BIOFUELS

FUELS THAT ARE GENERATED FROM BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL, A

CONCEPT THAT HAS RECENTLY BEEN NARROWED DOWN TO
RENEWABLE SOURCES OF CARBON.

FIRST GENERATION BIOFUEL

FEEDSTOCK

MOSTLY SUGARCANE OR CORN USED FOR BIOETHANOL

BIOMASS ( OILY PLANTS AND SEEDS ) FOR BIODIESEL

BIOFUEL PRODUCTION

BIODIESEL , BIOGAS , BIOALCOHOLS

VEGETABLE OILS , SYNGAS

REACTION

TRANSESTERIFICATION
FERMENTATION OF SUGAR AND STARCHES
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

PROS AND CONS

WIDELY AVAILABLE BUT NON-PROFITABLE

EASY TO MANTAIN BUT PRONE TO DISEASE AND PEST BURDENS

CHALLENGES
RELATIVELY TIME CONSUMING AND NEEDS SEPARATION OF THE VEGETABLE
OIL/ALCOHOL/CATALYST/SAPONIFIED IMPURITIES MIXTURE FROM THE BIODIESEL

THE SPREADING OF DIGESTATE ON LAND CAN OFTEN RESULT IN NUTRIENT LOSS, SURFACE RUNOFF
AND LEACHING
SECOND GENERATION BIOFUEL

FEEDSTOCK

GRASSES
WASTE VEGETABLE OIL
LANDFILL GAS AND MUNICIPAL WASTE

BIOFUEL PRODUCTION

BIOMETHANOL
BIO-DERIVED GASOLINE
BIOHYDROGEN

REACTION

THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION
BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION
GASIFICATION, PYROLYSIS, TERROFACTION

PROS AND CONS

BURNED DIRECTLY IN ENGINE BUT CAN DECREASE ENGINE'S LIFE

WORK WELL AS DIRECT BIOMASS BUT REQUIRE EXTENSIVE PROCESSING TO MADE INTO ETHANOL

CHALLENGES

A LOT OF ISSUES SUCH AS EQUIPMENT BLOCKAGES, LOWER SYSTEM EFFICIENCY, POOR QUALITY GAS
OUTPUT AND INCREASED MAINTENANCE

THE DEVELOPMENT OF FAST PYROLYSIS, OF WHICH THE MOST SIGNIFICANT IS HEAT TRANSFER TO THE
REACTOR
THIRD GENERATION BIOFUEL

FEEDSTOCK

ALGAE

BIOFUEL PRODUCTION

BIODIESEL , BUTANOL
GASOLINE , METHANE
ETHANOL , VEGETABLE OIL
JET FUEL

REACTION

OPEN POND
CLOSED-POND SYSTEMS
PHOTOBIOREACTORS

PROS AND CONS

LARGE-SCALE IMPLEMENTATION OF ALGAE TO PRODUCE BIOFUEL WILL NOT OCCUR FOR A LONG TIME
BIODIESEL PRODUCED FROM ALGAE LESS STABLE THAN FROM OTHER SOURCES

CHALLENGES
NOT SUSTAINABLE AND INSUFFICIENT TO MEET GLOBAL DEMAND

DIFFICULTY IN DESIGN TO EVENLY DISTRIBUTE LIGHT FOR MICROALGAL GROWTH

LOW PRODUCTIVITY AND CONTAMINATION