.4 0.78 19.5 6 10.75 117 209.625
BC4 6.5 0.3 0.4 0.78 19.5 13 10.75 253.5 209.625
BC5 6.5 0.3 0.4 0.78 19.5 18 10.75 351 209.625
C13 6 0.3 0.4 0.72 18 3 14 54 252
C34 6 0.3 0.4 0.72 18 9.5 14 171 252
C45 6 0.3 0.4 0.72 18 15.5 14 279 252
CD2 6.5 0.3 0.4 0.78 19.5 1.25 17.25 24.375 336.375
CD3 6.5 0.3 0.4 0.78 19.5 6 17.25 117 336.375
CD4 6.5 0.3 0.4 0.78 19.5 13 17.25 253.5 336.375
CD5 6.5 0.3 0.4 0.78 19.5 18 17.25 351 336.375
D23 4.75 0.3 0.4 0.57 14.25 3.625 20.5 51.65625 292.125
D34 4.75 0.3 0.4 0.57 14.25 9.5 20.5 135.375 292.125
D45 4.75 0.3 0.4 0.57 14.25 15.5 20.5 220.875 292.125
DE2 6.5 0.3 0.4 0.78 19.5 1.25 23.75 24.375 463.125
DE3 6.5 0.3 0.4 0.78 19.5 6 23.75 117 463.125
DE4 6.5 0.3 0.4 0.78 19.5 13 23.75 253.5 463.125
DE5 6.5 0.3 0.4 0.78 19.5 18 23.75 351 463.125
E23 4.75 0.3 0.4 0.57 14.25 3.625 27 51.65625 384.75
E34 4.75 0.3 0.4 0.57 14.25 9.5 27 135.375 384.75
E45 4.75 0.3 0.4 0.57 14.25 15.5 27 220.875 384.75
PANEL1 4.45 6.2 0.15 4.1385 103.4625 3.625 23.75 375.0516 2457.234
PANEL2 5.7 6.2 0.15 5.301 132.525 9.5 23.75 1258.988 3147.469
PANEL3 4.7 6.2 0.15 4.371 109.275 15.5 23.75 1693.763 2595.281
PANEL4 4.45 6.2 0.15 4.1385 103.4625 3.625 17.25 375.0516 1784.728
PANEL5 5.7 6.2 0.15 5.301 132.525 9.5 17.25 1258.988 2286.056
PANEL6 4.7 6.2 0.15 4.371 109.275 15.5 17.25 1693.763 1884.994
PANEL7 5.7 6.2 0.15 5.301 132.525 3 10.75 397.575 1424.644

PANEL8 6.7 6.2 0.15 6.231 155.775 9.5 10.75 1479.863 1674.581
PANEL9 4.7 6.2 0.15 4.371 109.275 15.5 10.75 1693.763 1174.706
PANEL10 5.7 7.2 0.15 6.156 153.9 3 3.75 461.7 577.125
PANEL11 6.7 7.2 0.15 7.236 180.9 9.5 3.75 1718.55 678.375
PANEL12 4.7 7.2 0.15 5.076 126.9 15.5 3.75 1966.95 475.875
Partition1 3.25 0.15 3.44 1.677 41.925 1.675 27 70.22438 1131.975
Partition2 1.4 0.1 3.44 0.4816 12.04 1.4 26.225 16.856 315.749
Partition3 0.1 0.1 3.44 0.0344 0.86 1.5 25.65 1.29 22.059
Partition4 1.3 0.1 3.44 0.4472 11.18 2.65 26.225 29.627 293.1955
Partition5 0.75 0.1 3.44 0.258 6.45 2.65 25.65 17.0925 165.4425
Partition6 2.5 0.15 3.44 1.29 32.25 1.25 24.7 40.3125 796.575
Partition7 2.05 0.15 3.44 1.0578 26.445 6 19.25 158.67 509.0663
Partition8 1.3 0.15 3.44 0.6708 16.77 5.35 18.7 89.7195 313.599
Partition9 1.3 0.1 3.44 0.4472 11.18 0.65 18.3 7.267 204.594
Partition10 1.3 0.1 3.44 0.4472 11.18 0.65 19.3 7.267 215.774
Partition11 0.3 0.1 3.44 0.1032 2.58 1.35 18.3 3.483 47.214
Partition12 0.3 0.1 3.44 0.1032 2.58 1.35 19.3 3.483 49.794
Partition13 3.25 0.15 3.44 1.677 41.925 1.925 20.5 80.70563 859.4625
Partition14 3.5 0.15 3.44 1.806 45.15 6 25.25 270.9 1140.038
Partition15 7.98 0.1 3.44 2.74512 68.628 13 20.5 892.164 1406.874
Partition16 6 0.2 3.44 4.128 103.2 3 14 309.6 1444.8
Shear wall1 2.3 0.15 3.44 1.1868 29.67 0 8.65 0 256.6455
Shear wall2 2.3 0.15 3.44 1.1868 29.67 1.15 10.625 34.1205 315.2438
Shear wall3 2.3 0.15 3.44 1.1868 29.67 0.15 7.5 4.4505 222.525
Shear wall4 0.6 0.15 3.44 0.3096 7.74 2.225 9.5 17.2215 73.53
Shear wall5 0.6 0.15 3.44 0.3096 7.74 2.225 7.8 17.2215 60.372
∑ 3279.333 648.65 1264.425 27606.24 46116.18
Xm=∑WiXi/∑Wi=27606.25/3279.25=8.418
Ym=∑WiYi/∑Wi=46116.18/3279.25=14.06
Therefore, the Earth Quake load is applied on the ground floor at (8.418,14.06)
Center of mass of the first floor
Description l b h volume weight xi yi wixi wiyi

2.9
C1 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 0 30.2 0 796.374
3
2.9
C2 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 5.1 30.2 134.487 796.374
3
2.9
C3 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 11.2 30.2 295.344 796.374
3
2.9
C4 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 15.3 30.2 403.461 796.374
3

2.9
C5 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 0 23.7 0 624.969
3
2.9
C6 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 5.1 23.7 134.487 624.969
3
2.9
C7 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 11.2 23.7 295.344 624.969
3
2.9
C8 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 15.3 23.7 403.461 624.969
3
2.9
C9 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 0 18.2 0 479.934
3
2.9
C10 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 5.1 18.2 134.487 479.934
3
2.9
C11 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 11.2 18.2 295.344 479.934
3
2.9
C12 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 15.3 18.2 403.461 479.934
3
2.9 -
C13 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 -1.25 12.7 334.899
3 32.9625
2.9
C14 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 5.1 12.7 134.487 334.899
3
2.9
C15 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 11.2 12.7 295.344 334.899
3
2.9
C16 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 15.3 12.7 403.461 334.899
3
2.9 -
C17 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 -1.25 6.6 174.042
3 32.9625
2.9
C18 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 5.1 6.6 134.487 174.042
3
2.9
C19 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 11.2 6.6 295.344 174.042
3
2.9
C20 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 15.3 6.6 403.461 174.042
3
2.9 -
C21 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 -1.25 0 0
3 32.9625
2.9
C22 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 5.1 0 134.487 0
3
2.9
C23 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 11.2 0 295.344 0
3
2.9
C24 0.6 0.6 1.0548 26.37 15.3 0 403.461 0
3
1.7 31.07 85.3453 1040.04
Cantilever1 5.1 0.15 1.33875 33.46875 2.55
5 5 1 1
2.3 1.7 31.07 96.7722 479.234
Cantilever2 0.15 0.616875 15.421875 6.275
5 5 5 7 8
1.7 31.07 224.322
Cantilever3 1.1 0.15 0.28875 7.21875 10 72.1875
5 5 7

1.7 31.07 356.507 836.111

Cantilever4 4.1 0.15 1.07625 26.90625 13.25
5 5 8 7
-
Cantilever5 3 1.5 0.15 0.675 16.875 -0.625 25.2 425.25
10.5469
- 648.140
Cantilever6 5.5 1.5 0.15 1.2375 30.9375 -0.625 20.95
19.3359 6
- 477.984
Cantilever7 5.5 1.5 0.15 1.2375 30.9375 -0.625 15.45
19.3359 4
- 331.115
Cantilever8 6.1 1.5 0.15 1.3725 34.3125 -0.625 9.65
21.4453 6
- 122.512
Cantilever9 6.6 1.5 0.15 1.485 37.125 -0.625 3.3
23.2031 5
Cantilever1 2.0 - -
1.5 0.15 0.46125 11.53125 -0.625 -1.025
0 5 7.20703 11.8195
Cantilever1 2.0 99.9759 -
5.1 0.15 1.56825 39.20625 2.55 -1.025
1 5 4 40.1864
6.1 0.15 1.87575 46.89375 8.15 -1.025
2 5 1 48.0661
4.1 0.15 1.26075 31.51875 13.25 -1.025
3 5 4 32.3067
Cantilever1 2.0 2.0 16.32 257.271 -
0.15 0.630375 15.759375 -1.025
4 5 5 5 8 16.1534
Cantilever1 2.0 776.283 167.433
6.6 0.15 2.0295 50.7375 15.3 3.3
5 5 8 8
Cantilever1 2.0 717.474 452.524
6.1 0.15 1.87575 46.89375 15.3 9.65
6 5 4 7
316.996 3350.22
PANEL1 6.5 5.1 0.15 4.9725 124.3125 2.55 26.95
9 2
1211.80 4007.12
PANEL2 6.5 6.1 0.15 5.9475 148.6875 8.15 26.95
3 8
1324.17 2693.31
PANEL3 6.5 4.1 0.15 3.9975 99.9375 13.25 26.95
2 6
268.228 2203.67
PANEL4 5.5 5.1 0.15 4.2075 105.1875 2.55 20.95
1 8
1025.37 2635.77
PANEL5 5.5 6.1 0.15 5.0325 125.8125 8.15 20.95
2 2
1120.45 1771.58
PANEL6 5.5 4.1 0.15 3.3825 84.5625 13.25 20.95
3 4
268.228 1625.14
PANEL7 5.5 5.1 0.15 4.2075 105.1875 2.55 15.45
1 7
1025.37 1943.80
PANEL8 5.5 6.1 0.15 5.0325 125.8125 8.15 15.45
2 3
1120.45 1306.49
PANEL9 5.5 4.1 0.15 3.3825 84.5625 13.25 15.45
3 1
297.489 1125.79
PANEL10 6.1 5.1 0.15 4.6665 116.6625 2.55 9.65
4 3

1137.23 1346.53
PANEL11 6.1 6.1 0.15 5.5815 139.5375 8.15 9.65
1 7
1242.68 905.049
PANEL12 6.1 4.1 0.15 3.7515 93.7875 13.25 9.65
4 4
321.873 416.542
PANEL13 6.6 5.1 0.15 5.049 126.225 2.55 3.3
8 5
1230.44 498.217
PANEL14 6.6 6.1 0.15 6.039 150.975 8.15 3.3
6 5
1344.54 334.867
PANEL15 6.6 4.1 0.15 4.059 101.475 13.25 3.3
4 5
3.2 0.1 964.153
Partition1 2.93 1.428375 35.709375 1.675 27 59.8132
5 5 1
26.22 268.937
Partition2 1.4 0.1 2.93 0.4102 10.255 1.4 14.357
5 4
18.7886
Partition3 0.1 0.1 2.93 0.0293 0.7325 1.5 25.65 1.09875
3
26.22 25.2346 249.727
Partition4 1.3 0.1 2.93 0.3809 9.5225 2.65
5 3 6
0.7 14.5584 140.914
Partition5 0.1 2.93 0.21975 5.49375 2.65 25.65
5 4 7
0.1 34.3359 678.478
Partition6 2.5 2.93 1.09875 27.46875 1.25 24.7
5 4 1
2.0 0.1 135.146 433.594
Partition7 2.93 0.900975 22.524375 6 19.25
5 5 3 2
0.1 76.4180 267.106
Partition8 1.3 2.93 0.57135 14.28375 5.35 18.7
5 6 1
6.18962 174.261
Partition9 1.3 0.1 2.93 0.3809 9.5225 0.65 18.3
5 8
6.18962 183.784
Partition10 1.3 0.1 2.93 0.3809 9.5225 0.65 19.3
5 3
2.96662 40.2142
Partition11 0.3 0.1 2.93 0.0879 2.1975 1.35 18.3
5 5
2.96662 42.4117
Partition12 0.3 0.1 2.93 0.0879 2.1975 1.35 19.3
5 5
3.2 0.1 68.7405 732.042
Partition13 2.93 1.428375 35.709375 1.925 20.5
5 5 5 2
0.1 230.737 971.020
Partition14 3.5 2.93 1.53825 38.45625 6 25.25
5 5 3
7.9 759.895 1198.29
Partition15 0.1 2.93 2.33814 58.4535 13 20.5
8 5 7
Partition16 6 0.2 2.93 3.516 87.9 3 14 263.7 1230.6
0.1 105.754 1302.01
Partition17 5 2.93 2.1975 54.9375 1.925 23.7
5 7 9
0.1 105.754 1150.94
Partition18 5 2.93 2.1975 54.9375 1.925 20.95
5 7 1
Partition19 5 0.1 2.93 2.1975 54.9375 1.925 18.2 105.754 999.862
5 7 5
0.1 105.754 848.784
Partition20 5 2.93 2.1975 54.9375 1.925 15.45
5 7 4
0.1 800.714 1432.22
Partition21 5.5 2.93 2.41725 60.43125 13.25 23.7
5 1 1
0.1 800.714 1266.03
Partition22 5.5 2.93 2.41725 60.43125 13.25 20.95
5 1 5
0.1 800.714 1099.84
Partition23 5.5 2.93 2.41725 60.43125 13.25 18.2
5 1 9
0.1 800.714 933.662
Partition24 5.5 2.93 2.41725 60.43125 13.25 15.45
5 1 8
0.1 800.714 767.476
Partition25 5.5 2.93 2.41725 60.43125 13.25 12.7
5 1 9
0.1 105.754 697.706
Partition26 5 2.93 2.1975 54.9375 1.925 12.7
5 7 3
0.1 196.126 321.109
Partition27 3.5 2.93 1.53825 38.45625 5.1 8.35
5 9 7
0.1 130.531
Partition28 1.8 2.93 0.7911 19.7775 4.2 6.6 83.0655
5 5
0.1 196.126 186.512
Partition29 3.5 2.93 1.53825 38.45625 5.1 4.85
5 9 8
0.1 218.596
Shear wall1 2.3 2.93 1.01085 25.27125 0 8.65 0
5 3
0.1 10.62 29.0619
Shear wall2 2.3 2.93 1.01085 25.27125 1.15 268.507
5 5 4
0.1 3.79068 189.534
Shear wall3 2.3 2.93 1.01085 25.27125 0.15 7.5
5 8 4
0.1 14.6683 62.6287
Shear wall4 0.6 2.93 0.2637 6.5925 2.225 9.5
5 1 5
0.1 14.6683
Shear wall5 0.6 2.93 0.2637 6.5925 2.225 7.8 51.4215
5 1
6.3 36.6712
BEAM,A13 0.3 0.4 0.762 19.05 1.925 0 0
5 5
BEAM,A34 6.1 0.3 0.4 0.732 18.3 8.15 0 149.145 0
BEAM,A45 4.1 0.3 0.4 0.492 12.3 13.25 0 162.975 0
BEAM,AB
6.6 0.3 0.4 0.792 19.8 -1.25 3.3 -24.75 65.34
1
BEAM,AB
6.6 0.3 0.4 0.792 19.8 5.1 3.3 100.98 65.34
3
BEAM,AB
6.6 0.3 0.4 0.792 19.8 11.2 3.3 221.76 65.34
4
BEAM,AB
6.6 0.3 0.4 0.792 19.8 15.3 3.3 302.94 65.34
5
6.3 36.6712
BEAM,B13 0.3 0.4 0.762 19.05 1.925 6.6 125.73
5 5

BEAM,B34 6.1 0.3 0.4 0.732 18.3 8.15 6.6 149.145 120.78
BEAM,B45 4.1 0.3 0.4 0.492 12.3 13.25 6.6 162.975 81.18
BEAM,BC
6.1 0.3 0.4 0.732 18.3 -1.25 9.65 -22.875 176.595
1
BEAM,BC
6.1 0.3 0.4 0.732 18.3 5.1 9.65 93.33 176.595
3
BEAM,BC
6.1 0.3 0.4 0.732 18.3 11.2 9.65 204.96 176.595
4
BEAM,BC
6.1 0.3 0.4 0.732 18.3 15.3 9.65 279.99 176.595
5
6.3 36.6712
BEAM,C13 0.3 0.4 0.762 19.05 1.925 12.7 241.935
5 5
BEAM,C34 6.1 0.3 0.4 0.732 18.3 8.15 12.7 149.145 232.41
BEAM,C45 4.1 0.3 0.4 0.492 12.3 13.25 12.7 162.975 156.21
BEAM,CD
5.5 0.3 0.4 0.66 16.5 0 15.45 0 254.925
1
BEAM,CD
5.5 0.3 0.4 0.66 16.5 5.1 15.45 84.15 254.925
3
BEAM,CD
5.5 0.3 0.4 0.66 16.5 11.2 15.45 184.8 254.925
4
BEAM,CD
5.5 0.3 0.4 0.66 16.5 15.3 15.45 252.45 254.925
5
BEAM,D23 5.1 0.3 0.4 0.612 15.3 2.55 18.2 39.015 278.46
BEAM,D34 6.1 0.3 0.4 0.732 18.3 8.15 18.2 149.145 333.06
BEAM,D45 4.1 0.3 0.4 0.492 12.3 13.25 18.2 162.975 223.86
BEAM,DE
5.5 0.3 0.4 0.66 16.5 0 20.95 0 345.675
2
BEAM,DE
5.5 0.3 0.4 0.66 16.5 5.1 20.95 84.15 345.675
3
BEAM,DE
5.5 0.3 0.4 0.66 16.5 11.2 20.95 184.8 345.675
4
BEAM,DE
5.5 0.3 0.4 0.66 16.5 15.3 20.95 252.45 345.675
5
BEAM,E23 5.1 0.3 0.4 0.612 15.3 2.55 23.7 39.015 362.61
BEAM,E34 6.1 0.3 0.4 0.732 18.3 8.15 23.7 149.145 433.71
BEAM,E45 4.1 0.3 0.4 0.492 12.3 13.25 23.7 162.975 291.51
BEAM,EF2 6.5 0.3 0.4 0.78 19.5 0 26.95 0 525.525
BEAM,EF3 6.5 0.3 0.4 0.78 19.5 5.1 26.95 99.45 525.525
BEAM,EF4 6.5 0.3 0.4 0.78 19.5 11.2 26.95 218.4 525.525
BEAM,EF5 6.5 0.3 0.4 0.78 19.5 15.3 26.95 298.35 525.525
BEAM,F23 5.1 0.3 0.4 0.612 15.3 2.55 30.2 39.015 462.06
BEAM,F34 6.1 0.3 0.4 0.732 18.3 8.15 30.2 149.145 552.66
BEAM,F45 4.1 0.3 0.4 0.492 12.3 13.25 30.2 162.975 371.46
∑ 4622.88037 848.5 1975. 33004.0 70122.7

5 5 3 8 6
Xm=∑WiXi/∑Wi= 33004.08/4622.88=7.139
Ym=∑WiYi/∑Wi= 70122.76/4622.88=15.1686
Therefore, the Earth Quake load is applied in the first floor at (7.139, 15.1686)
Center of mass of second floor

Description l b h volume weight Xi Yi WiXi WiYi
2.9
C1 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 0 0 0 0
2.9 93.3937
C2 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 5.1 0 5 0
2.9
C3 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 11.2 0 205.1 0
2.9 280.181
C4 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 15.3 0 3 0
2.9
C5 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 0 6.6 0 120.8625
2.9 93.3937
C6 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 5.1 6.6 5 120.8625
2.9
C7 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 11.2 6.6 205.1 120.8625
2.9 280.181
C8 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 15.3 6.6 3 120.8625
2.9
C9 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 0 12.2 0 223.4125
2.9 93.3937
C10 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 5.1 12.2 5 223.4125
2.9
C11 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 11.2 12.2 205.1 223.4125
2.9 280.181
C12 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 15.3 12.2 3 223.4125
2.9 28.3843
C13 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 1.55 17.8 8 325.9625
2.9 93.3937
C14 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 5.1 17.8 5 325.9625
2.9
C15 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 11.2 17.8 205.1 325.9625
2.9 280.181
C16 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 15.3 17.8 3 325.9625
2.9 28.3843
C17 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 1.55 23.4 8 428.5125
2.9 93.3937
C18 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 5.1 23.4 5 428.5125
C19 2.9 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 11.2 23.4 205.1 428.5125

3
2.9 280.181
C20 3 0.5 0.5 0.7325 18.3125 15.3 23.4 3 428.5125
0.1 143.508
PANEL1 5.6 3.85 5 3.234 80.85 1.775 20.6 8 1665.51
0.1 1044.01
PANEL2 6.1 5.6 5 5.124 128.1 8.15 20.6 5 2638.86
0.1 1140.82
PANEL3 5.6 4.1 5 3.444 86.1 13.25 20.6 5 1773.66
0.1 206.167
PANEL4 5.6 3.85 5 3.234 80.85 2.55 15 5 1212.75
0.1 1044.01
PANEL5 6.1 5.6 5 5.124 128.1 8.15 15 5 1921.5
0.1 1140.82
PANEL6 5.6 4.1 5 3.444 86.1 13.25 15 5 1291.5
0.1
PANEL7 5.6 5.1 5 4.284 107.1 2.55 9.4 273.105 1006.74
0.1 1044.01
PANEL8 6.1 5.6 5 5.124 128.1 8.15 9.4 5 1204.14
0.1 1140.82
PANEL9 5.6 4.1 5 3.444 86.1 13.25 9.4 5 809.34
0.1 321.873
PANEL10 6.6 5.1 5 5.049 126.225 2.55 3.3 8 416.5425
0.1 1230.44
PANEL11 6.6 6.1 5 6.039 150.975 8.15 3.3 6 498.2175
0.1 1344.54
PANEL12 6.6 4.1 5 4.059 101.475 13.25 3.3 4 334.8675
CANTILEVER 0.1 25.2262
1 5.6 1.55 5 1.302 32.55 0.775 20.6 5 670.53
CANTILEVER 0.1 16.12 558.731
2 5.6 1.65 5 1.386 34.65 5 20.6 3 713.79
CANTILEVER 0.1
2 5.6 0.45 5 0.189 4.725 17.1 19.67 80.7975 92.94075
3 5.6 1.55 5 1.302 32.55 0.775 15 5 488.25
4 5.1 2.3 5 1.7595 43.9875 2.55 -1.15 1 -50.5856
5 6.1 2.3 5 2.1045 52.6125 8.15 -1.15 9 -60.5044
6 4.1 2.3 5 1.4145 35.3625 13.25 -1.15 1 -40.6669
7 6.6 2.3 5 2.277 56.925 16.45 3.3 3 187.8525
CANTILEVER 0.1
8 5.6 2.1 5 1.764 44.1 16.35 9.4 721.035 414.54
BEAM,A13 5.1 0.3 0.4 0.612 15.3 2.55 0 39.015 0
BEAM,A34 6.1 0.3 0.4 0.732 18.3 8.15 0 149.145 0

BEAM,A45 4.1 0.3 0.4 0.492 12.3 13.25 0 162.975 0
BEAM,AB1 6.6 0.3 0.4 0.792 19.8 0 3.3 0 65.34
BEAM,AB3 6.6 0.3 0.4 0.792 19.8 5.1 3.3 100.98 65.34
BEAM,AB4 6.6 0.3 0.4 0.792 19.8 11.2 3.3 221.76 65.34
BEAM,AB5 6.6 0.3 0.4 0.792 19.8 15.3 3.3 302.94 65.34
BEAM,B13 5.1 0.3 0.4 0.612 15.3 2.55 6.6 39.015 100.98
BEAM,B34 6.1 0.3 0.4 0.732 18.3 8.15 6.6 149.145 120.78
BEAM,B45 4.1 0.3 0.4 0.492 12.3 13.25 6.6 162.975 81.18
BEAM,BC1 5.6 0.3 0.4 0.672 16.8 0 9.4 0 157.92
BEAM,BC3 5.6 0.3 0.4 0.672 16.8 5.1 9.4 85.68 157.92
BEAM,BC4 5.6 0.3 0.4 0.672 16.8 11.2 9.4 188.16 157.92
BEAM,BC5 5.6 0.3 0.4 0.672 16.8 15.3 9.4 257.04 157.92
BEAM,C13 5.1 0.3 0.4 0.612 15.3 2.55 12.2 39.015 186.66
BEAM,C34 6.1 0.3 0.4 0.732 18.3 8.15 12.2 149.145 223.26
BEAM,C45 4.1 0.3 0.4 0.492 12.3 13.25 12.2 162.975 150.06
BEAM,CD2 5.6 0.3 0.4 0.672 16.8 1.55 15 26.04 252
BEAM,CD3 5.6 0.3 0.4 0.672 16.8 5.1 15 85.68 252
BEAM,CD4 5.6 0.3 0.4 0.672 16.8 11.2 15 188.16 252
BEAM,CD5 5.6 0.3 0.4 0.672 16.8 15.3 15 257.04 252
3.8 20.5012
BEAM,D23 5 0.3 0.4 0.462 11.55 1.775 17.8 5 205.59
BEAM,D34 6.1 0.3 0.4 0.732 18.3 8.15 17.8 149.145 325.74
BEAM,D45 4.1 0.3 0.4 0.492 12.3 13.25 17.8 162.975 218.94
BEAM,DE2 5.6 0.3 0.4 0.672 16.8 1.55 20.6 26.04 346.08
BEAM,DE3 5.6 0.3 0.4 0.672 16.8 5.1 20.6 85.68 346.08
BEAM,DE4 5.6 0.3 0.4 0.672 16.8 11.2 20.6 188.16 346.08
BEAM,DE5 5.6 0.3 0.4 0.672 16.8 15.3 20.6 257.04 346.08
3.8 20.5012
BEAM,E23 5 0.3 0.4 0.462 11.55 1.775 23.4 5 270.27
BEAM,E34 6.1 0.3 0.4 0.732 18.3 8.15 23.4 149.145 428.22
BEAM,E45 4.1 0.3 0.4 0.492 12.3 13.25 23.4 162.975 287.82
6.8 2.9 186.279
PARTITION1 5 0.15 3 3.010575 75.264375 2.475 23.4 3 1761.186
2.1 2.9 186.622
PARTITION2 5 0.15 3 0.944925 23.623125 7.9 22.325 7 527.3863
2.7 2.9 299.134
PARTITION3 5 0.15 3 1.208625 30.215625 9.9 22.025 7 665.4991
5.6 2.9 1542.67
PARTITION4 5 0.15 3 2.483175 62.079375 24.85 23.4 2 1452.657
2.4 2.9 204.587
PARTITION5 5 0.15 3 1.076775 26.919375 7.6 19.025 3 512.1411
4.2 2.9 471.042
PARTITION6 7 0.15 3 1.876665 46.916625 10.04 17.785 9 834.4122

4.4 2.9 569.619

PARTITION7 5 0.15 3 1.955775 48.894375 11.65 17.8 5 870.3199
5.8 2.9 1122.24
PARTITION8 7 0.15 3 2.579865 64.496625 17.4 20.6 1 1328.63
2.9 174.426
PARTITION9 2.5 0.15 3 1.09875 27.46875 6.35 17.8 6 488.9438
2.9
PARTITION10 1 0.15 3 0.4395 10.9875 0.5 17.8 5.49375 195.5775
3.2 2.9 113.377
PARTITION11 5 0.15 3 1.428375 35.709375 3.175 17.8 3 635.6269
2.9
PARTITION12 0.5 0.15 3 0.21975 5.49375 0 17.55 0 96.41531
2.9 30.3529
PARTITION13 1.3 0.15 3 0.57135 14.28375 2.125 17.15 7 244.9663
0.3 2.9 7.88682
PARTITION14 7 0.15 3 0.162615 4.065375 1.94 16.425 8 66.77378
2.9 42.1370
PARTITION15 1.3 0.15 3 0.57135 14.28375 2.95 16.425 6 234.6106
2.9 9.72393
PARTITION16 0.3 0.15 3 0.13185 3.29625 2.95 16.425 8 54.14091
2.9 42.1370
PARTITION17 1.3 0.15 3 0.57135 14.28375 2.95 16.425 6 234.6106
0.7 2.9 35.5665
PARTITION18 8 0.15 3 0.34281 8.57025 4.15 16.425 4 140.7664
4.9 2.9 279.060
PARTITION19 8 0.15 3 2.18871 54.71775 5.1 15 5 820.7663
2.9 29.0619
PARTITION20 2.3 0.15 3 1.01085 25.27125 1.15 15.5 4 391.7044
1.5 2.9 52.2785
PARTITION21 6 0.15 3 0.68562 17.1405 3.05 14.95 3 256.2505
2.9 23.4583
PARTITION22 0.7 0.15 3 0.30765 7.69125 3.05 13.78 1 105.9854
2.9 26.1502
PARTITION23 0.7 0.15 3 0.30765 7.69125 3.4 14.325 5 110.1772
2.9 9.28443
PARTITION24 1.3 0.15 3 0.57135 14.28375 0.65 14.3 8 204.2576
2.9 9.28443
PARTITION25 1.3 0.15 3 0.57135 14.28375 0.65 13.2 8 188.5455
3.0 2.9 51.1056
PARTITION26 5 0.15 3 1.340475 33.511875 1.525 12.2 1 408.8449
0.7 2.9 25.1339
PARTITION27 5 0.15 3 0.329625 8.240625 3.05 12.575 1 103.6259
2.9 2.9 10.27
PARTITION28 2 0.15 3 1.28334 32.0835 5 13.16 329.658 422.2189
0.8 2.9 96.6625
PARTITION29 5 0.15 3 0.373575 9.339375 10.35 12.2 3 113.9404

2.9 498.008
PARTITION30 3.5 0.15 3 1.53825 38.45625 12.95 12.2 4 469.1663
4.3 2.9 10.12 485.043
PARTITION31 6 0.15 3 1.91622 47.9055 5 8.78 2 420.6103
2.9 112.072
PARTITION32 1 0.15 3 0.4395 10.9875 10.2 6.6 5 72.5175
2.9 509.545
PARTITION33 3.5 0.15 3 1.53825 38.45625 13.25 6.6 3 253.8113
2.9 325.339
PARTITION34 1.8 0.15 3 0.7911 19.7775 16.45 6.6 9 130.5315
2.9 191.347
PARTITION35 2.7 0.15 3 1.18665 29.66625 6.45 6.6 3 195.7973
2.9 336.217
PARTITION36 6 0.15 3 2.637 65.925 5.1 3.3 5 217.5525
2.9 112.072
PARTITION37 2 0.15 3 0.879 21.975 5.1 -1 5 -21.975
2.9
PARTITION38 6.6 0.15 3 2.9007 72.5175 0 3.3 0 239.3078
2.9 60.3213
PARTITION39 1.8 0.15 3 0.7911 19.7775 3.05 6.6 8 130.5315
2.9
Shear wall1 2.3 0.15 3 1.01085 25.27125 0 7.75 0 195.8522
2.9 58.1238
Shear wall2 2.3 0.15 3 1.01085 25.27125 2.3 8.825 8 223.0188
2.9 58.1238
Shear wall3 2.3 0.15 3 1.01085 25.27125 2.3 6.6 8 166.7903
2.9
Shear wall4 0.6 0.15 3 0.2637 6.5925 2.6 6.9 17.1405 45.48825
2.9
Shear wall5 0.6 0.15 3 0.2637 6.5925 2.6 8.6 17.1405 56.6955
3692.13737 848.9 29125.2
∑ 5 8 1429.25 4 43736.31
Xm=∑WiXi/∑Wi=29125.24/3692.137=7.88845m
Ym=∑WiYi/∑Wi=43736.31/3692.137=11.8458m
Therefore, the Earth Quake Load is applied on the second floor at (7.88845, 11.8458)
Mass center for 3rd - 7 th typical floor (Ribbed slab)

Description L B H Volume (m3) Weight (KN) Xi Yi WiXi WiYi
Col. A1 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Col. B1 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 0.00 5.50 0.00 64.90
Col. C1 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 0.00 12.00 0.00 141.60
Col. D2 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 1.50 17.50 17.70 206.50
Col. E2 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 1.50 23.00 17.70 271.40
Col. A3 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 5.00 0.00 59.00 0.00

Col. B3 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 5.00 5.50 59.00 64.90
Col. C3 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 5.00 12.00 59.00 141.60
Col. D3 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 5.00 17.50 59.00 206.50
Col. E3 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 5.00 23.00 59.00 271.40
Col. A4 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 11.00 0.00 129.80 0.00
Col. B4 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 11.00 5.50 129.80 64.90
Col. C4 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 11.00 12.00 129.80 141.60
Col. D4 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 11.00 17.50 129.80 206.50
Col. E4 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 11.00 23.00 129.80 271.40
Col. A5 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 15.00 0.00 177.00 0.00
Col. B5 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 15.00 5.50 177.00 64.90
Col. C5 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 15.00 12.00 177.00 141.60
Col. D5 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 15.00 17.50 177.00 206.50
Col. E5 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 15.00 23.00 177.00 271.40
Girder A 13.50 0.4 0.3 1.62 40.5 8.50 0.00 344.25 0.00
Girder B 14.30 0.4 0.3 1.716 42.9 8.50 6.00 364.65 257.40
Girder C 13.50 0.4 0.3 1.62 40.5 8.50 12.50 344.25 506.25
Girder D 13.50 0.4 0.3 1.62 40.5 8.40 18.00 340.20 729.00
Girder E 13.50 0.4 0.3 1.62 40.5 8.40 23.50 340.20 951.75
Girder 1 10.40 0.6 0.3 1.872 46.8 0.00 5.20 0.00 243.36
Girder 2 12.60 0.6 0.3 2.268 56.7 1.5 6.30 85.05 357.21
Girder 3 24.00 0.6 0.3 4.32 108 5.25 12.00 567.00 1296.00
Girder 4 24.00 0.6 0.3 4.32 108 11.25 12.00 1215.00 1296.00
Girder 5 24.00 0.6 0.3 4.32 108 15.25 12.00 1647.00 1296.00
Girder 5'I 5.50 0.4 0.3 0.66 16.5 15.45 20.42 254.93 336.93
Girder 5'AC 12.10 0.4 0.3 1.452 36.3 15.30 5.50 555.39 199.65
Rib 1-1 15.45 29.2 7.73 20.00 225.57 584.01
Rib 2-2 13.10 24.8 6.55 14.50 162.17 359.01
Rib 3-3 9.40 17.8 4.70 10.50 83.50 186.54
Rib 3'-3' 12.35 23.3 6.18 9.00 144.13 210.07
Rib 4-4 14.25 26.9 7.13 2.75 191.89 74.06
Rib 5-5 12.45 23.5 6.23 -1.00 146.48 -23.53
Partition on
6.00 0.2 2.95 3.54 49.56 2.50 3.25 123.90 161.07
AB13
Partition on
2.50 0.15 2.95 1.10625 15.4875 8.00 3.25 123.90 50.33
AB34
Partition on
0.00 0.2 2.95 0 0 13.00 3.25 0.00 0.00
AB45
Partition on
0.00 0.2 2.95 0 0 2.50 9.25 0.00 0.00
BC13
Partition on
5.50 0.15 2.95 2.43375 34.0725 8.00 9.25 272.58 315.17
BC34

Partition on
14.00 0.15 2.95 6.195 86.73 13.00 9.25 1127.49 802.25
BC45
Partition on
16.00 0.2 2.95 9.44 132.16 2.50 14.75 330.40 1949.36
CD13
Partition on
9.40 0.2 2.95 5.546 77.644 8.00 14.75 621.15 1145.25
CD34
Partition on
6.60 0.15 2.95 2.9205 40.887 13.00 14.75 531.53 603.08
CD45
Partition on
12.30 0.15 2.95 5.44275 76.1985 2.50 20.25 190.50 1543.02
DE23
Partition on
10.90 0.2 2.95 6.431 90.034 8.00 20.25 720.27 1823.19
DE34
Partition on
10.40 0.2 2.95 6.136 85.904 13.00 20.25 1116.75 1739.56
DE45
W=1755.41
∑WiXi=14034.54 Xm=8.00
∑WiYi=21729.60 Ym=12.38
Mass center for Eighth floor (Flat slab)

Volume Weight
Description L B H Xi Yi WiXi WiYi
(m3) (KN)
Col. A1 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Col. B1 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 0.00 5.50 0.00 64.90
Col. C1 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 0.00 12.00 0.00 141.60
Col. A3 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 5.00 0.00 59.00 0.00
Col. B3 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 5.00 5.50 59.00 64.90
Col. C3 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 5.00 12.00 59.00 141.60
Col. A4 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 11.00 0.00 129.80 0.00
Col. B4 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 11.00 5.50 129.80 64.90
Col. C4 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 11.00 12.00 129.80 141.60
Col. A5 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 15.00 0.00 177.00 0.00
Col. B5 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 15.00 5.50 177.00 64.90
Col. C5 2.95 0.4 0.4 0.472 11.8 15.00 12.00 177.00 141.60
Panel AB13 6.00 5.3 0.25 7.875 196.9 2.63 3.00 516.80 590.63
1856.2
Panel AB34 6.00 6.0 0.25 9.000 225.0 8.25 3.00 675.00
5
1987.5
Panel AB45 6.00 4.0 0.25 6.000 150.0 13.25 3.00 450.00
0
Panel A 1562.5
2.15 15.3 0.25 8.197 204.9 7.63 -1.08 -221.32
Cant. 3
145.54
Panel BC13 3.45 1.5 0.25 1.294 32.3 4.50 9.78 316.32
7

1701.5
Panel BC34 5.50 6.0 0.25 8.250 206.3 8.25 8.25 1701.56
6
1821.8
Panel BC45 5.50 4.0 0.25 5.500 137.5 13.25 8.25 1134.38
8
Panel AC 5 2089.4
11.50 1.8 0.25 5.175 129.4 16.15 6.00 776.25
Cant. 1
38.671
Panel CD12 5.50 1.5 0.25 2.063 51.6 0.75 14.25 734.77
9
435.70
Panel CD23 5.50 3.8 0.25 5.156 128.9 3.38 14.25 1836.91
3
1701.5
Panel CD34 5.50 6.0 0.25 8.250 206.3 8.25 14.25 2939.06
6
1821.8
Panel CD45 5.50 4.0 0.25 5.500 137.5 13.25 14.25 1959.38
8
38.671
Panel DE12 5.50 1.5 0.25 2.063 51.6 0.75 19.75 1018.36
9
435.70
Panel DE23 5.50 3.8 0.25 5.156 128.9 3.38 19.75 2545.90
3
1701.5
Panel DE34 5.50 6.0 0.25 8.250 206.3 8.25 19.75 4073.44
6
1821.8
Panel DE45 5.50 4.0 0.25 5.500 137.5 13.25 19.75 2715.63
8
Panel DE5 940.84
5.50 1.7 0.25 2.338 58.4 16.10 19.75 1154.14
Cant. 4
Partition on
6.00 0.2 2.95 3.540 49.6 2.50 3.25 123.90 161.07
AB13
Partition on
2.50 0.15 2.95 1.106 15.5 8.00 3.25 123.90 50.33
AB34
Partition on
0.00 0.2 2.95 0.000 0.0 13.00 3.25 0.00 0.00
AB45
Partition on
0.00 0.2 2.95 0.000 0.0 2.50 9.25 0.00 0.00
BC13
Partition on
5.50 0.15 2.95 2.434 34.1 8.00 9.25 272.58 315.17
BC34
Partition on 1127.4
14.00 0.15 2.95 6.195 86.7 13.00 9.25 802.25
BC45 9
W=2716.59
∑WiXi=23363.21 Xm=8.60
∑WiYi=26555.22 Ym=9.78
Mass center for the roof level (Roofing sheet, truss, top tie beams and ceiling)
Volume Weight
Description L B H Xi Yi WiXi WiYi
(m3) (KN)
TTB A 13.50 0.25 0.3 1.01 25.31 8.50 0.00 215.16 0.00

TTB B 14.30 0.25 0.3 1.07 26.81 8.50 6.00 227.91 160.88
TTB C 13.50 0.25 0.3 1.01 25.31 8.50 12.50 215.16 316.41
TTB D 13.50 0.25 0.3 1.01 25.31 8.40 18.00 212.63 455.63
TTB E 13.50 0.25 0.3 1.01 25.31 8.40 23.50 212.63 594.84
TTB 1 10.40 0.25 0.3 0.78 19.50 0.00 5.20 0.00 101.40
TTB 2 12.60 0.25 0.3 0.95 23.63 1.50 6.30 35.44 148.84
TTB 3 24.00 0.25 0.3 1.80 45.00 5.25 12.00 236.25 540.00
TTB 4 24.00 0.25 0.3 1.80 45.00 11.25 12.00 506.25 540.00
TTB 5 24.00 0.25 0.3 1.80 45.00 15.25 12.00 686.25 540.00
45.287
Morale in X 449.50 0.04 0.05 0.899 5.8435 7.75 6.00 35.061
1
45.639
Morale in Y 453.00 0.04 0.05 0.906 5.889 7.75 6.00 35.334
8
Ceiling
12.00 15.5 0.01 1.860 14.88 7.75 6.00 115.32 89.28
Chipwood
EGA 600
0.000
Thickness 12.00 16.14 0.077 5.97 7.75 6.00 46.23 35.79
4
0.4mm
Truss Member 11.307
75.6 1.45908 7.75 6.00 8.75448
self wt. 9
114.3 2811.4
∑ 340.22 137.50 3602.21
0 4
Xm=8.26349
Ym=10.5877
Summary
FLOORS WEIGHT HEIGHTS wihi Fi

ground(solid
3279.33 2.825 9264.10725 7.405792475
)
first(solid) 4622.88 6.415 29655.7752 23.70703521
second(solid) 3692.137 9.495 35056.84082 28.02468504
3rd(ribbed) 1755.41 12.575 22074.28075 17.64633524
4th(ribbed) 1755.41 15.73 27612.5993 22.07370603
5th(ribbed) 1755.41 18.885 33150.91785 26.50107682
6th(ribbed) 1755.41 22.04 38689.2364 30.92844762
7th(ribbed) 1755.41 25.195 44227.55495 35.35581841
8th(flat) 2716.59 28.35 77015.3265 61.56659353
roof 340.22 31.43 10693.1146 8.548150998
∑ 23428.207 327439.7536
T1= 1.029
Sd(T1)= 0.02354

Ft= 248.42
510.177641
Fb= 4
261.757641
Fb-Ft= 4
CHAPTER TWO
2. SLAB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

2.1. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLAT SLAB
Analysis of flat slab
We used ACI code for analysis. And the dimensions of all the columns are 40cmx40cm.
Depth determination to limit deflection:
We consider two strips in the X-direction as shown below and we do the same in the Y-direction.

