Worked Examples For The Design of Concrete Buildings PDF

WORKED gi. EXAMPLES all FOR THE DESIGN OF CONCRETE BUILDINGS BCA ARUP TiETZThis book of worked examples has boen prepared by. British Cement Association Ove Arup & Partners and S.B Tietz & Partners The work was monitored by the principal authors: ‘A. W. Beaby 850 PhD. CEng, MICE, MISIvetE, FACI Professor of Structural Design, Dept of Civil Engineering, Universty of Leeds (ormerly Director of Design and Consteuction, British Cement Association), B.S. Narayanan Beier, MS, DIC, Ofna, Fist Partner, SB. Tietz & Partners, Consulting Engineers, and A. Whitle na(carat), CEng, MICE Associate Director, Ove Arup & Partners, and edited by: A J. Threlfall Beng. Consultant (formerly 2 Principal Engineer at the British Ceront Association) ‘This publication was jointly tunded by the British Cement Association and the Department ofthe Environment to promote and assist the use of DD ENV 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2: Part 1. ‘The Britsh Cement Association, BCA, is a research and information body dedicated to uthering the efficient and proper design and execution of concrete construction. Membership of BCA's Centre for Concrete Information is open to al involved in the construction process. BCA is funded by subscriptions from cement producers, through joint ventures, sales of publications, information and training courses, and the carrying out of research contracts. Full details are avaliable trom the Centre for Concrete Information, British Cement Association, Century House, Telford ‘Avenue, Crowthorne, Berkshire RGN 6YS. Telephone (0344) 725700, Fax (0344) 727202 (Ove Arup & Partners isan international frm offering a wide range of design and specialist services for the construction ingusty, S.B Tietz & Partners offer consultancy services in civ, structural and trafic engineering, ‘A catalogue and prices for BCA publications can be obtained from Publication Sales, Centre for Concrete Information, at the above address. 43.505 Published by First published 1994 British Cement Association Century House, Tellord Avene, emetic Crowthome, Berke RGM 6YS Price group M ‘Telephone (0344) 762676 © Briish Cement Association 1994 Fax (0944) 761214 From 15 Apt 1895 te STO Coote snl bo (01388) [Ml adic or inematen tom be Bash Cement Assan tended for thse who wil eal he sgncaroe and tations fs cores Gnd ste vesponobty fet uee and appleston No lity (cus at foe neggeee or any lee eeutg fem auth ache or rican Slecuteted Resour should rete ht a1 BCA pubieons he sabes fo reson ro tne 2 ime and rou Meare enawe tht ty ee ‘essen af the let vrsonWORKED EXAMPLES FOR THE DESIGN OF CONCRETE BUILDINGS Based on BSI publication DDENV 1992-1-1: 1992. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. Part 1. General rules and rules for buildings. Published by the British Cement Association in conjunction with: Ove Arup & Partners SB. Tietz & Partners The Department of the 18 Fitzroy Street 14 Clerkenwell Close Environment London WiP 68Q. Clerkenwell 2 Marsham Street Tel: 071-636 1531 London EC1R OPQ —_London SWIP 3EB Tel: 071-490 5050 Tel: 071-276 3000 July 1994FOREWORD Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures, Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings (EC2)” sets out both the principles for the design of all types of concrete structure, and design rules for buildings. Rules for other types of structure and particular areas of technology, including precast concrete elements and structures, will be covered in other parts of EC2. C2 contains a considerable number of parameters for which only indicative values are given. ‘The appropriate values for use in the UK ate set out in the National Application Document (NAD}"” which has been drafted by BSI. The NAD also includes a number of amendments to the rules in EC2 where, in the draft for development stage of EC2, it was decided that the EC2 rules either did not apply, or were incomplete. Two such areas are the design for fire resistance and the provision of ties, where the NAD states that the rules in BS 8110 should be applied. Attention is drawn to Approved Document A (Structure) related to the Building Regulations 1991, which states that Eurocode 2, including the National Application Document, is considered to provide appropriate guidance for the design of concrete buildings in the United Kingdom Enquiries of a technical nature concerning these worked examples may be addressed to the authors directly, or through the BCA, or to the Building Research EstablishmentCONTENTS 1 Ww 12 2 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3 a1 32 33 34 35 4 4A 42 5 5A 52 53 54 55 56 57 6 61 62 7 7A 72 INTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Introduction 5 Symbols, 5 COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Introduction 5 Basic details of structure. materials and loading 5 Floor slab 7 Main beam ses 20 Edge beam (Interior span) 30 Colurns .... 34 Foundation 39 Shear wall 43 Staircase - 49 BEAMS Introduction 53 Design methods for shear 53 ‘Shear resistance with concentrated loads close to support 63 Design method for torsion 70 Slendemess limits 81 SLABS Solid and ribbed slabs 82 Fiat slabs 109 COLUMNS, Introduction . 132 Capacity check of a section by strain compatibility 132 Biaxial bending capacity of a section 137 Braced slender column 441 Slender column with biaxial bending 143, Classification of structure 147 ‘Sway structures 151 WALLS Introduction 184 Example . 154 FOUNDATIONS Ground bearing footings 158 Pilecap design 172 8 SPECIAL DETAILS 81 Corbels e100) 82 Nibs 185 83 Simply supported ends 188 84 Surface reinforcement 191 9 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 91 Introduction 193 92 Design data 193 93. Serviceabilty limit state 195 94 Uttimate limit state 204 95 Minimum and maximum areas of reinforcement 207 96 Reinforcement summary 207 10 SERVICEABILITY CHECKS BY CALCULATION 101 Deflection 208 10.2 Cracking 219 11 DEEP BEAMS 41.1. Introduction 222 11.2 Example 222 12 LOAD COMBINATIONS 12.1 Introduction 236 12.2 Example 1 = frame 237 123 Example 2 = continuous beam 1 240 124 Example 3 = continuous beam 2 243, 125 Example 4 = tank 245 13. DESIGN OF BEAM AND COLUMN SECTIONS 181 Concrete grades 246 182 Singly reinforced rectangular beam sections: 246 433 Compression reinforcement... 248 134 Flanged beams 249 135 Symmetically reinforced rectangular columns 249 REFERENCES 2564 INTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS 1.1 Introduction and symbols ‘The main objective ofthis publication is to illustrate through worked examples how EC2"” may be used in practice. It has been prepared for engineers who are generally familiar with design practice in the UK, particularly to BS 8110" ‘The worked examples relate primarily to in-situ concrete building structures. The designs are in accordance with EC2: Part 1 as modified by the UK National Application Document”, Where necessary, the information given in EC2 has, been supplemented by guidance taken from other documents The core example, in Section 2, isa re-design ofthe in-situ concrete fice block sed in the BCA publication Designed and detailed (BS 8110: 1988), by Higgins & Rogers. Other design aspects and forms of construction are fully explored by means of further examples in Sections to 12. Equations and charts for the design of beam and calumn sections, taken from the Concise Eurocade for the design of concrete buildings®, are given in Section 13. Publications used in the preparation of this book, and from which further information may be obtained, are listed in the References. Unless otherwise stated, all references to BS 8110 refer to Part 1 ‘Two conventions have been adopted in the preparation of this book. Statements followed by ‘OK’ mark places where the calculated value is shown to be satisfactory, Green type is used to draw attention to key information such as the reiniorcement to be provided. ‘The calculations are cross-referenced to the relevant clauses in EC2 and, where appropriate, to other documents; all references in the right-hand margins are to EC2 unless indicated otherwise The symbols used throughout the publication are lsted and defined below, and are generally those used in EC2 itsel. 