NAME AMNA NAZIR

QNO 1; A box contains 500 envelopes, of which 75 contain 100$ in cash, 150 contain 25$, and
275 contain 10$. An envelope may be purchased for 25$. What is the sample space for the
different amounts of money? Assign probabilities to the sample points and then find the
probability that the first envelope purchased contains less than $100.
solution;
500 envelopes have, 100$ bills = 75
25$ bills = 150
10$ bills = 275
Envelope cost = 25 $
Sample space (10, 25,100)
275
Probabilities, P (10) = = 0.55
500
150
P (25) = = 0.33
500
75
P (100) = = 0.15
500
Now first envelope parched contain less than 100 $
= P (25) + P (10)
= 0.85
QNo 2 A 5-sided die with sides numbered 1, 2, 3, 4; and5 is constructed so that 1 and 5 occur
twice as often as the 2 and4, which occur three times as often as the 3. What is the
probability that a perfect square occurs when this die is tossed once?
Solution;
Let X be the number obtained when the die is tossed, and P(X=3)=x;
We have
X=x P(X=x)
1 6x
2 3x
 3 X
4 3x
5 6x
Total1 9x
Since the sum is equal to 1, x=1/19;
A perfect square is obtained when X=1 or X=4;
Thus the required probability is (6+3)/19 = 9/19.
b) The sample space is
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
(2,1) (2, 2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)
(3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)
(4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)
(5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
(6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)
Let A = {one of the die is 4}
P (A) = 11/36;
Let B= {the other is a 5}
P (B|A) = (2/36) / (11/36) = 2/11

QNo 3; If A, B, and C are mutually exclusive events with P (A) = 0.2, P (B) = 0.3, P(C) = 0.4,
determine the following probabilities.
a. P (A ∪ B ∪ C)
b. P (A ∩ B ∩ C)
c. P (A ∩ B)
d. P [A ∪ B) ∩ C]
e. P (A' ∩ B' ∩ C')
Solution
P (A) = 0.2 P (B) = 0.3 P(C) = 0.4
 P (A ∪ B ∪ C) = P (A) + P (B) + P(C)
= 0.2+ 0.3+0.4
= 0.9
P (A ∩ B ∩ C) = 0
P (A ∩ B) =0
P [A ∪ B) ∩ C] = 0
P (A' ∩ B' ∩ C') = 1- P (A ∪ B ∪ C)
= 1- 0.9
= 0.1
QNO4; if a latter is chosen at random from the English alphabet find the probability that the
latter
a) Is exclusive of y
5/26
b) Precedes the letter j
j is the 10th letter
16/26 = 8/13
c) Is listed somewhere after the letter g.
G is 7th letter
18/26 = 9/13

QNO 5; If the permutation of the word WHITE is selected at random, how many of the
permutations
1 Begins with a consonant?
2 Ends with a vowel?
3 Has a consonant and vowels alternating?
Solution
1 Begins with a consonant
3×4×3×2×1 = 72
2 end with vowel
 4×3×2×1×2 = 48
3 has a consonant and vowels alternating
3×2×2×1×1 = 12

QNO 6; if each coded item in a catalog begins with 3 distinct letters followed by 4 distinct
nonzero digits, find the probability of randomly selecting one of these coded items with the
first letter a vowel and the last digit even
Solution
3 distinct letters and 4 distinct nonzero digits

For letters: A → Z = 26 options

For numbers: 1 → 9 = 9 options
As we have 26 options for letters and 9 for numbers and they have to be distinct, for the total
of codes we have
Total of codes: 26.25.24.9.8.7.6
For the particular code asked, we have 5 options of vowels and 4 options of even numbers, so
5.25.24.8.7.6.4
Probability: 5.25.24.8.7.6.4 =    10
26.25.24.9.8.7.6     117
QNO 7; A pair of dice is tossed. How do you find the probability of
1) The sum of the numbers being 8 ?
2) At most a total of 5?
Solution
The following array shows the sum of two dice thrown.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
There are 6×6 = 36 outcomes and of these, there are 5 ways that a total of 8 can be obtained.

∴P (8) =5/36

QNO 8; Two cards are drawn in succession from a deck without replacement. What is the
probability that both cards are greater than 2 and less than 8?

Solution
They are 3,4,5,6 or 7
Cards in each 4 suits 20/52 = 5/13 (for first drawn)
10/51 (for 2nd drawn)
= (5/13) (10/51) = 50/663
QNO 9 ; If 3 books are picked at random from a shelf containing 5 novels, 3 books of poems,
and a dictionary, what is the probability that
(a) The dictionary is selected.
(b) 2 novels and 1 book of poems are selected .