Lay-out of the 8th floor system
The minimum thickness of slabs without beams between interior columns and having a ratio of
long to short spans of 2 or less, the minimum thickness is given below.

ACI TABLE 9.5
For our case the critical panel is panel 5, the maximum Ln (the clear distance between columns)
¿ 6 m−0.4 m=5.6 m.
Ln
Dmin=
33= 5600
=169.7 mm , take D=250 mm .¿
¿ 33
Checking the thickness for shear:
We check at columns 4C because it is a column on the critical panel. First let us determine the
loads acting.
Dead loads:
Design load computation
Dead load from slab (self-weight)
Depth to be used=250mm
We have different ff. but we choose the conservative one (ceramic), so that we’ll have a uniform
load.
For all material unit weight…………………………………………………....EBCS 1 table 2.1-2.8
KN KN
 self weight=0.25 m∗25
m 3( ) ( )
=6.25
m2
KN KN
 ceramic tile=0.03 m∗23
m 3( ) ( )
=0.69
m2
KN KN
 Cement screed=0.02m∗23
m( ) ( )
3
=0.46
m2
KN KN
 Plastering=0.015 m∗23
m ( ) ( )
3
=0.345
m3
ΣDL =7.745 KN/m³

Dead load from partition walls critical panel 8 (panel with more partition) governs
KN
Taking theunit weight of HCB=14
m3 ( )
h × L ×W × γ HBC
DL p= :
A
Where A=area of panel
H= height of hcb
L= length of hcb
W =width of hcb
A= area of panel
.
Partition load from 20 cm HCB
2.98 × 5.4 ×0.2∗14 KN
L=5.4 m, h=2.98 m, DLp=
33
=1.36
m2 ( )
KN
Partitionload ¿ 15 cm HBC
( )
m2
2.98× 13.11 ×0.15∗14 KN
L=13.11 m , h=2.98 m , DL p=
33
=2.48
( )
m2
KN
ΣDLp=1.36+ 2.48=3.84 ( )
m2
KN
Total DL=7.748+3.84=11.58 ( )
m2
Design load (Pd)
Note ; Pd=1.3 DL+1.6≪¿…………………………………….…EBCS 1 eq (1.13)
¿=5
( KNm ) For shops
2 EBCS2 table (2.10)
Pd=1.3∗11.58 +1.6∗5=23.054
( KNm )
2
Using ф14 bars the effective depth of the slab,d=250 mm−15 mm−7 mm=228 mm .
The critical shear perimeter and the tributary area are shown in the following figure:
2.75m

2.75m
3m 2m
The shaded region is the tributary area & the critical shear perimeters are located at d/2 distance
from the face of the columns.
At column 4C:
400mm
d/2 d/2 628mm
The critical shear perimeter¿ 4∗(228 mm+ 400 mm)=2512mm
The shear force= (The design load*tributary area)=

23.05 KN /m2∗((5.5m∗5 m)−(0.628 m∗0.628 m))=624.78 KN .
The resistance of the slab is taken as the smallest of the following three equations,
1 4 1
1) фV c=
12 ( ( )) ( )
∗(λ)∗ 2+
βc
∗ f c , ∗( b o )∗( d ) ,( N )…………………….ACI equ. 11.35
2
Where фVc =the shear resistance

βc=The ratio of long side to short side of column=1 in our case
bo=the critical shear perimeter in mm =1912mm
fc,=cylindrical strength of the concrete in Mpa=0.8*25Mpa=20Mpa
d=effective depth of the slab in mm=178mm
λ=factor for light weight concrete=0.85
фV c= ( 121 )∗0.85∗(2+( 41 ))∗( √ 20 )∗( 2512 )∗( 228 ) =1088.6 KN greater than 775.9 KN −−−−OK
2) фV c= ( 121 )∗(λ)∗( αbsod +2)∗( f c ,)∗b o∗d ,( N )………………………ACI equ.11.36
Where

αs=40 for interior columns

=30 for exterior columns
=20 for corner columns
For our case αs=40 for our case.
1 40∗228
фV c=
12( )
∗0.85∗ (
2512 )
+ 2 ∗( 20 )∗( 2512 )∗( 228 )=4568.51 KN greater than 775.9 K −OK
3) фV c= ( 121 )∗( λ )∗( 4 )∗( f c ,)∗b o∗d … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ACI equ .11.37

фV c= ( 121 )∗( 0.85)∗( 4)∗( 20 )∗( 2512)∗( 228)=3245.5 KN greater than 775.9 KN −−−OK
Therefore the shear strength of the slab is1088.6 KN ∧it is greater than the shear force=775.9 KN −−−−−−OK
Therefore we use concrete with grade C-25 for the slab with a total depth of 250mm.
But, if the shear resistance of the slab was less than the shear force, the shear capacity can be
increased by:-
 Thickening the slab over the entire slab

 Using a drop panel to the slab adjacent to the column.
 Increasing the critical shear perimeter by increasing the column size or adding a fillet
or a capital around the column
 Adding shear reinforcement.
Different methods of analysing flat slab
For the rest of the analysis of the slab there are, generally, three design methods namely direct
design method, equivalent frame method and effective slab beam method. The three analysis
methods are different in moment calculation. The direct design method uses moment coefficient
and the equivalent frame method and effective slab beam method use elastic frame analysis.
Direct design method
Although it is simpler than the equivalent frame method and effective slab beam method, direct
design method is applied in some restricted conditions. The conditions are as listed below.
 There must be a minimum of three continuous spans in each direction. Thus a nine panel
structure (3 by 3) is the smallest that can be considered. If there are fewer than three panels,
the interior negative moments from the direct design method tend to be too small.

 Rectangular panels must have a long span/short span ratio not greater than 2.One way action
predominates as the span ratio reaches and exceeds 2.
 Successive span lengths in each direction shall not differ by more than one third of the longer
span. This limit is imposed so that certain standard reinforcement cut off details can be used.
 Columns may be offset from the basic rectangular grid of the building by up to 0.1 times the
span parallel to the offset .In a building laid out in this way, the actual column dimensions
are used in determining the spans of the slab to be used in calculating the design moments.
 All loads must be due to gravity only .The direct design method cannot be used for un-braced
laterally loaded frames, foundation mats, or pre stressed slabs.
 The service (un-factored) live load shall not exceed two times the service dead load. Strip or
checkerboard loadings with large live/dead load ratios may lead to moments larger than those
assumed in this method of analysis.
In our case the slab does not fulfill the above points. For example, Successive span lengths differ
by more than one third of the longer span. Therefore our slab cannot be designed by the direct
design method. Therefore equivalent frame method is appropriate.
Classic Equivalent-frame method
For equivalent-frame methods, a stiffness analysis of a slab–column frame is used to determine

the longitudinal distribution of bending moments, including possible pattern loadings. The
transverse distribution of moments to column and middle strips, as defined in the direct design
method, is the same for both methods.
The slab is divided into a series of equivalent frames running in the two directions of the
building, as shown in Fig. 1. These frames consist of the slab, any beams that are present, and the
columns above and below the slab. For gravity-load analysis, the code allows analysis of an
entire equivalent frame extending over the height of the building, or each floor can be considered
separately with the far ends of the columns being fixed. The original derivation of the classic
equivalent-frame method assumed that moment distribution would be the calculation procedure
used to analyze the continuous-slab system,

Fig 1
Calculation of Stiffness, Carryover and Fixed-End Moments
In the moment-distribution method, it is necessary to compute flexural stiffnesses, K; carryover

factors, COF; distribution factors, DF; and fixed-end moments, FEM, for each of the members in
the structure. For a prismatic member fixed at the far end and with negligible axial loads, the
flexural stiffness is
K=kEI/ L ………………………………..Eq 5
where K=4 and the carryover factor is the sign depending on the sign convention used for
moments. For a prismatic, uniformly loaded beam, the fixed-end moments are in the equivalent-
frame method, the increased stiffness of members within the column–slab joint region is
accounted for, as is the variation in cross section at drop panels. As a result, all members have a
stiffer section at each end, as shown in Fig. 2b. If the EI used in Eq. (5) is that at the midspan of
the slab strip, k will be greater than 4;

(b) slab A-B
similarly, the carryover factor will be greater than 0.5, and the fixed-end moments for a uniform
load will be greater than Several methods are available for computing values of k, COF,
and FEM. Originally, these were computed by using the column analogy developed by Hardy
Cross fixed-end beam.

Calculation of the Moment-Distribution Constants
For a Flat-Plate Floor
1. Compute the moment-distribution constants for the slab-beams in the equivalent

frame along line 1, shown shaded in Fig. above
Span A1–B1 =Span B1–C1= Span C1-D1= Span D1-E1
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=5.5m, L2=1.875m
C1/l1=0.4/5.5=0.07 C2/l2=0.4/1.87=0.213
Interpolating in table 1 m=0.0853, k=4.265, cof=0.518
FEM=mwl2 l1²=0.0853*23.054*1.875*5.5²=111.44KN.M
I=bh³/12=1.875*0.25³/12=0.0024m4
KA1-B1=B1–C1=C1-D1=D1-E1
=4.26*Ec*0.0024/5.5=0.0018Ec

frame along line 3, shown shaded in Fig. above.
Span A3-B3= Span B3-C3= Span C3-D3= Span D3-E3
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=5.5m, L2=4.875
C1/l1=0.4/5.5=0.07 C2/l2=0.4/4.875=0.082
FEM=mwl2 l1²=0.084*23.054*4.875*5.5²=285.57KN.M
I=bh³/12=4.875*0.25³/12=0.006m4
KA3-B3=B3-C3=C3-D3=D3-E3
=4.11*Ec*0.006/5.5=0.0044Ec
3. Compute the moment-distribution constants for the slab-beams in the equivalent frame
along line 4, shown shaded in Fig. above.
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=5.5m, L2=5

C1/l1=0.4/5.5=0.07 C2/l2=0.4/5=0.08
FEM=mwl2 l1²=0.083*23.054*5*5.5²=289.414KN.M
I=bh³/12=5*0.25³/12=0.0065m4
KA4-B4=B4-C4=C4-D4=D4-E4
=4.107*Ec*0.0065/5.5=0.0048Ec
along line 5, shown shaded in Fig. above.
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=5.5m, L2=2m
C1/l1=0.4/5.5=0.07 C2/l2=0.4/2=0.2
Interpolating in table 1 m=0.0854 k=4.253 cof=0.517
FEM=mwl2 l1²=0.0854*23.054*2*5.5²=119.113KN.M
I=bh³/12=2*0.25³/12=0.0026m4
K A5-B5=B5-C5=C5-D5=D5-E5
=4.253*Ec*0.0026/5.5=0.00185Ec

frame along line A, shown shaded in Fig. above.
Span A1-A3
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=3.75m, L2=2.75m
C1/l1=0.4/3.75=0.106 C2/l2=0.4/2.75=0.145
FEM=mwl2l1²=0.085*23.054*2.75*3.75²=75.78KN.M
I=bh³/12=2.75*0.25³/12=0.00358m4
KA1-A3=4.278*Ec*0.00358/3.75=0.00408Ec

Span A3-A4
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=6m, L2=2.75m
C1/l1=0.4/6=0.066 C2/l2=0.4/2.75=0.145
FEM=mwl2 l1²=0.085*23.054*2.75*6²=193.99KN.M
I=bh³/12=2.75*0.25³/12=0.0035m4
KA3-A4=4.282*Ec*0.0035/6=0.0025Ec
Span A4-A5
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=4m, L2=2.75m
C1/l1=0.4/4=0.1 C2/l2=0.4/2.75=0.14
FEM=mwl2 l1²=0.0857*23.054*2.75*4²=86.93KN.M
I=bh³/12=2.75*0.25³/12=0.0035m4
KA4-A5=4.362*Ec*0.0035/4=0.0038Ec
frame along line B, shown shaded in Fig. 13-34
Span B1-B3
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=5.8m, L2=2.75m
C1/l1=0.4/5.5=0.07 C2/l2=0.4/2.75=0.14
Interpolating in table 1
FEM=mwl2 l1²=82.9
Cof= 0.508 K= 0.08
Span B3-B4
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=6m, L2=5.5m
C1/l1=0.4/6=0.066 C2/l2=0.4/5.5=0.07

FEM=mwl2 l1²=0.0841*23.054*5.5*6²=383.89KN.M
I=bh³/12=5.5*0.25³/12=0.0071m4
KB3-B4=4.085*Ec*0.0071/6=0.0048Ec
Span B4-B5
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=4m, L2=5.5m
C1/l1=0.4/4=0.1 C2/l2=0.4/5.5=0.07
FEM=mwl2 l1²=0.084*23.054*5.5*4²=170.41KN.M
I=bh³/12=5.5*0.25³/12=0.0071m4
KB4-B5=4.127*Ec*0.0071/4=0.0073Ec
along line C, shown shaded in Fig. above.
Span C1-C3
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=5.8m, L2=2.75m
C1/l1=0.4/5.5=0.07 C2/l2=0.4/2.75=0.14
FEM=mwl2 l1²= 82.9
Cof= 0.508 K= 0.08
Span C3-C4
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=6m, L2=5.5m
C1/l1=0.4/6=0.066 C2/l2=0.4/5.5=0.07
FEM=mwl2 l1²=0.0841*23.054*5.5*6²=383.89KN.M
I=bh³/12=5.5*0.25³/12=0.0077m4

KC3-C4=4.085*Ec*0.0024/6=0.0016Ec
Span C4-C5
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=4m, L2=5.5m
C1/l1=0.4/4=0.1 C2/l2=0.4/5.5=0.07
FEM=mwl2 l1²=0.084*23.054*5.5*4²=170.41KN.M
I=bh³/12=5.5*0.25³/12=0.0077m4
KC4-C5=4.127*Ec*0.0077/4=0.0079Ec

frame along line D, shown shaded in Fig. 13-34
Span D1-D3
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=5.8m, L2=2.75m
C1/l1=0.4/5.5=0.07 C2/l2=0.4/2.75=0.14
FEM=mwl2 l1²=0.084*23.054*2.75*5.8²=179.14KN.M
Cof= 0.512, K=4.18, m=0.084
Span D3-D4
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=6m, L2=5.5m
C1/l1=0.4/6=0.066 C2/l2=0.4/5.5=0.07
FEM=mwl2 l1²=0.0841*23.054*5.5*6²=383.89KN.M
I=bh³/12=5.5*0.25³/12=0.0077m4
KD3-D4=4.085*Ec*0.0077/6=0.0052Ec
Span D4-D5
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=4m, L2=5.5m
C1/l1=0.4/4=0.1 C2/l2=0.4/5.5=0.07

FEM=mwl2 l1²=0.084*23.054*5.5*4²=170.41KN.M
I=bh³/12=5.5*0.25³/12=0.0077m4
KD4-D5=4.127*Ec*0.0077/4=0.008Ec
along line E, shown shaded in Fig. above.
Span E1-E3
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=3.75m, L2=2.75m
C1/l1=0.4/3.75=0.106 C2/l2=0.4/2.75=0.145
FEM=mwl2 l1²=0.085*23.054*2.75*3.75²=75.78KN.M
I=bh³/12=2.75*0.25³/12=0.0035m4
KE1-E3=4.278*Ec*0.0035/3.75=0.004Ec
Span E3-E4
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=6m, L2=2.75m
C1/l1=0.4/6=0.066 C2/l2=0.4/2.75=0.145
FEM=mwl2 l1²=0.085*23.054*2.75*6²=193.99KN.M
I=bh³/12=2.75*0.25³/12=0.0035m4
KE3-E4=4.282*Ec*0.0035/6=0.0025Ec
Span E4-E5
C1=0.4m, C2=0.4, L1=4m, L2=2.75m
C1/l1=0.4/4=0.1 C2/l2=0.4/2.75=0.14
FEM=mwl2 l1²=0.0857*23.054*2.75*4²=86.93KN.M
I=bh³/12=2.75*0.25³/12=0.0035m4

KE4-E5=4.362*Ec*0.0035/4=0.0038Ec
Calculation of kt, kec, and kc for columns
Properties of Columns
In computing the stiffness and carryover factors for columns, ACI Code Section 13.7.4 states the
following:
1. The moment of inertia of columns at any cross section outside of the joints or column
capitals may be based on the gross area of the concrete
2. The moment of inertia of columns shall be assumed to be infinite within the depth of the
slab-beam at a joint.
Torsional Members and Equivalent Columns
When a flat plate is connected to a column, as shown in Fig. below, the end rotation of the
column is equal to the end rotation of the strip of slab C–D, which is attached to the column. The
rotation at A of strip A–B is greater than the rotation at point C, however, because there is less
restraint to the rotation of the slab at this point. In effect, the edge of the slab has twisted, as
shown in Fig.3d, As a result, the average rotation of the edge of the slab is greater than the
rotation of the end of the column.
To account for this effect in slab analysis, the column is assumed to be attached to the slab-beam
by the transverse torsional members A–C and one way of including these members in the
analysis is by the use of the concept of an equivalent column, kec
The inverse of a stiffness, 1/K, is called the flexibility. The flexibility of the equivalent column is
equal to the average rotation of the joint between the “edge beam” and the rest of the slab when a
unit moment is transferred from the slab to the equivalent column. This average rotation is the
rotation of the end of the columns, plus the average twist of the beam, with both computed for a
unit moment:
The value of for a unit moment is where refers to the sum of the flexural stiffness of the columns
above and below the slab. Similarly, the value of for a unit moment is where the torsional
stiffness of the attached torsional members is. Substituting into Eq. (13-17) gives

Where
Kc =kEI/ l
Fig3
Axis 1,3,4,5
Column 1E=1A=3E=3A=4E=4A=5E=5A
1. Define the cross section of the torsion members, According to ACI code section 13.7.5.1,
the attached torsional member at the columns of flat plate corresponds to condition (a)
in fig x

Fig x
X= the shortest of slab thickness or column dimension, y= the larger of slab thickness or column
dimension for our case x=0.25m, y=0.4m
2. Compute C
= (1-0.63*0.25/0.4)0.25³*0.4/3)=0.999m4
3. Compute kt
Where the summation refers to the beam on either side 1 or L2 refers to the length L2 of the
beams on side of line 1.
Kt=1*(9Ecs*0.999)/(2.75*(1-0.4/2.75))³)=5.24Ecs
4. Compute ∑kc for the columns

Ic =b*h³/12=0.4*0.4³/12=0.0021m4
The height center-to-center of the floor slab is 3.23m the distribution of the stiffness along
the column is similar to that in fig x

For this column the overall height lc=3.23m, the unsupported or clear height lu=2.7m and
lc/lu=1.19.
ta=the distance from the centerline of the slab to the top of the column=0.125
tb=the distance from the centerline of the slab to the bottom of the column=0.125
Interpolating in table 2 for lc/lu=1.19 and ta/tb=1.0 gives
Kab=6.246
Cof=0.616
Kc = 6.246*EIc/Lc
Because there are two columns (one above the floor and one under), each with the same
stiffnes,it follows that
∑kc =2(6.246*Ecc*0.0021/3.23)=0.0081Ecc
5. Compute the equivalent column stiffness, kec, for the column connection.
Because the slab and the columns have the same strength concrete, Ecc=Ecs=Ec
1/Kec= (1/0.0081Ecc+1/5.24Ecc) Kec=0.008Ec

Compute the distribution factors. The distribution factors are computed in the usual manner:
DF1E-1D= KE1-E3 = 0.004 = 0.333
K1E-1D+ KecE1 0.004+0.008
DF COLUMN 1-E= 1-DF1E-1D=0.66

Column 1D=1C=1B=3D=3C=3B=4B=4C=4B=5D=5C=5B
1. Define the cross section of the torsion members

x=0.25m, y=0.4m
2. Compute C
= (1-0.63*0.25/0.4)0.25³*0.4/3)=0.999m4
3. Compute kt
L2=5.5
Kt=2*(9Ecs*0.99)/(5.5(1-0.4/5.5))³
=4.063Ec
4. Compute ∑kc for the columns.

Ic =b*h³/12
=0.4*0.4³/12=0.0021m4
Lc=3.23m, lu=2.7m and lc/lu=1.19.
ta= 0.125
tb= 0.125
Kab=6.246
Cof=0.616
Kc = 6.246*EIc/Lc
∑kc =2(6.246*Ecc*0.0021/3.23)=0.0081Ecc
5. .compute the equivalent column stiffness, kec
Ecc=Ecs=Ec
1/Kec= (1/0.0081Ecc+1/4.063Ecc) Kec=0.008Ec

Axis A, B, C, D, E
Column A1=B1=C1=D1=E1

x=0.25m, y=0.4m
2. Compute C
= (1-0.63*0.25/0.4)0.25³*0.4/3)=0.999m4
3. Compute kt
L2=1.875
Kt=2*(9Ecs*0.99)/(1.87(1-0.4/1.87))³
=19.61Ec

Ic =b*h³/12
==0.4*0.4³/12=0.0021m4
Lc=3.23m, lu=2.7m and lc/lu=1.19.
Kab=6.246
Cof=0.616
Kc = 6.246*EIc/Lc
∑kc =2(6.246*Ecc*0.0021/3.23)=0.0081Ecc
5. .compute the equivalent column stiffness, kec
Ecc=Ecs=Ec

1/Kec= (1/0.0081Ecc+1/19.61Ecc) Kec=0.008Ec

x=0.25m, y=0.4m
2. Compute C
= (1-0.63*0.25/0.4)0.25³*0.4/3)=0.999m4
3. Compute kt
L2=2m
Kt=2*(9Ecs*0.99)/(2(1-0.4/2))³
=17.4Ec

Ic =b*h³/12
==0.4*0.4³/12=0.0021m4
Lc=3.23m, lu=2.7m and lc/lu=1.19.
Kab=6.246
Cof=0.616
Kc = 6.246*EIc/Lc
∑kc =2(6.246*Ecc*0.0021/3.23) =0.0081Ecc
5. Compute the equivalent column stiffness, kec

Ecc=Ecs=Ec

1/Kec= (1/0.0081Ecc+1/17.4Ecc) Kec=0.0079Ec

x=0.25m, y=0.4m
2. Compute C
= (1-0.63*0.25/0.4)0.25³*0.4/3)=0.999m4
3. Compute kt
L2= (3.75/2) + (6/2) =4.85
Kt=2*(9Ecs*0.99)/ (4.85(1-0.4/4.85))³
=4.75Ec

Ic =b*h³/12
=0.4*0.4³/12=0.0021m4
Lc=3.23m, lu=2.7m and lc/lu=1.19.
Kab=6.246
Cof=0.616
Kc = 6.246*EIc/Lc
∑kc =2(6.246*Ecc*0.0021/3.23) =0.0081Ecc

Ecc=Ecs=Ec

1/Kec= (1/0.0081Ecc+1/4.75Ecc) Kec=0.0079Ec
1. Define the cross section of the torsion members x=0.25m, y=0.4m

2. Compute C
= (1-0.63*0.25/0.4)0.25³*0.4/3)=0.999m4
3. Compute kt
L2= (6/2)+(4/2)=5m
Kt=2*(9Ecs*0.99)/ (5(1-0.4/5))³
=4.57Ec

Ic =b*h³/12
==0.4*0.4³/12=0.0021m4
Lc=3.23m, lu=2.7m and lc/lu=1.19.
Kab=6.246
Cof=0.616
Kc = 6.246*EIc/Lc
∑kc =2(6.246*Ecc*0.0021/3.23) =0.0081Ecc

Ecc=Ecs=Ec
1/Kec=(1/0.0081Ecc+1/4.57Ecc) Kec=0.0079Ec

Calculate the distribution factor
Distribution factor (DF). If a moment is applied to a fixed connected joint, the

connecting members will each supply a portion of the resisting moment necessary to
satisfy moment equilibrium at the joint. That fraction of the total resisting moment
supplied by the member is called the distribution factor (DF).
Axis 1
 DF A-B= K AB
K AB+ Kec(1A)
DF column (1A) =1- DFA-B
 DF B-A = K BA
K AB+ K BC+ K ec(1B)
 DF B-C = K BC
K BA+ K BC+ K ec(1B)
DF column (1B) =1- DFA-B- DF B-C
 DF C-B = K CB
K CB+ K CD+ K ec(1C)
 DF CD = K CD
K CD+ K CB+ K ec(1C)
DF column (1C) =1- DFCD - DF CB
 DF DC = K DC
K DC+ K DE+ K ec(1D)
 DF DE = K DE
K DE+ K DC+ K ec(1D)
DF column (1D) =1- DFDC- DF DE
 DF ED= K ED
K ED + K ec(1E)
DF column (1E) =1- DFA-B

beam- beam-
columns k DF columns k DF
slab slab

1A 0.008 0.816327 5A 0.008 0.812183
AB 0.0018 0.183673 AB 0.00185 0.187817
BA 0.0018 0.155172 BA 0.00185 0.15812
1B 0.008 0.689655 5B 0.008 0.683761
BC 0.0018 0.155172 BC 0.00185 0.15812
CB 0.0018 0.155172 CB 0.00185 0.15812
1C 0.008 0.689655 5C 0.008 0.683761
CD 0.0018 0.155172 CD 0.00185 0.15812
DC 0.0018 0.155172 DC 0.00185 0.15812
1D 0.008 0.689655 5D 0.008 0.683761
DE 0.0018 0.155172 DE 0.00185 0.15812
ED 0.0018 0.183673 ED 0.00185 0.187817
1E 0.008 0.816327 5E 0.008 0.812183
3A 0.008 0.666667 A1 0.008 0.666667
AB 0.004 0.333333 1--3 0.004 0.333333
BA 0.004 0.25 3--1 0.004 0.275862
3B 0.008 0.5 A3 0.008 0.551724
BC 0.004 0.25 3--4 0.0025 0.172414
CB 0.004 0.25 4--3 0.0025 0.174825
3C 0.008 0.5 A4 0.008 0.559441
CD 0.004 0.25 4--5 0.0038 0.265734

DC 0.004 0.25 5--4 0.0038 0.322034
3D 0.008 0.5 A5 0.008 0.677966
DE 0.004 0.25
ED 0.004 0.333333
3E 0.008 0.666667
4A 0.008 0.625 B1 0.008 0.625
AB 0.0048 0.375 1--3 0.0048 0.375
BA 0.0048 0.272727 3--1 0.0048 0.272727
4B 0.008 0.454545 B3 0.008 0.454545
BC 0.0048 0.272727 3--4 0.0048 0.272727
CB 0.0048 0.272727 4--3 0.0048 0.289157
4C 0.008 0.454545 B4 0.008 0.481928
CD 0.0048 0.272727 4--5 0.0038 0.228916
DC 0.0048 0.272727 5--4 0.0038 0.322034
4D 0.008 0.454545 B5 0.008 0.677966
DE 0.0048 0.272727
ED 0.0048 0.375
4E 0.008 0.625
C1 0.008 0.625
1--3 0.0048 0.375
3--1 0.0048 0.333333

C3 0.008 0.555556
3--4 0.0016 0.111111
4--3 0.0016 0.091429
C4 0.008 0.457143
4--5 0.0079 0.451429
5--4 0.0079 0.496855
C5 0.008 0.503145
D1 0.008 0.666667
1--3 0.004 0.333333
3--1 0.004 0.232558
D3 0.008 0.465116
3--4 0.0052 0.302326
4--3 0.0052 0.245283
D4 0.008 0.377358
4--5 0.008 0.377358
5--4 0.008 0.5
D5 0.008 0.5
E1 0.008 0.666667
1--3 0.004 0.333333
3--1 0.004 0.275862

E3 0.008 0.551724
3--4 0.0025 0.172414
4--3 0.0025 0.174825
E4 0.008 0.559441
4--5 0.0038 0.265734
5--4 0.0038 0.322034
E5 0.008 0.677966
Carry out a moment-distribution analysis

MOMENT DISTRIBUTION FOR FRAMES ON AXIS A, B, C, D, E

AXIS B
B1 B3 B4 B5
cof= 0.508 cof= 0.5 cof= 0.508
DF 0.62 0.37 0.27 0.45 0.27 0.29 0.48 0.22 0.32 0.67
col slab slab col slab slab col slab slab col cant
FEM 0 82.9 -82.9 0 383.89 -383.9 0 170.41 -170.41 0 51.86
B1 -51.398 -30.673 -81.267 -135.45 -81.267 61.912 102.48 46.968 54.531 114.17
C1 -41.284 -15.582 30.956 -40.634 27.702 23.86
B2 25.596 15.275 -4.151 -6.9184 -4.151 3.7502 6.2073 2.845 -7.6351 -15.986
C2 -2.1087 7.7597 1.8751 -2.0755 -3.8786 1.4453
B3 1.3074 0.7802 -2.6014 -4.3357 -2.6014 1.7267 2.858 1.3099 -0.4625 -0.9683
C3 -1.3215 0.3964 0.8633 -1.3007 -0.2349 0.6654
B4 0.8193 0.489 -0.3401 -0.5669 -0.3401 0.4453 0.7371 0.3378 -0.2129 -0.4458
sum -23.675 24.057 -178.69 -147.27 329.22 -360.08 112.28 245.46 -98.219 96.775 51.86
sum at joint 0.3819 3.2726 -2.3391 -1.4444
23.05
1 3 4 5
5 6 5 2.19
REACTIONS
RA1= 26.699
RA3,1= 88.551
RA3,2= 64.008
RA4,1= 74.292
RA4,2= 87.073
RA5,1= 28.177
RA5,2= 50.48
point of maximum span moment
M1= 1.1583
M2= 2.7769
M3= 3.7776
SPAN MOMENT
M1= 8.594
M2= 240.35
M3= 80.997

AXIS D
D1 D3 D4 D5
cof= 0.512 cof= 0.5 cof= 0.508
DF 0.66 0.33 0.23 0.46 0.3 0.24 0.37 0.37 0.5 0.5
FEM 0 179.14 -179.14 0 383.89 -383.89 0 170.41 -170.41 0 46.1
B1 -118.23 -59.116 -47.093 -94.185 -61.425 51.235 78.988 78.988 85.205 85.205
C1 -24.111 -30.267 25.618 -30.713 43.284 40.126
B2 15.913 7.9567 1.0695 2.139 1.395 -3.0172 -4.6515 -4.6515 -20.063 -20.063
C2 0.5476 4.0739 -1.5086 0.6975 -10.192 -2.363
B3 -0.3614 -0.1807 -0.59 -1.18 -0.7696 2.2787 3.5129 3.5129 1.1815 1.1815
C3 -0.3021 -0.0925 1.1393 -0.3848 0.6002 1.7846
B4 0.1994 0.0997 -0.2408 -0.4815 -0.314 -0.0517 -0.0797 -0.0797 -0.8923 -0.8923
sum -102.48 104.03 -252.28 -93.708 348.02 -363.84 77.769 281.87 -65.431 65.431 46.1
sum at joint 1.5527 2.0371 -4.2037 0
23.05
1 3 4 5
5 6 5 2.19
REACTIONS
RA1= 27.976
RA3,1= 87.274
RA3,2= 66.513
RA4,1= 71.787
RA4,2= 100.91
RA5,1= 14.337
RA5,2= 50.48
M1= 1.2137
M2= 2.8856
M3= 4.378
SPAN MOMENT
M1= 87.057
M2= 252.06
M3= 60.973

AXIS E
E1 E3 E4 E5
cof= 0.519 cof= 0.519 cof= 0.52
DF 0.66 0.33 0.27 0.55 0.17 0.17 0.56 0.26 0.32 0.67
FEM 0 75.78 -75.78 0 193.99 -193.99 0 86.93 -86.93 0 46.1
B1 -50.015 -25.007 -31.917 -65.016 -20.096 18.2 59.954 27.836 27.818 58.243
C1 -16.565 -12.979 9.4459 -10.43 14.465 14.475
B2 10.933 5.4664 0.9539 1.9431 0.6006 -0.686 -2.2599 -1.0492 -4.6318 -9.6979
C2 0.4951 2.837 -0.3561 0.3117 -2.4086 -0.5456
B3 -0.3267 -0.1634 -0.6699 -1.3645 -0.4218 0.3565 1.1742 0.5452 0.1746 0.3656
C3 -0.3477 -0.0848 0.185 -0.2189 0.0908 0.2835
B4 0.2295 0.1147 -0.0271 -0.0551 -0.017 0.0218 0.0717 0.0333 -0.0907 -0.1899
sum -39.179 39.773 -117.67 -64.492 183.33 -186.43 58.94 126.44 -49.448 48.721 46.1
sum at joint 0.5936 1.1726 -1.0525 -0.7272
23.05
1 3 4 5
5 6 5 2.19
RA1= 42.046
RA3,1= 73.204
RA3,2= 68.633
RA4,1= 69.667
RA4,2= 73.024
RA5,1= 42.226
RA5,2= 50.48
M1= 1.8241
M2= 2.9776
M3= 3.1681
SPAN MOMENT
M1= 1.4239
M2= 81.152
M3= 10.77