1.2 Symbols A Avea of cross-section ‘A, Atea of concrete cross-section Aq Area of concrete within tensile zone Aape fea of concrete tensile Zone external to links A, Area enclosed within centresine of thin-walled section ‘A, Area of prestressing tendons ‘A, Area of tension or, in columns, total longitudinal reinforcement A’, Area of compression reinforcement ‘Ann Minimum area of tension of, in columns, total longitudinal reinforcement Acgoy fea of tension reinforcement provided Acq tea of tension reinforcement required Aran tea of surface reinforcement Az Atea of transverse reinforcement within flange of beam A, Afea of tension reinforcement effective at a section of, for torsion, area of additional longitudinal reinforcement ‘ay Atea. of shear reinforcement of torsion links Minimum area of shear reinforcement E.g Effective modulus of elasticity of concreteINTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS m Poms mn 74 y : rT FTO Ho aoe xagese x x zs = = &¢ = = = = 3 2? ? Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete at transfer Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement or prestressing steel Force due to concrete in compression at ultimate limit state Force in tension reinforcement or prestressing tendons at ultimate limit state Design value of tie force in pilecap Design value of support reaction Tie force in corbel or due to accidental action Vertical force applied to corbel ot, for sway classification of structures, sum of all vertical loads under service conditions Characteristic value of permanent action or dead load, Characteristic dead floor load Characteristic dead roof load Overall depth of tank Horizontal force applied to corbel Second moment of area of cross-section ‘Second moment of area of uncracked concrete section Second moment of area of cracked concrete section ‘Second moment of area of beam section ‘Second moment of area of concrete section ‘Second moment of area of column section ‘Second moment of area of slab section Second moment of area of section in x direction Second moment of area of section in y direction, St Venant torsional stiffness of rectangular section St Venant torsional stiffness of total section Deflaction-curvature factor dependent upon the shape of the bending moment diagram Reduction factor for calculation of second order eccentricity Coetficient taking account of decrease in curvature due to increasing axial force Bending moment Moment of force, F,, about tension reinforcement Moment causing cracking Moment of force, N,, about x axis Moment of force, N,, about y axis First order moment Design moment of resistance Moment of force, Naqg, about mid-depth of section Moment of force, N'g,., about mic-depth of section Moment of force, Nay, about mid-depth of sectionINTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS == fe = § é& = = g fg = 5 * x= i = Z2e z 2 2 zp Pn ao zr Design value of applied moment Design moment in x direction Design moment in y direction First order moment at end 1 First order moment at end 2 Design moment in column strip Design moment in middle strip Moment in span Moment at support Maximum moment transfer value Moment about x axis Moment about y axis Axial force Axial force due to concrete in compression Design resistance to axial force Design resistance to axial force due to concrete Design resistance to axial force due to concrete of hypothetical section of depth x >h Design resistance to axial force due to reinforcement Design value of applied axial force Mean applied axial force Prostressing force or point load ‘Average prestressing force along tendon profile Initial prestressing force at transfer Mean effective prestressing force at time f Final prestressing force alter all losses Maximum inital prestressing force at active end of tendon Required prestressing force Final prestressing force at service Characteristic value of variable action or imposed load Characteristic value of imposed floor load Characteristic value of imposed root load Reaction at support A Reaction at support 8 First moment of area of reinforcement about centroid of section First moment of area of reinforcement about centroid of uncracked section First moment of area of reinforcement about centroid of cracked section Design value of tensile force in longitudinal reinforcement Maximum torsional moment resisted by concrete struts Maximum torsional moment resisted by reinforcementINTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Spee x ASS5 a SESS gge "ESSS85 » 2» » » woes s oe s o Design value of applied torsional moment Torsional moment applied to flange ‘otal applied torsional moment Torsional moment applied to web Shear force at support A Shear force at support B Design shear resistance provided by concrete Shear force at exterior support Shear force at interior support Design shear resistance of member without shear reinforcement Maximum design shear force to avoid crushing of notional concrete struts Design shear resistance of member with shear reinforcement Design value of applied shear force Design shear force in x direction Design shear force in y direction Maximum design shear force Design shear resistance provided by shear reinforcement Section modulus at bottom fibre Section modulus at centroid of tendons Characteristic value of wind load Section modulus at top fibre Distance or deflection or maximum drape of tendon profile Deflection based on uncracked section Deflection based on cracked section Distance of load from face of support (corbel) or from centre-iine of hanger bars (rib) Deflection due to concrete shrinkage Distance from face of support to effective centre of bearing Horizontal displacement of the envelope line of tensile force Total deflection Distance between positions of zero and maximum bending Deflection at distance x along span Values of a, at ends of span Width of section or flange width or lateral cover in plane of lap Average width of trapezoidal compression zone Width of effective moment transfer strip Effective width of flange Minimum width of support beam Width of rib Width of supportINTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Mean width of section over the tension zone Minimum width of section over the effective depth Cover to longitudinal torsion reinforcement Support widths at ends of beam Effective depth of section Depth to compression reinforcement Average effective depth for both directions Depth to bar considered Distance of critical section for punching shear from centroid of column Effective depth of flange Effective depth for punching shear check in column head Maximum effective depth for both directions Minimum effective depth for both directions Effective depth in x direction Effective depth in y direction Effective depth to bars in layer 1 Effective depth to bars in layer 2 ‘Additional eccentricity due to geometrical imperfections ‘Additional eccentricity in the y direction ‘Additional eccentricity in the z direction Equivalent eccentricity at critical section First order eccentricity in y direction First order eccentricities at ends of column Total eccentricity Eccentricity in y direction Eccentricity in 2 direction Second order eccentricity Second order eccentricity in y direction Second order eccentricity in z direction ‘Stress in conorete at bottom fibre Design value of ultimate bond stress Design cylinder strength of concrete Cube strength of concrete at transfer Characteristic cylinder strength of concrete Effective tensile strength of concrete at time cracking is expected to occur Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete Characteristic cube strength of concrete Design tensile strength of prestressing steel Characteristic tensile strength of prestressing ste!INTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS soe 733 k, Design value of ultimate bearing stress ‘Stress in reinforcement Stress in concrete at top fibre Design yield strength of reinforcement Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement Design yield strength of longitudinal torsion reinforcement Design yield strength of shear reinforcement or torsion links Characteristic yield strength of shear reinforcement or torsion links Characteristic dead load per unit area Overall depth of section or liquid in tank Reduced value of h for separate check about minor axis of column section with biaxial eccentricities Active height of deep beam Overall depth of corbel at face of support Overall depth of flange Depth of column head Larger dimension of rectangular section ‘Smaller dimension of rectangular section ‘otal height of structure in metres Radius of gyration of section Coeticient or factor Restraint coefficient at end A, Restraint coefficient at end B Restraint coefficient at