SOLUTION
Dictionary is selected no ways = 1 C1
There is nothing given on how the other two books are selected so they can be either
novel or poem or both
Way g choosing 2 books from a set from a lot of 8 books are = 8C2
Total no of ways of selecting 3 books from a lot of 9 books are = 9C3
Required probability = ( 8C2 )(2C1)/ 9C3
= 0.33

2 novel and one book of poem

Using similar probability
Required probability = ( 5C2)(3C1) / (9C3)
= 0.357
QNO 10 ; In a poker hand consisting of 5 cards, find the probability of holding
(a) The number of ways of being dealt 3 aces from 4 aces total is
4
c3 = 4!/( 3! )(1!) = 4.
The number of ways of selecting 2 other cards from the deck is
48
c2 = 48!/( 2!)( 46!)= 1128.
The number of ways of making this selection follows the multiplication rule:
 (4)(1128) = 4512.
The total number of 5-card poker hands, all of which are equally likely is
N = 52C5 = 52!/(5!)(47!)= 2598960.
The probability of holding 3 aces is
(43)(482)(525) = 45122598960 = 0.00174= 94c54145.
(b) 4 hearts and 1 club
The number of ways of being dealt 4 hearts from 13 hearts is
13
c4 = 715.
The number of ways of selecting 1 club from 13 clubs is 13c1= 13.
The number of ways of making this selection follows the multiplication rule:
(715)(13) =9295.
The total number of 5-card poker hands, all of which are equally likely is
N=525= 2598960.
The probability of 4 hearts and 1 club is
(13c4)(13c1)/(52c5) = 9295c2598960=143c39984= 0.00358

QNO 11; In the game of Yahtzee, on the first roll five dice are tossed simultaneously. What is
the probability of rolling
five of a kind (which is Yahtzee!) on the first roll?
Solution

65 = 7776 First find the total number of outcomes. Since there are six
numbers on a die, raise this to the 5th power since there
are 5 dice
6/7776 = 1/ 1296 Since there are 6 ways to roll a 5 of a kind (five 1's, five 2's,
five 3's, five 4's, five 5's, and five 6's), the probability is 6
out of 7776. This can then be simplified to 1 out of 1296.
QNO 12; In a high school graduating class of 100 students, 54 studied mathematics, 69
studied history, and 35 studied both mathematics and history. If one of these students is
selected at random, find the probability that

(a) the student took mathematics or history;

(b) the student did not take either of these subjects;
(c) the student took history but not mathematics

Solution
QNO 13; Referring to the important health practices advocated by the California study.
Suppose that in a senior college class of 500 students, it is found that 210 smoke, 258 drink
alcoholic beverages, 216 eat between meals, 122 smoke and drink alcoholic beverages, 83 eat
between meals, drink alcoholic beverages, 97 smoke, and eat between meals, and 52 engage
in all three of these bad health practices. If a member of this senior class is selected at
random, find the probability that the student
SOLUTION
a) smoke but does not drink alcoholic beverages
P(A) = 88/500
P(A) = 22/125
b) eats between meals and drink alcoholic beverages but does not smoke
P(B) = 31/500
c) neither smokes nor eats between meals
P(C) = 171/500
QNO 14 ; The probability that an American industry will locate in Cebu City 0.7, the
probability that it will locate in Cagayan City is 0.4, and the probability that it will locate in
either Cebu City or Cagayan City or both is 0.8. What is the probability that the industry will
locate
(a) in both cities?
(b) in neither city?.
Solution.
A – the event (an American industry will locate in Cebu City),
B — the event (an American industry will locate in Cagayan City) ,
then P(A) = 0.7 and P(B) = 0.4,
P(A∪B) = 0.8.
The event C =(an American industry will locate in both cities)
equals A ∩ B, and the event
D =(an American industry will not locate in the mentioned cities)= A ∪ B.
Thus, by inclusion-exclusion principle
P(C) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∪ B) = 0.7 + 0.4 − 0.8 = 0.3, hence P(D) = 1 − P(A ∪ B)
= 1 − 0.8
= 0.2

QNO 15; From experience, a stockbroker believes that under present economic conditions a
customer will invest in tax–free bonds with a probability of 0.6, will invest in mutual funds
with a probability of 0.3, and will invest in both tax–free bonds and mutual funds with a
probability of 0.15. At this time, find the probability that a customer will invest
(a) in tax-free bonds but not mutual funds
(b) in tax-free bonds or mutual funds (or both)
(c) in neither tax-free bonds nor mutual funds.
SOLUTION
 Let A denote the event that a customer will invest in tax–free bonds and let B denote
the event
that a customer will invest in mutual funds.
We know that
P(A) = .6, P(B) = .3, and P(A ∩ B) = .15.
The events of interest are:
(a) A ∩ BC
(b) A ∪ B
(c) AC ∩ BC .
(a) P(A ∩ BC ) = P(A) − P(A ∩ B) = .6 − .15 = .45
(b) P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B) = .6 + .3 − .15 = .75
(c)P(AC ∩ BC ) = P((A ∪ B) c ) = 1 − P(A ∪ B) = 1 − .75 = .25

Qno 16; In a certain federal prison, it is known that 2/3 of the inmates are under 25 years of
age. It is also known that 3/5 of the inmates are male and that 5/8 of the inmates are female
or 25 years of age or older. What is the probability that a prisoner selected at random from
this prison is female and at least 25 years old?
END