MOMENT DISTRIBUTION FOR FRAMES ON AXIS 1,3,4,5

1A 1B 1C 1D 1E
cof= 0.518 cof= 0.518 cof= 0.518 cof= 0.518
DF 0 0.816 0.183 0.155 0.69 0.15 0.15 0.69 0.15 0.15 0.69 0.155 0.18 0.81
cant col slab slab col slab slab col slab slab col slab slab col
FEM -47.3 0 111.4 -111 0 111.4 -111 0 111.4 -111 0 111.4 -111 0
B1 -90.9 -20.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20.06 90.27
C1 0 -10.6 0 0 0 0 10.39 0
B2 0 0 1.637 7.289 1.585 0 0 0 -1.56 -7.17 -1.61 0 0
C2 0.848 0 0 0.821 -0.81 0 0 -0.83
B3 -0.69 -0.16 0 0 0 -0 -0.01 -0 0 0 0 0.15 0.676
C3 0 -0.08 -0 0 0 -0 0.078 0
B4 0 0 0.013 0.056 0.012 0 0 0 -0.04 -0.05 -0.01 0 0
sum -47.3 -91.6 91.74 -120 7.345 113 -111 -0.01 110.6 -113 -7.22 120.3 -92.1 90.94
sum at joint 0.112 -0.05 1E-04 0.024 -1.12
23.05
A B C D E
2.15 6.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
REACTIONS
RA1 49.56
RB1 79.33
RA2 70.5
RC1 62.95
RB2 63.82
RC2 63.83
RD1 62.95
RD2 58.26
RE1 68.52
POINT OF MAXIMUM OR MINIMUMU SPAN MOMENT

M1= 3.058
M2= 2.769
M3= 2.769
M4= 2.527
MAXIMUM OR MINIMUMU SPAN MOMENT

M1= 16.07
M2= -24.7
M3= -22.3
M4= -46.7

3A 3B 3C 3D 3E
cof= 0.507 cof= 0.507 cof= 0.507 cof= 0.507
DF 0 0.66 0.33 0.25 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.5 0.25 0.33 0.66
FEM -47.3 0 285.5 -286 0 285.5 -286 0 285.5 -286 0 285.5 -286 0
B1 -188 -94.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 94.22 188.4
C1 0 -47.8 0 0 0 0 47.77 0
B2 0 0 11.94 23.88 11.94 0 0 0 -11.9 -23.9 -11.9 0 0
C2 6.054 0 0 6.054 -6.05 0 0 -6.05
B3 -4 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.998 3.996
C3 0 -1.01 0 0 0 0 1.013 0
B4 0 0 0.253 0.506 0.253 0 0 0 -0.51 -0.51 -0.25 0 0
sum -47.3 -192 195.3 -322 24.39 297.7 -279 0 279.4 -298 -24.4 322.1 -195 192.4
sum at joint 2.916 0 0 -0.26 -2.92
23.05
A B C D E
2.15 6.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
REACTIONS
RA1 49.56
RB1 94.41
RA2 55.41
RC1 93.65
RB2 33.12
RC2 66.75
RD1 60.02
RD2 40.34
RE1 86.43

M1= 2.404
M2= 1.437
M3= 2.896
M4= 1.75

M1= -129
M2= -274
M3= -183
M4= -287

4A 4B 4C 4D 4E
cof= 0.507 cof= 0.507 cof= 0.507 cof= 0.507
DF 0 0.625 0.375 0.27 0.45 0.27 0.27 0.45 0.27 0.27 0.45 0.27 0.37 0.625
FEM -47.3 0 289.4 -289 0 289.4 -289 0 289.4 -289 0 289.4 -289 0
B1 -181 -109 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 107.1 180.9
C1 0 -55 0 0 0 0 54.29 0
B2 0 0 14.86 24.76 14.86 0 0 0 -14.7 -24.4 -14.7 0 0
C2 7.532 0 0 7.532 -7.43 0 0 -7.43
B3 -4.71 -2.82 0 0 0 -0.03 -0.05 -0.03 0 0 0 2.75 4.645
C3 0 -1.43 -0.01 0 0 -0.01 1.394 0
B4 0 0 0.39 0.651 0.39 0 0 0 -0.7 -0.62 -0.37 0 0
sum -47.3 -186 185.6 -331 25.41 304.6 -282 -0.05 281.9 -305 -25.1 330.1 -187 185.5
sum at joint 0 -0.56 0.001 0.23 -1.48
23.05
A B C D E
2.15 6.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
REACTIONS
RA1 49.56
RB1 97.22
RA2 52.6
RC1 94.1
RB2 32.68
RC2 67.54
RD1 59.24
RD2 37.38
RE1 89.4

M1= 2.282
M2= 1.418
M3= 2.93
M4= 1.622

M1= -126
M2= -281
M3= -183
M4= -300

5A 5B 5C 5D 5E
cof= 0.517 cof= 0.517 cof= 0.517 cof= 0.517
DF 0 0.81 0.18 0.15 0.68 0.15 0.15 0.68 0.15 0.15 0.68 0.15 0.18 0.81
FEM -47.3 0 285.9 -286 0 285.9 -286 0 285.9 -286 0 285.9 -286 0
B1 -232 -51.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 51.46 231.6
C1 0 -26.6 0 0 0 0 26.6 0
B2 0 0 3.99 18.09 3.99 0 0 0 -3.99 -18.1 -3.99 0 0
C2 2.063 0 0 2.063 -2.06 0 0 -2.06
B3 -1.67 -0.37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.371 1.671
C3 0 -0.19 0 0 0 0 0.192 0
B4 0 0 0.029 0.131 0.029 0 0 0 -0.1 -0.13 -0.03 0 0
sum -47.3 -233 236.1 -309 18.22 289.9 -284 0 283.8 -290 -18.2 308.6 -236 233.2
sum at joint 2.879 -0.54 0 0.465 -2.88
23.05
A B C D E
2.15 6.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
REACTIONS
RA1 49.56
RB1 86.07
RA2 63.75
RC1 94.44
RB2 32.33
RC2 64.51
RD1 62.27
RD2 50.2
RE1 76.58

M1= 2.766
M2= 1.403
M3= 2.799
M4= 2.178

M1= -148
M2= -267
M3= -194
M4= -254

X AXIS
cant 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E
CANT SUPP SPAN SUPP SPAN SUPP SPAN SUPP SPAN SUPP
M -47.3 91.74 16.07 -120 -24.7 -111 -22.3 -113 -46.7 -92.1
COLOUMN STRIP -35.450.46 8.838 -90.3 -18.5 -83 -16.7 -84.8 -35 -69
MIDDLE STRIP -11.8 41.28 7.231 -30.1 -6.17 -27.7 -5.57 -28.3 -11.7 -23
cant 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E
M -47.3 195.3 -129 -322 -274 -279 -183 -298 -287 -195
COLOUMN STRIP -35.4107.4 -96.5 -242 -205 -210 -137 -223 -215 -147
MIDDLE STRIP -11.8 87.9 -32.2 -80.5 -68.5 -69.9 -45.7 -74.5 -71.7 -48.8
cant 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E
M -47.3 185.6 -126 -331 -281 -282 -183 -305 -300 -187
COLOUMN STRIP -35.4102.1 -94.2 -248 -211 -211 -137 -229 -225 -140
MIDDLE STRIP -11.8 83.51 -31.4 -82.7 -70.4 -70.5 -45.7 -76.2 -74.9 -46.8
cant 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E
M -47.3 -233 -148 -309 -267 -284 -194 -290 -254 -236
COLOUMN STRIP -35.4 -175 -111 -231 -200 -213 -145 -217 -190 -177
MIDDLE STRIP -11.8 -58.3 -37 -77.2 -66.8 -71 -48.4 -72.5 -63.5 -59

y AXIS
cant A1 A3 A4 A5
SUPP SPAN SUPP SPAN SUPP SPAN SUPP CANT
M -44 -129 -119 -274 -186 -183 -49.4 51.86
COLOUMN STRIP -33 -96.5 -89.1 -205 -140 -137 -37.1 28.52
MIDDLE STRIP -11 -32.2 -29.7 -68.5 -46.6 -45.7 -12.4 23.34
cant B1 B3 B4 B5
M -23.7 8.594 -179 240.4 -360 81 -98.2 51.86
COLOUMN STRIP -17.8 4.727 -134 132.2 -270 44.55 -73.7 28.52
MIDDLE STRIP -5.92 3.867 -44.7 108.2 -90 36.45 -24.6 23.34
cant C1 C3 C4 C5
M -23.7 8.5 -179 240.4 -360 81 -98.2 51.86
COLOUMN STRIP -17.8 4.675 -134 132.2 -270 44.55 -73.7 28.52
MIDDLE STRIP -5.93 3.825 -44.8 108.2 -90 36.45 -24.6 23.34
cant D1 D3 D4 D5
M -102 87.06 -252 252.1 -364 60.97 -65.4 46.1
COLOUMN STRIP -76.9 47.88 -189 138.6 -273 33.53 -49.1 25.36
MIDDLE STRIP -25.6 39.18 -63.1 113.4 -91 27.44 -16.4 20.75
cant E1 E3 E4 E5
M -39.2 1.424 -118 81.15 -186 10.77 -49.4 46.1
COLOUMN STRIP -29.4 0.783 -88.2 44.63 -140 5.924 -37.1 25.36
MIDDLE STRIP -9.79 0.641 -29.4 36.52 -46.6 4.847 -12.4 20.75

1 2 mR n  f
Rn 
M u
fyd= 260.87
 req  1  1 
yd
 m  2 fcd= 11.33
f cd bd
m  f yd  m 23.02471315
REINFORCEMENT DESIGN OF FLAT PLATE FOR 8TH FLOOR
no of
as(area
support span bars used no of
grid axis span strip b(mm) d(mm) of single
moment( moment( ρreq(suppor spacing spacing for the bars used
bar)Ø14
KNm) KNm) t) ρreq(span) As(support) As(span) (support) (span) support for span
cant COLUMN 1250 228 35.4375 0.002143435 0 488.703176 380 153.86 310 400 5 4
MIDDLE 1250 228 11.8125 0.00070253 0 380 380 153.86 400 400 4 4
A COLUMN 1250 221 50.45669 8.8378 0.003292942 0.000558505 727.740283 368.333333 153.86 210 410 6 4
MIDDLE 1250 221 41.28275 7.230927 0.002674432 0.000456419 591.04946 368.333333 153.86 260 410 5 4
AXIS 1 B COLUMN 1250 221 90.32567 18.51336 0.006099772 0.001178416 1348.04951 368.333333 153.86 110 410 12 4
MIDDLE 1250 221 30.10856 6.17112 0.001933515 0.00038922 427.306814 368.333333 153.86 360 410 4 4
C COLUMN 1250 221 82.96591 16.6982 0.005565972 0.001061428 1230.07992 368.333333 153.86 120 410 11 4
MIDDLE 1250 221 27.6553 5.566067 0.001772613 0.000350904 391.747548 368.333333 153.86 390 410 4 4
D COLUMN 1250 221 84.77955 35.00072 0.005696814 0.002256255 1258.99583 498.632312 153.86 120 300 11 5
MIDDLE 1250 221 28.25985 11.66691 0.001812206 0.000738834 400.497537 368.333333 153.86 380 410 4 4
COLUMN 1250 221 69.04867 0.004576604 0 1011.42958 368.333333 153.86 150 410 9 4
E MIDDLE 1250 221 23.01622 0.021890085 0 3403.4 368.333333 153.86 40 410 32 4
cant COLUMN 1375 221 35.4375 0.00207223 0 457.962785 368.333333 153.86 330 410 5 4
MIDDLE 1375 221 11.8125 0.000679581 0 368.333333 368.333333 153.86 410 410 4 4
A COLUMN 1375 221 107.4378 96.54968 0.006640226 0.005913726 1467.49002 1306.93355 153.86 100 110 14 13
MIDDLE 1375 221 87.90367 32.18323 0.005346702 0.001877625 1181.62105 414.955055 153.86 130 370 11 4
B COLUMN 1375 221 241.5637 205.4202 0.017190765 0.01397335 3403.4 3088.11044 153.86 40 40 35 35
AXIS 3 MIDDLE 1375 221 80.52125 68.4734 0.004869143 0.004102238 1076.08067 906.594505 153.86 140 160 10 9
C COLUMN 1375 221 209.5841 137.0904 0.014325883 0.008695713 3166.02012 1921.75254 153.86 40 80 35 18
MIDDLE 1375 221 69.86138 45.69678 0.004189826 0.002691818 925.951486 594.891682 153.86 160 250 9 6
D COLUMN 1375 221 228.5786 215.0847 0.015991405 0.014798232 3403.4 3270.40935 153.86 40 40 35 35
MIDDLE 1375 221 76.19287 71.69491 0.004591878 0.00430583 1014.80496 951.588536 153.86 150 160 10 9
COLUMN 1375 221 146.5061 0.009374346 0 2071.73045 368.333333 153.86 70 410 20 4
E MIDDLE 1375 221 46.75097 0.002756018 0 609.079894 368.333333 153.86 250 410 6 4
cant COLUMN 1250 221 35.4375 0.002285192 0 505.027499 368.333333 153.86 300 410 5 4
MIDDLE 1250 221 11.8125 0.000748135 0 368.333333 368.333333 153.86 410 410 4 4
A COLUMN 1250 221 102.0704 94.17295 0.006967789 0.006381874 1539.88135 1410.39404 153.86 90 100 14 13
MIDDLE 1250 221 83.51212 31.39098 0.00560533 0.002017874 1238.778 445.950251 153.86 120 340 11 4
B COLUMN 1250 221 247.9559 211.1002 0.020324324 0.016321491 3403.4 3403.4 153.86 40 40 32 32
AXIS 4 MIDDLE 1250 221 82.65196 70.36674 0.00554337 0.004669222 1225.08468 1031.89812 153.86 120 140 11 9
C COLUMN 1250 221 211.4213 137.246 0.016353813 0.009700891 3403.4 2143.89695 153.86 40 70 32 18
MIDDLE 1250 221 70.47378 45.74867 0.004676754 0.002974345 1033.56259 657.33021 153.86 140 230 9 6
D COLUMN 1250 221 228.5786 224.8085 0.018140686 0.017737384 3403.4 3403.4 153.86 40 40 32 32
MIDDLE 1250 221 76.19287 74.93616 0.005081293 0.004992035 1122.96575 1103.23968 153.86 130 130 10 10
COLUMN 1250 221 140.2529 0.009944872 0 2197.81663 368.333333 153.86 70 410 18 4
E MIDDLE 1250 221 46.75097 0.003041961 0 672.273448 368.333333 153.86 220 410 6 4
cant COLUMN 2000 221 35.4375 0.001413678 0 368.333333 368.333333 153.86 410 410 5 5
MIDDLE 2000 221 11.8125 0.000466058 0 368.333333 368.333333 153.86 410 410 5 5
A COLUMN 2000 221 174.9193 110.9557 0.007514406 0.00459757 1660.68368 1016.06307 153.86 90 150 23 14
MIDDLE 2000 221 58.30645 36.98524 0.002351789 0.001476507 519.74538 368.333333 153.86 290 410 7 5
B COLUMN 2000 221 231.4843 200.4104 0.010307168 0.008745119 2277.88417 1932.67136 153.86 60 70 34 29
AXIS 5 MIDDLE 2000 221 77.16145 66.80345 0.003141668 0.002705852 694.30873 597.993239 153.86 220 250 10 8
C COLUMN 2000 221 212.8552 145.1592 0.009362107 0.006128916 2069.02557 1354.49045 153.86 70 110 29 19
MIDDLE 2000 221 70.95173 48.3864 0.00287983 0.001942252 636.442437 429.237694 153.86 240 350 9 6
D COLUMN 2000 221 217.4698 190.4887 0.009593747 0.008260978 2120.21799 1825.67612 153.86 70 80 29 25
MIDDLE 2000 221 72.48993 63.49622 0.002944532 0.002567678 650.741513 567.456785 153.86 230 270 9 8
COLUMN 2000 221 177.0788 0.007617027 0 1683.36303 368.333333 153.86 90 410 23 5
E MIDDLE 2000 221 59.02628 0.002381665 0 526.348064 368.333333 153.86 290 410 7 5

1-- COLUMN 5000 228 96.54968 96.54968 0.001448065 0.001448065 380 380 153.86 400 400 13 13
MIDDLE 5000 228 32.18323 32.18323 0.000477264 0.000477264 380 380 153.86 400 400 13 13
3-- COLUMN 6000 228 89.12602 205.4202 0.001109539 0.002602612 380 593.395511 153.86 400 250 15 24
MIDDLE 6000 228 29.70867 68.4734 0.00036667 0.000849859 380 380 153.86 400 400 15 15
AXIS A 4-- COLUMN 4000 228 139.747 137.0904 0.002657562 0.002605427 605.924054 594.037373 153.86 250 250 16 16
MIDDLE 4000 228 46.58234 45.69678 0.000867413 0.000850759 380 380 153.86 400 400 10 10
COLUMN 4000 228 37.0581 0.00068863 0 380 380 153.86 400 400 10 10
5-- MIDDLE 4000 228 12.3527 0.000228324 0 380 380 153.86 400 400 10 10
COLUMN 4000 228 33.01788 0.000613015 0 380 380 153.86 400 400 10 10
cant MIDDLE 4000 228 11.00596 0.000203372 0 380 380 153.86 400 400 10 10
1-- COLUMN 5000 221 17.75648 4.726693 0.000279627 7.42592E-05 368.333333 368.333333 153.86 410 410 13 13
MIDDLE 5000 221 5.918827 3.867295 9.30084E-05 6.07481E-05 368.333333 368.333333 153.86 410 410 13 13
AXIS B 3-- COLUMN 6000 221 134.0143 132.1934 0.00178992 0.001765085 395.5724 390.083797 153.86 380 390 16 16
MIDDLE 6000 221 44.67142 108.1582 0.00058833 0.001438642 368.333333 368.333333 153.86 410 410 15 15
4-- COLUMN 4000 221 270.0566 44.54821 0.005668867 0.000883079 1252.81963 368.333333 153.86 120 410 34 10
MIDDLE 4000 221 90.01888 36.44853 0.001803758 0.000721161 398.630458 368.333333 153.86 380 410 11 10
COLUMN 4000 221 73.66423 0.001470286 0 368.333333 368.333333 153.86 410 410 10 10
5-- MIDDLE 4000 221 24.55474 0.000484502 0 368.333333 368.333333 153.86 410 410 10 10
COLUMN 4000 221 28.523 0.000563316 0 368.333333 368.333333 153.86 410 410 10 10
cant MIDDLE 4000 221 23.337 0.000460346 0 368.333333 368.333333 153.86 410 410 10 10
1-- COLUMN 5000 221 76.86069 47.88114 0.001223735 0.000758217 368.333333 368.333333 153.86 417.719 410 12 13
MIDDLE 5000 221 25.62023 39.17548 0.000404044 0.00061936 368.333333 368.333333 153.86 417.719 410 12 13
AXIS D 3-- COLUMN 6000 228 189.21 138.6324 0.002391234 0.001738603 545.201453 396.401542 153.86 282.208 380 22 16
MIDDLE 6000 228 63.06999 113.4265 0.000782179 0.001417142 380 380 153.86 404.895 400 15 15
4-- COLUMN 4000 221 272.8836 33.53494 0.005732718 0.000663066 1266.93064 368.333333 153.86 121.443 410 33 10
MIDDLE 4000 221 90.96121 27.43768 0.001823053 0.000541746 402.894777 368.333333 153.86 381.886 410 11 10
COLUMN 4000 221 49.07351 0.000973811 0 368.333333 368.333333 153.86 417.719 410 10 10
5-- MIDDLE 4000 221 16.35784 0.000322159 0 368.333333 368.333333 153.86 417.719 410 10 10
COLUMN 4000 221 25.355 0.000500385 0 368.333333 368.333333 153.86 417.719 410 10 10
cant MIDDLE 4000 221 20.745 0.000408973 0 368.333333 368.333333 153.86 417.719 410 10 10
1-- COLUMN 5000 228 29.38451 0.783124 0.00043555 1.15511E-05 380 380 153.86 404.895 400 13 13
MIDDLE 5000 228 9.794836 0.640737 0.000144696 9.45069E-06 380 380 153.86 404.895 400 13 13
AXIS E 3-- COLUMN 6000 228 88.24974 44.63354 0.001098489 0.000552059 380 380 153.86 404.895 400 15 15
MIDDLE 6000 228 29.41658 44.63354 0.00036305 0.000552059 380 380 153.86 404.895 400 15 15
4-- COLUMN 4000 228 139.8258 5.923582 0.00265911 0.00010934 606.276979 380 153.86 253.778 400 16 10
MIDDLE 4000 228 46.60861 4.846567 0.000867908 8.94392E-05 380 380 153.86 404.895 400 10 10
COLUMN 4000 228 37.08597 0.000689152 0 380 380 153.86 404.895 400 10 10
5-- MIDDLE 4000 228 12.36199 0.000228496 0 380 380 153.86 404.895 400 10 10
COLUMN 4000 228 25.355 0.000469965 0 380 380 153.86 404.895 400 10 10
cant MIDDLE 4000 228 20.745 0.000384136 0 380 380 153.86 404.895 400 10 10

2.2 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RIBBED SLAB

Typical (3 – 7th floor)
rd

According to EBCS 2, 1995, ribs shall not be less than 70 mm in width; and shall have a depth
excluding any topping, of not more than 4 times the minimum width of the rib. The ribs spacing
shall not exceed one meter. Thickness of topping shall not be less than 40 mm, nor less than one
tenth of the clear distance.
Between ribs:
 Use c/c distance between ribs equal to 400mm (for use of standard HCB).
 HCB used:
(Dimensions in mm)

 Use width of rib equal to 100 mm > 70mm (minimum width).
1/10 of clear spacing = 1/10(300mm) =30mm

Topping thickness
40mm
Take 40mm thick topping.
 Rib spacing = 400mm<1000mm--------ok!

 Rib width = 100mm>70mm------ok!
 All spans are less than 6m i.e. no transverse beams required.
Depth determination for serviceability requirement:
fyk Le
d>
( 0 . 4+0 .6
400 ) Βa (EBCS 2 1995, part-1)
Section 1-1 (Near axis E):
End span: (Le=1.6m)

Le=1600mm & βa=24
300 1600
d=
( 0 . 4+0 .6∗ )
400 24 =56.67mm
Interior span: (Le=6.0m)
Le=6000mm & βa =28
300 6000
d=
(
0 . 4+0 .6∗
400 28) =212.5mm
Section 1-1 (Near axis D):
End span: (Le=1.8m)
Le=1800mm & βa=24
300 1800
d=
( 0 . 4+0 .6∗ )
400 24 =56.67mm
Le=6000mm & βa =28

300 6000
d=
( 0 . 4+0 .6∗
400 ) 28 =182.14mm
Section 2-2:
End span: (Le=4.0m)
Le=4000mm & βa=24
300 4000
d=
( 0 . 4+0 .6∗
400 ) 24 =141.67mm
Le=6000mm & βa =28
300 6000
d=
(
0 . 4+0 .6∗ )
400 28 =182.14mm
Section 3-3 (Along the stair):
End span: (Le=1.8m)
Le=1800mm & βa=24
300 1800
d=
( 0 . 4+0 .6∗ )
400 24 =141.67mm
Le=6000mm & βa =28
300 6000
d=
( 0 . 4+0 .6∗
400 ) 28 =182.14mm
Section 3-3 (Along the lift-shaft):
End span: (Le=1.8m)
Le=1800mm & βa=24
300 1800
d=
(
0 . 4+0 .6∗ )
400 24 =141.67mm
Le=6000mm & βa =28
300 6000
d=
( 0 . 4+0 .6∗
400 ) 28 =182.14mm
Section 4-4:

End span: (Le=4.85m)

Le=4850mm & βa=24
300 4850
d=
( 0 . 4+0 .6∗
400 ) 24 =171.77mm
Le=6000mm & βa =28
300 6000
d=
(
0 . 4+0 .6∗
400 28) =182.14mm
Section 5-5:
End span: (Le=4.85m)
Le=4850mm & βa=24
300 4850
d=
( 0 . 4+0 .6∗
400 ) 24 =171.77mm
Le=6000mm & βa =28
300 6000
d=
( 0 . 4+0 .6∗
400 ) 28 =182.14mm
Take d=183
D= d + cover + Φ/2
D= 183+15+12/2=204
Take D=250mm → d= 250-15-12/2= 229mm
LOADING ON THE RIBBED SLAB
HCB load in KN/m=10*[.03*.4+.03*.3+3*.18*.03]=0.37KN/m
Material γ (KN/m3) Thickness(mm) Width (mm) Loading(KN/m)

Ceramic Tile 21 5 400 0.042
Cement screed 23 40 400 0.37
RC topping 25 40 400 0.4
RC web 25 210 100 0.53
HCB 10 0.37
Plastering and
23 20 400 0.18
Painting
Sum 1.89

 Office belongs to category C1 on EBCS 1, 1995.

Live load for category C1 is 3KN/ m2 and partition wall load of 1KN/m2.
Live load=3 KN/ m2*0.4m=1.2KN/m
Dead load less partition wall load=1.89KN/ m
Partition wall load = 1KN/m2*0.4m= 0.4KN/m
 The total design load is:
Pd= 1.3* (1.89+0.4) + 1.6*3.0 = 7.77 KN/ m
 The design dead load is:
Pd= 1.3* (1.89+0.4) = 2.98 KN/ m ~ 3KN/m
Different loading cases:
Section 1-1(Near axis E):
 Loading for maximum positive span moment:
Case 1:
Case 2:

 Loading for maximum negative support moment:

Case 3:
Case 4:

Case 5:
Case 6:
 Loading for maximum shear at A:

As in the case of moment, maximum shear in continuous beams or one way slabs
or frames occur when some spans are loaded and others are not. Influence lines
are used to determine which spans should be loaded and which spans should not
be to find the maximum load effect.

By the use of influence line, it is determined that the loading condition for
maximum shear at A is Case 1 with shear force diagram shown below:
 Loading for maximum shear at B:
 Loading for maximum shear at C:

 Loading for maximum shear at D:
 Loading for maximum shear at E:
 Loading for maximum shear at F:

Moment and Shear Envelope [Section 1-1 (Near axis E)]
Section 1-1 (Near axis E):
-6.68KN.m -21.57KN.m -21.95KN.m -7.99KN.m
3.11KN.m 5.81KN.m 17.48KN.m 6.78KN.m 3.08KN.m
24.89KN 20.66KN
7.16KN 14.41KN 11.68KN

A B C D E
7.09KN 8.78KN 20.19KN 24.95KN
15.57KN
In a given beam loaded on the top flange and supported on the bottom, the closest inclined cracks
that can occur adjacent to the supports will extend outward from the support at roughly 45º.
Loads applied to the beam within a distance d from the support in such a beam will be
transmitted directly to the support by the compression fan above 45 degree cracks and will not
affect the stresses in the stirrups crossing the cracks. So, shear force values at d distance from
face of support are taken from SAP 2000 beam models and listed below:
VA=3.52KN VD=20.49KN
VB= 9.96KN VE=11.11KN
VC= 20.44KN VF=3.45KN
Section 1-1(Near axis D):
 Loading for maximum positive span moment at span AB, CD, EF and shear at A
and F:

 Loading for maximum positive span moment at span BC and DE:
 Loading for maximum shear at B:
 Loading for maximum shear at C:

 Loading for maximum shear at D:
 Loading for maximum shear at E:

Moment and shear envelope [Section 1-1 near axis D]

From the moment and shear envelope generated the following moment and shear values are read:
MAB=3.12KN.m MBC=5.88KN.m
MCD=19.05KN.m MDE=6.91KN.m
MEF=3.6KN.m
VA=3.524KN VB=9.96KN
VC=20.45KN VD=20.49KN
VE=11.13KN VF=4.0KN
Section 2-2:
Doing all the above moment and shear force evaluation for different loading cases the output of
the computations is given below for Section 2-2.
A 1.5m B 3.75m C 6.0m D 4.0m E
Section 2-2
MAB=4.12KN.m MBC=5.68KN.m
MCD=19.25KN.m MDE=6.81KN.m
VA=4.524KN VB=10.96KN
VC=22.55KN VD=21.49KN
VE=13.13KN

Section 3-3 [along the stair]:
A 6.0m B 4.0m C 1.8m D
Section 3-3
MA=28.9KN.m MAB= 13.52KN.m MBC=3.2KN.m
MB=20.02KN.m MC=4.46KN.m MCD=1.22KN.m
VA=27.46KN.m VB=24.54KN.m VC=12.77KN.m
VD=2.81KN.m
Section 3-3 [along the lift core]:
A 2.95m B 6.0m C 4.0m D 1.8m E
MA=20.9KN.m MAB= 10.52KN MBC=11.2KN.m
MDE=7.23KN.m MD=3.21KN.m
VD=3.81KN.m VE=2.25KN.m
Section 4-4:
A 4.85m B 6.0m C 4.0m D 1.8m E

MAB= 12.64KN.m MBC=11.7KN.m
MDE=7.73KN.m MD=3.71KN.m
VD=4.84KN.m VE=2.98KN.m
Section 5-5:
A 4.85m B 6.0m C 4.0m D
MAB= 12.52KN.m MBC=11.2KN.m
VD=2.93KN.m
Design of ribs for flexure
For the design of ribs we will employ design formula. Before that let’s check whether there is a
case of doubly reinforced section. It is found that from all the above list of moments the
maximum moment is at support A on section 3-3 which is 28.9KN.m. If this section is proven to
be is proven to be singly reinforced, then obviously all the other sections will be because their
moment values are lower than that.
fcd=11.33MPa fyd=260.87MPa
Md=28.9KN.m m=260.87/(0.8*11.33)=28.78
c1=2.5/28.78=0.087 c2=0.32*28.782*11.33=3,003.04
b=bw=100mm d=229mm

ρ=1/2(c1- c12-4Md/bd2c2 )=0.012
ρmax= 0.61*(0.8*ϵcu/(ϵcu+ϵyd))(fcd/fyd)=0.015
Since ρ < ρmax, the section doesn’t have to be doubly reinforced, it is singly reinforced.
Ribbed slab is composed of ribs (thinner beams) and this beams act as rectangular beams at the
support but they might act as rectangular or T-beams if the compression zone of the section
enters in to the web below the flange. So, we need to differentiate between span sections that act
as rectangular and T-beams if there are any. From the above list of span moments it is found that
the maximum span moment is 19.25KN.m.
bw+Le/5 = 100 + (1500 – 500)/5 = 300mm
be= min. Actual width = 400mm
Take b = be = 300mm, d = 229mm
Md=19.25KN.m
ρ=1/2(c1- c12-4Md/bd2c2) =0.00497
Neutral Axis: x = ρmd = 0.00497*28.78*229 = 32.76mm
y = 0.8*x =0.8*32.76 = 26.2mm
Since y = 26.2mm < 40mm → Rectangular section prevails!
Determination of longitudinal reinforcement for the ribs No. of bars (provided)

Md(support)(KN.m)
Md(span)(KN.m)
(calculated)
No. of bars
Location
Section ρ As(mm2) Bar φ

1-1 (near axis E) B 6.68 0.00518 118.73 10 1.51 2
C 21.57 0.02064 472.66 14 2.07 3
D 21.95 0.02117 484.89 14 2.15 3
E 7.99 0.00629 143.95 10 1.83 2

AB 3.11 0.00065 52.37 10 0.67 1

BC 5.81 0.00123 98.50 10 1.25 2
CD 17.48 0.00381 305.55 12 2.70 3
DE 6.78 0.00144 115.23 10 1.47 2
EF 3.08 0.00065 51.87 10 0.66 1
1-1 (near axis D) B 1.14 0.00084 19.24 10 0.25 1
C 19.05 0.01737 397.85 14 2.58 3
D 18.81 0.01708 391.21 14 2.54 3
E 1.12 0.00083 18.90 10 0.24 1
AB 3.12 0.00066 52.54 10 0.67 1
BC 5.88 0.00124 99.70 10 1.27 2
CD 19.05 0.00417 334.45 14 2.17 3
DE 6.91 0.00147 117.47 10 1.50 2
EF 3.6 0.00076 60.70 10 0.77 1
Section 2-2 B 2.35 0.00175 40.08 10 0.51 1
C 18.72 0.01698 388.74 14 2.52 3
D 19.43 0.01784 408.52 14 2.65 3
AB 4.12 0.00087 69.56 10 0.89 1
BC 5.68 0.0012 96.27 10 1.23 2
CD 19.25 0.00422 338.14 14 2.20 3
DE 6.81 0.00144 115.74 10 1.47 2
Section 3-
3(along A 28.9 0.03594 823.07 14 2.34 3
the stair) B 20.02 0.01858 425.49 14 2.76 3
C 4.46 0.00339 77.56 10 0.99 1
AB 13.52 0.00292 233.82 12 2.07 3
BC 3.2 0.00067 53.90 10 0.69 1
CD 1.22 0.00026 20.45 10 0.26 1
Section 3-
3(along A 20.9 0.01973 451.77 14 2.93 3
the lift shaft) B 20.06 0.01863 426.65 14 2.77 3
C 4.46 0.00339 77.56 10 0.99 1
D 3.21 0.00241 55.18 10 0.70 1
AB 10.52 0.00225 180.51 12 1.60 2
BC 11.2 0.0024 192.51 12 1.70 2
CD 1.22 0.00026 20.45 10 0.26 1
DE 7.23 0.00153 123.01 10 1.57 2
Section 4-4 B 19.12 0.01746 399.81 14 2.60 3
C 6.48 0.00502 114.94 10 1.46 2
D 3.71 0.0028 64.07 10 0.82 1
AB 12.64 0.00272 218.09 12 1.93 2
BC 11.7 0.00251 201.37 12 1.78 2
CD 1.72 0.00036 28.87 10 0.37 1

DE 7.73 0.00164 131.69 10 1.68 2

Section 5-5 B 20.08 0.01866 427.24 14 2.77 3
C 4.46 0.00339 77.56 10 0.99 1
AB 12.52 0.01038 237.60 12 2.10 3
BC 11.2 0.00913 209.16 12 1.85 2
CD 1.22 0.0009 20.60 10 0.26 1
Design/Check for shear
First let’s check whether there is an occurrence of diagonal compression failure which could not
be prevented by stirrups and for which the only option is to increase the depth of the slab section.
From the above long list of design shear values it is found that the maximum shear force value is
27.46KN on section 3-3 (along the stair) at support A.
VRD = 0.25*fcd*bw*d = 0.25*11.33*100*229 = 64.86KN >> Vsd=27.46KN
→So, there is no occurrence of diagonal compression failure!
Then shear capacity of the concrete section is given by:
Vc=0.25*fctd*k1*k2*bw*d
fctd=1.03MPa
k1=(1+50ρ)≤2.0, where ρ= As/bw*d=0.03594
→ k1=(1+50ρ)=1+50*0.03594=1.797≤2.0 OK!
k2=(1.6-d)≥1.0
→ k2=(1.6-0.229) =1.371≥1.0 OK!
→Vc=0.25*1.03*1.797*1.371*100*229=14.53KN
Since Vc=14.53KN<Vsd=27.46KN, we need to provide stirrups to resist the shear stress beyond
the shear capacity of concrete. Spacing of stirrups according to EBCS 2:
S=(Asv*fyd*d)/(Vsd-Vc)

There are sections on which the shear capacity of concrete is not exceeded and is adequate to
resist the acting shear stress. For those sections provision of EBCS 2 for maximum spacing will
be employed:
S≤Smax=0.5*d≤300mm if V≤(2/3)VRD
S≤Smax=0.3*d≤200mm if VRD>V>(2/3)VRD
Section Locatio Shear Calculated Max. allowable Spacing provided

n (KN) spacing spacing(cm) (cm)
Section 1-1 A 3.52 11.45 10.00

(Near axis E) B 9.96 - 11.45 10.00
C 20.44 104.65 11.45 10.00
D 20.49 103.77 11.45 10.00
E 11.11 - 11.45 10.00
F 3.45 - 11.45 10.00
Section 1-1 A 3.54 - 11.45 10.00
(Near axis D) B 9.96 - 11.45 10.00
C 20.45 104.47 11.45 10.00
D 20.49 103.77 11.45 10.00
E 11.13 - 11.45 10.00
F 4.00 - 11.45 10.00
Section 2-2 A 4.52 - 11.45 10.00
B 10.96 - 11.45 10.00
C 22.55 77.11 11.45 10.00
D 21.49 88.86 11.45 10.00
E 13.13 - 11.45 10.00
Section 3-3 A 27.46 47.83 11.45 10.00
(along the B 24.54 61.78 11.45 10.00
stair)
C 12.77 - 11.45 10.00
D 2.81 - 11.45 10.00
Section 3-3 A 25.46 56.58 11.45 10.00
(along the lift B 23.64 67.89 11.45 10.00
shaft)
C 12.77 - 11.45 10.00
D 3.81 - 11.45 10.00
E 2.25 - 11.45 10.00

Section 4-4 A 15.96 432.49 11.45 10.00

B 23.84 66.43 11.45 10.00
C 12.77 - 11.45 10.00
D 4.84 - 11.45 10.00
E 2.98 - 11.45 10.00
Section 5-5 A 24.46 62.28 11.45 10.00
B 24.64 61.17 11.45 10.00
C 15.77 498.76 11.45 10.00
D 2.93 - 11.45 10.00
2.3 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SOLID SLAB
2.3.1 Design of 2nd Floor Slab

Slab depth determination: For serviceability limit state requirement, the effective depth should
satisfy:
f yk L e
(
d= 0.4 +0.6 )
400 a
- - - - - - - - - - - - EBCS -2 -1995 A SECTON 5.2.3
Where
f yk = the characteristic strength of the reinforcement bar (Mpa)
Le = the effective span, for two way slab the shorter span (m)
❑a = the appropriate constant from table 5.1, EBCS 2, 1995 and for slabs carrying partition wall
150
likely to crack, shall be taken as: ❑a < ,
Lo
Lo = the distance in meter between points of zero moments; and for a cantilever, twice the length
to the face of the support
d = effective depth in mm

f yk L e
(
d= 0.4 +0.6 )
400 a
, fyk=300Mpa
300 L e L
(
d= 0.4 +0.6 )
400 a
=0.85( e )
a
Use ∅=10 mm bar
Concrete cover (Cc) = 15mm
Use values of a from EBCS 2, 1995.