bottom Minimum reinforcement coefficient associated with stress distribution Restraint coefticient at top Crack spacing coefficient associated with bond characteristics Crack spacing coefficient associated with strain distribution Length or span Length of tendon over which anchorage slip is taken up Basic anchorage length Minimum anchorage length Required anchorage length Diameter of circular column Height of column between centres of restraints Effective span Effective span of slab Distance from column face to edge of column head Clear distance between faces of supportINTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Distance between postions of zero bending or effective height of column for deep beams, clear distance between faces of support Length of compression flange between lateral supports Required lap length or floor to ceiling height in metres Minimum lap length Greater of distances in metres between centres of columns, frames or walls supporting any two adjacent floor spans in direction of tie under consideration Effective span in x direction Effective span in y direction Lengths between centres of supports or overall dimensions of rectangular column head Minimum design moment per unit width Utimate design load per unit area or number of tendons or number of sub-divisions. ‘Average loss of prestressing force per unit length due to friction Equivalent load per unit length due to prestressing force profile Characteristic imposed load per unit area Radius of bend or radius of curvature Radius of curvature based on uncracked section Radius of curvature based on cracked section Radius of curvature due to conorete shrinkage Radius of curvature due to concrete shrinkage based on uncracked section, Radius of curvature due to concrete shrinkage based on cracked section Total radius of curvature Spacing of shear reinforcement or torsion links or horizontal length of tencion profile Spacing of transverse reinforcement within flange of beam Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement or torsion links ‘Average final crack spacing Thickness of supporting element or wall of thin-walled section Minimum thickness of wall Circumference of concrete section or critical section for punching shear Circumference of area A, Design shear resistance per unit length of critical perimeter, for slab without shear reinforcement Maximum design shear resistance per unit length of critical perimeter, for slab with shear reinforcement Design shear resistance per unit length of critical perimeter, for slab with shear reinforcement Design value of shear force per unit length of critical perimeter ‘Support width or quasi-permanent load per unit length Design crack width 7INTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Fa Yom Yoow % 1 15 Minimum width of support Neutral axis depth or distance along span from face of support or distance along tendon or column dimension in x direction Maximum depth of concrete in compression in direction of minor axis for column section with biaxial eccentricities Depth of concrete in compression at position of minor axis for column section with biaxial eccentricities Drape of tendon at distance x along profile or column dimension in y direction Distance from centroid of uncracked section to extreme tension fibre Lever arm of internal forces Distance from centroid of section to centroid of tendons Reduction factor for concrete compressive stress or modular ratio or deformation parameter Value of parameter based on uncracked section Value of parameter based on cracked section Effectiveness coefficient for anchorage Effective modular ratio Reduction coefficient for assumed inclination of structure due to imperfections Moment coefficients in x and y directions Effectiveness coefficient for lap Coetticient with several appications including shear resistance enhancement, effective height of column, St Venant torsional sifiness, punching shear magnification, design crack width Reduced value of shear resistance enhancement coefficient Coetticient associated with bond characteristics Coetficient associated with duration of load Partial safety factor for concrete material properties Partial safety factor for actions Partial safety factor for permanent action or dead load Partial safety factor for permanent action, in calculating lower design value Partial safety factor for permanent action, in calculating upper design value Partial safety factor for actions associated with prestressing force Partial safety factor for variable action or imposed load Partial safety factor for steel material properties of reinforcement or prestressing tendons Ratio of redistributed moment to moment before redistribution Strain in concrete at bottom of section Basic concrete shrinkage strain Final concrete shrinkage strain Minimum strain in tendons to achieve design tensile strength Strain in tendons corresponding to prestressing force P,, 2INTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Pre Py Pu Puma PyPs Strain in reinforcement Estimated concrete shrinkage strain Mean strain in reinforcement allowing for tension stiffening effect of concrete Utimate compressive strain in concrete Initial yield strain in reinforcement Distribution coefficient Moment coetficient ‘Angle of rotation or angle between concrete struts and longitudinal axis Siendemess ratio Critical slenderness ratio Mean slenderness ratio of all columns in storey considered Slenderness ratio beyond which column is considered slender Coefficient of friction between tendon and duct or applied moment ratio Limiting value of applied moment ratio for singly reinforced section Efficiency factor or assumed inclination of structure due to imperfections Reduced value of assumed inclination of structure Longitudinal force coefficient Tension reinforcement ratio or density of liquid Compression reinforcement ratio Longitudinal tension reinforcement ratio. Longitudinal tension reinforcement ratios in x and y directions Effective reinforcement ratio Shear reinforcement ratio Minimum shear reinforcement ratio Principal and secondary reinforcement ratios in sold slabs Stress in concrete adjacent to tendons due to self-weight and any other permanent actions ‘Average stress in concrete due to axial force Initial stress in concrete adjacent to tendons due to prestress Initial stress in tendons immediately after stressing (pre-tensioning) or immediately after transfer (post-tensioning) ‘Stress in tension reinforcement calculated on basis of cracked section Value of 6, under loading conditions causing first cracking Basic design shear strength Factor defining representative value of variable action Value of ¥ for rare load combination Value of ¥ for frequent loading Value of ¥ for quasi-petmanent loading Mechanical ratio of tension reinforcement Mechanical ratio of compression reinforcement 3INTRODUCTION AND SYMBOLS Mae aM AN, ott) Limiting value of w for singly reinforced section ‘Total vertical force applied to frame at floor j Anchorage slip or wedge set Variation of longitudinal force in section of flange over distance a, Equivalent horizontal force acting on frame at floor j due to assumed imperfections Moment of force AN... about mid-depth of section Reduction in design moment at support Design resistance to axial force due to concrete in area of hypothetical section lying outside actual section Average loss of prestressing force due to elastic deformation of concrete Loss of prestressing force at active end of tendon due to anchorage slip Loss of prestressing force due to creep, shrinkage and relaxation at time t Loss of prestressing force due to friction between tendon and duct at distance x from active end of tendon ‘Variation of stress in tendon due to relaxation Bar size or duct diameter or creep coelficient Creep coefficient, defining creep between times t and t,, elated to elastic deformation at 28 days (01) Final creep coetficiont2 COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.1 Introduction Design calculations for the main elements of a simple in-situ concrete office block are set out. The structure chosen is the same as that used in Higgins ‘and Rogers’ Designed and detailed (BS 8110: 1985). Calculations are, wher- ‘ever possible, given in the same order as those in Higgins and Rogers enabling a direct comparison to be made between BS 8110 and EC2" designs. For the same reason, a concrete grade C32/40 is used. Thisis nota standard grade recognized by EC2 or ENV 206®, which gives grade C35/45 in Table NA.1 ‘Some interpolation of the tables in EC2 has, therefore, been necessary. The example was deliberately chosen to be simple and to cover a considerable range of member types. Comparison shows that, for this type of simple structure, there is very litle difference between BS 8110 and EC2 in the complexity of calculation necessary or the results obtained. 