1

Microcontroller Based Design

Dr Mohsin Tiwana
 Week 3 – 8051 Microcontroller

Assembly Language Programming

3
Course Outline
S/no. Topic
1 Introduction
8051Microcontroller
2
 Architecture and Hardware
3  Assembly Language
4  Assembly Language Contd.
5  Timers and Counters
6  Serial Port
7  Interrupt
8  Design and Interface Examples
Arduino Microcontroller
9

PIC 18 F Microcontroller
10
 Introduction, Architecture, I/O Pins
11  Programming in C

12  Timers / Counters
13  Using Internal ADC of PIC
14  Peripherals of PIC 18F Microcontrollers
15 RTOS/ FPGA
4
Week 3 – Assembly Language

 Introduction
 Instruction Set
 Software - Keil
 Assembler Directives

5
Programming Languages
Assembly is a Low Level Language
FORTRAN
 High Level Pascal
COBOL
BASIC

C++
 Middle Level C

 Low Level Assembly

6
Assembly Language
Low Level Language
 English-like abbreviations
 Represent basic operations of computer

 Translated to machine language

 Assemblers convert to machine language
 High speed conversion

 Easier for human interpretation as compared to Machine

language
 Still tedious and difficult
 Many instructions for simple tasks
 These problems led to High Level languages

7
General Format of Assembly Program

8
Assembly Language
 General Format of Assembly Program

mnemonics operand , [operands]

destination, Source

[label]: mnemonics operand , [operands]

destination, Source

Brackets shows that the component is optional

9
Assembly Language
 General Format of Assembly Program

[label]: mnemonics operand , [operands]

destination, Source

 Labels: are used to represent address of a line with a

name
 Labels must end with a colon

 Operand: on which the operation is performed

10
Assembly Language
 General Format of Assembly Program

[label]: mnemonics operand , [operands]

destination, Source

 Mnemonics: Instruction or command

Example:
mov A,#67h
 mov is mnemonic
 A and #67h are operands

11
Assembly Language
Comments

 Comment begins with a semicolon (;)

 Assembler ignores the comments

Example:
; This is a comment

12
Instruction Set
 8051 Instructions have 8 bit Opcode
 Combinations = 28 = 256
 255 are implemented
 139 1 Byte instructions
 92 2 Byte instructions
 24 3 Byte instructions (139+92+24=255 instructions)

 1 Machine cycle = 12 clock cycles

 Could take 1, 2 or 4 Machine Cycles to execute an
instruction

13
Instruction Set Summary

14
Instruction Set

15
Instruction Definition
 mov a, #data

 Bytes 2
 Cycles 1
 Encoding 0111 0100 dddd dddd
 Operation (A) #data

 Example
 mov a, #3
 7403
 0111 0100 0000 0011

16
 Keil µVision

Keil for Assembly Programming of 8051

17 M. Usman Rafique Air University, Spring 2015

Using Keil for Assembly Programming

18
New Project

19
Select Device

20
New File (for code)

21
Save File as filename.a51

22
Add Code to Project

23
Debug Mode

 Write Code
 Save (Ctrl + S)
 Build Target File (F7)
 Debug Mode
 Ctrl + F5

24 M. Usman Rafique Air University, Spring 2015

Debug Mode

25
Debug Mode

Registers

Accumulator

PSW

26
Disassembly (only in debug mode)

27
Disassembly (only in debug mode)

28
Disassembly (only in debug mode)

29
 Assembly Programming for 8051

30
A51 Assembler
Assembler: Converts Assembly code to machine language
code

A51 – Two Pass Assembler

 First Pass
 Symbols and Labels are collected
 Length of each instruction is determined
 Symbol Table is made

 Second Pass
 Forward references are resolved by using symbol table

31
Assembler Directives
 Change state of assembler

 Define Symbols, add information to the object file etc

 Must not be confused with Instructions. They do not

produce executable code

32
Assembler Directives

1. Address Control
2. Symbol Definition
3. Memory Initialization
4. Others

33
Assembler Directives
1. Address Control
 ORG, USING
2. Symbol Definition
 Generic Symbols: EQU, SET
 Address Symbols: BIT, DATA, XDATA
 SFR Symbols: sfr, sbit
3. Memory Initialization
 DBIT, DB, DW
4. Others
 END