Member Simply End Interior

Cantilever
Supporte Spans Spans
s
d
Beams 20 24 28 10
Slabs
(a) Span ratio =.2:1 25 30 35
12
35 40 45
(b) Span ratio = 1:1 10
Flat slabs (based on longer
24 -
span)
Note: For slabs with intermediate span ratios interpolate linearly.
If the span ratio Ly/Lx of a given beam-floor system is greater than (Ly/Lx)>2, it is a
one-way
Ly
Slab and for (1≤ ≤ 2¿ , it is a two-way slab.
Lx
Lx Ly D prov.
Panel Ly/Lx Slab System d(mm) D(mm)
(m) (m) βa (mm)
S1 3.75 6.5 1.73 Two-Way 32.67 97.58 118 190
S2 6 6.5 1.08 Two-Way 44.17 115.47 135 190
S3 4 6.5 1.63 Two-Way 38.75 87.74 108 190
S4 3.75 5.5 1.47 Two-Way 40.33 79.03 99 190
Slab with
S5 5.5 6 1.09 44.09 106.03 126 190
Hole
S6 4 5.5 1.38 Two-Way 41.25 82.42 102 190
S7 3.75 5.5 1.47 Two-Way 40.33 79.03 99 190
S8 5.5 6 1.09 Two-Way 44.09 106.03 126 190
S9 4 5.5 1.38 Two-Way 36.25 93.79 114 190
One Edge
S10 2.05 2.95 1.44 35.61 48.93 69 190
Unsupported
S11 5.5 6 1.09 Two-Way 44.09 106.03 126 190
S12 4 5.5 1.38 Two-Way 41.25 82.42 102 190
S13 5 6.5 1.30 Two-Way 37.00 114.86 135 190
S14 6 6.5 1.08 Two-Way 44.17 115.47 135 190
S15 4 6.5 1.63 Two-Way 38.75 87.74 108 190
Two Edge
S16 1.5 5.5 3.67 13.33 95.62 116 190
Supported
C1 1.75 4 2.29 Cantilever 12 123.96 144 190
C2 1.75 6 3.43 Cantilever 12 123.96 144 190

C3 1.75 4.25 2.43 Cantilever 12 123.96 144 190

C4 1.6 6.5 4.06 Cantilever 12 113.33 133 190
C5 2.2 5.5 2.5 Cantilever 12 155.83 176 190
C6 2.25 5.5 2.44 Cantilever 12 159.38 179 190
C7 2.25 6.5 2.89 Cantilever 12 159.38 179 190
C8 2.25 4 1.78 Cantilever 11.56 165.44 185 190
C9 2.25 6 2.67 Cantilever 12 159.38 179 190
C10 2.25 5 2.22 Cantilever 12 159.38 179 190
C11 1.5 5.5 3.67 Cantilever 12 106.25 126 190
Then, the actual effective depth (d);

For shorter span reinforcement = 190 – 15mm – 10/2mm = 170mm
For longer span reinforcement = 190 – 15mm – 10mm – 10/2mm = 160mm
We use 190mm over all depth for all panels to simplify during supervision and construction
works.
LOADS ON FLOOR SLAB
a) Dead load from slab (self-weight)
Wt. due to Ceramic tile = 0.005m x 21kN/m3 = 0.11 KN/m2
Wt. due to cement screed = 0.05m x 23KN/m3 = 1.15 KN/m2
Wt. due to plastering = 0.02 x 23KN/m3 = 0.46 KN/m2
Wt. due to RC Slab (D=190) = 0.19 x 25 KN/m3 = 4.75 KN/m2

Total = 6.47 KN/m2
b) Imposed load
This floor of the building is used for office. Hence for office the maximum live load of 3 KN/m
is considered (EBCS 1, 2.6.3 categories C1).
i) Partition Loads
Taking the unit weight of 15 cm HCB = 14 KN/m3
Load of partition wall in KN/m2, h=height of HCB, L=length of HCB, W=width of
HCB; then
L x h x w x γHCB
Partition load = : where A=area of the panel
A
For panel S-5=2.24 KN/m2
For panel S-7=4 KN/m2
For panel S-16=4 KN/m2
Take the maximum partition load for conservative design.
ii) Factored design load
Pd =1.3G K +1.6Q k
Pd = 1.3*(6.47 + 4) + 1.6*3 = 18.41 KN/m2
Shear and Moment Computation
Moments for individual panels with edges either simply supported or fully fixed are calculated
as:
m i=α i ( g d +q d ) L2x EBCS: 2 1995, Eqn. A-1
Where:
mi is the design moment per unit width at the point of reference
αi is the coefficient given in (EBCS:2 1995 table A-1) as function of aspect ratio Ly/Lx and
support conditions
gd is the uniformly distributed design permanent load
qd is the uniformly distributed design live load

Lx is the shorter span of the panel
Ly is the longer span of the panel
Subscripts for moments and moment coefficients (αi) have the following meanings:
s - support
f - field (span)
x - direction of shorter span
y - direction of longer span
EBCS-2 1995, page108-109
S-1

mi=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 650
= =1 .73
Lx 375
Support condition 2
α xs =¿0.063 ----- m xs =α xs x P d x L2x -------m xs =0.063 x 18.41 x 3.752 =16.31 KN-m
α ys =0.039 ----- m ys =α ys x Pd x L2x-------m ys =0.039 x 18.41 x 3.752 =10.09 KN-m
α xf =0.047 ----- m xf =α xf x Pd x L2x -------m xf =0.047 x 18.41 x 3.752 =12.17 KN-m
α yf =0.029----- m yf =α yf x P d x L2x -------m yf =0.029 x 18.41 x 3.752 =7.51 KN-m
Load transferred to beams
V x =β vx x Pd x L x & V y = β vy x P d x L x
β vcx =0.50 ----- V xc=β vcx x Pd x Lx -------V xc=0.50 x 18.41 x 3.75 =34.52 KN/m
β vcy =0.36 ----- V yc =β vcy x Pd x L x-------V yc =0.36 x 18.41 x 3.75 =24.85 KN/m
β vdy =0.24 ----- V yd =β vdy x Pd x Lx -------V yd =0.24 x 18.41 x 3.75 =16.57KN/m
S-2 and S-14

m i=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 650
= =1 .08
Lx 600
Support condition 1
α xs =¿0.036 ----- mxs =α xs x P d x L2x -------mxs =0.036 x 18.41 x 6 2 =23.86 KN-m
α ys =0.032----- m ys =α ys x Pd x L2x-------m ys =0.032 x 18.41 x 62 =21.21 KN-m
α xf =0.027 ----- mxf =α xf x Pd x L2x -------mxf =0.027 x 18.41 x 62 =17.89 KN-m
α yf =0.024 ----- m yf =α yf x P d x L2x -------m yf =0.024 x 18.41 x 62 =15.91 KN-m
β vcx =0.36----- V xc=β vcx x Pd x Lx -------V xc =0.36 x 18.41 x 6 =39.77 KN/m
β vcy =0.33----- V yc =β vcy x Pd x L x-------V yc =0.33 x 18.41 x 6 =36.45 KN/m
S-3 and S-15

mi=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 650
= =1.63
Lx 400
Support condition 1
α xs =¿ 0.056 ----- m xs =α xs x P d x L2x -------m xs =0.056 x 18.41 x 42 =16.49 KN-m
α ys =0.032----- m ys =α ys x Pd x L2x-------m ys =0.032 x 18.41 x 4 2 =9.43 KN-m \
α xf =0.042----- m xf =α xf x Pd x L2x -------m xf =0.042 x 18.41 x 42 =12.37 KN-m
α yf =0.024 ----- m yf =α yf x P d x L2x -------m yf =0.024 x 18.41 x 4 2 =7.07 KN-m
β vcx =0.46----- V xc=β vcx x Pd x Lx -------V xc=0.46 x 18.41 x 4 =33.87 KN/m
S-4 and S-7

mi=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 550
= =1 .47
Lx 375
Support condition 1
α xs =¿ 0.052 ----- m xs =α xs x P d x L2x -------m xs =0.052 x 18.41 x 3.752 =13.46 KN-m
α ys =0.032----- m ys =α ys x Pd x L2x-------m ys =0.032 x 18.41 x 3.752 =8.29 KN-m
α xf =0.039 ----- m xf =α xf x Pd x L2x -------m xf =0.039 x 18.41 x 3.75 2 =10.09 KN-m
α yf =0.024 ----- m yf =α yf x P d x L2x -------m yf =0.024 x 18.41 x 3.752 =6.21 KN-m
β vcx =0.44 ---- V xc=β vcx x Pd x Lx -------V xc =0.44 x 18.41 x 3.75 =30.38 KN/m
β vcy =0.33----- V yc =β vcy x Pd x L x-------V yc =0.33 x 18.41 x 3.75 =22.78 KN/m
S-5, S-8 and S-11

mi=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 600
= =1 .09
Lx 550
Support condition 1
α yf =0.024 ----- m yf =α yf x P d x L2x -------m yf =0.024 x 18.41 x 5.5 2 =13.37 KN-m
β vcx =0.36---- V xc=β vcx x Pd x Lx -------V xc=0.36 x 18.41 x 5.5 =36.45 KN/m
S-6 and S-12

mi=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 550
= =1.38
Lx 400
Support condition 1
α ys =0.032----- m ys =α ys x Pd x L2x-------m ys =0.032 x 18.41 x 4 2 =9.43 KN-m
α xf =0.037 ----- m xf =α xf x Pd x L2x -------m xf =0.037 x 18.41 x 4 2 =10.89 KN-m
S-9
mi=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 550
= =1.38
Lx 400
Support condition 2
α ys =0.039---- m ys =α ys x Pd x L2x-------m ys =0.039 x 18.41 x 4 2 =11.49 KN-m
α yf =0.029----- m yf =α yf x P d x L2x -------m yf =0.029 x 18.41 x 42 =8.54 KN-m
β vdy =0.24 --- V yd =β vdy x Pd x Lx -------V yd =0.24 x 18.41 x 4 =17.67 KN/m
S-10
Strip 1
Wd= 18.41KN
D=190mm
C-25 & S-300
ds=170mm , dl=160mm

Assumptions:
Width of strong band along the edge=0.55m
In the main slab portion K1= 0.45
Slab load in y direction= K1W= 0.45 * 18.41 = 8.28 KN/m2
(1-K1)W= 0.55 * 18.41 = 10.13 KN/m2
Y-direction slab strip
As an initial assumption, Mys=1/2 (wl2/2)
Negative moment at the supported edge =1/2 * the free cantilever moment
Consider the strip length as to span up to the center of the strong band; i.e. 1.5+0.55/2= 1.775m
Hence mys=1/2 (k1wb2/2)= ½ (8.28 *1.7752)/2 =6.52 KN-m
K 1 ( 1−β )2−2 M ys /wb 2 Band width

K2= β=
β( 2−β) short length
= 0.45(1-(0.55/2.05)2-2*6.52/18.41*2.052 =0.16
0.55/2.05 (2-0.55/2.05)
Uplift in the strong band for y-direction strips= 0.16*18.41= 2.87 KN/m2
Revised negative moment at the left support
Mys = 8.28* 1.52/2 – 2.87*0.55*1.775 = 6.51 KN-m

The maximum positive moment in the y-direction strip will be located at the point of zero shears.
I.e. 2.87*0.55-8.28(y1-0.55) =0 y1=0.74m
Maximum positive moment at (y1=0.74m) = 2.87*0.55*(0.74-0.55/2) -8.28*(0.74-0.55)2/2
= 0.58KN-m
X-direction moments:
In strip along A-A:
Load = (1+K2) w = (1+0.16)*18.41= 21.36KN/m2
Load per meter run along the strip = 21.36*0.55= 11.75KN/m
Simply supported span moment =11.75*2.952/8 = 12.78 KN-m
Negative moment at the supports = (2/3)*12.78 = 8.52KN-m
Positive moment at the span = (1/3) *12.78 = 4.26KN-m

In the strip along B-B:
Load per meter run along the strip= 10.13KN/m
Simply supported span moment = 10.13*2.952/8 = 11.02KN-m
Positive moment at the span = (1/3) *11.02= 3.673KN-m
Check depth for flexure
ρ = 0.5 {c1-√ c 12 + 4 md /b c 2 d 2 } ≤ ρmax where C1= 2.5/m
C2= 0.32m2fcd
Mu = 0.8bd2fcdρmaxm (1-0.4ρmaxm) m=fyd/0.8fcd
For ductility requirements, ρmax = 0.75 ρ b= 0.6 εcu/ (εcu+εyd) *fcd/fyd
Mmax = 8.52 KN-m, fyd= 260.87, fcd=11.33, m= 28.78
0.6∗0.0035∗11.33
C1= 0.0869, C2=3003.04, ρmax = = 0.1898 ¿ ρmin
¿¿
ρmin =0.5/fyk =0.001667
Smax = 2D or 350mm D - slab thickness = 2*190 = 380mm
Therefore, dmin= √ Mmax/0.8 Fcdρm ( 1−0.4 ρm ) =0.0469m= 46.9mm¿ dused !
design strip Moment

(KN-m)
X,A-A Mxs 8.52
Mxf 4.26
X,B-B Mxs 7.35
Mxf 3.67
Y Mxs 6.51
Mxf 0.59
S-13

mi=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 650
= =1 .3
Lx 500
Support condition 2
α ys =0.039---- m ys =α ys x Pd x L2x-------m ys =0.039 x 18.41 x 52 =17.95 KN-m
β vcx =0.44 ----- V xc=β vcx x Pd x Lx -------V xc=0.44 x 18.41 x 5 =40.50 KN/m
S-16
Strip 2
Wd = 18.41KN
D=190mm
C-25 & S-300

ds=170mm , dl=160mm
Assumptions
 Width of strong band along A-A= 0.75m
In the main slab portion k1 = 0.35
Slab load in y-direction = 0.35*18.41 = 6.44KN/m2
in x-direction = 0.65*18.41 = 11.966KN/m2
As an initial assumption
 Negative moment at the support edge = ½ * the free cantilever moment consider the strip
length as to span up to the center of the strong band;
i.e 4.75+ (0.75/2) = 5.125m
Hence Mys = 1/2*(6.44*5.1252)/2=84.57KNm
k2 = k1 (1-β)2+2Mys/wb2
β (2-β)
k2= 0.35(1-0.75/5.5)2 + 2*84.57/18.41*5.52 =0.168

0.75/5.5(2-0.75/5.5)
Up lift in the strong band for y-direction strips = 0.168*18.41=3.095KN/m2
Mys = 6.44*4.752/2-3.095*0.75*5.125 = 60.75
The max positive moment in the y-direction strip will be located at the point of zero shears.
i.e. 3.095*0.75-6.44(y1-0.75) y1 = 1.11m
The max positive moment at (y1=1.11m) =3.095*0.75*(1.11-0.75/2)-6.44*(1.11-

0.75)2/2=1.29KNm
 Width of strong band along D-D = 0.15
In the main slab portion k1 =0.55
Slab load in y-direction = 0.55*18.41=10.125KN/m2
In the x-direction = 0.45*18.41=8.28KN/m2
Negative moment at the support edge = ½ * the free cantilever moment consider the strip length
as to span up to the center of the strong band;
i.e. 1.35+ (0.15/2) = 1.425m
Hence Mys =1/2*(10.125*1.4252)/2=5.14KNm
k2 = k1 (1-β)2 - 2Mys/wb2
β (2-β)
k2 = 0.55(1-0.15/1.5)2-2*5.14/(18.41*1.5)2 =0.75
0.15/1.5(2-0.15/1.5)
Uplift in the strong band for y-direction strip = 0.75*18.41=13.81KNm
Mys =10.125*1.352/2-13.81*0.15*1.425= 6.27kNm

i.e. 13.81*0.15-10.125(y1-0.15)
y1 = 0.35m
The max positive moment at (y1=0.35m)
13.81*0.15*(0.35-0.15/2)-10.125*(0.35-0.15)2/2=0.13KNm
X-direction moment
In strip along A-A
Load = (1+K2) w = (1+0.75)*18.41= 32.22KN/m2
Negative moment at the support = (2/3)*4.068 = 2.712KN-m
In the strip along C-C:

C2= 0.32m2fcd
Mmax = 10.71 KN-m, fyd= 260.87, fcd=11.33, m= 33.57
C1= 0.0745, C2=4903.8, ρmax = 0.6∗0.0035∗11.33 = 0.1898 ¿ ρmin

¿¿
ρmin =0.5/fyk =0.001667
design strip Moment

(KN-m)
X,A-A Mxs 6.04
Mxf 3.02
X,B-B Mxs 2.712
Mxf 1.356
Y,C-C Mxs 9.94
Mxf 4.97
Y,D-D Mxs 6.27
Mxf 0.13
Cantilever Panels
C-1 and C3

1.75
M = (18.41 x 1.75 x )
2
M = 28.19 KN-m
V = (18.41 x 1.75)
V = 32.22 KN
C-2
For the longer part:
1.75
M = (18.41 x 1.75 x )
2
M = 28.19 KN-m
V = (18.41 x 1.75)
V = 32.22 KN
For the shorter part:
1.19
M = (18.41 x 1.19 x )
2
M = 13.04 KN-m
V = (18.41 x 1.19)

V = 21.91 KN
C-4
It is trapezoidal shape but we took the longer length for design.
1.6
M = (18.41 x 1.6 x )
2
M = 23.56 KN-m
V = (18.41 x 1.6)
V = 29.46 KN
C-5
It is trapezoidal shape but we took the longer length for design.
2.2
M = (18.41 x 2.2 x )
2
M = 44.55 KN-m
V = (18.41 x 2.2)
V = 40.50 KN

C-6, C-7, C-8, C-9 and C-10
2.25
M = (18.41 x 2.25 x )
2
M = 46.60 KN-m
V = (18.41 x 2.25)
V = 41.42 KN
C-11
1.5
M = (18.41 x 1.5 x )
2
M = 20.71 KN-m
V = (18.41 x 1.5)
V = 27.62 KN
Moment Adjustments
A. Support Moment Adjustment

For a continuous support there will be two supports which are different in magnitude. These
moments are usually different in magnitude and must be adjusted to make balanced. Therefore,
the difference is distributed based on their stiffness on either side of the support to equalize their
moments.
There are two cases:
A. If ∆M<20% of the larger moment, the design moment is the average of the two.
i.e. ∆M < 0.2ML
B. If ∆M≥20%, then the unbalanced moment is distributed based on their stiffness.

i.e. ∆M >0.2ML……then use MDM
 Unbalanced moment is distributed using the moment distribution method.

 Relative stiffness of each panel shall be taken proportional to its gross moment of
inertia divided by the smaller span.
 In this method consideration of the effects of changes of support moments is limited
to the adjacent spans.
Let ML be moment in the left / MR be the moment in the right / K the stiffness of the slabs
Therefore the design moment Md can be calculated in either of the following formula:
KL '
M d =M L − ∗M (Where: M’=∆M, taking the left)
K R+ K L
Or

KR I
' K=
M d =M R − ∗M LX
K R+ K L (taking the right) Where
Panel S-1 and Panel C-1

M s 1=16 .31 & M sc1 =28.19
Since the distribution factor of the cantilever is zero and the distribution factor of the panel
is one. Design with the maximum moment.
M adjustd = 28.19 KN-m

M s 2=23 .86 & M sc 2=28.19 and 13.04

M s 1=16 .49 & M sc 3 =28.19
Panel S-1 and Panel S-2

M s 1=10 .09 & M s 2=21.21
∆M = 21.21 – 10.09 = 11.12
∆M/21.21 = 11.12 / 21.21 = 0.5243
= 52.43% > 20%
è Moment adjustment needed.

Panel S-1 Panel S-2
k=I/L=0.267 k=0.167
k
DF=
∑ k = 0.62 DF=0.38
FEM=21.21 FEM=10.09
-6.89 4.23
14.32 14.32

M s 1=16 .31 & M s 4 =13.46
∆M = 16.31 – 13.46 = 2.85
∆M/16.31 = 2.85 / 16.31 = 0.1747
= 17.47% < 20%
è No moment adjustment needed.
The design moment is the average of the two:
16.31+ 13.46
i.e. M adjustd =
2
Panel S-2 and Panel S-3 (Panel S-14 and Panel S-15)
M s 2=21 .21 & M s 3=9.43

∆M = 21.21 – 9.43 = 11.78
∆M/21.21 = 11.78 / 21.21 = 0.5554
= 55.54% > 20%
Panel S-2 Panel S-3
k=0.17 k=0.25
DF=0.4 DF=0.6
FEM=21.21 FEM=9.43
-4.71 7.07
16.5 16.5
M s 2=23 .86 & M s 5=20.61
∆M = 23.86 – 20.61 = 3.25
∆M/23.86 = 3.25 / 23.86 = 0.1362
= 13.62% < 20%
20.61+ 23.86
i.e. M adjustd =
2
M s 3=9.43 & M sc 4=23.56

M s 3=16 .49 & M s 6=14.43
∆M = 16.49 – 14.43 = 2.06
∆M/16.49 = 2.06 / 16.49 = 0.1249
= 12.49% < 20%
16.49+14.43
i.e. M adjustd =
2
M s 4 =8.29 & M sc 11 =20.71
M s 4 =8.29 & M s 5=17.82
∆M = 17.82 – 8.29 = 9.53
∆M/17.82 = 9.53 / 17.82 = 0.5347
= 53.47% > 20%
Panel S-4 Panel S-5
k=0.267 k=0.167

DF=0.62 DF=0.38
FEM=8.29 FEM=17.82
5.91 -3.62
14.2 14.2
M s 5=17 .82 & M s 6=9.43
∆M = 17.82 – 9.43 = 8.39
∆M/17.82 = 8.39 / 17.82 = 0.4708
= 47.08% > 20%
Panel S-5 Panel S-6
k=0.167 k=0.25
DF=0.4 DF=0.6
FEM=17.82 FEM=9.43
-3.36 5.03
14.46 14.46
M s 6=9.43 & M sc 5 =44.55
M s 6=14 .43 & M s 9=15.61

∆M = 15.61 – 14.43 = 1.18
∆M/15.61 = 1.18 / 15.61 = 0.0756
= 07.56% < 20%
14.43+15.61
i.e. M adjustd =
2

M s 8=17 .82 & M s 9=11.49
∆M = 17.82 – 11.49 = 6.33
∆M/17.82 = 6.33 / 17.82 = 0.3552
= 35.52% > 20%
Panel S-8 Panel S-9
k=0.167 k=0.25
DF=0.4 DF=0.6
FEM=17.82 FEM=11.49
-2.53 3.8
15.29 15.29
Panel S-12 and Panel C-6 (Panel S-15 and Panel C-7)
M s 12=9 .43 & M sc 6=46.60


M s 13=17.95 & M s 14=21.21
∆M = 21.21 – 17.95 = 3.26
∆M/23.86 = 3.26 / 21.21 = 0.1537
= 15.37% < 20%
17.95+21.21
i.e. M adjustd =
2

M s 13=23 .93 & M sc 10 =46.60

M s 14=23 .86 & M sc 9=46.60

M s 15=16 .49 & M sc 8=46.60
B. Span Adjustment
If the moment in the adjusted support decreases, the span moment are increased to compensate
for the changes in the support moments. This increase is calculated as being equal to the change

of the support moment multiplied by the factors given in Table A-2. If a support moment is
increased, no adjustment shall be made to the span moments.
The design moments for the spans are calculated as:
Increase in span moment = change of the support moment * factor given in table A-2
M xf =M xfo+ Δ M∗C x
M yf =M yfo + Δ M ∗C y
Where ∆M = the change in moment in all supports.
Cx and Cy are coefficients for adjusting span moments …………….Table A-2, EBCS-2, 1995,
page 113
FOR PANEL S-1

∆M=16.31 - 14.89 = 1.42 KN-m
Ly
=1.73
Lx
C x = 0.282
C y = 0.072
M xf = 7.51 + (1.42 x 0.282) = 7.91 KN-m
M yf = 12.17 + (1.42 x 0.072) = 12.27 KN-m
FOR PANEL S-2

The support moment changes in both directions.
∆M=21.21 - 14.32 = 6.89 & ∆M=23.86 - 22.24 = 1.62
Ly
=1.08
Lx
C x = 0.307 & C x = 0.361
C y = 0.375 & C y = 0.232
M xf = 15.91 + (6.89 x 0.307) + (1.62 x 0.361) = 18.61
M yf = 17.89 + (6.89 x 0.375) + (1.62 x 0.232) = 20.85

∆M=21.21 - 16.5 = 4.71

C x = 0.307
C y = 0.375
M xf = 18.61 + (4.71 x 0.307) = 20.06
M yf = 20.85 + (4.71 x 0.375) = 22.62
FOR PANEL S-3 and PANEL S-15

∆M=16.49 - 15.46 = 1.03
Ly
=1.63
Lx
C x = 0.292
C y = 0.080
M xf = 7.07 + (1.03 x 0.292) = 7.37
M yf = 12.37 + (1.03 x 0.080) = 12.45
FOR PANEL S-5

∆M=17.82 - 14.2 = 3.62
Ly
=1.09
Lx
C x = 0.358
C y = 0.226
M xf = 13.37 + (3.62 x 0.358) = 14.67
M yf = 15.59 + (3.62 x 0.226) = 16.41
∆M=17.82 - 14.46 = 3.36

M xf = 14.67 + (3.36 x 0.358) = 15.87
M yf = 16.41 + (3.36 x 0.226) = 17.17
FOR PANEL S-8

∆M=17.82 - 14.2 = 3.62

Ly
=1.09
Lx
C x = 0.358
C y = 0.226
M xf = 13.37 + (3.62 x 0.358) = 14.67
M yf = 15.59 + (3.62 x 0.226) = 16.41
∆M=17.82 - 15.29 = 2.53

M xf = 14.67 + (2.53 x 0.358) = 15.58
M yf = 16.41 + (2.53 x 0.226) = 16.98
FOR PANEL S-9

∆M=15.61 - 15.02 = 0.59
Ly
=1.38
Lx
C x = 0.317
C y = 0.115
M xf = 8.54 + 2(0.59 x 0.317) = 8.91
M yf = 11.78 + 2(0.59 x 0.115) = 11.92
FOR PANEL S-11

∆M=17.82 - 14.46 = 3.36
Ly
=1.09
Lx
C x = 0.358
C y = 0.226
M xf = 13.37 + (3.36 x 0.358) = 14.57
M yf = 15.59 + (3.36 x 0.226) = 16.35
FOR PANEL S-14


∆M=21.21 - 19.58 = 1.63 & ∆M=23.86 - 22.24 = 1.62

Ly
=1.08
Lx
C x = 0.307 & C x = 0.361
C y = 0.375 & C y = 0.232
M xf = 15.91 + (1.63 x 0.307) + (1.62 x 0.361) = 17
M yf = 17.89 + (1.63 x 0.375) + (1.62 x 0.232) = 16.9
∆M=21.21 - 16.5 = 4.71

C x = 0.307
C y = 0.375
M xf = 17 + (4.71 x 0.307) = 18.45
M yf = 16.9 + (4.71 x 0.375) = 18.67


REINFORCEMENT
Concrete: C-25
Steel: S-300
Design strength:
f cu = 25Mpa
f cu 25
f ck = = =20Mpa
1.25 1.25
0.85∗f ck 0.85∗20
f cd = = = 11.33 Mpa
❑c 1.5
f yk 300
f yd = = = 260.87Mpa
c 1.15
f yd
m= = 28.77
0.8 x f cd
(0.8 x ԑcu ) f
ρbal =
[ ]
(ԑ cu + ԑ yd )
∗( cd )
f yd
ԑ cu= 0.0035 (EBCS 2 - 1995, fig 4.2)
E= 200GPa (EBCS 2 - 1995, 2.9.4)

f yd
ԑ yd = =0.0013
E
ρbal =¿ 0.025335
ρmax = 0.61 x ρbal = 0.01545 (for S-300)
0.5
ρmin = = 0.5/300 =0.00167 EBCS 2 – 1995, Art 7.2.2 (7.16)
f yk
Hence, ρcal should be ρmin ≤ρcal ≤ρmax
⇒0 . 00167<ρ cal <ρmax
Check depth

M 46. 6*106
d=
√
0 .2952 bfcd
=
√
0 . 2952*1000*11. 33
10
=118. 04 mm
D=118 . 04 +15+ =139 mm< ( Dused =190 mm ) . .. . .. .. . ok !

2
M u=46 . 6 KNm m−
Maximum moment in the floor
D used =190 mm, From deflection criteria
Effective depth
10
Short span, d 1 =190−( 15+ 2 ) =170 mm
10
Long span, d 2 =190−( 15+10+ 2 ) =160 mm
Spacing:
Smax≤¿ {2 D=2∗190=380mm¿¿¿¿
S max≤380 mm
use 350mm
0 .5 bd
As min=
. fyk
The spacing between main bars for slab shall not exceed the smaller of 2D or 350mm.
The spacing of secondary bars shall not exceed 400mm.
Ø10 bars are used for support and span moment greater than 15 KNm and Ø8 bars are used for
support and span moment less than 15 KNm.

 Employ the following formulas to fill the reinforcement table.
1.25 
 2 * Msd u 

 1  1  2 
m   b * d * fcd 

Required area of reinforcement bars: As = ρbd


as∗b
 Required C/C spacing of reinforcements: S = as,10 = 78.5mm2 and as,8 =
As
50.24mm2
REINFORCEMENT IN THE X-DIRECTION
Md Sp.
d(mm As фuse Spacin
Position (KNm/m ρ as prov
) (mm2) d g (mm)
) (mm)
s1-c1 28.19 170 0.00392 665.91 10 78.5 117.88 110
50.2
s1 12.55 170 0.00170 288.74 8 174.00 170
4
50.2
s1-s4 14.89 170 0.00202 343.89 8 146.09 140
4
s2 22.62 170 0.00311 529.21 10 78.5 148.33 140
s2-s5 22.24 170 0.00306 519.98 10 78.5 150.97 150
50.2
s3 12.45 170 0.00168 286.39 8 175.42 170
4
s3-s6 15.46 170 0.00210 357.39 10 78.5 219.65 210
50.2
s4 10.09 170 0.00136 283.33 8 177.32 170
4
50.2
s4-s7 13.46 170 0.00182 310.14 8 161.99 160
4
s5 17.17 160 0.00265 424.48 10 78.5 184.93 180
s5-s8 20.61 170 0.00283 480.54 10 78.5 163.36 160
50.2
s6 10.89 170 0.00147 283.33 8 177.32 170
4
s6-s9 15.02 170 0.00204 346.96 10 78.5 226.25 220
s8 16.98 160 0.00262 419.63 10 78.5 187.07 180
50.2
s9 11.92 170 0.00161 283.33 8 177.32 170
4
50.2
s10-stair 8.52 170 0.00115 283.33 8 177.32 170
4
50.2
s10 0.59 160 0.00009 266.67 8 188.40 180
4
s10-s13 23.93 170 0.00330 561.11 10 78.5 139.90 130
s11 16.35 160 0.00252 403.58 10 78.5 194.51 190
s11-s14 22.24 170 0.00306 519.98 10 78.5 150.97 150

s13 17.95 170 0.00245 416.66 10 78.5 188.40 180

1139.0
s13-c10 46.6 170 0.00670 10 78.5 68.92 60
0
s14 18.67 170 0.00255 433.89 10 78.5 180.92 180
0.0008089 283.33 50.2
s16-c11 6.04 170 8 177.32 170
9 3 4
0.0007509 266.66 50.2
s16 4.97 160 8 188.4 180
8 7 4
s16
1.9478E- 266.66 50.2
(strong 0.13 160 8 188.4 180
05 7 4
band)
283.33 50.2
s16-stair 9.94 170 0.0013396 8 177.32 170
3 4
REINFORCEMENT IN THE Y-DIRECTION
Md Sp.
As Spacin
Position (KNm/m d(mm) ρ фused as prov
(mm2) g (mm)
) (mm)
0.0013
S1 left 10.09 170 283.33 8 50.24 177.32 170
6
0.0012
S1 8.17 160 266.67 8 50.24 188.40 180
4
0.0019
S1-S2 14.32 170 330.41 8 50.24 152.05 150
4
0.0031
S2 20.06 160 498.67 10 78.5 157.42 150
2
0.0022
S2-S3 16.5 170 382.08 10 78.5 205.45 200
5
0.0011
S3 7.37 160 266.67 8 50.24 188.40 180
2
0.0032
S3-C4 23.56 170 552.09 10 78.5 142.19 140
5
0.0028
s4-c11 20.71 170 482.96 10 78.5 162.54 160
4
0.0009
s4 6.21 160 266.67 8 50.24 188.40 180
4
0.0019
s4-s5 14.2 170 327.58 8 50.24 153.37 150
3
0.0021
s5 15.87 170 367.11 10 78.5 213.83 210
6
s5-s6 14.46 170 0.0019 333.72 8 50.24 150.55 150

6
0.0010
s6 7.07 160 266.67 8 50.24 188.40 180
7
0.0063 1084.5
s6-c5 44.55 170 10 78.5 72.38 70
8 6
0.0011
s7-s16 8.29 170 283.33 8 50.24 177.32 170
1
0.0024
s8 15.58 160 384.02 10 78.5 204.42 200
0
0.0020
s8-s9 15.29 170 353.36 10 78.5 222.16 220
8
0.0013
s9 8.91 160 266.67 8 50.24 188.40 180
6
0.0015
s9 right 11.49 170 283.33 8 50.24 177.32 170
5
0.0008
s10-lift 6.51 170 283.33 8 50.24 177.32 170
7
0.0005
s10-stair 4.26 170 283.33 8 50.24 177.32 170
7
0.0004
s10 3.67 170 283.33 8 50.24 177.32 170
9
0.0024
s10-s11 17.82 170 413.55 10 78.5 189.82 180
3
0.0019
s11 14.57 170 336.32 8 50.24 149.38 140
8
0.0067 1139.0
s12-c6 46.6 170 10 78.5 68.92 60
0 0
0.0024
s13 left 17.95 170 416.66 10 78.5 188.40 180
5
0.0020
s13 13.35 160 327.69 8 50.24 153.32 150
5
0.0026
s13-s14 19.58 170 455.74 10 78.5 172.25 170
8
0.0028
s14 18.45 160 457.23 10 78.5 171.68 170
6
0.0001 283.33
s16 1.356 170 8 50.24 177.32 170
8 3
s16
0.0009 266.66
(strong 6.27 160 8 50.24 188.4 180
5 7
band)
0.0004 283.33
s16-c11 3.02 170 8 50.24 177.32 170
0 3

2.3.2 Design of 1st Floor Slab

Slab depth determination
Lx Ly D prov.
Panel Ly/Lx Slab System d(mm) D(mm)
(m) (m) βa (mm)
S1 3.75 6.5 1.73 Two-Way 32.67 97.58 118 190
S2 6 6.5 1.08 Two-Way 44.17 115.47 135 190
S3 4 6.5 1.63 Two-Way 38.75 87.74 108 190
S4 3.75 5.5 1.47 Two-Way 40.33 79.03 99 190
Slab with
S5 5.5 6 1.09 44.09 106.03 126 190
Hole
S6 4 5.5 1.38 Two-Way 41.25 82.42 102 190
S7 3.75 5.5 1.47 Two-Way 40.33 79.03 99 190
S8 5.5 6 1.09 Two-Way 44.09 106.03 126 190
S9 4 5.5 1.38 Two-Way 36.25 93.79 114 190
One Edge
S10 2.05 2.95 1.44 35.61 48.93 69 190
Unsupported
S11 5.5 6 1.09 Two-Way 44.09 106.03 126 190
S12 4 5.5 1.38 Two-Way 41.25 82.42 102 190
S13 5 6.5 1.30 Two-Way 37.00 114.86 135 190
S14 6 6.5 1.08 Two-Way 44.17 115.47 135 190
S15 4 6.5 1.63 Two-Way 38.75 87.74 108 190
Two Edge
S16 1.5 5.5 3.67 13.33 95.62 116 190
Supported
C1 1.75 4 2.29 Cantilever 12 123.96 144 190
C2 1.75 6 3.43 Cantilever 12 123.96 144 190
C3 1.75 4.25 2.43 Cantilever 12 123.96 144 190
C4 2.05 5.5 2.68 Cantilever 12 145.21 165 190
C5 2.05 6.5 3.17 Cantilever 12 145.21 165 190
C6 2.05 2.05 1 Cantilever 10 159.38 179 190
C7 2.05 4 1.95 Cantilever 12 145.21 165 190
C8 2.05 6 2.93 Cantilever 12 145.21 165 190
C9 2.05 5 2.44 Cantilever 12 145.21 165 190
C10 1.50 3 2 Cantilever 12 106.25 126 190
LOADS ON FLOOR SLAB

Total = 6.47 KN/m2
Imposed load
Partition Loads
HCB; then
L x h x w x γHCB
A
Take the maximum partition load for conservative design. i.e. 4 KN/m2
Factored design load
Pd =1.3G K +1.6Q k
Pd = 1.3*(6.47 + 4) + 1.6*3 = 18.41 KN/m2