2.2 Basic details of structure, materials and loading These are summarized in Table 2.1 and Figure 2.1 Table 2.1 Design information Intended use Laboratory and office block Fire resistance 1 hour forall elements Loading (excluding selt-weight of structure) Root = imposed (kNi®) 18 = finishes (Nin 15 Froors imposes incluging partion alowance (kNim#) 40 = frishes (Nin?) 05 Stars = imposed (Ni?) 40 = fishes (Ni) | os Edernal cladding (kN) 50 Wind toad Speed (m/sec) 40 Factors 5 10 = os 5 19 & a Exposure class 2b (external) and 1 (eternal) ‘Subsoll condtions Sift clay — no sulphates ‘Allowable bearing pressure (kN!) 200 Foundation ype Reinforced concrete foatings to columns and walls Materials Grade 32/40 concrete with 20 mm maximum agoregate Characteristic stength of main bars (Nin?) 460 Characterisie sang of inks (Nine) 250 Saltweight of concrete (Wm) 24 = 1 J 8COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE : i sD sgfel [et* sf TYPICAL CROSS SECTION | ® J ene ercin ND RESISTANCE « 8 @ 5000248,000_ a a AN 1 All columns 300+ 300 2 Main beams $00 « 309 2. Etge beams 35 = 300 1150» 7750 » 608 1 eS wing force resisted by 2 Lateral bracing in E-=W dirsction provides by staircase, and intilt, (asonty pasele, on ged 2/1 Gnd gris 37H © = Column (externat) he J | IE PROVISION horizontal ties Fr = (204mg) = 20 6 16+ 36 © 6048 Figure 21 Structural detailsCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.3 Floor slab 2.3.4 Idealiza of structure Consider as a one-way continuous slab on knife-edge supports and design a typical 5 m interior span where f= 32. Nimm? fy = 480 Nim? 2.3.2 Cover for durability and fire resistance Nominal cover er oxposure class 1 Grtrra) is 20 me Nao Table 6 Cover shuld nthe es han the bar size when 20 mm masimum aggregate 4138 ale usd 175 mm sab wih 20 mm cover wi ove 18 hous fe resfance.... ok NABSY® “Use 20 mim norinal cover bonem andtop ——=SSSCSC*~idtCS*«éz 2.3.3 Loading Selfaweight of slab = 0175 x 24 = 4.2 kNim? Finishes = 05 kNim? Characteristic permanent load (g,) = 47 kNim? Characteristic variable load (q,) = 40 kNim? Design permanent load = 135 x 47 = 635 kNim® Table 2.2 Design variable load 15 x 40 60 kNim? 2.3.4 Design moments and shears Moments have been obtained using moment coefficients given in Reynolds and ‘Stedman's Reinforced concrete designer's handbook”, Table 33. ‘Support moment = 0079 x 635 x 5° + 0106 x 60 x 5° = 284 kNmim Span moment = 0046 x 635 x 5? + 0086 x 60 x 5* = 202kNmim Design shear force = 05 x 635 x 5 + 06 x 60 x 5 = 339 kNim 2.3.5 Reinforcement 2.3.5.1 Support Assume effective depth = 175 - 20-6 = 149mm mM = 0040 bot, Adm = 0048, xd = 0092 (Section 13, Table 13:1) bot, 7COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE For zero redistribution, x/d should be less than 0.45 ok A, = 498 mmm Minimum area of reinforcement 6b fn £ 00015 bd = 224 mmm 0k im) Use T12 @ 200 mm ers. (665 mi 2.3.5.2 Span —* ~ coz bot, Ay —* = 0033, xd = 0063 (Section 13, Table 131) bay A, = 342 mmm Use T12 @ 300 mm crs, (877 mmtim) —_ Note: Reinforcement areas differ somewhat from those given by BS 8110 which permits ‘design for the single load case of maximum load on all spans combined with 20% redistribution. EC2 requires alternate and adjacent spans to be considered In this instance, no redistribution has been carried out but it would have been permissible to carry out 30% redistribution in the EC2 design. This would have resulted in an identical answer to that given by BS 8110 but ductility class H (as defined in prEN 10080") reinforcement would need to be species. 2.3.6 Shear Sheer rentance othe slab without shear rifrcement i gen by Yen = Taft? + 40n)bud where rg = 035 Nimm? Fe ete etait = — 2 _- ooose oolaas Hence Vag) = 1023 kNIm > Vz, = 339 kNim cee OK [he stearehtocenen waked] Note: ‘Since shear is rarely a problem for normally loaded solid slabs supported on beams, as the calculation has shown, itis not usually necessary to check in these instances. 6 2534.26) 8421.11) NAD Table 5 4323 Eqn 4.18 Table 48,COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.3.7 Deflection 77 Reinforcement ratio provided in span = 7 __ = 0005 1000 x 149 Using NAD Table 7” and interpolating between 48 for 0.15% and 35 for 05%, abasic spanieffective depth ratio of 44 is given. By modifying according to the steel stress, the ratio becomes 44 (400 x 37) yy 460 x 342 The actual spanfeffectve depth ratio is oe = 336 oK Had EC2 Table 4.14 been used instead of NAD Table 7, the basic ratio before ‘modification would have been 35, which would not have been OK. 2.3.8 Cracking For minimum area of reinforcement assume 3 Nimm? k= 04 k = 08 Ay = 05 x 175 x 1000 = 87500 mm? Hence AL = kK Ada, = 04 x 08 x 3 x 87500460 = 183 mmm ‘Area of reinforcement provided = 377 mm*/m 0k No further check is necessary ash = 175 < 200 mm Maximum bar spacing = 3h < 500 mm ok 2.3.9 Tie provisions The NAD requires that ties are provided in accordance with BS 8110. Internal tie in E-W direction, with F, = 96 kNim width, is given by 1 : BAO gg W298 eS 8 Tie force = F, x 418 kNim NAD Table 7 443.214) 4422 Eqn 478 44.23(1) NAD Table 3 5432.14) NAD 65(a) Bs 8110 3123.4 @COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 418 x 10° 460 Minimum area = 91 mmtim ‘Thus this area of the bottom reinforcement is the minimum that should be made continuous throughout the siab, 2.3.10 Reinforcement details The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 2.2. @ D4 pseram | O-— a8 — 7 0-44 Hed. 1 Tres3) dea 8 | FS aso 8] af fe 110-3 y300 | AED SHE reat ssrpeeouere O- 8 rr PLAN tard 2 omitted for clarity) | As aerate ae fs? 4.5 at, sale Ao a ren B28 COVER to outer bars =20 Figure 2.2 Slab reinforcement details 2.4 Main beam 2.4.1 Cover for durability and fire resistance Nominal cover for exposure class 1 (internal) is 20 mm: Nominal cover for 1 hour fire resistance is 20 mm. Use 20 rim nominal orto inks NAD Table 6 BS 8110 Table 35COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.4.2 Loading Permanent load from slab (Section 233) = 47 x 5 = 235 kNim Solf-weight of beam = (05 - 0.175) x 03 x 24 = 23 kNim Characteristic permanent load (9,) = 258 kNim Characteristic imposed load (q,) = 8 x 4 = 20kNim Maximum desgn led = 169, + 189, G48 Wm Minimum design oad = 1080," — 348 KN 2.4.3 Analysis 2.4.3.1 idealization of structure and load cases ‘The structure is simplified as a continuous beam attached to columns above ‘and below, which are assumed to be fixed at their upper ends and pinned at the foundations, as shown in Figure 2:3. 3500 6000 000 $000 Figure 2.3 Idealization of structure 2.4.3.2 Design moments and shears These are summarized in Table 2.2 and Figures 2.4 and 25. 2331 23.23(4) 2533COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Table 2.2 Results of frame analysis Load case 1 [Load case 2 | Load case 3 | ‘Load per m on 8 m span (kN) Bis | BB ue | Load per m on 6 m span (kN) 8 a8 eB Upper LH column momert (kvm) | 108 109 50 ower LH columa moment (Nr) 6 72 3 WH ena of 8 m span momers (Nm) | = 171 = 180 ~32 CH eng of 8 m span shear (N) 233 238 119 Middle of 8 m span moment (kN) eo | 88 "6 RH end of 8 m span moment (kNm) | 382 385 = 242 RH end of 8 m span shear (kN) 286 280 159 |) Upper carte column moment (kN) 33 ss | 3 Lower cans column moment (kNm) 18 23 2 Lif end of 6 m span momers (km) | — 331 262 247 LH end of 6 m span shear (KN) 20 146 23 | Mideéa of 6 m span momert (kN) 98 20 130 RH end of 6 m span moment (Nim) | 57 -2 76 ‘Upper AH column moment (km) 4 7 6 Lower RH column moment (im) 2 5 0 aeoisrarsurion at @ ano @ fase 1" Reduce 171 1926 (see 2) Recuce 382 to 268 (-20%) Cote 2=Reduee HO fo 126 (-30%! Reduce 5U8 to 268 [see 1) 369 14) Case 3-Ne redistribution (1) elastic 26818) 1211804 (2) elastic tay 26 gh (3) elastics, (3) elastic 9 78 (3) elastic 7 Ye (1) redistributed (2) elostic (0) a (2) redistributes 35 Envelope Moments in kim Figure 2.4 Bending moment envelope eeCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE ay 240 G1 23 (2) 106 oa om | Case 3 —- 149 01) Redistrivures + pee 68 3) Envelope —— Bin | Forces in KN 286.0) | | 8000 $000 _y | Figure 25 Shear force envelope 2.4.4 Reinforcement for flexure 2.444 Internal support From bending moment envelope M > = 268 KNm 6 = O7andxd < (@ - 044125 = 0.208 28342 Eqn 2.17 Mg = 00864 and u,,, = 011084 (Section 19, Table 13.2) . 