34
Address Control

 Allows the control of Address Location counter

35
Address Control
ORG
 Changes location counter of currently active segment
 Sets new origin for subsequent statements
 Format
ORG expression
where
 expression must be an absolute address without any forward references
 Only absolute addresses and symbols in current segment can be used
 When ORG statement is encountered, the assembles calculates
value of the expression and changes location counter of current
segment
 Examples
 ORG 100H
 ORG RESTART
36
Address Control
USING
 4 Register Banks
 USING specifies which Register Bank is active
 Format
USING expression

where
 expression is the register bank number and it must be a
value from 0 and 3

37
Symbol Definition
 Symbols and labels can be composed of 31 characters
from the following list:

A -Z, a - z, 0 - 9, _ and ?

 A symbol can start with any of these except the digits 0 –

9

 A51 is not case sensitive

38
Symbol Definition
EQU and SET
 Used to create symbols that represent registers, numbers
and addresses
 Similar to Define in C
 Assign a numeric value / register symbol to the specific
symbol name
Difference between EQU and SET
 Symbols defined with EQU may not haven been
previously defined by EQU and can not be redefined
 The SET directive allows later redefinition of symbols

39
Symbol Definition
EQU and SET
 Formats of SET / EQU statements are:

symbol EQU expression

symbol EQU register

symbol SET expression

symbol SET register

40
Symbol Definition
EQU and SET
 symbol is the name of symbol to define

 expression specified will be substituted for each

occurrence of the symbol used in program. expression is
numeric expression which has no forward references

 register is one of the 8 registers (in the active bank)

41
Symbol Definition
Examples

 LIMIT EQU 1200

 VALUE EQU LIMIT-200
 SERIAL EQU SBUF

 VALUE SET 100

 COUNTER SET R1
 TEMP SET COUNTER
 TEMP SET COUNTER*VALUE

42
Symbol Definition
EQU and SET
 Symbols defined with EQU and SET directive may used
anywhere in operands, expressions, or addresses etc.

 Symbols that are defined as register name can be used

anywhere a register is allowed

 Assembler replaces each occurrence of defined symbol in

assembly program with the specified numerical value or
register name

43
Symbol Definition - Address Symbols

 The BIT, DATA, and XDATA directives assign an address

value to the specified symbol

 Symbols defined with the BIT, DATA and XDATA directives

can not be changed or redefined

44
Symbol Definition - Address Symbols
Format: BIT, DATA, XDATA

symbol BIT bit_address ; defines a BIT symbol

symbol DATA data_address ; defines a DATA symbol

symbol XDATA xdata_address ; defines XDATA symbol

45
Symbol Definition - Address Symbols
Format: BIT, DATA, XDATA

 Symbol: name of symbol to be defined

 Bit_address: is the address of a bit in internal data

memory in the area 20h to 2Fh

 Data_address: data memory address

 xdata_address is an xdata memory address in range 0 to

65535

46
Symbol Definition – SFR Symbols
sfr, sbit
sfr
 sfr symbol = address
sbit
 sbit symbol = bit-address

 Sfr_symbol is the name of symbol to be defined

 address is an SFR address with which the symbol is to be
associated
 bit-address is address of an SFR Bit

47
Symbol Definition – SFR Symbols
sfr, sbit
Examples

 sfr mine = P0 ; SFR symbol

 sbit motor = P3^0 ; SFR Bit symbol

48
Memory Initialization

 Memory initialization directives are used to initialize code

or constant space in byte units

 DBIT
 Used to define a bit
 DB
 Used to define byte – 8 bit
 DW
 Used to define Word – 16 bits

49
Memory Initialization - DB
DB
 The DB directive initializes code memory with byte (8-bit)
values
 Format
label: DB expression, expression
where
 label is the symbol that is given the address of the initialized
memory
 expression is a byte value. Each expression may be a value or a
symbol etc
 Example
ORG 100h
REQ: DB 1,2,3,4,’A’
50
Assembler Directives - Others
END

 Signals the end of assembly module

 Any text that appears after END is ignored

 END directive is required in every assembly module

 If missing, a warning message is generated by assembler

51
Number Representation
 D (or nothing) Decimal
 H for Hex
 Q for Octal
 B for Binary

52