S-1
mi=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 650
= =1 .73
Lx 375
Support condition 2
α xs =¿0.063 ----- mxs =α xs x P d x L2x -------mxs =0.063 x 18.41 x 3.752 =16.31 KN-m
α ys =0.039 ----- m ys =α ys x Pd x L2x-------m ys =0.039 x 18.41 x 3.752 =10.09 KN-m
α xf =0.047 ----- mxf =α xf x Pd x L2x -------mxf =0.047 x 18.41 x 3.752 =12.17 KN-m
α yf =0.029----- m yf =α yf x P d x L2x -------m yf =0.029 x 18.41 x 3.752 =7.51 KN-m
β vcx =0.50 ----- V xc=β vcx x Pd x Lx -------V xc =0.50 x 18.41 x 3.75 =34.52 KN/m
β vcy =0.36 ----- V yc =β vcy x Pd x L x-------V yc =0.36 x 18.41 x 3.75 =24.85 KN/m
β vdy =0.24 ----- V yd =β vdy x Pd x Lx -------V yd =0.24 x 18.41 x 3.75 =16.57KN/m
S-2 and S-14

mi=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 650
= =1 .08
Lx 600
Support condition 1
α xs =¿0.036 ----- m xs =α xs x P d x L2x -------m xs =0.036 x 18.41 x 6 2 =23.86 KN-m
α xf =0.027 ----- m xf =α xf x Pd x L2x -------m xf =0.027 x 18.41 x 62 =17.89 KN-m
S-3 and S-15

mi=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 650
= =1.63
Lx 400
Support condition 1
α xf =0.042----- m xf =α xf x Pd x L2x -------m xf =0.042 x 18.41 x 42 =12.37 KN-m
S-4 and S-7

mi=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 550
= =1 .47
Lx 375
Support condition 1
α yf =0.024 ----- m yf =α yf x P d x L2x -------m yf =0.024 x 18.41 x 3.752 =6.21 KN-m
β vcx =0.44 ---- V xc=β vcx x Pd x Lx -------V xc =0.44 x 18.41 x 3.75 =30.38 KN/m
S-5, S-8 and S-11

mi=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 600
= =1 .09
Lx 550
Support condition 1
S-6 and S-12

mi=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 550
= =1.38
Lx 400
Support condition 1
S-9
mi=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 550
= =1.38
Lx 400
Support condition 2
α ys =0.039---- m ys =α ys x Pd x L2x-------m ys =0.039 x 18.41 x 4 2 =11.49 KN-m
S-10
Strip 1
Wd= 18.41KN
D=190mm
C-25 & S-300
ds=170mm , dl=160mm

Assumptions:
(1-K1)W= 0.55 * 18.41 = 10.13 KN/m2
Hence mys=1/2 (k1wb2/2)= ½ (8.28 *1.7752)/2 =6.52 KN-m

K2= β=
= 0.45(1-(0.55/2.05)2-2*6.52/18.41*2.052 =0.16
0.55/2.05 (2-0.55/2.05)
Mys = 8.28* 1.52/2 – 2.87*0.55*1.775 = 6.51 KN-m

I.e. 2.87*0.55-8.28(y1-0.55) =0 y1=0.74m
= 0.58KN-m
In strip along A-A:
Load = (1+K2) w = (1+0.16)*18.41= 21.36KN/m2

C2= 0.32m2fcd
Mmax = 8.52 KN-m, fyd= 260.87, fcd=11.33, m= 28.78
0.6∗0.0035∗11.33
C1= 0.0869, C2=3003.04, ρmax = = 0.1898 ¿ ρmin
¿¿
ρmin =0.5/fyk =0.001667
design strip Moment

(KN-m)
X,A-A Mxs 8.52
Mxf 4.26
X,B-B Mxs 7.35
Mxf 3.67
Y Mxs 6.51
Mxf 0.59
S-13

mi=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 650
= =1 .3
Lx 500
Support condition 2
S-16
Strip 2
Wd = 18.41KN
D=190mm
C-25 & S-300

ds=170mm , dl=160mm
Assumptions
 Width of strong band along A-A= 0.75m
In the main slab portion k1 = 0.35
Slab load in y-direction = 0.35*18.41 = 6.44KN/m2
in x-direction = 0.65*18.41 = 11.966KN/m2
 Negative moment at the support edge = ½ * the free cantilever moment consider the strip
length as to span up to the center of the strong band;
i.e 4.75+ (0.75/2) = 5.125m
Hence Mys = 1/2*(6.44*5.1252)/2=84.57KNm
k2 = k1 (1-β)2+2Mys/wb2
β (2-β)

k2= 0.35(1-0.75/5.5)2 + 2*84.57/18.41*5.52 =0.168
0.75/5.5(2-0.75/5.5)
Up lift in the strong band for y-direction strips = 0.168*18.41=3.095KN/m2
Mys = 6.44*4.752/2-3.095*0.75*5.125 = 60.75
i.e. 3.095*0.75-6.44(y1-0.75) y1 = 1.11m
The max positive moment at (y1=1.11m) =3.095*0.75*(1.11-0.75/2)-6.44*(1.11-

0.75)2/2=1.29KNm
 Width of strong band along D-D = 0.15
In the main slab portion k1 =0.55
Slab load in y-direction = 0.55*18.41=10.125KN/m2
In the x-direction = 0.45*18.41=8.28KN/m2
Negative moment at the support edge = ½ * the free cantilever moment consider the strip length
as to span up to the center of the strong band;
i.e. 1.35+ (0.15/2) = 1.425m
Hence Mys =1/2*(10.125*1.4252)/2=5.14KNm
k2 = k1 (1-β)2 - 2Mys/wb2
β (2-β)
k2 = 0.55(1-0.15/1.5)2-2*5.14/(18.41*1.5)2 =0.75
0.15/1.5(2-0.15/1.5)
Uplift in the strong band for y-direction strip = 0.75*18.41=13.81KNm
Mys =10.125*1.352/2-13.81*0.15*1.425= 6.27kNm

i.e. 13.81*0.15-10.125(y1-0.15)
y1 = 0.35m
The max positive moment at (y1=0.35m)
13.81*0.15*(0.35-0.15/2)-10.125*(0.35-0.15)2/2=0.13KNm
X-direction moment
In strip along A-A
Load = (1+K2) w = (1+0.75)*18.41= 32.22KN/m2
Negative moment at the support = (2/3)*4.068 = 2.712KN-m
In the strip along C-C:

C2= 0.32m2fcd
Mmax = 10.71 KN-m, fyd= 260.87, fcd=11.33, m= 33.57
0.6∗0.0035∗11.33
C1= 0.0745, C2=4903.8, ρmax = = 0.1898 ¿ ρmin
¿¿
ρmin =0.5/fyk =0.001667
design strip Moment

(KN-m)
X,A-A Mxs 6.04
Mxf 3.02
X,B-B Mxs 2.712
Mxf 1.356
Y,C-C Mxs 9.94
Mxf 4.97
Y,D-D Mxs 6.27
Mxf 0.13
Cantilever Panels
C-1 and C3

1.75
M = (18.41 x 1.75 x )
2
M = 28.19 KN-m
V = (18.41 x 1.75)
V = 32.22 KN
C-2
For the longer part:
1.75
M = (18.41 x 1.75 x )
2
M = 28.19 KN-m
V = (18.41 x 1.75)
V = 32.22 KN
For the shorter part:
1.19
M = (18.41 x 1.19 x )
2
M = 13.04 KN-m
V = (18.41 x 1.19)
V = 21.91 KN

C-4, C-5, C-6, C-7, C-8 and C-9
2.05
M = (18.41 x 2.05 x )
2
M = 38.68 KN-m
V = (18.41 x 2.05)
V = 37.74 KN
C-10 and C-11
1.5
M = (18.41 x 1.5 x )
2
M = 20.71 KN-m
V = (18.41 x 1.5)
V = 27.62 KN
Moment Adjustments
C. Support Moment Adjustment

M s 1=10 .09 & M sc 11 =20.71


M s 1=16 .31 & M sc1 =28.19

M s 2=23 .86 & M sc 2=28.19 and 13.04

M s 1=16 .49 & M sc 3 =28.19

M s 1=10 .09 & M s 2=21.21
∆M = 21.21 – 10.09 = 11.12
∆M/21.21 = 11.12 / 21.21 = 0.5243
= 52.43% > 20%

Panel S-1 Panel S-2
k=I/L=0.267 k=0.167
k
DF= = 0.62 DF=0.38
∑k
FEM=21.21 FEM=10.09
-6.89 4.23
14.32 14.32

M s 1=16 .31 & M s 4 =13.46
∆M = 16.31 – 13.46 = 2.85
∆M/16.31 = 2.85 / 16.31 = 0.1747
= 17.47% < 20%
16.31+ 13.46
i.e. M adjustd =
2
M s 2=21 .21 & M s 3=9.43
∆M = 21.21 – 9.43 = 11.78
∆M/21.21 = 11.78 / 21.21 = 0.5554
= 55.54% > 20%

Panel S-2 Panel S-3
k=0.17 k=0.25
DF=0.4 DF=0.6
FEM=21.21 FEM=9.43
-4.71 7.07
16.5 16.5
M s 2=23 .86 & M s 5=20.61
∆M = 23.86 – 20.61 = 3.25
∆M/23.86 = 3.25 / 23.86 = 0.1362
= 13.62% < 20%
20.61+ 23.86
i.e. M adjustd =
2
M s 3=16 .49 & M s 6=14.43
∆M = 16.49 – 14.43 = 2.06
∆M/16.49 = 2.06 / 16.49 = 0.1249
= 12.49% < 20%

16.49+14.43
i.e. M adjustd =
2
M s 4 =8.29 & M sc 11 =20.71
M s 4 =8.29 & M s 5=17.82
∆M = 17.82 – 8.29 = 9.53
∆M/17.82 = 9.53 / 17.82 = 0.5347
= 53.47% > 20%
Panel S-4 Panel S-5
k=0.267 k=0.167
DF=0.62 DF=0.38
FEM=8.29 FEM=17.82
5.91 -3.62
14.2 14.2
M s 5=17 .82 & M s 6=9.43

∆M = 17.82 – 9.43 = 8.39
∆M/17.82 = 8.39 / 17.82 = 0.4708
= 47.08% > 20%
Panel S-5 Panel S-6
k=0.167 k=0.25
DF=0.4 DF=0.6
FEM=17.82 FEM=9.43
-3.36 5.03
14.46 14.46
M s 6=14 .43 & M s 9=15.61
∆M = 15.61 – 14.43 = 1.18
∆M/15.61 = 1.18 / 15.61 = 0.0756
= 07.56% < 20%
14.43+15.61
i.e. M adjustd =
2

M s 8=17 .82 & M s 9=11.49

∆M = 17.82 – 11.49 = 6.33
∆M/17.82 = 6.33 / 17.82 = 0.3552
= 35.52% > 20%
Panel S-8 Panel S-9
k=0.167 k=0.25
DF=0.4 DF=0.6
FEM=17.82 FEM=11.49
-2.53 3.8
15.29 15.29
Panel S-12 and Panel C-4 (Panel S-15 and Panel C-5)
M s 12=9 .43 & M sc 4=38.68

M s 13=17.95 & M s 14=21.21
∆M = 21.21 – 17.95 = 3.26
∆M/23.86 = 3.26 / 21.21 = 0.1537
= 15.37% < 20%

17.95+21.21
i.e. M adjustd =
2

M s 13=23 .93 & M sc 9=38.68

M s 14=23 .86 & M sc 8=38.68

M s 15=16 .49 & M sc 7 =38.68
D. Span Adjustment
FOR PANEL S-1

∆M=16.31 - 14.89 = 1.42 KN-m
Ly
=1.73
Lx
C x = 0.282
C y = 0.072
M xf = 7.51 + (1.42 x 0.282) = 7.91 KN-m
M yf = 12.17 + (1.42 x 0.072) = 12.27 KN-m
FOR PANEL S-2

∆M=21.21 - 14.32 = 6.89 & ∆M=23.86 - 22.24 = 1.62

Ly
=1.08
Lx
C x = 0.307 & C x = 0.361
C y = 0.375 & C y = 0.232
M xf = 15.91 + (6.89 x 0.307) + (1.62 x 0.361) = 18.61
M yf = 17.89 + (6.89 x 0.375) + (1.62 x 0.232) = 20.85
∆M=21.21 - 16.5 = 4.71

C x = 0.307
C y = 0.375
M xf = 18.61 + (4.71 x 0.307) = 20.06
M yf = 20.85 + (4.71 x 0.375) = 22.62
FOR PANEL S-3 and PANEL S-15

∆M=16.49 - 15.46 = 1.03
Ly
=1.63
Lx
C x = 0.292
C y = 0.080
M xf = 7.07 + (1.03 x 0.292) = 7.37
M yf = 12.37 + (1.03 x 0.080) = 12.45
FOR PANEL S-5

∆M=17.82 - 14.2 = 3.62
Ly
=1.09
Lx
C x = 0.358
C y = 0.226
M xf = 13.37 + (3.62 x 0.358) = 14.67
M yf = 15.59 + (3.62 x 0.226) = 16.41

∆M=17.82 - 14.46 = 3.36

M xf = 14.67 + (3.36 x 0.358) = 15.87
M yf = 16.41 + (3.36 x 0.226) = 17.17
FOR PANEL S-8

∆M=17.82 - 14.2 = 3.62
Ly
=1.09
Lx
C x = 0.358
C y = 0.226
M xf = 13.37 + (3.62 x 0.358) = 14.67
M yf = 15.59 + (3.62 x 0.226) = 16.41
∆M=17.82 - 15.29 = 2.53

M xf = 14.67 + (2.53 x 0.358) = 15.58
M yf = 16.41 + (2.53 x 0.226) = 16.98
FOR PANEL S-9

∆M=15.61 - 15.02 = 0.59
Ly
=1.38
Lx
C x = 0.317
C y = 0.115
M xf = 8.54 + 2(0.59 x 0.317) = 8.91
M yf = 11.78 + 2(0.59 x 0.115) = 11.92
FOR PANEL S-11

∆M=17.82 - 14.46 = 3.36
Ly
=1.09
Lx
C x = 0.358

C y = 0.226
M xf = 13.37 + (3.36 x 0.358) = 14.57
M yf = 15.59 + (3.36 x 0.226) = 16.35
FOR PANEL S-14

∆M=21.21 - 19.58 = 1.63 & ∆M=23.86 - 22.24 = 1.62
Ly
=1.08
Lx
C x = 0.307 & C x = 0.361
C y = 0.375 & C y = 0.232
M xf = 15.91 + (1.63 x 0.307) + (1.62 x 0.361) = 17
M yf = 17.89 + (1.63 x 0.375) + (1.62 x 0.232) = 16.9
∆M=21.21 - 16.5 = 4.71

C x = 0.307
C y = 0.375
M xf = 17 + (4.71 x 0.307) = 18.45
M yf = 16.9 + (4.71 x 0.375) = 18.67


REINFORCEMENT
Check depth
M 38 . 68*106
d=
√
0 .2952 bfcd
=
√
0 . 2952*1000*11. 33
10
=107 . 58 mm
D=107 . 58+15+ =128 mm< ( Dused =190 mm ) . . .. .. . .. ok !

2
M u=38. 68 KNm m −
Maximum moment in the floor
D used =190 mm, From deflection criteria
Effective depth
10
Short span, d 1 =190−( 15+ 2 ) =170 mm
10
Long span, d 2 =190−( 15+10+ 2 ) =160 mm
Spacing:
Smax≤¿ {2 D=2∗190=380mm¿¿¿¿
S max≤380 mm
use 350mm
0 .5 bd
As min=
 fyk
The spacing between main bars for slab shall not exceed the smaller of 2D or 350mm.
The spacing of secondary bars shall not exceed 400mm.

Ø10 bars are used for support and span moment greater than 15 KNm and Ø8 bars are used for
support and span moment less than 15 KNm.
 Employ the following formulas to fill the reinforcement table.
1.25 
 2 * Msd u 

 1  1  2 
m   b * d * fcd 

 Required area of reinforcement bars: As = ρbd

as∗b
 Required C/C spacing of reinforcements: S = as,10 = 78.5mm2 and as,8 =
As
2
50.24mm

REINFORCEMENT IN THE X-DIRECTION
Md Sp.
d(mm As фuse Spacin
Position (KNm/m ρ as prov
) (mm2) d g (mm)
) (mm)
s1-c1 28.19 170 0.00392 665.91 10 78.5 117.88 110
50.2
s1 12.55 170 0.00170 288.74 8 174.00 170
4
50.2
s1-s4 14.89 170 0.00202 343.89 8 146.09 140
4
s2 22.62 170 0.00311 529.21 10 78.5 148.33 140
s2-s5 22.24 170 0.00306 519.98 10 78.5 150.97 150
50.2
s3 12.45 170 0.00168 286.39 8 175.42 170
4
s3-s6 15.46 170 0.00210 357.39 10 78.5 219.65 210
50.2
s4 10.09 170 0.00136 283.33 8 177.32 170
4
50.2
s4-s7 13.46 170 0.00182 310.14 8 161.99 160
4
s5 17.17 160 0.00265 424.48 10 78.5 184.93 180
s5-s8 20.61 170 0.00283 480.54 10 78.5 163.36 160
50.2
s6 10.89 170 0.00147 283.33 8 177.32 170
4
s6-s9 15.02 170 0.00204 346.96 10 78.5 226.25 220
s8 16.98 160 0.00262 419.63 10 78.5 187.07 180
50.2
s9 11.92 170 0.00161 283.33 8 177.32 170
4
50.2
s10-stair 8.52 170 0.00115 283.33 8 177.32 170
4
50.2
s10 0.59 160 0.00009 266.67 8 188.40 180
4
s10-s13 23.93 170 0.00330 561.11 10 78.5 139.90 130
s11 16.35 160 0.00252 403.58 10 78.5 194.51 190
s11-s14 22.24 170 0.00306 519.98 10 78.5 150.97 150
s13 17.95 170 0.00245 416.66 10 78.5 188.40 180
1139.0
s13-c10 46.6 170 0.00670 10 78.5 68.92 60
0

s14 18.67 170 0.00255 433.89 10 78.5 180.92 180

0.0008089 283.33 50.2
s16-c10 6.04 170 8 177.32 170
9 3 4
0.0007509 266.66 50.2
s16 4.97 160 8 188.4 180
8 7 4
s16
1.9478E- 266.66 50.2
(strong 0.13 160 8 188.4 180
05 7 4
band)
283.33 50.2
s16-stair 9.94 170 0.0013396 8 177.32 170
3 4
REINFORCEMENT IN THE Y-DIRECTION
Md Sp.
As Spacin
Position (KNm/m d(mm) ρ фused as prov
(mm2) g (mm)
) (mm)
0.0013
S1 left 10.09 170 283.33 8 50.24 177.32 170
6
0.0012
S1 8.17 160 266.67 8 50.24 188.40 180
4
0.0019
S1-S2 14.32 170 330.41 8 50.24 152.05 150
4
0.0031
S2 20.06 160 498.67 10 78.5 157.42 150
2
0.0022
S2-S3 16.5 170 382.08 10 78.5 205.45 200
5
0.0011
S3 7.37 160 266.67 8 50.24 188.40 180
2
0.0032
S3-C4 23.56 170 552.09 10 78.5 142.19 140
5
0.0028
s4-c11 20.71 170 482.96 10 78.5 162.54 160
4
0.0009
s4 6.21 160 266.67 8 50.24 188.40 180
4
0.0019
s4-s5 14.2 170 327.58 8 50.24 153.37 150
3
0.0021
s5 15.87 170 367.11 10 78.5 213.83 210
6
0.0019
s5-s6 14.46 170 333.72 8 50.24 150.55 150
6
s6 7.07 160 0.0010 266.67 8 50.24 188.40 180

7
0.0063 1084.5
s6-c5 44.55 170 10 78.5 72.38 70
8 6
0.0011
s7-s16 8.29 170 283.33 8 50.24 177.32 170
1
0.0024
s8 15.58 160 384.02 10 78.5 204.42 200
0
0.0020
s8-s9 15.29 170 353.36 10 78.5 222.16 220
8
0.0013
s9 8.91 160 266.67 8 50.24 188.40 180
6
0.0015
s9 right 11.49 170 283.33 8 50.24 177.32 170
5
0.0008
s10-lift 6.51 170 283.33 8 50.24 177.32 170
7
0.0005
s10-stair 4.26 170 283.33 8 50.24 177.32 170
7
0.0004
s10 3.67 170 283.33 8 50.24 177.32 170
9
0.0024
s10-s11 17.82 170 413.55 10 78.5 189.82 180
3
0.0019
s11 14.57 170 336.32 8 50.24 149.38 140
8
0.0067 1139.0
s12-c6 46.6 170 10 78.5 68.92 60
0 0
0.0024
s13 left 17.95 170 416.66 10 78.5 188.40 180
5
0.0020
s13 13.35 160 327.69 8 50.24 153.32 150
5
0.0026
s13-s14 19.58 170 455.74 10 78.5 172.25 170
8
0.0028
s14 18.45 160 457.23 10 78.5 171.68 170
6
0.0001 283.33
s16 1.356 170 8 50.24 177.32 170
8 3
s16
0.0009 266.66
(strong 6.27 160 8 50.24 188.4 180
5 7
band)
0.0004 283.33
s16-c10 3.02 170 8 50.24 177.32 170
0 3

2.3.3 Design of Ground Floor Slab

Slab depth determination
Lx Ly D prov.
Panel Ly/Lx d(mm) D(mm)
(m) (m) (mm)
S1 3.75 5.5 1.47 35.33 90.21 110 190
S2 5.5 6 1.09 39.09 119.59 140 190
S3 4 5.5 1.38 36.25 93.79 114 190
S4 3.75 5.5 1.47 35.33 90.21 110 190
S5 5.5 6 1.09 44.09 106.03 126 190
S6 4 5.5 1.38 41.25 82.42 102 190
S7 2.05 2.95 1.44 35.61 48.93 69 190
S8 5.5 6 1.09 44.09 106.03 126 190
S9 4 5.5 1.38 41.25 82.42 102 190
S10 5 6.5 1.30 37.00 114.86 135 190
S11 6 6.5 1.08 44.17 115.47 135 190
S12 4 6.5 1.63 38.75 87.74 108 190
C1 2.05 5.5 2.68 12 145.21 165 190
C2 2.05 5.5 2.68 12 145.21 165 190
C3 2.05 5.5 2.68 12 145.21 165 190
C4 2.05 6.5 3.17 12 145.21 165 190
C5 2.05 2.05 1.00 10 164.25 184 190
C6 2.05 4 1.95 12 145.21 165 190
C7 2.05 6 2.93 12 145.21 165 190
C8 2.05 5 2.44 12 145.21 165 190
LOADS ON FLOOR SLAB

Total = 6.47 KN/m2
Imposed load
Partition Loads
HCB; then
L x h x w x γHCB
A
Take the maximum partition load for conservative design. i.e. 4 KN/m2
Factored design load
Pd =1.3G K +1.6Q k
Pd = 1.3*(6.47 + 4) + 1.6*3 = 18.41 KN/m2
S-1
m i=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 550
= =1 .467
Lx 375

Support condition 4
αXS = 0.0763--------MXS = αXS* Pd*LX2-------------------MXS = 0.0763*18.41*3.752 = 19.75KNm
αXf = 0..0577--------MXf= αXf* Pd*LX2---------------------MXf = 0.0577*18.41*3.752 = 14.94KNm
αys = 0.0460--------MyS = αyS* Pd*LX2---------------------MyS = 0.0460*18.41*3.752 = 11.91KNm
αyf = 0.0352--------Myf = αyf* Pd*LX2----------------------Myf = 0.0763*18.41*3.752 = 19.75KNm
VX = βVX * Pd *LX and Vy = βVy * Pd *LX
βVXC = 0.528----------VXC = βVXC * Pd * LX----------------VXC = 0.528*18.41*3.75 =36.45KN/m
βVyC = 0.3192----------VyC = βVyC * Pd * LX----------------VyC = 0.3192*18.41*3.75 =22.02KN/m
βVXd = 0.3423----------VXd = βVXd* Pd * LX----------------VXd = 0.3423*18.41*3.75 = 23.61KN/m
βvyd = 0.2543----------Vyd = βVXC * Pd * LX----------------Vyd = 0.2543*18.41*3.75 =17.54KN/m
S-2
mi=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 600
= =1 .091
Lx 550
Support condition 3
αXS = 0.0486--------MXS = αXS* Pd*LX2-------------------MXS = 0.0486*18.41*5.52 = 27.07KNm
αXf = 0.0357--------MXf= αXf* Pd*LX2---------------------MXf = 0.0357*18.41*5.52 = 19.88KNm
αys = 0.0387--------MyS = αyS* Pd*LX2---------------------MyS = 0.0387*18.41*5.52 = 21.55KNm

αyf = 0.0297--------Myf = αyf* Pd*LX2----------------------Myf = 0.0297*18.41*5.52 = 16.54KNm
βVXC = 0.397----------VXC = βVXC * Pd * LX----------------VXC = 0.397*18.41*5.5 = 40.198KN/m
βVyC = 0.2678----------VyC = βVyC * Pd * LX----------------VyC = 0.2678*18.41*5.5 = 27.12KN/m
βVXd = 0.357----------VXd = βVXd* Pd * LX------------------VXd = 0.357*18.41*5.5 = 36.15KN/m
S-3
m i=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 550
= =1.375
Lx 400
Support condition 3
αXS = 0.065--------MXS = αXS* Pd*LX2-------------------- MXS = 0.065*18.41*42 = 19.15KNm
αXf = 0.049--------MXf= αXf* Pd*LX2--------------------- MXf = 0.049*18.41*42 = 14.43KNm
αys = 0.037--------MyS = αyS* Pd*LX2-------------------- MyS = 0.037*18.41*42 = 10.899KNm
αyf = 0.028--------Myf = αyf* Pd*LX2-------------------- -Myf = 0.028*18.41*42 = 8.25KNm
βVXC = 0.45----------VXC = βVXC * Pd * LX----------------VXC = 0.45*18.41*4 = 33.14KN/m
βVyC = 0.36----------VyC = βVyC * Pd * LX---------------- --VyC = 0.36*18.41*4= 26.51KN/m

βVXd = 0.30----------VXd = βVXd* Pd * LX---------------- -VXd = 0.30*18.41*4= 22.09KN/m
S-4
m i=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 550
= =1 .467
Lx 3.75
Support condition 2
αXS = 0.0567--------MXS = αXS* Pd*LX2-------------------- MXS = 0.0567*18.41*3.752 = 14.68KNm
αXf = 0.042--------MXf= αXf* Pd*LX2----------------------- MXf = 0.042*18.41*3.752 = 10.87KNm
αys = 0.0381--------MyS = αyS* Pd*LX2-------------------- MyS = 0.0381*18.41*3.752 = 9.86KNm
αyf = 0.02836--------Myf = αyf* Pd*LX2-------------------- Myf = 0.02836*18.41*3.752 = 7.35KNm
βVXC = 0.459----------VXC = βVXC * Pd * LX----------------VXC = 0.459*18.41*3.75= 31.76KN/m
βVyC = 0.352----------VyC = βVyC * Pd * LX------------------VyC = 0.352*18.41*3.75= 24.30KN/m
βvyd = 0.235----------Vyd = βVXC * Pd * LX-------------------Vyd = 0.235*18.41*3.75= 16.22KN/m
S-5 and S-8

mi=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 600
= =1 .09
Lx 550
Support condition 1
S-6 and S-9

m i=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 550
= =1.38
Lx 400
Support condition 1
α xs =¿ 0.049 ----- mxs =α xs x P d x L2x -------mxs =0.049 x 18.41 x 42 =14.43 KN-m
α xf =0.037 ----- mxf =α xf x Pd x L2x -------mxf =0.037 x 18.41 x 4 2 =10.89 KN-m
S-7
Strip method
Wd= 18.41KN
D=190mm
C-25 & S-300
ds=170mm , dl=160mm

Assumptions:
(1-K1)W= 0.55 * 18.41 = 10.13 KN/m2
Hence mys=1/2 (k1wb2/2)= ½ (8.28 *1.7752)/2 =6.52 KN-m

K2= β=
= 0.45(1-(0.55/2.05)2-2*6.52/18.41*2.052 =0.16
0.55/2.05 (2-0.55/2.05)
Mys = 8.28* 1.52/2 – 2.87*0.55*1.775 = 6.51 KN-m

I.e. 2.87*0.55-8.28(y1-0.55) =0 y1=0.74m
= 0.58KN-m
In strip along A-A:
Load = (1+K2) w = (1+0.16)*18.41= 21.36KN/m2

C2= 0.32m2fcd
Mmax = 8.52 KN-m, fyd= 260.87, fcd=11.33, m= 28.78
0.6∗0.0035∗11.33
C1= 0.0869, C2=3003.04, ρmax = = 0.1898 ¿ ρmin
¿¿
ρmin =0.5/fyk =0.001667
design strip Moment

(KN-m)
X,A-A Mxs 8.52
Mxf 4.26
X,B-B Mxs 7.35
Mxf 3.67
Y Mxs 6.51
Mxf 0.59
S-10

mi=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 650
= =1 .3
Lx 500
Support condition 2
S-11

m i=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 650
= =1 .08
Lx 600
Support condition 1
α xs =¿0.036 ----- mxs =α xs x P d x L2x -------mxs =0.036 x 18.41 x 6 2 =23.86 KN-m
α xf =0.027 ----- mxf =α xf x Pd x L2x -------mxf =0.027 x 18.41 x 62 =17.89 KN-m
S-12

m i=α i x Pd x L2x
L y 650
= =1.63
Lx 400
Support condition 1
α xs =¿ 0.056 ----- mxs =α xs x P d x L2x -------mxs =0.056 x 18.41 x 42 =16.49 KN-m
α xf =0.042----- mxf =α xf x Pd x L2x -------mxf =0.042 x 18.41 x 42 =12.37 KN-m
C-1, C-2, C-3, C-4, C-5, C-6, C-7 and C-8

2.05
M = (18.41 x 2.05 x )
2
M = 38.68 KN-m
V = (18.41 x 2.05)
V = 37.74 KN


Moment Adjustments
Support Moment Adjustment

Ms1= 13.95 & Ms2 = 14.55
ΔM = 14.55-13.95=0.6<20% of Ms2=2.91
Hence, no moment distribution is needed
The design moment is the average of the two
i.e Madjusted= (13.95+14.55)/2=14.25KNm
Panel S-1 & Panel S-4
Ms1= 13.95 & Ms4 = 9.911
ΔM = 13.95-9.911=4.039>20% of Ms1=2.97
Hence, moment distribution is needed
Panel S-1 Panel S-4
K=I/L=0.267 K=I/L=0.267
DF=0.5 DF=0.5
FEM=13.95 FEM=9.911
-2.0195 2.0195
11.93 11.93
Madjusted=11.93KNm
Ms2= 14.55 & Ms3 = 9.148
ΔM = 14.55-9.148=5.402>20% of Ms2=2.91

Panel S-2 Panel S-3
K=I/L=0.167 K=I/L=0.25
DF=0.40 DF=0.5995
FEM=14.55 FEM=9.148
-2.1608 3.238
12.389 12.389
Madjusted=12.389KNm
Ms2.= 14.55 & Ms5 = 14.91
ΔM = 14.91-14.55=0.36<20% of Ms5=2.982
Hence, no moment distribution is needed
i.e Madjusted= (14.55+14.91)/2=14.75KNm
Ms3= 14.458 & Ms6 = 10.739
ΔM = 14.458-10.739=3.719>20% of Ms3=2.89
Panel S-3 Panel S-6
K=I/L=0.25 K=I/L=0.25
DF=0.5 DF=0.5
FEM=-14.458 FEM=10.739
-1.8595 1.8595
12.59 12.59
Madjusted=12.59KNm

Ms4 = 6.66 & Ms5 = 11.919
ΔM = 11.919-6.66= 5.259 >20% of Ms5=2.3838
Panel S-4 Panel S-5
K=I/L=0.267 K=I/L=0.167
DF=0.615 DF=0.3847
FEM=6.66 FEM=-11.919
-3.234 2.023
9.894 9.894
Madjusted=9.894KNm
Ms5= 11.919 & Ms6 = 7.617
ΔM = 11.919-7.617=4.302>20% of Ms5=2.38
Panel S-5 Panel S-6
K=I/L=0.167 K=I/L=0.25
DF=0.4 DF=0.5995
FEM=-11.919 FEM=7.617
-1.7208 2.579
10.198 10.198
Madjusted=10.198KNm
Ms5= 11.919 & Ms8 = 11.934
ΔM = 11.934-11.919=0.015<20% of Ms8=2.386
Hence, no moment distribution is required

The design moment is (11.919+11.934)/2=11.9265KNm
Ms6= 10.739 & Ms9 = 13.285
ΔM = 13.285-10.739=2.546<20% of Ms9=2.657
Ms10= 14.6 & Ms11 = 17.18
ΔM = 17.18-14.6=2.58<20% of Ms11=3.436
Ms8= 11.934 & Ms11 =17.18
ΔM = 17.18-11.934=5.246>20% of Ms11=3.436
Panel S-8 Panel S-11
K=I/L=0.167 K=I/L=0167
DF=0.5 DF=0.5
FEM=-11.934 FEM=17.18
2.623 -2.623
14.557 14.557
Madjusted=14.557
Ms9= 13.285 & Ms12 = 16.05
ΔM = 16.05-13.285=2.765<20% of Ms12=3.21

Ms11= 17.18 & Ms12 =8.67
ΔM = 17.18-8.67=8.51>20% of Ms11=3.436
Panel S-11 Panel S-12
K=I/L=0.167 K=I/L=0.25
DF=0.4 DF=0.5995
FEM=-17.18 FEM=8.67
-3.404 5.1017
13.776 13.776
Madjusted=13.776KNm
A. Span Moment Adjustment
For Panel S-1

ΔM = 23.133-11.93 =11.203m
Ly
=1.467
Lx
CX=0.298
CY=0.0919
MXF=16.89+ (11.203*0.298) =20.228KNm
MYF=13.95+ (11.203*0.0919) =14.98KNm
For Panel S-2
ΔM = 18.274-12.389=5.885
Ly
=1.091
Lx

CX=0.4146
CY=0.3055
MXF=13.42+ (5.885*0.4146) =15.86KNm
MYF=11.167+ (5.885*0.3055) =12.96KNm
For Panel S-3
ΔM = 14.458-12.389=2.069
Ly
=1.375
Lx
CX=0.391
CY=0.3251
MXF=10.739+ (2.069*0.391) =11.548KNm
MYF=6.9608+ (2.069*0.3251) =7.633KNm
For Panel S-4
ΔM = 9.91-9.894=0.016
Ly
=1.487
Lx
CX=0.447
CY=0.092
MXF=7.34+ (0.016*0.447) =7.347KNm
MYF=4.964+ (0.016*0.092) =4.965KNm
For Panel S-5
ΔM = 14.91-9.894=5.016
Ly
=1.091
Lx
CX=0.3114
CY=0.371

MXF=10.415+ (5.016*0.3114) =11.978KNm
MYF=11.919+ (5.016*0.371) =13.78KNm
For Panel S-6
ΔM = 10.739-10.148=0.541
Ly
=1.375
Lx
CX=0.391
CY=0.325
MXF=7.955+ (0.541*0.391) =8.166KNm
MYF=5.668+ (0.541*0.325) =5.84KNm
For Panel S-8
ΔM = 11.934-11.9265=0.00075
Ly
=1.091
Lx
CX=0.353
CY=0.218
MXF=9.67+ (0.0075*0.535) =9.67KNm
MYF=9.67+ (0.0075*0.218) =9.67KNm
For Panel S-9
ΔM = 13.285-12.012=1.273KNm
Ly
=1.375
Lx
CX=0.391
CY=0.3251
MXF=9.944+ (1.273*0.391) =10.44KNm
MYF=5.767+ (1.273*0.3251) =6.18KNm

For Panel S-10
ΔM = 21.44-15.89=5.55KNm
Ly
=1.3
Lx
CX=0.373
CY=0.350
MXF=15.848+ (5.55*0.373) =17.92KNm
MYF=10.876+ (5.55*0.35) =12.82KNm
For Panel S-11
ΔM = 17.18-13.776=3.404KNm
Ly
=1.083
Lx
CX=0.35
CY=0.216
MXF=12.75+ (3.404*0.35) =13.941KNm
MYF=12.75+ (3.404*0.216) =13.48KNm
For Panel S-12
ΔM = 16.05-13.776=2.274KNm
Ly
=1.625
Lx
CX=0.45
CY=0.293
MXF=12.01+ (0.45*2.274) =13.033KNm
MYF=6.65+ (0.293*2.274) =7.316KNm


REINFORCEMENT
Employ the following formula to fill the reinforcement table:
1.25 
 2 * Msd u 