268 1 = gute > a, 300 x 440? x 32 ‘Therefore compression reinforcement is required ve Ae 1 Bas 1442 — 0.0864 bd, 087 (I-a"id) 0.87 (1 - 50/440) 00750 (Section 13) Ad o = Bie - 0" = 01084 + 00750 = 01894 (ectn 1) 01834 x 300 x 440 x 32/460 = 1684 mm? Since dik = d10.208d = 0546 > (1 ~ 1/805) = 0429 Increase oto (1 = 9428) oor = 00943 1 — 0846 At, = 00943 x 300 x 440 x 92/460 = 866 mm? 1125 (1960 mm?) top 25 (982 mm’) bottor EJCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.4.4.2 Near middle of 8 m span From bending moment envelope M = 325 kNm 3 >10 Effective flange width = 300 + 0.2 x 085 x 8000 = 1660 mm 25.2.21 Eqn 2.13 w= — 82x WL 090 1660 x 450? x 32 x/d = 0068 (Section 13, Table 13.1) Neutral axis is in flange since x = 31 < 175 mm » = 0,035 (Section 13, Table 13.1) A, = 0035 x 1660 x 450 x 32/460 = 1819 mm? Lx =] 2.4.43 Left-hand end of 8 m span From bending moment envelope M = 126 kNm 5 = O7 andy,, = 00864 (Section 13, Table 13.2) 1 ee 300 x 440? x 32 7 Therefore no compression reinforcement is required. w = 0084 (Section 13, Table 13.1) A, = 0084 x 300 x 440 x 32/460 772 mm? Using 2125 bentup bars, minimum diameter of mandrel 5212 NAD = 186 AxedArge)) = 106 Table 8 Use 2725 (982 mm’) with r = 56 Z| 2aCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.4.44 Right-hand end of 6 m span From bending moment envelope M = 76kNm pe ML KWL 0m bat, 300 x 440? x 32 @ = 0,049 (Section 13, Table 13.1) A, = 450 mm? Use 2725 (982 mm?) with r= 4g minimum 2.4.45 Near middle of 6 m span From bending moment envelope M = 138 kNm Effective flange width = 300+02 x 085 x 6000 = 1320mm x 10° p= 181 L016 32 x 450° x 1320 019 (Section 13, Table 13:1) A, agg x 1320 x 450 x 32/460 = 785 mm? | Use 2125 (982 mm?) 2.4.4.8 Minimum reinforcement ALB KM Aclt, 4a22 * Eqn 478 where k= 08 k= 068 fea = 3 Nimmt Ag = 300 x 825 mm? 2, = 460. Nimm? Therefore A, = 173 mm? oK osbo a £ 00015 bd = 203 mm? OK = -54.2.1.1(1) hnCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.4.5 Shear reinforcement 2.4.5.1 Minimum links Here, for comparison with BS 8110 design, grade 250 reinforcement wil be used. Interpolation from EC2 Table 55 gives Minimum >, == 00022 Ag/S = 00022 x 300 = 066 mmtimm Vay = (5) Vago ~ fefer to Section 2.453 for Vag lesser of 300 mm or 08d = 300mm Use RI2 links @ 900 mm crs. (A,./8_=_O75 mmn"imm) 2.4.5.2 Capacity of section without shear reinforcement Vpay = FagM(L2 + 400) bd Assume 2725 effective e, = 982300 x 440) = 000743 ko = 16-d = 16-044 = 116 Tag = 035 Vaey = 300 x 440 x 0:35 x 1.16 x (1.2 + 40 x 0.00743) x 10° = 80.2 KN 2.45.3 Shear reinforcement by standard method Maximum capacity of section » = 07 ~£,/200 = 07 - 327200 = 054 « 05 Vawe = 05 x O54 x (32/5) x 300 x 09 x 440 x 10°? = 684 kN Design shear force is shear at a distance d from the face of the support. This is 590 mm from the support centreline, Vgg ~ 80.2 09 x 440 x O87 x 250 00116 (V,, ~ 80.2) Design of shear reinforcement is summarized in Table 2.3. 432 5422 Egn 517 4323 Table 48 432.43 Eqn 4.21 Eqn 4.25 43.2,2(10) Eqn 423COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Table 23 Design of shear reinforcement > ————— 8 for 12 mm Location % Aus eel Links 8 msoan LH end 203 142 159 Ri2 @ 150 FH end 28 195 116 Fiz @ 100, 6m span Lend 202 11 160 Riz @ 160 FH eng 128 rin max, 2 @ 200 Mirena 2 @ 300 2.4.6 Deflection Reinforcement percentage at centre of 8 m span. = 100 x 1960(450 x 1660) = 026% Interpolating between 0.15 and 0.5%, basic spanietfective depth ratio for end span = 40) To modify for steel stress multiply by 400/460 ‘To modity for T section multiply by 08 To modity for span > 7 m mutiply by 7/8 Therefore permissible ratio = 40 x (400/460) x 08 x 7/8 = 243 Actual ratio = 8000/50 = 178 0k 2.4.7 Cracking For estimate of steel stress under quasi-permanent loads Utimate load 648 kNim Assuming ¥, 03 Quasi-permanent load = 03 x 20 + 258 = 318 kNim 460 | 318 x 28 115” 648 Approx, steel stress at midspan 196 Nimm? Approx. steel stress at supports allowing for 30% redistribution = 196107 = 280 Nimm? These are conservative figures since they do not allow for excess reinforcement cover what is needed or for moment calculated at centreline of support rather than at face of support. Check limits on either bar size or spacing, From EC2 Table 4.11, 25 mm bars in spans are satisfactory at ary spacing since steel stress < 200 Nimm? OK From EC2 Table 4.12, bar spacing at supports should be = 150 mm with no limitation on size, As bars are located inside column bars the maximum possible spacing is 125 mm Ok 4432 NAD Table 7 4422 NAD Table 1 44.23COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.4.8 Curtailment of reinforcement Reinforcement must extend for a distance of a, + |, beyond the moment envelope where 0902 = 198 mm = By Oy AL ream tong Tas * Ba yt ne = 980 mm Bars mark 8, which are located outside the web, must extend a further 150 mm = refer to Figure 28. 2.4.9 Reinforcement details Curtailment of the main reinforcement and arrangement of the link reinforcement are shown in Figures 2.6 and 27, Reinforcement details are shown in Figure 28 and given in Table 2.4. 1400 1600, 1800 1800 , | ars, Moment envelope Curtailment tine —— soo, 6400 Figure 26 Curtailment diagram of main reinforcement a2 @ , 150 300 100 300 ” ESQ)” (rninimom Uinksy % man Shear capacity of minimum Links (127300) with | SS | tN 166 206 2150 | (ee = Figure 2.7 Arrangement of link reinforcement 54.213 52341 54213 zeCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE aeseut_ ies? —] rest 4 TH ann pea Tw 0 © Oe et a-aurt Figure 28 Main beam reinforcement detailsCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Table 2.4 “Bar |_ mans _| ‘Commentary on bar arrangement Notes | Tension bars are stopped 50 mm from column face 10 avoid clashing with the ‘column bars i Nominal cover = 20 + 12 = 32 > 25 mm oK Remaining tension bars stopped of at LH end as shown in Figure 26. Bars extended al RH end fo provide compression roiereement lap =.) | and continuity for internal ties fap = 1000 mm) (Check minimum distance between bars = bar size of 20 mm (900 - 32 x 2-4 x 25)8 = 45 > 25 mm °K Not used Similar to bar mae 1 Loose U bears ae fixed inside the column bars and provide continuity for ‘column and internal tes Top legs projct trom cenre line into span, minimum dimensions shown in Figure 26 otom legs are lapped 1000 mm to prove continuity for interna ies Yop legs = 1800 mm Botom lags = 200 + 1000 | User = 56 for both bends "Note thatthe botiom legs ae raise to avoid gan between bars being < 25 mm Top legs = 1500 mm Botom legs = 200 + 1000 200 mm 1200 mm 2116 provided as link hangers are stopped 50 mm Hom cokumn face 2.5 Edge beam ‘Tension bars over the support are stopped asin Figure 26. Bars mark @ are locaiod outsce the web Links are arranged in accordance wih Figure 27 for shear. Links also provie transverse reinforcement wih a spacing =< 150 mm af al laps —______ (interior span) 2.5.1 Cover for durability and fire resistance Nominal cover for exposure class 2b (external) is 35 mm. Nominal cover for 1 hour fire resistance is 20 mm. [ie #0 em rind covert ks 413366) Bs 8110 5214 54.213 BS 8110 52.11 54.2.1.2(2) 82.41.22) NAD Table 6 BS 8110 Table 35COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.5.2 Loading Permanent load from slab = 47 x 5 x 1.25 = 294 kN (assuming 1.26 m stip to be loading on edge beam) Self-weight of beam = (035 - 0.175) x 03 x 5 x 24 = 63 KN Cladding load @ 5 KNim = 5 x 5 = 25 kN Characteristic permanent load = 60.7 KN Characteristic imposed load = 4 x 5 x 1.25 = 25 kN [ea design toad 2.5.3 Design moments and shears ‘These are taken from the Concise Eurocode, Appendix, Table A.1®. 2.5.3.1 Interior support [ Moment = 0.10 x 1195 x 5 = 598 kNm Shear = 055 x 1195 = 657 kN 2.5.3.2 Mid-span [[Merent = 067 x 1105 x5 = 48 Kim 2.5.4 Reinforcement for flexure 2.5.4.1 Interior support Assume effective depth = 280 mm M 598 x 10° bai, 280" x 300 x 92 Af, 1 0.099 (Section 13, Table 13.1) bal, xd = 0189 < 045 OK — 258.426) A, = 579. mm? [Use 220 (628 mm’) _ 2.5.4.2 Mid-span ‘Assume effective depth = 290 mm Effective flange width = 300 + 0.1 x 07 x 5000 = 650mm 252.24COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE M MB x 10° = 0024 bd, 650 x 290" x 32 0028 (Section 19, Table 13.1) A, = 867 mm? Use 2120 (628 mm’) _ id ‘The cross-section is shown in Figure 2.9. L Figure 29 Edge beam cross-section 2.5.5 Shear reinforcement Design shear force may be taken to be at distance d into the span from the 43.2.2(10) face of the support. This can be calculated approximately as Veg = 657 ~ 1195 (028 + 015)50 = 554 kN Voor = 900 x 280 x 095 (18 ~ 0.28) x [12 + #0 % 628 43230) . 300 x 260 = 582 kN This is greater than V,,, hence only minimum ink are required. 43222) ‘Assuming grade 250 reinforcement for links, EC2 Table 55 gives oo22 1 0.0022 x 300 = 066 mmn’imm a2), 32 05 (or - x 2 x 900 x 09 x 280 = 435 KN 432 200) 15 a8) <COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Since Veg << (EY Vise Suge = O18 = 224 mm 200 mm spacing gives A,, = 132 mm? Use RI0 links at 200 mm ors. (A, = 2 x 785 2.5.6 Deflection ‘Actual spanieffective depth ratio = 500/290 = 17.2 ‘At midspan 100 A, 100 x 628 bd 650 x 290 = 033% By interpolation trom NAD Table 7, modified for f,, = 460 Basic spanietfective depth ratio = 36 Note: This can be increased allowing for use of a larger than required steel area to = 36 x 628/367 = 616 But not greater than 48/1.15 = 41.7 Inspection shows this to be unnecessary. Allowable Id > actual lid OK 2.5.7 Curtailment of reinforcement ‘Since the bending moment diagram has not been drawn, simpified curtailment rules are needed. These are given in Section 8 of the Appendix to the Concise Eurocode. Using the rules, the 20 mm bars in the top may be reduced to 12 mm bars ata distance from the face of support = O1f + 326 + 045d = 500 + 32 x 20 + 045 x 280 = 1266 mm from the column face Eqn 517 Concise Eurocode Figure A.12 443.2(4) NAD Table 7 Note 2COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.5.8 Reinforcement details The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 2.10, 13R10~5 200 T || oneness || | 450 te 1250, 150 pam Tt bt oe0-4 I fop cover 60 sible she tonee ds ~ fz tt L arzo-1 ETL artze2 sale 50 ko} side cover 75. ELEVATION 3663 na Cover 10 tinks = 40 a] —fts kd uo Maes ACA Figure 2.10 Edge beam reinforcement details 2.6 Columns 2.6.1 Idealization of structure ‘The simplification assumed for the design of the main beam is shown in Figure 23 2.6.2 Analysis Moments and column loads at each floor are taken from the analysis for the main beam given in Section 2.43, 2.6.3 Cover for durability and fire resistance Nominal cover for interior columns (exposure class 1) is 20 mm. Nominal cover for exterior columns (exposure class 2b) is 35 mm. Nominal cover for 1 hour fire resistance is 20 mm. [Use 20 mm (interior) and 40 mm (exterior) nominal cover to linksCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.6.4 Internal column 2.6.4.1 Loading and moments at various floor levels These are summarized in Table 2.5, Table 2.5 Loading and moments for internal column =<) ca cae co i a (area) ese (oem [os carssyee Ae Ae dA cc Root am | 200 | 238 | 53) or | ter | tr | a2 | a2 6m | 202 | 165 | 43| 6 | 159 | 159 ‘Soltwelght o| 9 6 | 67 | 266 | ass 3rd ocr 8m | 283 | 278 | 131 | 126 | 152 | 182 | aa] 49 6m | 236 | 143 | 110] 17 | 126 | 126 ‘Set-weignt @| 3 337 | 200 | 642 | 642 and toor 8m | 283 | 278 | 131 | 126 | 152 | 152 | 33 | 49 em | 236 | 143 | 110 | 17 | 126 | 125 | serswotge o| "9 | 78 | 343 | e209 | 020 tettloor 8m | 286 | 280 | 132 | 125 | 154 | 154 | 18 | 29 em | 240 | 146 | 111 | 17 | 120 | 320 Setewsight 44 | ‘ta Foundations eat | a6 | 1226 | 1206, a0 | 39 30 | 55 aa | 85 2.6.4.2 Design for column between first floor and foundation Effective height in N-S direction k ( x 675 x 10" | 675 x 10°) _ 5000 3500 3125 x 10° | 3125 x 10% 8000 ‘6000 = 0.28 but take not less than 0.4 Koon = Hence ea t08 Effective height = 0.8 x 5000 = 4000 mm Load case 1 gives worst condition (by inspection), Imposed load = 0.7 x 821 = 575 KN Eqn 4.60, Figure 4.27 Bs 6399: Part 1, Reduction factorCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Dead load = 1226 KN Neg = 1801 KN Mg = 18 kNm (top), 0 (bottom) Fie apenas (O01 a 10z xa) 9 ere 435350 300? x 32 15[F, = 145 < 25 Hence Men = 28 nn yy = OO ag 300 Note: Ifi = (jh) x J12 ) > 25, hence column is slender in N-S direction The slenderness in the E-W direction will be found to be approximately the same. ‘The structure is braced and non-sway (by inspection), hence the Model Column Method may be used with the column designed as an isolated column. Yeg = 25(2 - 2,6.) = 50 in both E-W and N-S directions 43553 Eqn 462 Slenderness ratios in both directions are less than ,,, hence it is only ‘necessary to ensure that the column can withstand an end moment of at least Ngjl20 = 1801 x 03/20 = 270 KNm 43553 Eqn 464 This exceeds the first order moments, Hence N,, = 1801 KN and M,, = 270 kNm Noa = = 062 Dhl. M, . Meg 279 x 10° _ goa bht, — 300? x 32 Assume a= 45mmCOMPLET! 2.6.5 2.6.5.1 E DESIGN EXAMPLE Then dh = 45/300 = 0.15 AL, dis = 0.16 (Section 13, Figure 19.2()) ont, Hence A, = 1002 mm? 10120 EE — Note: In the design by Higgins and Rogers, the slenderness ratio exceeds the equivalent of },,, but the design moment is stil Nh/20, EC2 requires less reinforcement die to the smaller design load and the assumption of a smaller ‘cover ratio. If the same cover ratio is used in the Higgins and Rogers design. 4720 are sufficient in both cases, Externi Loading and moments at various levels column ‘These are summarized in Table 2.6 Table 26 Loading and moments for external column | Beam ioaas | Column design loads ‘Gatun moments a) oy nen | | taat —| imposed | Dead ep Botom T fesreorsg | a] ee fats | el eco kee ee Root \ | wan teu | 105 | 20) ar | sas | 145 | 104 | 107 Ege 55 | (55 5 | ‘5s | Satweigt 3 | 3 slalsl=| | |-|- 2d oor | | Man zas | ego | 109 | 14 | 126 | 126 | 93 | oe Edge joss | | 35 | 55 Sebweght 3 | 3 48 | 165 | 900 | s00 oo | 98 2nd floor | | Main zas | 240 | 100 | 114 | 126 | 128 | 99 | 98 Ege | 5 | | 35 | 55 Sebwoight 3) 8 | —|—| | ar | a0 | seo | 59 | 109 | 100 ‘1st floor | Main 233 | 238 | 108 | 113 | 125 | 125 | 68 | 72 Ege 3 | 85 Sotwcigh Foundations aCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.6.5.2 Design for column between first floor and foundation 675 x 10° x 08 | 675 x ca (2x) - on 4000 3500 8000 Kom = Hence @ = 08s Figure 427 Effective height = 085 x 4000 = 3400 mm 2400 [7 0 Slenderess ratio = Ii =~" 478 _ g93 304 », will be small so 18/7, will be less than 25 Hence dy = [25 2 terior colin seraer NS dreoion +d Calculate d,, fq, botommement og 4985s tg” tproment 7 85 Hence Ae = 5 @ 40 = 50 Slenderess ratios in the E-W and NS directions are both less than 50, hence itis only necessary to ensure that the end moment is at least Nh/20. ‘The worst condition occurs with load case 2 at section just above the first floor, where M., is greatest = 589 +08 x 269 = 804 kN Nh 804 x 03 20 20 = 120 kNm Design end moment = 109 > 12 kNm a6COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.6.6 Reinforcement details ‘Maximum spacing of links for internal column 541.2.2(8) Generally 12 x 20 = 240mm NAD Above and below floor 067 x 240 = 160 mm Table 3 Maximum spacing of links for external column 541.2.2(4) Generally 12 x 25 = 300mm At lap and below floor 067 x 300 = 200mm The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 2.11 INTERNAL COLUMN F2 EXTERNAL COHN FT Tinks [Vertical bars] Section | Links [vertical bors] Section 2 = 6 e 5 B : aa g . & sleie 1 L + 11 athe fap Pte 8 ez s e| q 7 | dl a jo (3 f fone] é) = g ® TT at ze ee are we) eel alee) rales cues | | [sat ve ge fa Hi i 2] __p—tstarters, see rig. 203] 8 Figure 2.11 Column reinforcement details 2.7 Foundation Design typical pad footing for internal column. 2.7.4 Cover —— Use 50 mm nominal cover against blinding 413309) BS 8110 specifies a nominal cover of not less than 40 mm against binding EC2 specifies a minimum cover greater than 40 mm. This implies a nominal cover greater than 45 mm, hence the choice of 50 mm. 2.7.2 Loading Taken from internal column design. Ultimate design loads: Dead = 1226 Imposed = 575 Total = 1801 KN 39COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Hence service loads: Dead = 908 Imposed = 383 Total = 1291 KN ‘The assumption is made that the base takes no moment. Also it is assumed. that the dead weight of the base less the weight of soll displaced is 10 KNim? ‘over the area of the base. 2.7.3 Size of base ‘Since, at the time of publication, EC7: Geotechnical design® and EC2, Part 3: Concrete foundations have not been finalized, the approach used here is based on current UK practice. Use 2.75 m x 2.75 m x 06 m deep pad Bearing pressure under service loads = 25+ 10 = 181 < 200 kNim?