 1  1  2 
m   b * d * fcd 

 Required area of reinforcement bars: As=ρ*b*d

 Required c/c spacing of reinforcements: S=as*b/As as,10 = 78.5mm2 and as,8 = 50.24mm2
REINFORCMENT IN THE X-DIRECTION
Positio Md(KNm) D(mm) ρ As(mm2) Φused as(mm2) Spacing Sp. prov

n (mm) (mm)
S1 20.23 190 0.00359 538.5 10 78.5 145.85 140
S2 15.86 190 0.00279 418.5 10 78.5 187.67 180
S3 11.55 190 0.002 300 8 50.24 167.57 160
S4 7.35 190 0.00167 250.5 8 50.24 200.68 200
S5 11.98 190 0.00209 313.5 8 50.24 160.35 160
S6 8.17 190 0.00167 250.5 8 50.24 200.68 200
1.058 190 0.0167 250.5 8 50.24 200.68 200
S7 4.26 190 0.00167 250.5 8 50.24 200.68 200
S8 9.67 190 0.00168 252.0 8 50.24 199.48 190
S9 10.44 190 0.00182 273 8 50.24 184.48 180
S10 17.92 190 0.00317 475.5 10 78.5 165.17 160
S11 13.94 190 0.00244 366 8 50.24 137.35 130
S12 13.03 190 0.00228 342 8 50.24 146.99 140
REINFORCMENT IN THE Y-DIRECTION
Positio Md(KNm) D(mm ρ As(mm2) φused as(mm2) Spacing Sp. prov

n ) (mm) (mm)
S1 14.98 190 0.00263 394.5 10 78.5 199.09 190
S2 12.96 190 0.00228 342 8 50.24 146.99 140
S3 7.63 190 0.00167 250.5 8 50.24 200.69 200
S4 4.96 190 0.00167 250.5 8 50.24 200.68 200
S5 13.78 190 0.00241 361.5 8 50.24 139.89 130
S6 5.84 190 0.00167 250.5 8 50.24 200.68 200
S7 5.65 190 0.00167 250.5 8 50.24 200.68 200
S8 9.67 190 0.00168 252 8 50.24 199.48 190
S9 6.18 190 0.00167 250.5 8 50.24 200.68 200
S10 12.82 190 0.00224 336 8 50.24 149.6 140
S11 13.48 190 0.00236 354 8 50.24 142 140
S12 7.32 190 0.00167 250.5 8 50.24 200.68 200

2.3.4 Design of Stair
1.2m 2.4m @ 0.3m 1.4m
1.2
1.5m
0.2m
1.5m
Landing 1 Landing 2
5m
Height between the landing …………………………………………………………..........1.83m
Height of each risers ……………………………………………………………………….17cm
Number of riser………………………………………………………………………..……9
Number of treads=riser-1……………………………………………………………………8
Width of treads…………………………………………………………………………….2.40m
Length of the inclined portion…………………………………….……...√ 2.42 +1.832 =3.02m

Depth determination
Span ratio Lv/Lx =5.0/1.50=3.33>2
For simply supported = 2:1, βa=25
Effective depth, limit state design for deflection criteria
d= (0.4 +0.6fyk/400)Le/βa
= (0.4+0.6*300/400)*5000/25
=0.85*5000/25
= 170mm
Using ɸ14 bars & cover of 15mm
D=170+14/2+15=192mm
Use D=200mm
d=200-15-7=178mm
Load on the stair
Ɵ=tan-1(R/T) = tan-1(17/30) = 29.54
A) Slopping portion
i) Dead load
Marble tread = 0.03*1.5*(8*0.3)*27*KN/m3 =2.916KN
Marble riser = 0.03*1.5*(9*0.17)*27KN/m3 =1.859KN
Cement screed = tread + riser = (8*0.3+9*0.17)*0.02*1.5*23KN/m3 =2.712KN
Base mortar plaster = (3.02*0.02*1.5*23)/cos29.54 =2.395KN
Concrete load of RC slab = (3.02*0.2*1.5*25)/cos29.54 =26.03KN
Concrete load of steps= (9*(0.5*0.17*0.3)*1.5*25)/cos29.54=9.89KN
45 .802 KN
Therefore; total dead load =2.916+1.859+2.712+2.395+26.03+9.89 = =20.17KN/m
2.4 m
ii) Live load
qk =3KN/m2, Qk=3*1.5=4.5KN/m

Design load, Pd =1.3Gk + 1.6Qk = 1.3*20.17 + 1.6*4.5 = 33.42KN/m
B) Landing
i) Dead load
Marble tiling = 0.03*1.5*27 = 1.215KN/m
Cement screed = 0.02*1.5*23 = 0.69KN/m
RC slab = 0.20*1.5*25 = 7.5KN/m
Plastering = 0.02*1.5*23 = 0.69KN/m
Total dead load = 10.095KN/m
ii) live load
qk = 3KN/m2, Qk=3KN/m2*1.5m= 4.5kN/m
Design load, Pd = 1.3Gk + 1.6Qk
=1.3*10.095 +1.6*4.5= 20.324KN/m
Analysis of shear force & bending moment
Stair Case Loading
Shear Force Diagram

Moment Diagram
Moment for span Mmax = 93.91KNm (sap result)
Check depth for deflection
d = (M/(0.2952*fcd*b)) 0.5= (93.91*E6/(0.295*11.33*1500)) 0.5
=136.86mm < 178 Ok!
Reinforcement
Longitudinal reinforcement
Mmax= 93.91KNm
ρ min= 0.5/fyk= 0.5/300= 1.67*10-3
Using general design chart no 1
µus = Mds/fcd*bd2= 93.91*E6/ (11.33*1500*1782) = 0.174< 0.295 ok!
Kz = 0.91, Z= Kz*d= 0.91*178 = 161.98
As= Msd/zfyd= 93.91*E6/ (161.98*260.87) = 2222.42mm2
Using ɸ14, Spacing= bas/As= 1500*154/2222.42= 103.94mm
Use ɸ14c/c 100mm
Asmin= 1.67*E-3*1500*178= 445.89mm2
Spacing for Asmin (using ɸ8)
S= 50*1500/445.89= 168.20mm
Use ɸ8 c/c 160mm

Transverse Reinforcement
According to EBCS-2, 1995, Art 7.2.2.2; transverse reinforcement must be provided to account
for shrinkage. The ratio of secondary reinforcement to the main reinforcement shall be at least
equal to 0.2 & the spacing between secondary bars should not exceed 400mm.
As = 0.2*As main
=0.2*2222.42 = 444.48mm2
Using ɸ10, spacing = as*b/As
= (78.5*1500)/444.48 = 264.91mm
Use ɸ10 c/c 260mm

CHAPTER THREE
3. DESIGN OF BEAMS
3.1 DESIGN OF GIRDER FOR THE RIBBED SLAB
DESIGN OF (4th floor) AXIS 3 GIRDER BEAM
Bending Moment Diagram:
Shear Force Diagram:
MOMENT SUMMARY
JOI MOME
NT NT
A -53.12
B -60.01
C -92.16
D -93.82
E -64.12
D= 400 mm b= 250mm
2
(0.85 x f ck ) 3 f ctk
f cd = fcd = 11.33 Mpa f ctk =0.21 x f f ctd=
ck
1.5 1.5

f yd
fyd= 260.87Mpa m= =28.78
0.8∗f cd
Concrete cover -25 mm ……………………………………. (EBCS2-art7.1.3.6)
Reinf. Bar Ф20 , Stirrup diameter Ф 8
From serviceability………………………………………… (EBCS2-1995, art 5.2.3):
 f yk  l e
d  0.4  0.6 * *
 400   a
d = (0.85 x 6500)/28 =170
dprovided =D-cover-Ф/2-stirrup=400-25-20/2 -8=357mm
DESIGN FOR FLEXURAL REINFORCEMNT
In the analysis of a cross section of a beam, which has to resist a small axial load, the effect of
the ultimate axial load may be ignored if the axial load doesn’t exceed 0.1 fck times the cross
section area. [EBCS-2, 1995 Art 4.3.1(2)]
A = 400 * 250 = 100,000mm2
0.1fckA = 0.1 * 20 * 100000 = 200KN
But the axial load in beam is <<200 KN as seen from Etabs model analysis output.
The geometric ratio of reinforcement ρ at any section of a beam where positive reinforcement
required by analysis shall not be less than that given by:
0.6
ρmin = =0 . 002
f yk [EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.2.1.1(1)]
Where: -fyk = 300 Mpa
And also shall not be greater than

ρmax =0. 04 [EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.2.1.1(3)]
For this special case the balanced steel ratio is given by
0.8∗0.0035
0.8 ε cu ∗11.33
260.87
∗f 0.0035+
ε cu +ε yd cd 200000
ρb = = =0.0253
f yd 260.87

However, for ductility purpose the steel ratio is reduced
  max  0.61b = 0.61 * 0.0253 = 0.0154 < 0.04
REINFORCEMENTS AT SUPPORT
At support A
Mmax = 53.12 KN-m,
D = 400 mm
 d = 400 - 43 = 357 mm
d’ = 25 + 20/2 + 8 = 43 mm
Check for adequacy of section
Md
d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗b∗f cd
Where: -Md = 53.12 KN-m fcd = 11.33Mpa b = 250 mm
53.12∗106
d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗250∗11.33
= 252.05 mm < dused=357mm
 The section is singly reinforced.
1 4M
ρ=
2
{
√
C1 − C21− 2
b d C2 }
2.5
C 1= C =0.32∗m 2∗f cd
m 2
m=260.87/(0.8*11.33)=28.78
c1=2.5/28.78=0.087 c2=0.32*28.782*11.33=3,003.04
→ ρ = 0.0069
As=0.0069 * (250*400) = 690 mm2
No. of bars required = 690/314.16 = 2.19

Provide 3 φ20 bars at the top.
At support B
Mmax = 60.1 KN-m,
D = 400 mm
 d = 400 - 43 = 357 mm
d’ = 25 + 20/2 + 8 = 43 mm
Md
d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗b∗f cd
60.1∗106
d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗250∗11.33
= 268.1 mm < dused=357mm
1 4M
ρ=
2
{
√
C1 − C21− 2
b d C2 }
2.5
C 1= C =0.32∗m 2∗f cd
m 2
m=260.87/(0.8*11.33)=28.78
c1=2.5/28.78=0.087 c2=0.32*28.782*11.33=3,003.04
→ ρ = 0.0071
As=0.0071 * (250*400) = 710 mm2
At support C
Mmax = 92.16 KN-m,

D = 400 mm
 d = 400 - 43 = 357 mm
d’ = 25 + 20/2 + 8 = 43 mm
Md
d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗b∗f cd

92.16∗106
d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗250∗11.33
= 331.99 mm < dused=357mm
1 4M
ρ=
2
{
√
C1 − C21− 2
b d C2 }
2.5
C 1= C =0.32∗m 2∗f cd
m 2
m=260.87/(0.8*11.33)=28.78
c1=2.5/28.78=0.087 c2=0.32*28.782*11.33=3,003.04
→ ρ = 0.0079
As=0.0079 * (250*400) = 790 mm2
At support D
Mmax = 93.82 KN-m,
D = 400 mm
 d = 400 - 43 = 357 mm
d’ = 25 + 20/2 + 8 = 43 mm

Md
Check for adequacy of section d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗b∗f cd
93.82∗106
d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗250∗11.33
= 334.97 mm < dused=357mm
1 4M
ρ=
2
{
√
C1 − C21− 2
b d C2 }
2.5
C 1= C =0.32∗m 2∗f cd
m 2
m=260.87/(0.8*11.33)=28.78
c1=2.5/28.78=0.087 c2=0.32*28.782*11.33=3,003.04
→ ρ = 0.0081
As=0.0081 * (250*400) = 810 mm2
At support E
Mmax = 64.12 KN-m,
D = 400 mm
 d = 400 - 43 = 357 mm
d’ = 25 + 20/2 + 8 = 43 mm
Md
d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗b∗f cd

64.12∗106
d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗250∗11.33
= 276.92 mm < dused=357mm
1 4M
ρ=
2
{
√
C1 − C21− 2
b d C2 }
2.5
C 1= C2 =0.32∗m 2∗f cd
m
m=260.87/(0.8*11.33)=28.78
c1=2.5/28.78=0.087 c2=0.32*28.782*11.33=3,003.04
→ ρ = 0.0063
As=0.0063 * (250*400) = 630 mm2
REINFORCEMENTS AT SPAN
When reinforced concrete floor is constructed as a monolithic with the supporting beams and the
slab and the beam are thoroughly tied together by means of stirrups and bent-up bars, a part of
the slab will act with the upper part of the beam to resist longitudinal compression. The resulting
beam cross-section is T-shaped rather than rectangular with the slab forming the beam flange
while part of the beam projecting below the slab forms the web or stem.
T-sections provide a large concrete cross-section area of the flange to resist the compressive
force. Hence, T-sections are very advantageous in supporting large positive bending moment.
Effective flange width
Le
be ≤
{ 5
bw +
c /cbeamspacing
Span AB

When the section is subjected to a positive bending moment and the equivalent compression
stress block lies within the flange, the section may be analyzed as a rectangular section with b=b e
. To check this event, assume rectangular section withb=b e . Compute the steel ration ρ and
evaluate x=ρmd, the NA depth. Compare y=0.8x with hf.
1 4M
ρ=
2
{
√
C1 − C21− 2
b d C2 }
2.5
C 1= C2 =0.32∗m 2∗f cd
m
Check T-beam
M= 30.12 KN-m
Actual width = 2,000mm
b e = min.
bw + Le/5 = 250 + (6100 – 500)/5 = 1,370mm
Take be = 1,370 mm
d= 357 mm
ρ =0.0038
X=39.04 y=31.23 <hf=40mm
The section is rectangular as assumed and the area of steel required may be computed straight.
A s=ρ∗be∗d
A s= 0.0038*1,370*357 = 1858.54 mm2
1858.54
No. of bars required= = 5.91
314.16
Use 6 Ф20 at the bottom

Span BC
stress block lies within the flange, the section may be analyzed as a rectangular section with b=b e
. To check this event, assume rectangular section withb=b e . Compute the steel ration ρ and
evaluate x=ρmd, the NA depth. Compare y=0.8x with hf.
1 4M
ρ=
2
{
√
C1 − C21− 2
b d C2 }
2.5
C 1= C =0.32∗m 2∗f cd
m 2
Check T-beam
M= 12.83 KN-m
b e = min.
bw + Le/5 = 250 + (5500 – 500)/5 = 1,250mm
Take be = 1,250 mm
d= 357 mm
ρ = 0.00157
X=16.13 y=12.9mm <hf=40mm
A s=ρ∗be∗d
A s= 0.00157*1,250*357 = 700.61 mm2
700.61
No. of bars required = = 2.23
314.16

Span CD
Check T-beam
M= 47.48 KN-m
b e = min.
bw + Le/5 = 250 + (5500 – 500)/5 = 1,250mm
Take be = 1,250 mm
d= 357 mm
ρ = 0.0061
X=63.05 y = 50.44 mm >hf=40mm
The section is T opposite to our previous assumption.
Moment sustained by overhanging portion of beam:
Mdf = (be-bw)hffcd(d-0.5hf) = (1.25-0.25)0.04*11.33*(357-0.5*40) = 15.27 KN.m
Asf= Mdf/(fyd(d-0.5h)) = 416.36 mm2
Moment sustained by web portion:
Mdw=Md-Mdf = 47.48-15.27=32.21KN.m
1 4M
ρw =
2
{
√
C1 − C21− 2
b d C2 }
ρw = 0.0059
Asw = ρw*bw*d = 0.0059*250*357 = 526.57 mm2
As = Asf+Asw = 416.36+526.57 = 942.94 mm2

No. of φ20 bars = 942.94/314.16 = 3.00 Provide 3φ20 bars at the bottom.
Span DE
Check T-beam
M= 45.73 KN-m
b e = min. bw + Le/5 = 250 + (5500 – 500)/5 = 1,250mm
Take be = 1,250 mm
d= 357 mm
ρ = 0.0061
X=63.05 y = 50.44 mm >hf=40mm
The section is T opposite to our previous assumption.
Moment sustained by overhanging portion of beam:
Mdf = (be-bw)hffcd(d-0.5hf) = (1.25-0.25)0.04*11.33*(357-0.5*40) = 15.27 KN.m
Asf= Mdf/(fyd(d-0.5h)) = 416.36 mm2
Moment sustained by web portion:
Mdw=Md-Mdf = 45.73-15.27=32.21KN.m
1 4M
ρw =
2
{
√
C1 − C21− 2
b d C2 }
ρw = 0.0059
Asw = ρw*bw*d = 0.0059*250*357 = 526.57 mm2
As = Asf+Asw = 416.36+526.57 = 944.83 mm2
No. of φ20 bars = 944.83/314.16 = 3.06
Provide 3φ20 bars at the bottom.

Summary of reinforcement
Moment As-tension As-compression
Support (KN-m) (mm2) (mm2)
A 53.12 690(3Ф20) -
B 60.1 710 (3Ф20) -
C 92.16 790 (3Ф20) -
D 93.82 810 (3Ф20) -
E 64.12 610 (2Ф20) -
Span
AB 30.12 1858.54(6Ф20) -
BC 12.83 700.61(3Ф20) -
CD 47.48 942.94 (3Ф20) -
DE 45.73 944.83 (3Ф20) -
Design of Rib Girder for shear
Generally, shear reinforcement in beams are in the form of vertical stirrups spaced at varying
intervals along the axis of the beam which depends on the sheer force requirements. The stirrups
are usually small diameter bars commonly ф6 and ф8 formed to fit around the main longitudinal
rebar. On the other hand shear reinforcement may be provided by bending up a part of
longitudinal steel where it is no longer needed to resist flexural tension.
Stirrups are used in RC beams for the following reasons:
 Part of the sheer force is resisted
 Restrict growth of diagonal cracks and reduce their penetration into compression zone by
improving aggregate interlock in concrete and dowel action of the main steel
 Tie the longitudinal reinforcement
 Maintain the integrity of the concrete compression zone
 Improve member ductility by restraining the growth of inclined cracks; provide warning
of impending failure

Spacing of stirrups
Critical section for shear is assessed at a distance d from the face of the support and sections
closer than d shall be designed for the shear at d distance from the face of support.
1. Only nominal web reinforcement
V c =0.25∗f ctd∗k 2∗k 1∗b w∗d
K2=1.6 – d ≥ 1 (d in meter)
K1 = (1 + 50ρ)
As
ρ= As is area of tensile reinforcement well anchored
bw d
When VD<VC, the section is adequate and provides nominal web reinforcement, given by:
0.4
ρw , min = This will result in a spacing of:
f yk
av f yk d
Smax = ≤ {
0.4 b 800 mm
av f yk 2∗50.265∗300
Smax = = =¿301.6mm, using Ф8 stirrup
0.4 b 0.4∗250
Take Smax =300 mm
2. Limiting value of ultimate shear force:
In order to prevent diagonal compression failure in the concrete, the shear resistance of a section
VRD shall not be less than the applied shear force where,
VRD = 0.25*fcd*bw*d
= 0.25 x 11.33 x 250 x 357 = 252.875 KN > VCRITICAL
3. Shear reinforcement
VRD> VD > VC

2
0.5 d ≤300 mm when V d ≤ V RD (¿ 178.5)
{
3
Smaz ≤ 0.3 d ≤ 200 mm whenV d > 2 V RD (¿ 107.1)
3
av d f yd
V d −V c
Cantilever Girder at A
Values of design shear from Etabs output at d distance from face of support:
0.5
Critical left: d=( ) + (0.357) =0.607 & V sd =31.15 KN
2
VRD = 0.25*fcd*bw*d
= 0.25 x 11.33 x 250 x 357 = 252.875 KN > VCRITICAL
V c =0.25∗f ctd∗k 2∗k 1∗b w∗d
f ctk 1.55
f ctd = = = 1.03 Mpa
❑c 1.5
d =357 mm
K2=1.6 – d ≥ 1 (d in meter) = 1.6 -0.357 = 1.243 >1 → K1 = 1.243
As 5∗π∗102
ρ= = = 0.0176 ≤ 0.02
bw d 250∗357
K1 = (1 + 50ρ) = (1 + 50*0.0176) =1.88
V c =0.25∗1.03∗1.243∗1.88∗250∗357=53.784 KN
V sd < V c , Provide minimum reinforcement.
av f yk d 2∗50.265∗300 357 mm
Smax = {≤ S =
0.4 b 800 mm max 0.4∗250
≤
800 mm {
Take Smax = 300 mm
Span AB
Values of design shear from Etabs model analysis output at d distance from face of support:

0.5
Critical left: d=( ) + (0.357) =0.607 & V sd =53.01 KN
2
VRD = 0.25*fcd*bw*d
= 0.25 x 11.33 x 250 x 357 = 252.875 KN > VCRITICAL
V c =0.25∗f ctd∗k 2∗k 1∗b w∗d
f ctk 1.55
f ctd = = = 1.03 Mpa
❑c 1.5
d =357 mm
K2=1.6 – d ≥ 1 (d in meter) = 1.6 -0.357 = 1.243 >1 → K1 = 1.243
As 6∗π∗102
ρ= = = 0.0211 ≥ 0.02
bw d 250∗357
K1 = (1 + 50ρ) = (1 + 50*0.02) =2
V c =0.25∗1.03∗1.243∗2∗250∗357 =57.133 KN KN
V RD >V d >V c
2
0.5 d ≤ 300 mm whenV d ≤ V RD (¿ 178.5)
{
3
Smax ≤ 0.3 d ≤200 mm whenV d > 2 V RD (¿107.1)
3
av d f yd
V d−V c
av d f yd 2∗π∗4 2∗357∗260.87
Smax = = =259.14
V d −V c 93.262−57.133
2
V d ≤ V RD =168.58
3
Smax =0.5 d=178.5
Use ∅ 8 c /c 170 mm for 2.17m from the support
Critical right:
V sd =51.0 KN

VRD = 0.25*fcd*bw*d
= 0.25 x 11.33 x 250 x 357 = 252.875 KN > VCRITICAL
V c =0.25∗f ctd∗k 2∗k 1∗b w∗d
f ctk 1.55
f ctd = = = 1.03 Mpa
❑c 1.5
d =357 mm
K2=1.6 – d ≥ 1 (d in meter) = 1.6 -0.357 = 1.243 >1 → K1 = 1.243
As 6∗π∗102
ρ= = = 0.0211 ≥ 0.02
bw d 250∗357
K1 = (1 + 50ρ) = (1 + 50*0.02) =2
V c =0.25∗1.03∗1.243∗2∗250∗357 =57.133 KN
Vsd <V c , Provide minimum reinforcement.
Take Smax = 300 mm
Critical right: Provide minimum reinforcement, Take Smax = 300 mm
Span BC
Vsd <V c
Critical left: Provide minimum reinforcement, Take Smax = 300 mm
Critical right: Provide minimum reinforcement, Take Smax = 300 mm
Span CD
0.5
Critical left: d=( ) + (0.357) =0.607 &
2
V sd =101.14 KN
VRD = 0.25*fcd*bw*d
= 0.25 x 11.33 x 250 x 357 = 252.875 KN > VCRITICAL
V c =0.25∗f ctd∗k 2∗k 1∗b w∗d

f ctk 1.55
f ctd = = = 1.03 Mpa
❑c 1.5
d =357 mm
K2=1.6 – d ≥ 1 (d in meter) = 1.6 -0.357 = 1.243 >1 → K1 = 1.243
As 6∗π∗102
ρ= = = 0.0211 ≥ 0.02
bw d 250∗357
K1 = (1 + 50ρ) = (1 + 50*0.02) =2
V c =0.25∗1.03∗1.243∗2∗250∗357 =57.133 KN KN
V RD >V d >V c
2
0.5 d ≤ 300 mm whenV d ≤ V RD (¿ 178.5)
{
3
2
Smax ≤ 0.3 d ≤200 mm whenV d > V RD (¿107.1)
3
av d f yd
V d−V c
av d f yd 2∗π∗4 2∗357∗260.87
Smax = = =212.64 mm
V d −V c 101.14−57.133
2
V d ≤ V RD =168.58
3
Smax =0.5 d=178.5
Use ∅ 8 c /c 170 mmfor 1.83m from the support
Critical right:
V sd =101.86 KN
VRD = 0.25*fcd*bw*d
= 0.25 x 11.33 x 250 x 357 = 252.875 KN > VCRITICAL
V c =0.25∗f ctd∗k 2∗k 1∗b w∗d
f ctk 1.55
f ctd = = = 1.03 Mpa
❑c 1.5

d =357 mm
K2=1.6 – d ≥ 1 (d in meter) = 1.6 -0.357 = 1.243 >1 → K1 = 1.243
As 6∗π∗102
ρ= = = 0.0211 ≥ 0.02
bw d 250∗357
K1 = (1 + 50ρ) = (1 + 50*0.02) =2
V c =0.25∗1.03∗1.243∗2∗250∗357 =57.133 KN
V RD >V d >V c
2
0.5 d ≤300 mm when V d ≤ V RD (¿ 178.5)
{
3
3
av d f yd
V d −V c
av d f yd 2∗π∗4 2∗357∗260.87
Smax = = =207.34
V d −V c 102289−57.133
2
V d ≤ V RD =168.58
3
Smaz =0.5 d=178.5
Span DE
0.5
Critical left: d=( ) + (0.357) =0.607 &
2
V sd =92.45 KN
VRD = 0.25*fcd*bw*d
= 0.25 x 11.33 x 250 x 357 = 252.875 KN > VCRITICAL
V c =0.25∗f ctd∗k 2∗k 1∗b w∗d

f ctk 1.55
f ctd = = = 1.03 Mpa
❑c 1.5
d =357 mm
K2=1.6 – d ≥ 1 (d in meter) = 1.6 -0.357 = 1.243 >1 → K1 = 1.243
As 6∗π∗102
ρ= = = 0.0211 ≥ 0.02
bw d 250∗357
K1 = (1 + 50ρ) = (1 + 50*0.02) =2
V c =0.25∗1.03∗1.243∗2∗250∗357 =57.133 KN KN
V RD >V d >V c
2
0.5 d ≤ 300 mm whenV d ≤ V RD (¿ 178.5)
{
3
2
Smax ≤ 0.3 d ≤200 mm whenV d > V RD (¿107.1)
3
av d f yd
V d−V c
av d f yd 2∗π∗4 2∗357∗260.87
Smax = = =212.64 mm
V d −V c 101.14−57.133
2
V d ≤ V RD =168.58
3
Smax =0.5 d=178.5
Critical right:
V sd =101.86 KN
VRD = 0.25*fcd*bw*d
= 0.25 x 11.33 x 250 x 357 = 252.875 KN > VCRITICAL
V c =0.25∗f ctd∗k 2∗k 1∗b w∗d
f ctk 1.55
f ctd = = = 1.03 Mpa
❑c 1.5

d =357 mm
K2=1.6 – d ≥ 1 (d in meter) = 1.6 -0.357 = 1.243 >1 → K1 = 1.243
As 6∗π∗102
ρ= = = 0.0211 ≥ 0.02
bw d 250∗357
K1 = (1 + 50ρ) = (1 + 50*0.02) =2
V c =0.25∗1.03∗1.243∗2∗250∗357 =57.133 KN
V RD >V d >V c
2
0.5 d ≤300 mm when V d ≤ V RD (¿ 178.5)
{
3
3
av d f yd
V d −V c
av d f yd 2∗π∗4 2∗357∗260.87
Smax = = =264.96 mm
V d −V c 92.45−57.133
2
V d ≤ V RD =168.58KN Smax =0.5 d=178.5
3
Summary of stirrups
span Interval(m) stirrup Interval(m) stirrup
AB 0 – 2.17& 4.33 – 6.5 Ф 8 C/C170 2.17-4.33 Ф 8C/C300
BC 0 – 1.83& 3.67 – 5.5 Ф 8 C/C300 1.83-3.67 Ф 8C/C300
CD 0 – 1.83& 3.67 – 5.5 Ф 8 C/C170 1.83-3.67 Ф 8C/C300
DE 0 – 1.83& 3.67 – 5.5 Ф 8 C/C170 1.83-3.67 Ф 8C/C300
3.2 BEAM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR SOLID SLAB
A. Beam analysis and design for flexure

Beams are designed primarily flexural. Furthermore it is essential to check and design the beam
sections for torsion and shear. But in our analysis output the torsion is very small (insignificant);
so no need of to check for torsion effect. In our case beams are grouped after the design of
reinforcement using Excel following the following procedure;
Design information;
Material data; Concrete C-25, Steel S-300, class-I works
Design constants; fcd=11.33 Mpa , fyd=260.87
Preliminary section;
For beam=250 mmX 400 mm,
1. Check Depth required for deflection
0.6 fyk
{
d ≥ 0.4 +
400 }( )
∗ ¿
βa
EBCS 2 eqn(5.3)
ßa=28(interior span)∧ßa=24 (exterior beams) , fyk=300 Mpa
Looking the worst condition which is on an exterior beam having length (Le = 6500mm).
0.6∗300
d≥
( 0.4+
400 )
∗6500
=230.2 mm<400 mm−d ’
24
¿ 230.2 mm<400−43=357 mm………………....Ok!!
2. Design for flexure
In the analysis of a cross section of a beam, which has to resist a small axial load, the effect of
the ultimate axial load in beam is may be ignored if the axial load doesn’t exceed 0.1f ck times the
cross section area. [EBCS-2, 1995 Art 4.3.1(2)]
A = 250 * 400 = 100,000mm
0.1fckA = 0.1 * 20 * 100000 = 200KN
But the axial load<<200 KN as seen from e-tabs output
The geometric ratio of reinforcement ρ at any section of a beam where positive reinforcement
required by analysis shall not be less than that given by:
0.6
Ρmin= =0.002 [EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.2.1.1(1)]
fyk

Where :−f yk =300 Mpa
And also shall not be greater than ρmax=0.04 [EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.2.1.1(3)]
For this special case the balanced steel ratio is given by
0.8∗0.0035
0.8 ε cu ∗11.33
260.87
∗f 0.0035+ However, for ductility purpose the steel
ε cu +ε yd cd 200000
ρb = = =0.0253
f yd 260.87
ratio is reduced
ρmax=0.61∗ρb=0.61∗0.0253=0.0154< 0.04 … … OK ! ! !
We selected beam for solid slab 0f seconde floor (Axis-4 along axis Y & Axis-E Along X-
Axis)
Axis-4 along axis Y
Axis-E Along X-Axis
At support 4E & 4F
M max=156.18 KN −m,
D=400 mm d=400−45=355 mm
24
d ’=25+ +8=45 mm
2

Md
d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗b∗f cd
156.18∗106
Where :−M d=156.18 KN −m , f cd=11.33 Mpa , b=3000 mm d req ' d=
¿ 394.5 mm>d used=355

√ 0.2952∗300∗11.33
 The section should be doubly reinforced i.e. compression reinforcement is needed
The section capacity corresponding to single reinforcement
M sds∗¿=0.2952∗fcd∗b∗d 2
¿
M sds∗¿=0.2952∗300∗355 ∗11.33∗10 =126.45 KN −m ¿

2 6
Tensile reinforcement:
Msds∗¿ Msds∗¿ ( 156.18−126.45 )∗106 126.45∗106

A s1 =Msds− + = + =2053.33 mm 2 ¿ ¿
( d−d 2 )∗fyd z∗fyd ( 355−45 )∗260.87 0.81∗355∗260.87
Areaof single reinforcement diam . 24 ¯¿ 452.39 mm 2
2053.33
Total no. of bars required= =4.5
452.39
Use 5 Ф24 at the top
Compression reinforcement:
Msds∗¿ 126.45∗1 06
A s 2=Msds− = ¿
( d−d 2 )∗σyd ( 355−45)∗σyd
Msds−Msds∗¿ 29.73 µsds=0.08 ϵ s 2=0.005> ε yd =0.001304
Hence the compression reinforcement yields:
Msds∗¿ ( 156.18−126.45 )∗1 06

Thus: A s 2=Msds− = =367.63 mm 2¿
( d−d 2 )∗fyd (355−45)∗260.87
Since A s 2=367.63 mm 2
At support 4D
M max=113.02 KN −m,

D=400 mm
d=400−45=355 mm
24
d ’=25+ +8=45 mm
2
Md
d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗b∗f cd
Where :−M d=113.02 KN −m , f cd=11.33 Mpa ,b=300 mm
113.02∗106
d req ' d=
√
0.2952∗300∗11.33
¿ 335.6 mm<d used=355
 The section should be singly reinforced i.e. compression reinforcement is not needed.
The section capacity of singly reinforcement
M max=113.02 KN −m,
D=400 mm
d=400−45=355 mm
24
d ’=25+ +8=45 mm
2
Md
d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗b∗f cd
113.02∗106
Where :−M d=113.02 KN −m , f cd=11.33 Mpa ,b=300 mm d req ' d=
¿ 335 mm<d used=355

√ 0.2952∗300∗11.33
 The section should be singlly reinforced i.e. compression reinforcement is not needed
The section capacity of single reinforcement
1 4M
ρ= {C − C21− 2
2 1 √
b d C2 }
2.5
C 1= C2 =0.32∗m 2∗f cd
m
C 2=.32∗28.78∗28.78∗11.33=3003.04
C 1=2.5/28.78=.0868
1 4∗113.02
ρ= {.0868 − .08682❑ −
2 √300∗400∗400∗3003.04 }
=9*10-9<< ρmin=0.02
Therefor we take ρmin
As= ρbd=.02∗300∗400=2400 m m2
2400
452.39
Use 6Ф24 at the bottom
At support 4C
M max=115.89 KN −m
D=400 mm
d=400−43=355 mm
24
d ’=25+ +8=45 mm
2
Md
d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗b∗f cd
Where :−M d=115.89 KN −m , f cd=11.33 Mpa , b=300 mm
115.89∗10 6
d req ' d=
√
0.2952∗300∗11.33
¿ 339.85 mm<d used=355
M max=115.89 KN −m,

D=400 mm
d=400−45=355 mm
24
d ’=25+ +8=45 mm
2
Md
d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗b∗f cd
115.89∗10 6
¿ 339 mm<d used=355

√ 0.2952∗300∗11.33
1 4M
ρ=
2
{
√
C1 − C21− 2
b d C2 }
2.5
C 1= C2 =0.32∗m 2∗f cd
m
C 2=.32∗28.78∗28.78∗11.33=3003.04
C 1=2.5/28.78=.0868
1 4∗115.89
ρ= {.0868 − .08682❑ −
2 √
300∗400∗400∗3003.04 }
=9*10-9<< ρmin=0.02
Therefor we take ρmin
As= ρbd=.02∗300∗400=2400 m m2
2400
452.39
At support 4A & 4B

M max=182.58 KN −m ,
D=400 mm
d=400−45=355 mm
24
d ’=25+ +8=45 mm
2
Md
d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗b∗f cd
Where :−M d=182.58 KN −m , f cd=11.33 Mpa , b=300 mm
182.58∗106
d req ' d=
√
0.2952∗300∗11.33
¿ 426.57 mm< d used =355
 The section should be doublly reinforced i.e. compression reinforcement is needed
The section capacity corresponding to doublly reinforcement
M sds∗¿=0.2952∗fcd∗b∗d 2
¿
M sds∗¿=0.2952∗300∗355 ∗11.33∗10 =126.45 KN −m ¿

2 6
Msds∗¿ Msds∗¿ ( 182.58−126.45 )∗106 126.45∗106

A s=Msds− + = + =2379.77 m m2 ¿ ¿
( d−d 2 )∗fyd z∗fyd ( 355−45 )∗260.87 0.81∗355∗260.87
Area of single reinforcement dia. 24 ¯¿ 452.39 m m 2
2379.77
Total no. of bars required¿ =5.26
452.39
Msds∗¿ 126.45∗1 06
A s 2=Msds− = ¿
( d−d 2 )∗σyd ( 355−45)∗σyd

Msds∗¿ ( 182.58−126.45 )∗1 06

Thus: A s 2=Msds− = =694.08 mm 2¿
( d−d 2 )∗fyd (355−45)∗260.87
Since A s 2=694.08 m m2
At support E2
M max=58.39 KN −m,
D=400 mm
d=400−45=355 mm
24
d ’=25+ +8=45 mm
2
Md
d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗b∗f cd
62.46∗106
¿ 249.5 mm<d used=355

√ 0.2952∗300∗11.33
1 4M
ρ=
2
{
√
C1 − C21− 2
b d C2 }
2.5
C 1= C =0.32∗m 2∗f cd
m 2
C 2=.32∗28.78∗28.78∗11.33=3003.04
C 1=2.5/28.78=.0868
1 4∗62.46
ρ= {.0868 − .08682❑ −
2 √
300∗400∗400∗3003.04 }
=4*10-9<< ρmin=0.02

Therefore we take ρmin
As= ρbd=.02∗300∗400=2400 m m2
2400
452.39
At support E4 & 5
M max=160.4 KN −m,
D=400 mm
d=400−45=355 mm
24
d ’=25+ +8=45 mm
2
Md
d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗b∗f cd
160.4∗106
¿ 399.82 mm>d used=355

√ 0.2952∗300∗11.33
 The section should be Doublly reinforced i.e. compression reinforcement is needed
The section capacity corresponding to singlly reinforcement
M sds∗¿=0.2952∗fcd∗b∗d 2
¿
M sds∗¿=0.2952∗300∗355 ∗11.33∗10 =126.45 KN −m ¿

2 6
Msds∗¿ Msds∗¿ ( 160.4−126.45 )∗106 126.45∗106

A s1 =Msds− + = + =2105.5 mm2 ¿ ¿
( d−d 2 )∗fyd z∗fyd ( 355−45 )∗260.87 0.81∗355∗260.87
Areaof single reinforcement diam . 24 ¯¿ 452.39 mm2
2105.5
452.39

Msds∗¿ 126.45∗1 06
A s 2=Msds− = ¿
( d−d 2 )∗σyd ( 355−45)∗σyd
Msds∗¿ ( 160.4−126.45 )∗1 06

Thus: A s 2=Msds− = =419.8 mm2 ¿
( d−d 2 )∗fyd (355−45)∗260.87
Since A s 2=419.8m m2
At support E6
M max=62.46 KN −m,
D=400 mm
d=400−45=355 mm
24
d ’=25+ +8=45 mm
2
Md
d req ' d=
√ 0.2952∗b∗f cd
62.46∗106
¿ 249.5 mm<d used=355

√ 0.2952∗300∗11.33
1 4M
ρ= {C − C21− 2
2 1 √
b d C2 }
2.5
C 1= C2 =0.32∗m 2∗f cd
m
C 2=.32∗28.78∗28.78∗11.33=3003.04
C 1=2.5/28.78=.0868
1 4∗62.46
2 √
ρ= {.0868 − .08682❑ −
300∗400∗400∗3003.04 }
=4*10-9<< ρmin=0.02
Therefore we take ρmin
As= ρbd=.02∗300∗400=2400 m m2
2400
Total no. of bars required= =5.3 Use 6Ф24 at the bottom
452.39
REINFORCEMENTS AT SPAN
When reinforced concrete floor is constructed as a monolithic with the supporting beams and the
slab and the beam are thoroughly tied together by means of stirrups and bent-up bars, a part of
the slab will act with the upper part of the beam to resist longitudinal compression. The resulting
beam cross-section is T-shaped rather than rectangular with the slab forming the beam flange
while part of the beam projecting below the slab forms the web or stem.
T-sections provide a large concrete cross-section area of the flange to resist the compressive
force. Hence, T-sections are very advantageous in supporting large positive bending moment.
Effective flange width
Le
{
be ≤ bw +
5
c /c beam spacing
Span (4-EF)
stress block lies within the flange, the section may be analyzed as rectangular section with b=b e.
To check this event, assume rectangular section withb=b e .
Check T-beam
Msd=117.17 KN −m

6500
be ≤
{
300+
5
6500
=1600
b e =1600 mm
d=4000 mm
117.17∗106
µsds= =0.05294 Kx=.11 Kz=0.97
11.33∗1550∗3552
X =d∗Kx=4000∗.11=440< h f
Msd∗106 117.17∗106
A s= = =
Kz∗d∗fyd 0.97∗355∗260.87
A s=1304.34 m m2
1304.34
No. of bars required¿ =4.15
314.16
Span (DE) since this span is identical with the previous one everything will be the same.
Check T-beam
Msd=71.87 KN −m
b e =1400 mm
d=4000 mm
71.87∗106
µsds= =0.0324 Kx=0.087 Kz=0.97
11.33∗1550∗3552
X =d∗Kx=348< h f

Msd∗106 71.87∗10 6
A s= = =
Kz∗d∗fyd 0.97∗355∗260.87
A s=800.06 m2
800.06
314.16
Span (CD) since this span is identical with the previous one everything will be the same.
Check T-beam
Msd=73.28 KN −m
b e =1400 mm
d=4000 mm
73.28∗106
µsds= =0.0331 Kx=0.076 Kz=0.97
11.33∗1550∗3552
X =d∗Kx=304 <h f
Msd∗106 73.28∗106
A s= = =
Kz∗d∗fyd 0.97∗355∗260.87
A s=815.75 mm 2
815.75
314.16
Span (BC) since this span is identical with the previous one everything will be the same.