® : OK ars Design pressure at utimate limt state = 101 256 Khim? 2.7.4 Flexural reinforcement Moment at face of column = 238 x 275 x 1,225%2 = 491 kNm ‘Average effective depth = 600 - 50 - 25 = 525 mm. M 6 se 491 X10? L029 bd", 2750 x 525? x 32 Al, = 0028 (Section 13, Table 13.1) bat, Hence A, = 0023 x 2750 x 525 x 32/460 = 2310 mm? Use 9120 @ 300 mm ors. each way (2830 mm?) 2.7.5 Shear 2.7.5.1 Shear across base ‘Shear force may be calculated at a critical section distance d from the face 43.2.2(10) of the column, (275 - 03) Design shear (V,,) = 298 x 275 x = 0525] = 458 kNCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE In cakusting Va. the inuence ofthe tinforcmertwil be ignored since 43.234) Sra bars ea, hey wil nl extend d+ er beyond te ciclsecton Vpq = 088 x 1075 x 12 % 2750 % 528M000 = 652 KN qn 418 [Vou > Vig Renae no equiomen' fo wear venioceret | 2.78.2 Punching shear ‘The critical perimeter is shown in Figure 2.12. Design load on base = 1801 kN Length of critical perimeter uu = (4 x 300 + #2 x 18 x 5251/1000 = 618m tc am 7 | Seeseeae nena a —__ Figure 2.12 Critical perimeter for punching Vooq = 098 x 1.075 x 1.2 x 525 x 615 = 1458 KN 43454 Area within perimeter = 298 m? Area of base = 756 m? Design shear (V,,) = (756 - 298) x 238 = 1090 KN 43.416) Veg < Vacs ence NO requirement for shear reinforcement 2.7.6 Cracking Approximate stee! stress under quasi-permanent loads 460, (908 + 03 x 983), 2310 = 186 Nimm? 115 1801 From EC2 Table 4.11 bar size should not exceed 25 > 20 mm used. 4423 Hence cracking ox Table 411 aCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.7.7 Reinforcement details ‘The reinforcement detaiis are shown in Figure 2.13 and given in Table 2.7 i +—9120- 1-300 82 —A‘ 9r20-1-30081 PLAN “0 | 2ne-3-300 | ACA COVER 81 = 50, end =75 Figure 2.13 Base reinforcement details Table 2.7 Commentary on bar arrangement Bar mars Notes ] + | Swaioht bars eden! wich of base ess end cover of 75mm. Bae shoul tend an anchorage lng bajo the csr face Archorage lrg = 92 x 20 = 640 mm Actual extension = 110 mm 2 | Cokmn starr bars wired to botom mat Mimi proesion above top tas fs {eompresson ap char © 2220 4 78 = 715 mm 3 | Urks ae provided o abo and lost esate dung conarusion 4133(9) 52341 52413COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.8 Shear wall 2.8.1 Structure The structure is shown in Figure 2.14 ist floor go fe— 0-5 wind ca teas’ an buitain 8 “| 8 x, Ty 2 | = =e Figure 2.14 Shear wall structure 2.8.2 Loading at foundation level Dead load from first to third floors and root 05 (@ x 235 + 285) = 495 kNIm Soltweight = 0.175 x 24 x 155 = 65:1 kNim Characteristic dead load = 495 + 651 = 1146 kNim Characteristic imposed load from slabs = 25 (15 + 3 x 4) x O7 = 236 kNim Wind loading is taken as 90% of value obtained from CP3: Ch V: Part 2. NAD 4c) Total wind load on building in NS direction = 09 x 449 = 404 KN Wind load on wall = 404/2 = 202 kN Moment in plane of wall = 202 x 8 = 1616 kNm Hence ‘Maximum force per unit length due to wind moment Mx6 e = + XE Ls azaKnim 142 2.8.3 Vertical design load intensities at ultimate limit state Dead load + imposed load = 135 x 1146 + 15 x 236 = 1901 kNim Eqn 28a) Dead load + wind load = 135 x 1146 +15 x 474 = 2258 kNim; or Egn 2.82) 10 x 1146 - 15 x 474 = 435 kNimCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Dead load + wind load + imposed load 135 x 1146 + 135 x 236 + 135 x 474 2506 kNim or 122.6 kNim Therefore maximum design load = 2506 kNim From analysis of slab (not presented), maximum moment perpendicular to plane of wall = 11.65 kNmim 2.8.4 Slenderness ratio = 205 ky ~ Hence 8 = 094 2.8.5 Vertical reinforcement Higgins and Rogers design the shear wall as unreinforced. Plain concrete walls, will be covered in EC2 Part 1A which, at the time of publication, has not yet been finalized. The wall will, therefore, be designed here as a reinforced wall AAs will be seen, the result is the same. Eccentricity due to applied loads Oo o0) Cg = ‘1165 x 1000/2506 = 465 mm Hence e, = 06 x 465 +0 = 279mm Accidental eccentricity 1 = OL gam ts Eqn 2800) NAD 4c) Eqn 460 Figure 427 Eqn 466 Eqn 461COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Second order eccentricity e 4 = TO Og tg eqns arz z Tex 200000 * Go x ie oe Sr etree ee Beene ete eee Design uma load = 2506 kNin Desgn inate moment = 663 x 2506000 = 223 KNmim u ~ 002s a = 0045 = 001 (Seaton 1, Faure 18.246) A, = 122. mmtim or 61 mm*im in each face Minimum area of reinforcement = 0004 x 1000 x 175 = 700 mm%im 5472 Tis ceeds the celeusted velie. Hence he minenum governs [Use T12 @ 300 mm crs. in each face (754 mmm) ~ ] 2.8.6 Shear Desgn horzontl shear = 15 x 202 = 00 4 shear sess = 241900 919 Winn? ox esokzie News Tia no coleated eines It rst be > 0125,¢ by ulck nspeton of OE Eqn aia 2.8.7 Horizontal reinforcement Mri a 50% of varcal nlorcerent provided sara A, = 188. mmm (EF) Minimum for controlled cracking due to restraint of early thermal contraction 44.2.2COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE AL = KMaaAde, Eqn 478 k= 10 k = 08 Fag = 19 Nimm? (assuming concrete strength to be equivalent to Table 31 C16120 at time of cracking) 4, = 360 Nimm? (assuming 10 mm bars) Table 4.11 A, = 10 x 0B x 19 x 175 x 1000/3960 = 739 mm’im Use T10 @ 200 mm crs. in each face (785 mmim) L 2.8.8 Tie provisions at first floor NAD 65(0) According to the NAD, these should follow the rules in BS 8110. Bs 8110 3123 Fo = S6KN 2.8.8.1 Peripheral tie 36 x 10° A= = 78 mm? Use 1710 (785 mm) _ _ id 2.8.8.2 Internal tie force 25 x 36 (A7 + 40) . 143 Fores = = 29040 75 Hence A = BAI 550 mm? 460 “Wee STO im each face TESS Hence T10 @ 200 mm ers. horizontal reinforcement in wall 05 m above and below slab is adequate, 2.8.8.3 Wall tie Take the greater of (a) and (b) (@) Lesser of 20F, or + = 72 or 48 KNCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE (©) 3% of total vertical load = 003 x 1901 = 57 KN Hence Tie force = 48 kN = BX 104 mm? 460 [_Theretore reinforcement in dab wil sulfice 2.8.9 Strip footing EC2, Part 8: Concrete foundations, at the time of publication, has not yet been Grafted, hence current UK practice is adopted. Maximum pressure due to characteristic dead, imposed and wind loads = 1146 + 236 + 47.4109 = 191 kNim For 800 mm wide stip, pressure = 72! = 212 kNin? ‘Allow extra 10 kNim? for ground floor loads and weight of concrete displacing soil in foundations. This gives 222 kNim?. Allowable pressure = 1.25 x 200 = 250 > 222 kNim? OK Use 900 mm wide strip Calculate reinforcement for flexure Moment = 2506 x 2 9175" _ 165 kNimim A, = 209 mmm Minimum area = 00018bd 5A2A4 0.0015 x 1000 x 200 = 300 mméim “Use T12 @ 300 mm ors. (877 mméim) a7COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.8.10 Reinforcement details ‘The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 2.15 and given in Table 28. walt tie B__96112-3-300 His Teena-cer2 J] 6-209 WF fl -200 Sf-200, fs aeraRio-9 < =1000 EW serie-1-300 |S iuene s use2y 7 1 + cover =40 — | Se 4 a d dhl (grid 2 omitted tor clarity) 8 EAST_WALL ELEVATION COVER to outer bors = Nt= 40, FI 20 Figure 2.15 Shear wall reinforcement detailsCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE Table 28 Comment ry on bar arrangement Bar marks Notes 1 | Wal starters match vericatrerforcement “The preecton of he horizontal egs beyond the face fhe waltom the tension rarforeement in the foting Ths extension must be atleast a tension anchorage length 5222 fA 52.23 | aa = 208mm OK) 52341 The misimum projection above the top ofthe base is a compression lap "75 mm keer = 32K 12+ 75 = 459mm “Tis is detaied at 525 mm ok 2__| Minar iongtucnal rerorcerent prorded 8473 456 | Minirur novizontal reinforcement provided aoa 8S 8110 78 | Peripheral se a toor aay Vial spacers to mainain location of reinforcement 2.9 Staircase 2.9.1 Idealization The idealization of the staircase is shown in Figure 2.16. Figure 2.16 Idealization of staircase Design as end span of a continuous beam. Calculations will be given for 1m width, 2.9.2 Durability and fire resistance ‘As for floor slab, Section 23, 20 mm nominal cover will be satisfactoryCOMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.9.3 Loading ‘Average slab thickness on plan = 250 mm Soltweight = 025 x 24 = 60 kNIm Finishes 0s Characteristic dead load = 65 kNim Characteristic imposed load = 40 kNim Design ultimate load = 135x65+15x4 = 2.9.4 Analysis Using coefficients in the Concise Eurocode Moment