Check T-beam
Msd=83.33 KN −m
b e =1400 mm
d=4000 mm
83.33∗106
µsds= =0.03765 Kx=0.09 Kz=0.97
11.33∗1550∗3552
X =d∗Kx=360< h f
Msd∗106 83.33∗10 6
A s= = =
Kz∗d∗fyd 0.97∗355∗260.87
A s=927,63 m m2
927.63
314.16
Span (AB) since this span is identical with the previous one everything will be the same.
To check this event, assume rectangular section withb=b e.
Check T-beam
Msd=130.86 KN −m
b e =1600 mm
d=4000 mm
130.86∗106
µsds= =0.0591 Kx=0.19 Kz=0.97
11.33∗1550∗3552
X =d∗Kx=760< h f

Msd∗106 83.33∗10 6
A s= = =
Kz∗d∗fyd 0.97∗355∗260.87
A s=927,63 m m2
927.63
314.16
Span (E-24) since this span is identical with the previous one everything will be the same.
Check T-beam
Msd=39.23 KN −m
b e =920 mm
d=4000 mm
39.23∗106
µsds= =0.0177 Kx=0.075 Kz=0.97
11.33∗1550∗3552
X =d∗Kx=300< h f
Msd∗106 39.23∗106
A s= = =
Kz∗d∗fyd 0.97∗355∗260.87
A s=436.71 m m2
436.71
314.16

Check T-beam
Msd=115.68 KN −m
b e =1390 mm
d=4000 mm
115.68∗106
µsds= =0.05226 Kx=0.11 Kz=0.96
11.33∗1550∗3552
X =d∗Kx=440<h f
Msd∗106 115.68∗106
A s= = =
Kz∗d∗fyd 0.96∗355∗260.87
A s=1301.17 mm2
1301.17
314.16
Check T-beam
Msd=43.59 KN −m
b e =1100 mm
d=4000 mm
43.59∗106
µsds= =0.0197 Kx=0.067 Kz=0.96
11.33∗1550∗3552
X =d∗Kx=268< h f

Msd∗106 43.59∗10 6
A s= = =
Kz∗d∗fyd 0.96∗355∗260.87
A s=490.3 m m2
490.3
314.16
B) DESIGN FOR SHEAR
Generally, shear reinforcement in beams are in the form of vertical stirrups spaced at varying
intervals along the axis of the beam which depends on the sheer force requirements. The stirrups
are usually small diameter bars commonly ф6 and ф8 formed to fit around the main longitudinal
rebar. On the other hand shear reinforcement may be provided by bending up a part of
longitudinal steel where it is no longer needed to resist flexural tension.
Stirrups are used in RC beams for the following reasons:
 Part of the sheer force is resisted

 Restrict growth of diagonal cracks and reduce their penetration into compression zone by
improving aggregate interlock in concrete and dowel action of the main steel
 Tie the longitudinal reinforcement
 Maintain the integrity of the concrete compression zone
 Improve member ductility by restraining the growth of inclined cracks; provide warning
of impending failure
Spacing of stirrups
Critical section for shear is assessed at a distance ”d” from the face of the support and sections
closer than “d” shall be designed for the shear at “d” distance from the face of support.
1. Only nominal web reinforcement
V c =0.25∗f ctd∗k 2∗k 1∗b w∗d EBCS 2 eqn(4.29)
K 2=1.6 – d ≥ 1(d ∈meter )
K 1=( 1+50 ρ )
As
ρ= As is area of tensile reinforcement well anchored
bw d
When Vs D<V C , the section is adequate and provides nominal web reinforcement, given by:

0.4
ρw , min = EBCS 2 eqn(7.13)
f yk
This will result in a spacing of:
av f yk d
Smax = ≤ {
0.4 b 800 mm
av f yk 2∗50.265∗300
Smax = = =251.325 mmuse Ф8 stirrup
0.4 b 0.4∗300
Take S max=260 mm
2. Limiting value of ultimate shear force:
In order to prevent diagonal compression failure in the concrete, the shear resistance of a section
VRD shall not be less than the applied shear force where,
V RD=0.25∗f cd∗b w∗d EBCS 2 eqn(4.28)
¿ 0.25 x 11.33 x 300 x 355=301.66 KN >V CRITICAL
3. Shear reinforcement
V RD>Vs D>V C
2
0.5 d ≤300 mm when Vsd ≤ V RD (¿ 201.11)
{
3
Smaz ≤ 0.3 d ≤ 200 mm when V sd > 2 V RD (¿ 201.11) EBCS eqn(7.14,7.15)
3
av d f yd
V d −V c
Span 4-EF
Values of design shear from Etabs output at d distance from face of support :
Critical left: d= ( 0.62 )+( 0.355)=0.655&

Vsd (0.655)=129.58 KN
V RD=0.25∗f cd∗b w∗d
¿ 0.25 x 11.33 x 300 x 355=301.66 KN >V CRITICAL

V c =0.25∗f ctd∗k 2∗k 1∗b w∗d
f ctk 1.55
f ctd= = =1.03 Mpa
❑c 1.5
d=355 mm
K2=1.6 – d ≥ 1 ( d ∈meter )=1.6−0.355=1.245> 1→ K 1=1.737
A s 5∗π∗102
ρ= = =0.0147 ≤ 0.02
b w d 300∗355
K 1=( 1+50 ρ )=( 1+50∗0.0147 ) =1.737
V c =0.25∗1.03∗1.737∗1.245∗300∗355=59.3056 KN
V RD >V sd >V c
2
0.5 d ≤300 mm when V sd ≤ V RD (¿ 201.107)
{
3
Smaz ≤ 0.3 d ≤ 200 mm whenV sd > 2 V RD (¿ 201.107)
3
a v d f yd
V sd −V c
av d f yd 2∗π∗4 2∗355∗260.87
Smax =¿ = =132.48mm
V d −V c 129.58−59.3056
2∗V RD
Vsd ≤ =201.107
3
Smax =0.5 d=177.5
Use ∅ 8 c /c 90 mm
Span 4-DE
Critical left: d= ( 0.62 )+( 0.355)=0.655& Vs d ( 0.655 )

=97.23
¿ 0.25 x 11.33 x 300 x 355=301.66 KN >V CRITICAL

V c =0.25∗f ctd∗k 2∗k 1∗b w∗d
f ctk 1.55
f ctd= = =1.03 Mpa
❑c 1.5
d=355 mm
K2=1.6 – d ≥ 1 ( d ∈meter )=1.6−0.355=1.245> 1→ K 1=1.737
A s 5∗π∗102
ρ= = =0.0147 ≤ 0.02
b w d 300∗355
K 1=( 1+50 ρ )=( 1+50∗0.0147 ) =1.737
V c =0.25∗1.03∗1.737∗1.245∗300∗355=59.3056 KN
V RD >V sd >V c
2
0.5 d ≤300 mm when V sd ≤ V RD (¿ 201.107)
{
3
3
a v d f yd
V sd −V c
av d f yd 2∗π∗4 2∗355∗260.87
Smax =¿ = =245.5mm
V d −V c 97.23−59.3056
2∗V RD
Vsd ≤ =201.107
3
Smax =0.5 d=177.5
Use ∅ 8 c /c 90 mm
Span 4-CD

=93.77
¿ 0.25 x 11.33 x 300 x 355=301.66 KN >V CRITICAL

V c =0.25∗f ctd∗k 2∗k 1∗b w∗d
f ctk 1.55
f ctd= = =1.03 Mpa
❑c 1.5
d=355 mm
K2=1.6 – d ≥ 1 ( d ∈meter )=1.6−0.355=1.245> 1→ K 1=1.737
A s 5∗π∗102
ρ= = =0.0147 ≤ 0.02
b w d 300∗355
K 1=( 1+50 ρ )=( 1+50∗0.0147 ) =1.737
V c =0.25∗1.03∗1.737∗1.245∗300∗355=59.3056 KN
V RD >V sd >V c
2
0.5 d ≤300 mm when V sd ≤ V RD (¿ 201.107)
{
3
3
a v d f yd
V sd −V c
av d f yd 2∗π∗4 2∗355∗260.87
Smax =¿ = =270.13mm
V d −V c 93.77−59.3056
2∗V RD
Vsd ≤ =201.107
3
Smax =0.5 d=177.5
Use ∅ 8 c /c 90 mm
Span 4-AB

=143.99
¿ 0.25 x 11.33 x 300 x 355=301.66 KN >V CRITICAL

V c =0.25∗f ctd∗k 2∗k 1∗b w∗d
f ctk 1.55
f ctd= = =1.03 Mpa
❑c 1.5
d=355 mm
K2=1.6 – d ≥ 1 ( d ∈meter )=1.6−0.355=1.245> 1→ K 1=1.737
A s 5∗π∗102
ρ= = =0.0147 ≤ 0.02
b w d 300∗355
K 1=( 1+50 ρ )=( 1+50∗0.0147 ) =1.737
V c =0.25∗1.03∗1.737∗1.245∗300∗355=59.3056 KN
V RD >V sd >V c
2
0.5 d ≤300 mm when V sd ≤ V RD (¿ 201.107)
{
3
3
a v d f yd
V sd −V c
av d f yd 2∗π∗4 2∗355∗260.87
Smax =¿ = =109.94mm
V d −V c 143.99−59.3056
2∗V RD
Vsd ≤ =201.107
3
Smax =0.5 d=177.5
Use ∅ 8 c /c 90 mm
Span 4-BC
Critical left: d= ( 0.62 )+( 0.355)=0.655 & Vs d ( 0.655 )

=112.68
¿ 0.25 x 11.33 x 300 x 355=301.66 KN >V CRITICAL

V c =0.25∗f ctd∗k 2∗k 1∗b w∗d
f ctk 1.55
f ctd= = =1.03 Mpa
❑c 1.5
d=355 mm
K2=1.6 – d ≥ 1 ( d ∈meter )=1.6−0.355=1.245> 1→ K 1=1.737
A s 5∗π∗102
ρ= = =0.0147 ≤ 0.02
b w d 300∗355
K 1=( 1+50 ρ )=( 1+50∗0.0147 ) =1.737
V c =0.25∗1.03∗1.737∗1.245∗300∗355=59.3056 KN
V RD >V sd >V c
2
0.5 d ≤300 mm when V sd ≤ V RD (¿ 201.107)
{
3
3
a v d f yd
V sd −V c
av d f yd 2∗π∗4 2∗355∗260.87
Smax =¿ = =174.43mm
V d −V c 112.68−59.3056
2∗V RD
Vsd ≤ =201.107
3
Smax =0.5 d=177.5
Use ∅ 8 c /c 90 mm
Span E24

=64.32
¿ 0.25 x 11.33 x 300 x 355=301.66 KN >V CRITICAL

V c =0.25∗f ctd∗k 2∗k 1∗b w∗d
f ctk 1.55
f ctd= = =1.03 Mpa
❑c 1.5
d=355 mm
K2=1.6 – d ≥ 1 ( d ∈meter )=1.6−0.355=1.245> 1→ K 1=1.737
A s 5∗π∗102
ρ= = =0.0147 ≤ 0.02
b w d 300∗355
K 1=( 1+50 ρ )=( 1+50∗0.0147 ) =1.737
V c =0.25∗1.03∗1.737∗1.245∗300∗355=59.3056 KN
V RD >V sd >V c
2
0.5 d ≤300 mm when V sd ≤ V RD (¿ 201.107)
{
3
3
a v d f yd
V sd −V c
av d f yd 2∗π∗4 2∗355∗260.87
Smax =¿ = =931.0mm
V d −V c 64.32−59.3056
2∗V RD
Vsd ≤ =201.107
3
Smax =0.5 d=177.5
Use ∅ 8 c /c 90 mm
Span E-45

=135.05
¿ 0.25 x 11.33 x 300 x 355=301.66 KN >V CRITICAL

V c =0.25∗f ctd∗k 2∗k 1∗b w∗d
f ctk 1.55
f ctd= = =1.03 Mpa
❑c 1.5
d=355 mm
K2=1.6 – d ≥ 1 ( d ∈meter )=1.6−0.355=1.245> 1→ K 1=1.737
A s 5∗π∗102
ρ= = =0.0147 ≤ 0.02
b w d 300∗355
K 1=( 1+50 ρ )=( 1+50∗0.0147 ) =1.737
V c =0.25∗1.03∗1.737∗1.245∗300∗355=59.3056 KN
V RD >V sd >V c
2
0.5 d ≤300 mm when V sd ≤ V RD (¿ 201.107)
{
3
3
a v d f yd
V sd −V c
av d f yd 2∗π∗4 2∗355∗260.87
Smax =¿ = =122.9mm
V d −V c 135.05−59.3056
2∗V RD
Vsd ≤ =201.107
3
Smax =0.5 d=177.5
Use ∅ 8 c /c 90 mm
Span E-56

=74.7
¿ 0.25 x 11.33 x 300 x 355=301.66 KN >V CRITICAL

V c =0.25∗f ctd∗k 2∗k 1∗b w∗d
f ctk 1.55
f ctd= = =1.03 Mpa
❑c 1.5
d=355 mm
K2=1.6 – d ≥ 1 ( d ∈meter )=1.6−0.355=1.245> 1→ K 1=1.737
A s 5∗π∗102
ρ= = =0.0147 ≤ 0.02
b w d 300∗355
K 1=( 1+50 ρ )=( 1+50∗0.0147 ) =1.737
V c =0.25∗1.03∗1.737∗1.245∗300∗355=59.3056 KN
V RD >V sd >V c
2
0.5 d ≤300 mm when V sd ≤ V RD (¿ 201.107)
{
3
3
a v d f yd
V sd −V c
av d f yd 2∗π∗4 2∗355∗260.87
Smax =¿ = =604.84mm
V d −V c 74.6−59.3056
2∗V RD
Vsd ≤ =201.107
3
Smax =0.5 d=177.5
Use ∅ 8 c /c 90 mm

CHAPTER FOUR
4. COLUMN DESIGN
Compression members are linear reinforced members subject to axial load, with, or without
bending, for which the effects of torsion are neglected. Along with load bearing walls, columns
are the most common of all vertical support elements. In compression members, the influence of
second order effects shall be considered if the increases above the first order bending moments
due to deflections exceed 10%. Columns are mostly carrying axial load as well as bending
moments transmitted from the beams framing into them.
The unsupported length of columns in beam and slab construction is the clear distance between
the top of the floor and the underside of the shallower beam framing into the column at the next

higher floor level. The maximum unsupported length of slender columns shall not exceed 60
times the least lateral dimension. If bending moment due to imposed load is greater than this
minimum moment, then the column should be designed for the actual moment. For a ground
floor column, if there is no provision of plinth beams, nor is the column supported on the sides
by walls below the plinth level, then the unsupported length extends down to the top of the
footing.
Loading and moments in a column
For the purpose of design computation structural members or frame may be classified as braced
or un-braced column depending on the provision of lateral resistance action.
Braced column
A frame may be classified as braced
- Frame members in which lateral loads are resisted by walls or some other form of bracing.
- With a braced frame the actual forces and moments are caused by the dead load and imposed
load only
- For a braced column the critical arrangement of the ultimate load is usually that which cause
the largest moment in the column, together with a larger axial load.
- Frame system in which the effect of the initial sway imperfections shall be considered in the
design process.
- A frame carries only less than 10% of the horizontal loads imposed and non-sway frame.
Un-braced column
A frame may be classified as un-braced
- Frame members in which of the lateral loads affect bending action of the columns.
- The loading arrangement including the effect of the lateral loads may also be considered.

- The longitudinal loads (vertical loads) are transmitted to the foundation through the bending
action on the beams and columns.
- The structures are generally flexible and allow horizontal displacement. When the displacement
( Δ ) is sufficiently large to influence significantly the column moment, the structure is said to
be the column moment.
- The bending moment is increased by an addition moment of second –order –effect of P Δ [
M 1 =M 1 + PΔ )
2 Where P is the axial force and Δ is the relative horizontal displacement of
the ends of the column. Thus, to maximize the axial load capacity of columns, non- sway
structure should be used whenever possible.
There are three types of reinforced concrete compression members with respect to construction
- Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and lateral ties
- Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and continuous spirals
- Composite compression members reinforced longitudinally with structural steel shape,

pipe, or tubing with or without additional longitudinal bars and various types of lateral
reinforcement. The first two types are by far the most common members used in
construction industry.
For the purpose of design computation, compression members or a frame may be classified as
sway or non-sway depending on their response to second –order- effects due to lateral
displacements.
Non –sway frame
A frame may be classified as non-sway if:
- The column response to in plane horizontal forces is stiff to withstand horizontal

displacements.
Nsd
≤0. 1
- The column in which the critical load ratio Ncr

- frames in building structures with beams connecting each column at each storey level in non-
sway when the first order theory is used and thus, the horizontal displacements in each storey
due to design loads (both horizontal and vertical) plus the initial sway imperfections satisfy the
N .S
≤0.10
deflection H . L
- Individual non-sway compression members shall be considered to be isolated elements and

designed accordingly.
- The individual compression members shall be designed for the relevant horizontal forces and
vertical loads taking account of the equivalent geometric imperfections.
Sway frame
A frame may be classified as sway if
- The effects of the horizontal displacements at nodes shall be taken in to account in its design.
- When global analysis is used, the second –order –effects in the sway mode shall be used, either
directly by using second –order elastic analysis, or indirectly by using first order analysis with
amplified sway moments.
- When first –order elastic analysis, with second order moments is used for column design, the
sway moments in the beams and the beam to column connections shall be amplified by at least
1.2.
For the purpose of design, compression members, or frames may be classified as short or
slender
Short columns
-The columns in which the strength is governed by the nature of the materials and the geometry
of the cross-section and are most common columns prevailing in construction industry.
-Failure occurs due to weakening of material or material fails by crushing rather than by
buckling or longer deflection.

-Compression members in which the least cross-sectional dimension present is appreciable

relative to the length of the moment
-The ultimate load carrying capacity depends on the strength of the material used and its cross-
sectional area but not on the length of the member smaller lateral deflection ( Δ ) can occur
resulting in small moment capacity.
The deflection due to axial load is negligible.
Slender columns
-Columns in which the cross-section dimensions are smaller than its length
-Columns in which there is significant reduction in axial load capacity because of the secondary
moments due to Mx and My bending moments, P. Δ is significant.
-Columns in which failure occurs due to buckling (it is an instability failure rather than a strength
failure). The material rupture occurs after the member has buckled.
The main reinforcement in columns is longitudinal parallel to the direction of the load and
consists of bars arranged in a square, rectangular or circular pattern. The ratio of longitudinal
steel, Ast, to gross concrete cross-section (AC) is in the range from 0.008 Ac to 0.08 Ac. The
lower limit is desirable to ensure resistance to bending moments not accounted for in analysis
and then to reduce the effects of creep and Shrinkage of the concrete under compression. The
ratio higher than 0.08, not only is economical but also would cause difficulty owing to
congestion of the reinforcement particularly where the steel must be spliced. Most columns are
designed with the ratio of 0.04.
The minimum lateral dimension of a column shall not be less than 150mm. larger diameter bars
are used to reduce placement costs and to avoid unnecessary congestion. The minimum number
of longitudinal reinforcing bars shall be 6 for circular column and 4 for rectangular column. The
diameter of longitudinal bars shall not be less than 12mm. The spacing of longitudinal bars
should not exceed 300mm. A minimum concrete cover of 25mm must be provided in column
construction.
Lateral ties and spirals

The diameter of ties or spirals shall not be less than 6 mm or ¼ of the diameter of the
longitudinal bars whichever is larger. The center to center spacing of lateral reinforcement shall
not be greater than 300mm.
Columns with combined Axial Load and Uni-axial bending
Members that are axially, i.e., concentrically, compressed occur rarely in buildings. In a column
principal carrying compression load, simultaneously bending of the element is common practice.
The bending moment occur because columns are part of the monolithic structure in which the
support moments of the girders are partly resisted by the abutting columns, by transverse loads
such as wind forces, by loads carried eccentrically on column brackets, etc. Even when design
calculations show a member to be loaded purely axially, inevitable imperfections of construction
will introduce eccentricities and consequently bending in the built ember.
Because of this members designed for simultaneous compression and bending are very common
in almost all types of concrete structures. If the bending moment shall be compared to the axial
load the section may be entirely in compression resulting in an un-cracked section.
When a member is subjected to combined axial compression load P and bending moment M, it is
usually common to replace the axial load and moment with an equal load applied at eccentricity.
The two loads are statically equivalent columns may be classified with respect to the equivalent
eccentricity. Those compression members with small values of e e are associated with short
columns and failure occurs due to weakness of material. Those compression members with large
values of ee are associated with slender columns and the failure occurs due to tensile yielding
(buckling of members) of steel on the side further from load.
When large bending members are present, it is most economical to concentrate all or most of the
bars along the outer faces parallel to the axis of the bending on the other hand, with small
eccentricities, axial compression is predominant, and when a small cross - section is desired, it is
often meritorious to place the bars more uniformly around the perimeter. In this case, special
attention must be paid to the intermediate bars, i.e.; those bars, which are not placed along the
two faces, are most highly stressed. This is because when the ultimate bars are usually below the
yield point although the bars are along one or both extreme faces may be yielding.

Most reinforced columns are symmetrically reinforced around the axis of bending. However, for
some cases such as the columns of rigid portal frames, in which the moments are uni-axial and
the eccentricity is large, it is more economical to use an un-symmetrical pattern of bars, with
most of the bars on the tension side. Such columns can be analyzed by the same strain
compatibility approach. However, for an un-symmetrically reinforced column to be loaded
concentrically, the load must pass through a point known as plastic centroid. The plastic centroid
is the point at which the application of resultant force for the column cross-section (including
concrete and steel forces) of the column is compressed uniformly to the failure strain, E = 0.003
over its entire cross-section. Eccentricity of the applied load must be measured with respect to
the plastic centroid because only then will be e = 0 correspond to an axial load with no moment [
M = 0). In a symmetrically reinforced cross- section, the plastic centroid and the geometric
center coincide.
Column subject to combined axial load and biaxial bending
There are situations in which axial compression is accompanied by simultaneous bending about
both principal axes of the section. This instance happens in corner columns of buildings where
beams frame into the columns in the direction of x and y and then transfer their end moments
into the columns in two perpendicular planes. Similar loading may occur at interior columns,
particularly if the column layout is irregular.
For most columns biaxial bending will not govern the design. The loading patterns necessary to
cause biaxial bending in a buckling of internal and edge columns will not usually cause large
moments in both directions. The corner columns may resist significant bending about both
directions (axes) but the axial loads are usually smaller and a design similar to the adjacent edge
columns is generally adequate.
Columns of rectangular cross-section which are subjected to biaxial bending may be

checked separately for uni-axial bending in each respective direction provided the relative
eccentricities are such that k ≤0.2; where k denotes the ratio of the smaller relative
eccentricity to the larger relative eccentricity.(ECBS:2 1995 section 4.4.15.1)
K = the ratio of smaller relative eccentricity to the larger relative eccentricity

Ez ey
hz hy
K = min ⁡[ , ]
ey ez
ey hz
e z /h e /b
K= ≤ 0.2∨ y ≤ 0.2
e y /b e z /h
Where ey = the first order eccentricity in the direction of the section with respect to dimension b.
ez = the first order eccentricity in the direction of the section with respect dimension h.
The minimum magnitude of K - value is taken to decide the bending moment type (uni-axial or
biaxial). If K ¿ 0.2, then the column will be designed using uni-axial bending method;
otherwise, biaxial bending approach is used:
Approximate method or biaxial chart existing on EBCS-2 part II, 1995 section 4.4.15.3
Check for sway mode of frame
The frame in which a column is included should be classified as sway or non-sway frame, before
proceeding in design. A frame may be classified as non-sway if its response to in plane
horizontal force is sufficiently stiff for it to be acceptably accurate to neglect any additional force
or moments arising from horizontal displacement of its mode.
Our code suggests that a frame may be classified as non-sway for a given load case if the critical
N sd
load ratio N cr for that
Load case satisfied the criteria
N sd
N cr ≤ 0.1 (EBCS-2, 1995, Art 4.4.4.2 (5))
SAMPLE DETAIL CALCULATION FOR SWAY CHECH FOR THE COLUMN E2.
(COLUMN E2- FOR THE GROUND LEVEL FOR THE SOLID SLAB)

Frame structure about x-x to design column Axis - E2:
Frame structure about y-y to design column Axis E2:

Dimension of beams and columns about x-x:
Beams: Moment of inertia (m4)
B 40 x 30 4*10-3
GB 50 x 25 2.6*10-3
Columns:
C 60 x 60 0.011
Dimension of beams and columns about y-y:

Beams: Moment of inertia (m4)
B 40 x 30 4*10-3
GB 50 x 25 2.6*10-3
RG 30 x 60 1.35*10-3
CS 25 X 60 7.8*10-4
TTB 30 X 20 4.5*10-4
Columns:
C 40 x 40 2.13*10-3
C 50 x 50 5.21*10-3
C 60 x 60 0.011
The Relative stiffness (k) Determination
Since we are using the same material throughout the frame, Es constant
EI I
K= =
The relative stiffness: L L for E = Constant.
Relative Stiffness of column about X-X plane:
The column heights for our building in x-x plane are: 3.00, 2.76, 3.44m
Using the formula, K=I/L
K=3.6*10-3, 3.99*10-3, 3.19*10-3m3, respectively.
Relative stiffness of Beam about X-X plane:
The beam lengths in x-x plane are: 3.75, 6.0 and 4.0m
K=0.69*10-3, 0.43*10-3, 0.65*10-3m3, respectively for GB 50 x 25 and 1.067*10-3, 0.67*10-3,

1.0*10-3m3, respectively for B 40 x 30.
Relative Stiffness of column about Y-Y plane:
The column heights for our building in y-y plane are: 3.00, 2.76, 3.44m

K=0.71*10-3, 0.77*10-3, 0.62*10-3m3 respectively for C 40 x 40,
=1.74*10-3, 1.89*10-3, 1.53*10-3m3 respectively for C 50 x 50,
=3.67*10-3, 3.99*10-3, 3.19*10-3m3 respectively for C 60 x 60.
Relative stiffness of Beam about Y-Y plane:
The beam lengths in y-y plane are: 6.5 and 5.5m
K=0.4*10-3 & 0.47*10-3m3 respectively for GB 50 x 25,
=0.62*10-3 & 0.73*10-3m3 respectively for B 40 x 30,
=0.21*10-3 & 0.24*10-3m3 respectively for RG 30 x 60,
=0.69*10-3 & 0.82*10-3m3 respectively for TTB 30 x 20,
=1.2*10-3 & 1.42*10-3m3 respectively for CS 30 x 20.
Computation of stiffness coefficients, α1, α2, and αm:
The effective buckling length, Le, of a column shall be obtained from the equations:
α m+ 0. 4
 Non-sway frame:
Le=
( α m +0 . 8 )
L≥0 . 70 L
7 .5+ 4 ( α 1 + α 2 ) +1 .6 α 1 α 2
 Sway structure :
Le=
√ 7 . 5+α 1 + α 2
L≥1 . 15 L
 The stiffness coefficients α1, α2, and αm shall be obtained from
Model for computation of stiffness

coefficient of A at point A
The stiffness coefficient of column at C is given as

α1+ α2
α m=
2
Ic 1 Ic 2
+
Lc 1 Lc 2
α A=
Ib 1 Ib 2
+ Ecm
Lb 1 Lb 2
N.B. The value of ECM depend on the beam fixity at the end remote from the column joint,
therefore, for continuous beam ECM = 1
Stiffness factor Distribution & Substitute beam-column frame on axis E2 about X-X:

Stiffness Factor Distribution & Substitute beam-column frame on Axis E2 about Y-Y:
Design of Column on Axis E2 for Substitute beam column frame about X-X

Sample sway check calculation:
1
h= 12×∑ Ic
Column 11 of ground story:
[ ] 4
 b=h= (12 * 4 * 1.1*1010)1/4= 852.43mm
α1=3.19 α 2=11.05 αm=7.12
H = 30.04 KN
Nsd=196.84 KN (axial)
In more accurate determination, the first-order design moment, Md1, at the critical section of the
substitute beam-column frame shall be determined from:
α 2 +3
Md 1 =
( α 1 +α 2 +6
HL
) . . ……… EBCS-2, 1995, Equation 4.26
H = the total horizontal reaction at the bottom of the story
L = the story height
Md 1 = (11.3 .19+11.
05+3
05+6 )
×30 . 04×3 . 44=71. 73 KNm
A s ×f sd
w= h
A c . f cd
b
4
πr As
I s= [ 4
+4 asx 2 ×
as ]
Where Is= moment inertia of reinforcement bars about the centroid of the substitute beam-
column concrete section
r = radius of reinforcement bars

2
as = area of one bar = πr
As = total area of reinforcement
To compute w, first calculate  and v.

(Mu) 71 .73×106
μ= = =0. 0102
fcd× A×h 11 . 33×852. 433
Nu 196 .84×10 3
ν= = =0 . 024
A×fcd 11.33×852 . 432
φbar
d '=conc . cov er+ φ stirrups +
2
20
=25+ 8+ =43 mm
2
d ' 43
⇒ = ≃0. 0504
h 852 . 43
Using Uniaxial chart No. 1,  = 0
A s =0 mm 2
In more accurate determination, the effective stiffness of a column, EIe, shall be computed as:
EI e =0 . 2 I c Ec +E s I s − − − − EBCS−2 , 1995 , sec. 4 . 4 . 12
Where Ec = 1100fcd
Es= the modulus of elasticity of steel = 210GPa
Ic,Is are the moment inertia of the concrete and reinforcement sections, respectively.

Ec =1100×11.33=12463 MPa
Es =210000 MPa
I s =0 .
The effective stiffness of substitute column
852. 43 4
⇒ EI e=0 . 2×12463×
12
13 2
=10 . 97×10 Nmm
The buckling load of a storey shall be obtained from:

2
π EI e
N cr = 2
Le -----------------------EBCS-2, 1995, sec. 4.4.12.
Where Le= effective length
The effective buckling length, Le
Le = 3266 mm
π 2 x 2 x 10−3
N cr =
32662
Ncr=101,398.9 KN
Check for the ratio of:
Nsd 196 .84

= =0.00194
Ncr 101 ,398 .9
= 0.00194 << 0.1
→ NON SWAY
The sway/non-sway calculation check for all the columns on the ground floor is given in tabular
form below.

Ground floor plan column layout and naming:

Colum L Ic (10-3 b,h H Nsd (KN, Md1 Le

n (m) m4) α1 α2 αm (mm) (KN) axial) (KN) (m) Ncr (KN) Nsd/Ncr
3.4 5.3 5.9 853.6 3.2 10 0.00
A1 4 5.21 6.52 9 6 9 30.25 210.36 48.75 4 3,116 20
3.4 4.4 5.0 765.3 3.2 10 0.00
A4 4 5.21 5.62 9 6 3 29.88 199.87 47.79 0 5,141 19
3.4 3.1 3.7 699.2 3.1 10 0.00
A5 4 5.21 4.32 9 6 5 27.36 236.98 43.12 4 9,684 22
3.4 7.8 8.4 768.2 3.2 9 0.00
A6 4 5.21 8.97 4 1 5 29.77 189.36 48.67 9 9,746 19
3.4 2.1 2.6 794.1 3.0 11 0.00
B1 4 5.21 3.24 1 8 1 33.68 200.78 52.16 4 6,554 17
3.4 4.6 5.2 816.7 3.2 10 0.00
B4 4 5.21 5.78 5 2 7 34.59 220.38 55.40 1 4,732 21
3.4 4.9 5.5 666.3 3.2 10 0.00
B5 4 5.21 6.11 8 5 8 29.86 187.38 47.96 2 3,960 18
3.4 3.2 3.7 766.2 3.1 10 0.00
B6 4 5.21 4.33 0 7 5 30.26 194.35 47.70 4 9,637 18
3.4 5.8 6.4 794.3 3.2 10 0.00
C1 4 5.21 6.99 6 3 1 33.58 268.54 54.30 5 2,277 26
3.4 2.7 3.3 819.3 3.1 11 0.00
C4 4 5.21 3.88 5 2 6 39.87 256.77 62.44 1 1,977 23
3.4 5.2 5.8 777.6 3.2 10 0.00
C5 4 5.21 6.38 5 2 9 35.60 247.98 57.31 3 3,391 24
3.4 5.5 6.1 699.3 3.2 10 0.00
C6 4 5.21 6.69 6 3 8 28.91 283.59 46.65 4 2,798 28
3.4 2.5 3.1 716.9 3.0 11 0.00
D2 4 5.21 3.68 5 2 8 26.55 277.25 41.45 9 3,219 24
3.4 2.6 3.2 710.2 3.1 11 0.00
D4 4 5.21 3.78 5 2 5 33.96 297.56 53.10 0 2,580 26
3.4 4.5 5.1 698.7 3.2 10 0.00
D5 4 5.21 5.67 4 1 7 28.99 288.66 46.39 1 5,010 27
3.4 1.4 1.9 822.4 2.9 12 0.00
D6 4 5.21 2.55 2 9 1 26.37 248.36 40.22 5 4,446 20
3.4 1.2 1.8 814.2 2.9 12 0.00
E2 4 5.21 2.36 3 0 9 24.78 198.35 37.60 1 7,559 16
3.4 4.7 5.3 688.2 3.2 10 0.00
E4 4 5.21 5.88 5 2 7 38.78 178.95 62.17 1 4,488 17
3.4 1.8 2.4 833.6 3.0 11 0.00
E5 4 5.21 3.02 9 6 9 39.33 188.64 60.64 2 8,631 16
3.4 2.5 3.1 789.6 3.0 11 0.00
E6 4 5.21 3.68 5 2 8 35.21 180.97 54.97 9 3,219 16

Since all the values of Nsd/Ncr is less than 0.1, the columns are all non-sway.
Determine the type of Column
A column is said to be isolated when its compression member in the integral part of the structure
is treated as an individual element for design purpose.
For isolated members, the slenderness ratio shall be obtained from
Le
λ=
i …………………EBCS-2, 1995, Equation 4.4
Where Le = the effective buckling length of equivalent column
i = the minimum radius of gyration of the concrete section only
I d h
The radius of gyration:
i=
√ = =
A √ 12 √12
The slenderness ratio of the concrete column shall not exceed 140 (Section 4.4.6 i.e. λ≤140
).
Slenderness ratio for sway columns
λ ≤25 … … … … … … ….. Equation 4.6 a

{ 15
Greater of λ ≤ V =
√ d
√
15
N sd
f cd A c
… … … … Equation 4.6 b
Slenderness ratio for non-sway columns
M1 Mx
λ min =50−25
( )
M2
=50−25
My ( )
Where M1 and M2 are the 1st order moments (calculated) at the ends, M2 being always positive
and greater in magnitude than M1, and M1 is positive if column member is bent in single
curvature and negative if bent in double curvature. EBCS-2, 1995, Sec. 4.4.6
 A column is classified as a slender if the slenderness ratio to be calculated is greater than

the minimum value set in the EBCS-2, for sway and non-sway frames, respectively.
λcal > λ min

 A column is classified as a short if the slenderness ratio to be computed is less than the
minimum value set in the EBCS-2, 1995 for sway and non-sway frames independently.
λcal < λ min
Design of column on axis E6
On the Seventh floor:
Analysis result: Axial: KN Moment x-x: KN.m Moment y-y: KN.m

225.68 -97.69 -51.32
70.22 5.57

Dimensions in x-x direction: Dimensions in y-y direction:
Depth Width Depth Width

B1 0.25 0.74 B1 0.25 0.66
B2 0.25 0.74 B2 0.25 0.66
B3 0.30 0.40 B3 0.30 0.60
B4 0.30 0.40 B4 0.30 0.60
C1 0.40 0.40 C1 0.40 0.40
C2 0.40 0.40 C2 0.40 0.40
C3 0.40 0.40 C3 0.40 0.40
LB1 4.00 LB1 5.50
LB2 0.00 LB2 0.00
LB3 4.00 LB3 5.50
LB4 0.00 LB4 0.00
LC1 3.44 LC1 3.44
LC2 0.00 LC2 0.00
LC3 3.44 LC3 3.44
Limits of slenderness:
For non-sway; λ ≤ 50-25(M1/M2) EBCS 2, Section 4.4.6
M1 M1
-0.72 -0.11
M2 M2
λ ≤ 67.97 λ ≤ 52.71
But the slenderness ratio is:
λ = Le/i
Ag= 0.16
Ig= 0.0021
i= 0.115

About x-x direction: About y-y direction:
Ic1= 0.002133333 Ic1= 0.00213

Ic2= 0.002133333 Ic2= 0.00213
Ic3= 0.002133333 Ic3= 0.00213
Ib1= 0.000963542 Ib1= 0.00086
Ib2= 0.000963542 Ib2= 0.00086
Ib3= 0.0009 Ib3= 0.00135
Ib4= 0.0009 Ib4= 0.00135
α1= 3.4 α1= 2.25
α2= 23.24 α2= 26.58
αm= 13.32 αm= 14.42
Effective buckling length( Le): Lex= 2.408 Ley= 2.408
Slenderness ratio:
λx= 20.854 λy= 20.854
Since both λx and λy are less than the limiting λ values, the column is not slender so ignore
secondary effects.
Eccentricities in the x-x direction: Eccentricities in the y-y direction:

ea= 0.02 ea= 0.02
eo1= -0.433 eo1= -0.227

eo2= 0.311 eo2= 0.025
ee= 0.1245 ee= 0.0099
e2= 0.00 e2= 0.00
etot= 0.1445 etot= 0.0299
Nsd= 225.68 KN
Msd x-x= 32.6016 KN-m
Msd y-y= 6.7416 KN-m
Reinforcement calcualtion:
Assuming φ20 main bars and φ8 links or stirrups
Cover ratio = 0.108
Ʋsd= 0.12 µsd,x-x= 0.045
µsd,y-y= 0.009
ω= 0.00 EBCS 2-1995: Part 2 Biaxial Chart No. 1 & 2

Astot= 0.00 mm2

Asprov= 0.00 mm2
Asmin= 1280 mm2
Asmax= 12800 mm2 OK!
Provide 4φ22 bars.
Diameter of link/Stirrups:
Take φ8
Spacing should not exceed:
264mm
400mm
300mm
Use φ8 c/c 250mm
On the Sixth floor:


389.74 -32.99 -50.47
49.95 27.95

B1 0.30 0.25 B1 0.30 0.25
B2 0.30 0.25 B2 0.30 0.25
B3 0.30 0.25 B3 0.30 0.25
B4 0.30 0.25 B4 0.30 0.25
C1 0.40 0.40 C1 0.40 0.40
C2 0.40 0.40 C2 0.40 0.40
C3 0.40 0.40 C3 0.40 0.40
LB1 4.00 LB1 5.50
LB2 0.00 LB2 0.00
LB3 4.00 LB3 5.50
LB4 0.00 LB4 0.00
LC1 3.44 LC1 3.44
LC2 3.44 LC2 3.44
LC3 3.44 LC3 3.44

M1 M1
-1.51 -0.55
M2 M2
λ ≤ 87.85 λ ≤ 63.84
λ = Le/i
Ag= 0.16
Ig= 0.0021
i= 0.115
About y-y
About x-x direction: direction:
Ic1= 0.002133333 Ic1= 0.0021

Ic2= 0.002133333 Ic2= 0.0021
Ic3= 0.002133333 Ic3= 0.0021
Ib1= 0.0005625 Ib1= 0.0006
Ib2= 0.0005625 Ib2= 0.0006

Ib3= 0.0005625 Ib3= 0.0006

Ib4= 0.0005625 Ib4= 0.0006
α1= 23.24 α1= 26.58
α2= 23.24 α2= 26.58
αm= 23.24 αm= 26.58
Slenderness ratio:
λx= 20.854 λy= 20.854
secondary effects.
Design actions:
ea= 0.02 ea= 0.02

eo1= -0.085 eo1= -0.129

eo2= 0.128 eo2= 0.072
ee= 0.0513 ee= 0.0287
e2= 0.00 e2= 0.00
etot= 0.0713 etot= 0.0487
Nsd= 389.74 KN
Msd x-x= 27.7748 KN-m
Msd y-y= 18.9748 KN-m
Cover ratio = 0.108
Ʋsd= 0.21 µsd,x-x= 0.038
µsd,y-
y= 0.026
EBCS 2-1995: Part 2 Biaxial Chart No. 1

ω= 0.00 &2
Astot= 0.00 mm2
Asprov= 0.00 mm2

Asmin= 1280 mm2

Provide 4φ22 bars.
Take φ8

264mm
400mm
300mm
Use φ8 c/c 250mm
On the Fifth floor:


552.13 -46.9 -50.38
54.36 12.45

B1 0.30 0.25 B1 0.30 0.25
B2 0.30 0.25 B2 0.30 0.25
B3 0.30 0.25 B3 0.30 0.25
B4 0.30 0.25 B4 0.30 0.25
C1 0.40 0.40 C1 0.40 0.40
C2 0.40 0.40 C2 0.40 0.40
C3 0.40 0.40 C3 0.40 0.40
LB1 4.00 LB1 5.50
LB2 0.00 LB2 0.00
LB3 4.00 LB3 5.50
LB4 0.00 LB4 0.00
LC1 3.44 LC1 3.44
LC2 3.44 LC2 3.44
LC3 3.44 LC3 3.44

M1 M1
-1.16 -0.25
M2 M2
λ ≤ 78.98 λ ≤ 56.18
λ = Le/i
Ag= 0.16
Ig= 0.0021
i= 0.115

Ic1= 0.002133333 Ic1= 0.002133333

Ic2= 0.002133333 Ic2= 0.002133333
Ic3= 0.002133333 Ic3= 0.002133333
Ib1
Ib1= 0.0005625 = 0.0005625
Ib2
Ib2= 0.0005625 = 0.0005625
Ib3
Ib3= 0.0005625 = 0.0005625
Ib4
Ib4= 0.0005625 = 0.0005625
α1
α1= 23.24 = 26.58
α2
α2= 23.24 = 26.58
αm
αm= 23.24 = 26.58
Slenderness ratio:
λx= 20.854 λy= 20.854
secondary effects.
Design actions:
ea
= 0.02 ea= 0.02

eo1= -0.085 eo1= -0.091

eo2= 0.098 eo2= 0.023
ee= 0.0394 ee= 0.0090
e2= 0.00 e2= 0.00
etot= 0.0594 etot= 0.0290
Nsd= 552.13 KN
Msd x-x= 32.7866 KN-m
Msd y-y= 16.0226 KN-m
Cover ratio = 0.108
Ʋsd
= 0.30 µsd,x-x= 0.045
µsd,y-y= 0.022
EBCS 2-1995: Part 2 Biaxial Chart No. 1 &

ω= 0.00 2
Astot= 0.00 mm2
Asprov= 0.00 mm2

Asmin= 1280 mm2

Provide 4φ22 bars.
Diameter of link/stirrup:
Take φ8
264mm
400mm
300mm
Use φ8 c/c 250mm
On the Fouth floor:

708.53 -38.86 -13.89
39.97 15.05


B1 0.30 0.25 B1 0.30 0.25
B2 0.30 0.25 B2 0.30 0.25
B3 0.30 0.25 B3 0.30 0.25
B4 0.30 0.25 B4 0.30 0.25
C1 0.40 0.40 C1 0.40 0.40
C2 0.40 0.40 C2 0.40 0.40
C3 0.40 0.40 C3 0.40 0.40
LB1 4.00 LB1 5.50
LB2 0.00 LB2 0.00
LB3 4.00 LB3 5.50
LB4 0.00 LB4 0.00
LC1 3.44 LC1 3.44
LC2 3.44 LC2 3.44
LC3 3.44 LC3 3.44
M1 M1
-1.03
M2 M2
λ ≤ 75.71 λ ≤
λ = Le/i
Ag= 0.16
Ig= 0.0021
i= 0.115

Ic1= 0.0021 Ic1= 0.00213

Ic2= 0.0021 Ic2= 0.00213
Ic3= 0.0021 Ic3= 0.00213
Ib1= 0.0006 Ib1= 0.00056
Ib2= 0.0006 Ib2= 0.00056
Ib3= 0.0006 Ib3= 0.00056
Ib4= 0.0006 Ib4= 0.00056
α1= 23.24 α1= 26.58
α2= 23.24 α2= 26.58
αm= 23.24 αm= 26.58
Effective buckling
length( Le): Lex= 2.408 Ley= 2.408
Slenderness ratio:
λx= 20.854 λy= 20.854
secondary effects.
Design actions:

ea
= 0.02 ea= 0.02
eo1= -0.055 eo1= -0.020

eo2= 0.056 eo2= 0.021
ee= 0.0226 ee= 0.0085
e2= 0.00 e2= 0.00
etot= 0.0426 etot= 0.0285
Nsd= 708.53 KN
Msd x-x= 30.1586 KN-m
Msd y-y= 20.1906 KN-m
Cover ratio = 0.108
Ʋsd= 0.39 µsd,x-x= 0.042
µsd,y-y= 0.028
ω 0.00 EBCS 2-1995: Part 2 Biaxial Chart No. 1 & 2

Astot= 0.00 mm2
Asprov= 0.00 mm2

Asmin= 1280 mm2
Provide 4φ22 bars.
Diameter of
link/Stirrups
264mm
400mm
300mm
Use φ8 c/c 250mm

On the third floor:

877.7 -58.24 -30.09
57.68 21.47

B1 0.30 0.25 B1 0.30 0.25
B2 0.30 0.25 B2 0.30 0.25
B3 0.30 0.25 B3 0.30 0.25
B4 0.30 0.25 B4 0.30 0.25
C1 0.40 0.40 C1 0.40 0.40
C2 0.40 0.40 C2 0.40 0.40
C3 0.40 0.40 C3 0.40 0.40
LB1 4.00 LB1 5.50
LB2 0.00 LB2 0.00
LB3 4.00 LB3 5.50
LB4 0.00 LB4 0.00
LC1 3.44 LC1 3.44
LC2 3.44 LC2 3.44
LC3 3.44 LC3 3.44

M1 M1
-0.99 -0.71
M2 M2
λ ≤ 74.76 λ ≤ 67.84
λ = Le/i
Ag= 0.16
Ig= 0.0021
i= 0.115


Ic1= 0.0021 Ic1= 0.00213
Ic2= 0.0021 Ic2= 0.00213
Ic3= 0.0021 Ic3= 0.00213
Ib1= 0.0006 Ib1= 0.00056
Ib2= 0.0006 Ib2= 0.00056
Ib3= 0.0006 Ib3= 0.00056
Ib4= 0.0006 Ib4= 0.00056
α1= 23.24 α1= 26.58
α2= 23.24 α2= 26.58
αm= 23.24 αm= 26.58
Slenderness ratio:
λx= 20.854 λy= 20.854
secondary effects.
Design actions:
eo1= -0.066 eo1= -0.034

eo2= 0.066 eo2= 0.024
ee= 0.0263 ee= 0.0098
e2= 0.00 e2= 0.00
etot= 0.0463 etot= 0.0298

Nsd= 877.7 KN
Msd x-x= 40.626 KN-m
Msd y-y= 26.142 KN-m
Reinforcement
calcualtion
Assuming φ20 main bars and φ8 links or
stirrups
Cover ratio = 0.108
Ʋsd= 0.48 µsd,x-x= 0.056
µsd,y-y= 0.036
Astot= 0.00 mm2
Asprov= 0.00 mm2

Asmin= 1280 mm2
Provide 4φ2
bars.
Take φ8

264mm
400mm
300mm
Use φ8 c/c 250mm
On the second floor:

1047.38 -43.49 5.51
56.61 20.05
Dimensions in y-y
Dimensions in x-x direction: direction:

B1 0.30 0.25 B1 0.30 0.25
B2 0.30 0.25 B2 0.30 0.25
B3 0.30 0.25 B3 0.30 0.25
B4 0.30 0.25 B4 0.30 0.25
C1 0.50 0.50 C1 0.50 0.50
C2 0.50 0.50 C2 0.50 0.50
C3 0.50 0.50 C3 0.50 0.50
LB
LB1 4.00 1 5.50
LB
LB2 0.00 2 0.00
LB
LB3 4.00 3 5.50

LB
LB4 0.00 4 0.00
LC
LC1 3.44 1 3.44
LC
LC2 3.44 2 3.44
LC
LC3 3.44 3 3.44
M1 M1
-0.77 0.27
M2 M2
λ ≤ 69.21 λ ≤ 43.13
λ = Le/i
Ag= 0.25
Ig= 0.0052
i= 0.144

Ic1= 0.0052 Ic1= 0.00521

Ic2= 0.0052 Ic2= 0.00521
Ic3= 0.0052 Ic3= 0.00521
Ib1= 0.0006 Ib1= 0.00056
Ib2= 0.0006 Ib2= 0.00056
Ib3= 0.0006 Ib3= 0.00056
Ib4= 0.0006 Ib4= 0.00056
α1= 23.24 α1= 26.58
α2= 7.18 α2= 8.74
αm= 15.21 αm= 17.66
Since both λx and λy are less than the limiting λ values, the column is not slender so ignore secondary
effects.
Design actions:
ea
= 0.02 ea= 0.02
eo1= -0.042 eo1= 0.005

eo2= 0.054 eo2= 0.019
ee= 0.0216 ee= 0.0136
e2= 0.00 e2= 0.00
etot= 0.0416 etot= 0.0336
Nsd= 1047.38 KN
Msd x-x= 43.5916 KN-m
Msd y-y= 35.1816 KN-m
Cover ratio = 0.108

Ʋsd= 0.37 µsd,x-x= 0.031

µsd,y-y= 0.025
EBCS 2-1995: Part 2 Biaxial Chart No. 1 &

ω= 0.00 2
Astot= 0.00 mm2
Asprov= 0.00 mm2

Asmin= 2000 mm2
Provide 4φ26 bars.
Take φ8
Use φ8 c/c 300mm

On the first floor:

1306 -64.49 -54.33
18.13 52.4

B1 0.30 0.25 B1 0.30 0.25
B2 0.30 0.25 B2 0.30 0.25
B3 0.30 0.25 B3 0.30 0.25
B4 0.30 0.25 B4 0.30 0.25
C1 0.40 0.40 C1 0.40 0.40
C2 0.40 0.40 C2 0.40 0.40
C3 0.40 0.40 C3 0.40 0.40
LB1 4.00 LB1 5.50
LB2 0.00 LB2 0.00
LB3 4.00 LB3 5.50
LB4 0.00 LB4 0.00
LC1 3.44 LC1 3.44
LC2 3.44 LC2 3.44
LC3 3.44 LC3 3.44

M1 M1
-0.28 -0.96
M2 M2
λ ≤ 57.03 λ ≤ 74.11
λ = Le/i
Ag= 0.16
Ig= 0.0021
i= 0.115
Ic1= 0.00213 Ic1= 0.002133

Ic2= 0.00213 Ic2= 0.002133
Ic3= 0.00213 Ic3= 0.002133
Ib1= 0.00056 Ib1= 0.000563
Ib2= 0.00056 Ib2= 0.000563

Ib3= 0.00056 Ib3= 0.000563

Ib4= 0.00056 Ib4= 0.000563
α1= 23.24 α1= 26.58
α2= 23.24 α2= 26.58
αm= 23.24 αm= 26.58
Slenderness ratio:
λx= 20.854 λy= 20.854
effects.
eo1= -0.049 eo1= -0.042

eo2= 0.014 eo2= 0.040
ee= 0.0056 ee= 0.0160
e2= 0.00 e2= 0.00
etot= 0.0256 etot= 0.0360
Nsd= 1306 KN
Msd x-x= 33.372 KN-m
Msd y-y= 47.08 KN-m
Cover ratio = 0.108

Ʋsd= 0.72 µsd,x-x= 0.046
µsd,y-
y= 0.065
Astot= 0.00 mm2
Asprov= 0.00 mm2

Asmin= 1280 mm2
Provide 4φ22 bars.
Diameter of
link/Stirrups:
Take φ8
Use φ8 c/c 250mm
On the ground floor:


1573.47 -10.76 -32.47
23.76 36.67

B1 0.30 0.25 B1 0.30 0.25
B2 0.30 0.25 B2 0.30 0.25
B3 0.30 0.25 B3 0.30 0.25
B4 0.30 0.25 B4 0.30 0.25
C1 0.50 0.50 C1 0.50 0.50
C2 0.50 0.50 C2 0.50 0.50
C3 0.50 0.50 C3 0.50 0.50
LB1 4.00 LB1 5.50
LB2 0.00 LB2 0.00
LB3 4.00 LB3 5.50
LB4 0.00 LB4 0.00
LC1 3.44 LC1 3.44
LC2 3.44 LC2 3.44
LC3 3.44 LC3 3.44

M1 M1
-2.21 -1.13
M2 M2
λ ≤ 105.20 λ ≤ 78.23
λ = Le/i
Ag= 0.25
Ig= 0.0052
i= 0.144
Ic1= 0.00521 Ic1= 0.00521

Ic2= 0.00521 Ic2= 0.00521
Ic3= 0.00521 Ic3= 0.00521
Ib1= 0.00056 Ib1= 0.00056
Ib2= 0.00056 Ib2= 0.00056
Ib3= 0.00056 Ib3= 0.00056
Ib4= 0.00056 Ib4= 0.00056

α1= 7.68 α1= 5.15

α2= 12 α2= 15.95
αm= 9.84 αm= 10.55
Effective buckling
Slenderness ratio:
λx= 16.683 λy= 16.683
effects.
Design actions:
ea= 0.02 ea= 0.02
eo1= -0.007 eo1= -0.021

eo2= 0.015 eo2= 0.023
ee= 0.0063 ee= 0.0093
e2= 0.00 e2= 0.00
etot= 0.0263 etot= 0.0293
Nsd= 1573.47 KN
Msd x-
x= 41.4214 KN-m
Msd y-
y= 46.1374 KN-m
Assuming φ20 main bars and φ8 links or

stirrups
Cover ratio = 0.108
Ʋsd= 0.56 µsd,x-x= 0.029
µsd,y-y= 0.033
Astot= 0.00 mm2

Asprov= 0.00 mm2
Asmin= 2000 mm2
Asmax= 20000 mm2
Provide 4φ26 bars.
Diameter of
link/Stirrups:
Take φ8
Use φ8 c/c 300mm

On the basement floor:

1407.37 -10.35 -38.51
7.14 6.43
Dimensions in y-y
Dimensions in x-x direction: direction:

B1 0.30 0.25 B1 0.30 0.25
B2 0.30 0.25 B2 0.30 0.25
B3 0.50 0.25 B3 0.50 0.25
B4 0.50 0.25 B4 0.50 0.25
C1 0.50 0.50 C1 0.50 0.50
C2 0.60 0.60 C2 0.60 0.60
C3 0.60 0.60 C3 0.60 0.60
LB1 4.00 LB1 5.50
LB2 0.00 LB2 0.00
LB3 4.00 LB3 5.50
LB4 0.00 LB4 0.00
LC1 2.74 LC1 2.74

LC2 3.44 LC2 3.44

LC3 3.00 LC3 3.00
M1 M1
-0.69 -0.17
M2 M2
λ ≤ 67.25 λ ≤ 54.17
λ = Le/i
Ag= 0.25
Ig= 0.0052
i= 0.144
About y-y
About x-x direction: direction:
Ic1= 0.00521 Ic1= 0.00521

Ic2= 0.01080 Ic2= 0.01080

Ic3= 0.01080 Ic3= 0.01080

Ib1= 0.00056 Ib1= 0.00056
Ib2= 0.00056 Ib2= 0.00056
Ib3= 0.00260 Ib3= 0.00260
Ib4= 0.00260 Ib4= 0.00260
α1= 12 α1= 15.29
α2= 16.46 α2= 12.36
αm= 14.23 αm= 15.15
Effective buckling
Slenderness ratio:
λx= 13.288 λy= 13.288
secondary effects.
Design actions:
ea
= 0.02 ea= 0.02
eo1= eo1= -0.027

eo2= eo2= 0.005
ee= ee= 0.0018
e2= e2= 0.00
etot= etot= 0.0218
Nsd= KN

Msd
x-x= KN-m
Msd
y-y= KN-m
Ʋsd= 0.50 µsd,x-x= 0.022

µsd,y-y= 0.022
ω
= 0.00 EBCS 2-1995: Part 2 Biaxial Chart No. 1 & 2
Astot= 0.00 mm2

Asprov= 0.00 mm2
Asmin= 2000 mm2
Provide 4φ26 bars.
Diameter of
link/Stirrups:
Take φ8
Use φ8 c/c 300mm

Foundation column:

1982.36 -13.67 -7.83
12.33 12.41

B1 0.30 0.25 B1 0.30 0.25
B2 0.30 0.25 B2 0.30 0.25
B3 0.30 0.25 B3 0.30 0.25
B4 0.30 0.25 B4 0.30 0.25
C1 0.60 0.60 C1 0.60 0.60
C2 0.60 0.60 C2 0.60 0.60
C3 0.60 0.60 C3 0.60 0.60
LB1 4.00 LB1 5.50
LB2 0.00 LB2 6.50
LB3 4.00 LB3 5.50
LB4 0.00 LB4 6.50
LC1 3.44 LC1 3.44
LC2 3.44 LC2 3.44

LC3 3.44 LC3 3.44
M1 M1
-0.90 -1.58
M2 M2
λ ≤ 72.55 λ ≤ 89.62
λ = Le/i
Ag= 0.36
Ig= 0.0108
i= 0.173
Ic1= 0.0108 Ic1= 0.0108

Ic2= 0.0108 Ic2= 0.0108
Ic3= 0.0108 Ic3= 0.0108
Ib1= 0.0006 Ib1= 0.0006

Ib2= 0.0006 Ib2= 0.0006

Ib3= 0.0006 Ib3= 0.0006
Ib4= 0.0006 Ib4= 0.0006
α1= 23.24 α1= 26.58
α2= 23.24 α2= 26.58
αm= 23.24 αm= 26.58
Slenderness ratio:
λx= 13.903 λy= 13.903
effects.
Design actions:
ea= 0.02 ea= 0.02
eo1= -0.007 eo1= -0.004

eo2= 0.006 eo2= 0.006
ee= 0.0025 ee= 0.0025
e2= 0.00 e2= 0.00
etot= 0.0225 etot= 0.0225
Nsd= 1982.36 KN
Msd x-x= 44.5792 KN-m

Msd y-y= 44.6112 KN-m
Cover ratio = 0.108
Ʋsd= 0.49 µsd,x-x= 0.018
µsd,y-y= 0.018
Astot= 0.00 mm2

Asprov= 0.00 mm2
Asmin= 2880 mm2
Provide 4φ32
bars.
Take φ8
Spacing should not

exceed:

Use φ8 c/c 300mm
CHAPTER FIVE
5. FOUNDATION DESIGN
Foundation is the lowest artificially built part of a structure which transmits the load of the
structure to the ground.
Purpose of foundation
 To distribute the load of the structure over a large bearing area so as to bring
intensity of loading within the safe bearing capacity of the soil lying
underneath.
 To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate so as to prevent unequal
settlement.
 To prevent the lateral movement of the supporting material.
 To secure a level and firm bed for building operations.
 To increase the stability of the structure as a whole.
Types of foundations:
1) Shallow foundations
2) Deep foundations
1) Shallow foundations: provided immediately beneath the lowest part of the structure,
near to the ground level.
Types of shallow foundations:
a) Spread or isolated footing

b) Combined footing
c) Cantilever or strap footing
d) Continuous or wall footing

e) Raft foundation
a) Spread or isolated footings: they are used to support individual column.
b) Combined footing: supports two or sometimes three column in a row. Combined footing is
used when property lines, equipment locations, column spacing, or other considerations limit
the footing clearance at the column locations.
c) Cantilever or strap footing:- consists of two individual footings connected by a beam
called a strap. Used where the distance between the columns is so great that a trapezoidal
combined footing becomes quite narrow.
d) Continuous or wall footing:- this type of footing is suitable at locations liable to earthquake
activities.
e) Raft foundation:-used where allowable soil pressure is low or the structure loads are heavy,
the use of the use of spread footings would cover more than one half of the area, and it may
prove more economical to use raft foundation.
2) Deep foundations: when the upper ground stratum at a site is weak and unable to carry
the load even by a raft foundation, then eventually shallow foundation has to be ruled out,
and a deep foundation taken to an available firm stratum, is adopted.
In our case we selected a footing type according to cases discussed above. And the one which fits
our condition is spread or isolated and combined type of footing.
The design is based on EBCS-7 1995, and Design axial loads and bending moments are obtained
from 3D frame analysis.
2m
My
qewregdsgfd
b ggfhgfffgm Page 327
SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING JUNE, 2013
L
B Mx
a’
We took a sample soil test and we classified the soil based on the results tabulated below.
Plasticity Grain Unconfined

Sample type Liquid limit Plastic limit index size(mm) compressive
strength(Kpa)
Test pit one 81 27 54 0.0012- 164.75
0.0426
Test pit two 83 26 57 0.0014- 198.01
0.0481
Test pit 67 27 40 0.0013- 181.7
three 0.0441
Test pit four 85 26 59 0.0013-0.042 201.72
The soil type is silt soil……………………………….…………………from EBCS 7 table (3.4)
And thus we take the corresponding

bearing capacity from the presumed design bearing pressure to be 200KPa……...from EBCS-
7,1995- table 6-3
Area proportioning:
Assuming the footing to be square of side ‘a’ and using the general formula for rigid footing stress
distribution
due to vertical loading on soil;
σ= ( PA ) ⌈ 1± 6∗ex
a
±
6∗ey
a
⌉
We have selected F1 along axis A-12

P=2658.75 KN
Mx −12.3
Mx=−12.3 N m , ex= = =0.004626
P 2658.75
My −6.78
M y−6.78 KNm , ey= = =0.00255
P 2658.75
σ 1= ( PA ) ⌈ 1+ 6∗0.004626
a
+
6∗0.00255
a
⌉=(
2658.75
a 2
) ⌈ 1+
0.0430
a
⌉

σ 2= ( PA ) ⌈ 1+ 6∗0.004626
a
−
6∗0.00255
a
⌉=(
2658.75
a 2
) ⌈ 1+
0.0124
a
⌉
σ 3= ( PA ) ⌈ 1− 6∗0.004626
a
+
6∗0.00255
a
⌉ =(
2658.75
a 2
) ⌈ 1−
0.0124
a
⌉
σ 4= ( PA ) ⌈ 1− 6∗0.004626
a
−
6∗0.00255
a
⌉ =(
2658.75
a2
) ⌈ 1−
0.043
a
⌉
2658.75 0.096
σall=200=
( a 2 )⌈ 1+
a
⌉ ¿ a=3.7 m
σ 1=196.25< σall=200 mpa … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … OK !
σ 2=194.86<σall=200 mpa… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …OK !
σ 3=193.56<σall=200 mpa… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … OK !
σ 4=191.95< σall=200 mpa… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … OK !
σ 1+σ 2
σmax 2= =195.55 mpa
2
σ 1+σ 3
σmax 1= =194.9 mpa
2

σ 4 +σ 2
σmin 1= =193.4 mpa
2
σ 4 +σ 3
σmin 2= =192.75 mpa
2
Determination of depth of the footing:

Depth of the footing will be determined from shear resistance of the concrete footing subjected by
the supper structure which will be determined by considering the following possible modes of
failure of the concrete footing.
a) Punching shear:
a’+3*d
Punching zone
b’+3*d
a’
b’
The acting shear is given by:

Vact=Pd−σav∗( b ’ +3 d ) ( a ’+3 d ) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ( 1 )
Where Vact=acting shear on the footing
Pd=the design load
σav=the average stresses acting on the corresponding edges of the footing.
The concrete shear capacity:
Vc=0.25 fctd∗( 1+ 50 ρ )∗¿ k 2∗u∗d … … … … … … … … … … .. … … … .. (2 ) EBCS 2 eqn(4.7)

fctk 1.55
Where fctd= = =1.03∗103 Mpa EBCS 2 eq(3.5) U=perimeter
γc 1.5
of the punching shear zone.
d=depth of the footing

0.5 0.5
ρmin= = =0.0017
fyk 300
K 2=1.6−d >1
To be safe with regard to punching shear has to be Vc ≥ Vact
Assume d=0.5 m
k 1=1+ 0.0017∗50=1.085
k 2=1.6−0.5=1.1
u=2∗(3 d+ b ’)+2(3 d +a ’)=2∗(3∗.5+ 0.6)+ 2(3∗.5+ 0.6)=6 m
Vc=0.25∗1.03∗1.1∗1.085∗6∗.5=0.922∗103 KN
2.9
0.8 1.5d 1.5d 0.8
σmin1=
193.4MPa
σmax1=
194.9MPa
σ1 σ2
(194.9−193.4 )∗0.8
σ 1=193.4 + =193.72 kpa
3.7
(194.9−193.4 )∗2.9
σ 2=193.4+ =194.57 kpa
3.7
Vact=Pd−σ∗( 3∗.5+ 0.6 ) ( 3∗.5+.6 )=2658.75− ( 196.25+194.86
2 )∗( 2.1)( 2.1 ) =1796.35 KN >Vc … … … ….. NOT O
Since the developed shear force is greater than the punching shear resistance, one may increase
the depth.
0.5 0.5
Take d=0.75m, ρ=¿ ρmin= = =0.0017
fyk 300
k 1=1+ 0.0017∗50=1.085
k 2=1.6−0.75=1.1 take1 since k 2 is>1
u=2∗(3 d+ b ’)+2(3 d +a ’)=2∗(3∗.75+ 0.6)+ 2(3∗.75+ 0.6)=11.4 m
Vc=0.25∗1.03∗1.0∗1.085∗11.4∗.75=2.319∗103KN

(194.9−193.4 )∗.425
σ 1=193.4 + =193.57 kpa
3.7
(194.9−193.4 )∗3.275
σ 2=193.4+ =194.728 kpa
3.7
Net Shear force developed
Vact=Pd−σ∗( 3∗.75+ 0.6 ) ( 3∗.75+.6 )=2658.75− ( 193.57+194.728
2 )∗( 2.85 ) ( 2.85 )=1081.78 KN
The depth satisfies the punching shear requirment for the assumed ρmin
b) Wide beam shear:
b'
Vac= [ () ]
a
2
−(
2
+ d) a∗σavg
0.475 d
σ 193.4
194.9
σ1
( 194.9−193.4 )∗2.05
σ =193.4+ =194.25 kpa
3.7
194.9+194.25
σ 1= ∗(1.05−.5)=107.016 kpa
2
developed wide beam shearVact =107.016∗3.7=395.96 KN
the wide beam shear resistance:
Vc=0.25∗fctd∗k 1∗k 2∗bw∗d=0.25∗1.1∗1.085∗1.03∗0.5∗3.7=568.55 KN > Vact … Ok !
Note:-to be economical d can be revised and check for failure due to either of shear failures. But
we have assumed as it is.
Calculation of the design moment and reinforcement requirement:
The design moments introduced by the stresses are calculated at the face of the column and the
reinforcements required are calculated as per EBCS-2.
Moment in x-x direction and y-y direction is the same since the footing is square.

1.05 2.05
194.9 σ 193.4
σ1 σ2
σ =193.4+ ( 194.9−193.4
3.7 )∗2.05=194.23 KN
σ 2=194.23∗1.05=203.941 KN
( 194.9−194.23 )∗1.05
σ 1= =0.35 KN
2
([ 1∗1.05∗2
Mmax= σ
3 )+σ 2∗1.05∗2]∗a
[ 0.35∗1.05∗2
Mmax= (
3 ) +
203.94∗1.05
2 ]∗1=
107.305 KNm
m
Moment capacity of the concrete:
906.4 KNm
M =0.32∗fcd∗bd 2=0.32∗11.33∗1∗0.52= > Mmax … … … … … ..OK ‼‼ ‼ ‼ ‼ ‼ ‼‼ ‼ !
m
Reinforcement calculation:
Mmax 90.64∗106
µsds= = =0.032 → kz=0.95 → z=475
fcd∗b∗d 2 11.33∗1000∗5002
Mmax∗106 90.64∗10 6 2
As= = =731.48 m m
z∗fyd 475∗260.87
Asmin=ρmin∗b∗d=0.0017∗1000∗500=850 m m2
Since Asmin> As , hence use As=850 mm 2
850
201.06
Used 5 ∅ 16 , as=201.062m m 2
b∗as 1000∗201.062
Spacing= = =236.5 mm
As 850
Use 5 ∅ 16 c / c 230 mm bothdirection
Development length:
∅∗fyd 16∗260.87
ld = = =1013.09 mm>la=975 mm
4∗fbd 4∗1.03

Therefore the reinforcement in both directions has to be bended up with a minimum height of
40mm.
REFERENCES
1. James G. MacGregor, 2012, Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design, Pearson

Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458, 6th ed., pp 667-689.
2. Sadik Muzeyen et.al, May 2012, BSc. Thesis on Structural design of a G+4
apartment building with solid and flat slab for cost comparison.
3. Habib Jemal et.al, 2011, BSc. Thesis on Structural design of a G+4 multipurpose
building with solid and ribbed slab for cost comparison.
4. Arthur H. Nilson, 2010, Design of concrete structures, McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc., 1221Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020, 14th ed., pp 522 - 558.
5. American Concrete Institute, 2008, Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete and Concrete, ACI 318-08.
6. Ministry of Works and Urban Development, 1995, Ethiopian Building Code
Standards, EBCS-1995, ACME Designers and Consultants, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia.
7. Steel sections - Hollow sections, Dimensions and cross-sectional properties
http://www.ruukki.com, May 2013.

APPENDICES
Structural Reinforcement
Detailing

GAME OVER Full Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

GAME OVER Full Project

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

GAME OVER Full Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Table of Contents

The design follows the following steps:

 Lateral load analysis

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING JUNE, 2013 Page 1

DESIGN DATA AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES

With reference to EBCS 1 and EBCS 2-1995

3. UNIT WEIGHT OF MATERIALS

5. Design Load with partial safety factors

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING JUNE, 2013 Page 2

1.1 WIND LOAD CALCULATIONS

The intensity of wind pressure depends on;

 Shape of the structure

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING JUNE, 2013 Page 3

Reference wind velocity

V ref =C DIR C TEM C ALT V ref , o EBCS: 1 Equation (3.7)

C DIR = 1.0 C TEM =1.0 C ALT =1.0

Thus: V ref =1 x 1 x 1 x 22 = 22 m/sec

Reference wind pressure

The reference mean wind velocity pressure q ref is given by

Where: ρ is the air density

For Addis Ababa, an altitude greater than 2000m

According to EBCS 1, 1995, table 3.1: ρ= 0.94kg/m3

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING JUNE, 2013 Page 4

C e ( z )=C 2r ( z ) C 2t ( z ) [1+2 g I v ( z ) ] EBCS 1, Equation 3.13

The roughness coefficient at height z is defined by the logarithmic profile:

C r ( z ) =K t ln ⁡( z / z 0 ) for z min ≤ z ≤ 200 m EBCS 1, equation 3.10

C r ( z ) =Cr ( z min ) for z < z min EBCS 1, equation 3.11

K t is the terrain factor

z 0 is the roughness length

z min is the minimum height

For Terrain category IV

K t = 0.24, z 0 =1 and z min =16

C r ( z ) =¿ C r ( 32.1 ) = K t ln ⁡( z / z0 ) = 0.24 ln ⁡(32.1/1) = 0.833

For flat terrain  < 0.05

C t = 1.0 EBCS 1, 1995 sections 3.8.4

g: is the peak factor

I v ( z ) : is the turbulence intensity, given by:

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING JUNE, 2013 Page 5

After arranging for codification purpose the exposure coefficient is given as

C e ( 32.1 )=(0.833)2(1)2 ¿ ] = 2.01

The wind pressure acting on the external surfaces of a structure W e is:

W e =qref c e ( z e )c pe EBCS 1, Equation 3.1

RECTANGULAR PLAN BUILDING

Case 1: (Assume the wind direction is perpendicular to the longer side)

H=32.1 m, b=34.95 m, d=17.5 m

(h=32.1) < (b=34.95) Ze = h

e= {2hb whichever is smaller = {2 x 32.10=64.20

(d=17.50) < (e =34.95) elevation is case d < e

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING JUNE, 2013 Page 6

From table A.1 of EBCS 1

A A = (6.99 x 32.1) = 224.379m2 >10 m2

A B = (17.50 – 6.99) x 32.1 =337.371m2 >10 m2

A D = ((27.00 x (32.1-6.97)) + (34.95 x 6.97) =922.112m2 >10 m2

-ve sign away from surface

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING JUNE, 2013 Page 7

+ve sign in to the wall (surface)

Wind Pressure at the 2nd Floor Terrace