at interior support == “O11 x 1478 x 506? Moment near mid-span = 009 x 1478 Shear 06 x 1478 2.9.5 Reinforcement for flexure Effective depth = 175 - 20 - 6 = 149mm 416 x 10° Interior suppor, pas Or aa oat, ~ 10 x 149% x 32 From Section 13, Table 13.1 Aly “sk = gore bly Hence A, = 746 mein 1478 kNim 416 kN x 506% = 341 KNm x 506 = 449 kN = 0059 Use T12 @ 150 mm ers. (754 mm*im) Span AL, a 058 bat, Hence A 601 mmtim e T12 @ 150 mm crs (754 mim) Concise Eurocode Table A1COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.9.6 Shear 754 Reinforcement ratio = —* _ _ 90051 4000 = 148 Near support Vay = 035 x (16 = 175) x (12 + 40 x 00051) x 149 = 1043 kN > Ve = 449 KN, hence no shear reiniorcement required 2.9.7 Deflection Reinforcement ratio at mid-span = 051% Concrete is lightly stressed, hence basic spanieffective depth ratio is 32. Since f,, = 460, this should be moaitied to 82 x 400/460 x 754/601 = 349 Actual spanieftective depth ratio = 5060/49 = 34 < 349 oK 2.9.8 Cracking AAs for floor slab in Section 2.38 Minimum area of reinforcement = 183 mm*im Thickness of waist. = 175 < 200 mm No further check is necessary, 2.9.9 provisions E-W internal tie, the minimum area required = 91 mm*im (see Section 23.9) Total area for staircase = 91 x 3 = 273 mm? Provide 2712 tie bars each side of starcase in adjacent slab st 4323 Eqn 418 Table 4.14 443.24) 4422 4423 (1) Bs 8110 31232COMPLETE DESIGN EXAMPLE 2.9.10 Reinforcement details The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 2.17, 750, [150 I | sro-j1-300 | ! Lrorsz-12-150 ort2-13-150 LANDING o FLIGHT 4r10-9-300— j ® 10 =3110- be 203110-8 ® 21ia-7-150 st10-10-300| 6r10-11-250 Cover: b! 3110-9-300 te ae at0- 2-300 ora 36T12-41 S225 alternate FLIGHT Figure 2.17 Staircase reinforcement details A fr 4 Rr ar2ti0-6 El 6712-3 6112-14 1-125 aterm fF |3 BEAMS 3.1 Introduction ‘This Section covers the design of beams for shear and torsion, and supplements the examples given in Section 2. The requirements for adequate safety against lateral buckling are also examined, 3.2 Design methods for shear 3.2.1 Introduction C2” differs from BS 8110" because the truss assumption used in shear design is explicit. Leading on from this, two alternative methods are given in the Code, () Standard (2) Variable Strut Inclination (VS) The standard method assumes a concrete strut angle of 45° (cot@ = 1) and that the direct shear in the concrete, V.,. is to be taken into account. This contrasts with the VSI method which permis the designer to choose strut angles between the limits set in the NAD, as shown in Figure 3.1, but ignores the direct shear in the concrete. NAO mite bets | | | | -— Ec? tits Figure 31. Limits of cot® (VSI method) Because the direct shear in the concrete is not taken into account in the VSI method, no savings in shear reinforcement can be achieved until the applied shear exceeds three times the concrete shear (V,, > 3V,1) AA further disadvantage of this method is that with increasing values of cot, ie, reductions in the concrete strut angle, the forces in the tension reinforcement ssBEAMS 3.2.2 3.2.24 increase significantly and may well outweigh any notional savings in shear reinforcement. These forces are, t should be nated, explicitly checked in EC2 ‘but not in BS 8110. Given special circumstances the VSI method may be required bbut for most practical situations, the standard method will provide the most economic design, Example 1 — uniformly distributed loading ‘The beam shown in Figures 32 and 33 is to be designed for shear Ultimate toad = 385 KN/m = al ae Figure 32 Beam span and loading - example 1 900 1000 b + Ast = 6434mm2 (8732) pete] cover to Links = 50mm Figure 33 Typical section - example 1 ‘The material strengths are hy 30 Nimm? (concrete strength class C3037) Fra 250 Nimm? (characteristic yield strength of links) ‘The beam wil be checked for shear reinforcement al three locations using both the standard and VSI methods for comparison. These are () d from support (2) Where V,, = Vp, i@, the point beyond which only minimum shear reinforcement is required () An intermediate point between 1 and 2. Standard method ‘The shear force diagram is shown in Figure 34 1955 kW a 1155 WN Figure 34 Shear force diagram ~ example 1 432.43, 432.44 43.2.2(10) 43.2.2(2) 432.43, saBEAMS 3.2.2.1. Position 1 at d from support The design shear resistance of the section, Vj... is given by 43.23(1) = [tak (12 + 40p,) + 0.180,,) bd Eqn 418 Jpg = (034 Nimm? for f,, = 90 Nimm? Table 48 ko = 1-de1 = 1 A = 7H = 884 cots > 002 bd ~ 400 x 900 (assuming 8732 throughout span) Nsa % == 0 ° Ze Veg = 0341 (12 + 40x 0018) x 400 x 900 = 235 KN Vgg = 1155 - 09 x 385 = 8085 KN Veg > Vqgqs Shear reinforcement is required 43243 ‘The shear resistance of a section with shear reinforcement is given by Vaux Veg + Voy Eqn 422 Veg = Vygy = 235 KN Aw = 09H Eqn 423 where A,, = afea of shear reinforcement 5 = spacing of shear reinforcement yy = 25ONAS = 217.4 Nim? FOr Vass = Veg Vig Vqg ~ Vegi OF A —* 090V,,5 = Ves - V, s Theretore A = A (@0B5 = 295) x 10° 356 time s 09 x 900 x 2174 Try RX2 links @ 140 mm ors. (4 legs), A,,/S = 3.28 mm*immBEAMS Check crushing of compression struts Voge = Wf gb,08dlt + cota) For vertical links, cota = 0 f, = 055 € 05 0 Ly 2 = 20 Nimm? Therefore Vag = (4) X 055 x 20 x 400 x 09 x 900 x 1 = 1782kKN > ¥, = 1155 kN. OK Check maximum spacing of links A be = 82 goo ‘8b, sin 140 x 400 Veg ~ Veg _ (8085 - 3 x 235) x 10° Do 0.0081 x 400 x 800 = 35. Nimm? Maximum spacing for crack control = 900 mm Since CE) Vpug < Vag S Vp Spex = 08d 300 mm. 140 mm spacing OK Check minimum value ofp, Concrete strength class C3037 Steel class $250 By interpolation from EC2 Table 55 Pumn = 00022 < 00081 proposed Use R12 links @ 140 mm ors. (4 legs) Note: Using the standard method, the increase in force in the tension reinforcement is best covered by using the shift rule. ‘twill, however, be calculated in this example to provide a comparison with the values obtained in the subsequent examples using the VSI method. Force in tension reinforcement M, a = E+) Yyso0t0 ~ cota) Eqn 4.25 Eqn 421 4423 Eqn 4.79 Table 413 542.207) Eqn 518 Table 55 43.2.1) 642.13 Eqn 430Mz, = 884kNm, z = 09d = 810 mm Veg = 8085 KN cot = cota = 0 for vertical links 432.436) Therefore T, = 1091 + 404 = 1495 kN 82.2.1.2 Position 2 - where Vz, = Vay = 235 KN From Figure 34 hg = 1185 - 2x 985 = 235 KN @ = 239m from support From Section 32.2.1, Vee > Vex max . OK The amount of shear reinforcement provided should be greater than p,,,,, Table 55 Pan = 00022 A, Re-arranging EC2 Ean 516 in terms of —* gives “= p,b,sina S ~aPas For vertical links sina = 1 Hence A TB = 00022 x 400 x 1 = 088 mm?imm Maximum longitudinal spacing (6,,.) is given by EC2 Eqns 617-519. Veg = 285 KN Vege = 1782 KN from Section 3.2.2.1.1 Since Veg C5) Vagos EC2 Eqn 5.17 applies Spay = O84 300 mm Eqn 6:17 A 088 x 300 = 264mm? 4RI0 = 314 mm? [__Use 10 links @ 300 mm crs. (4 legs) __ 82.2.1 Position 3 — at 1.65 m from support This a point intermediate between the section at d from support and the point ‘at which shear reinforcement is no longer required. Vy 1155 - 1.65 x 385 = 520 kN < " ny = 235 KN 7BEAMS Since Vj, > Vpyy, Shear reinforcement is required Reearranging EC2 Eqn 423 Veg = - = AM 520 = 238) x1 62 maezimm s 9d, 09 x 900 x 2174 ‘Try Ri2 links @ 250 mm crs. (4 legs) = 1.81 mmYimm. Check maximum spacing of links A mo 8b,sina For vertical links sina = 1 Hence 452 0. oe = = gas o 260 x 400 Veg ~ Veg _ (620 - 3 x 235) x 10° bd (0045 x 400 x 900 114 Nimm? Maximum spacing for crack control = 300 mm . OK Since Wree < Veg = (WMeae Spex = O84 & 300 mm From Section 32.2.1.1 Vaso > Vea ok Provide F112 links @ 250 mm ers (4 legs) ‘To optimize link spacing, check the point at which shear reinforcement is satisfied by R12 @ 200 mm crs. (4 legs) #82 200 = 2.26 mmimm A, = —* say, = 2.26 x 09 x 900 x 2174 = 398 KN s -y, ha + V, es Equating Ves = Vgq Nd noting that V,, Veg Vag + Yq = 235 + 398 = 633 KN 4423 Eqn 479 Table 413 84.2.2(7) Eqn 518= 633 Distance of pot rm support = NEES _ 135m ‘The proposed link arrangement is shown in Figure 35. Figure 35 Link arrangement (standard method) - example 1 Note: In the centre portion of the beam R10 links are required by calculations but Fi12 (*) are shown to avoid the possible misplacement on site. Distance from the support (+) could be reduced to 1.70 m in this case. 3.2.2.2 Variable strut incli method This method allows the angle of the concrete compression strut to be varied at the designer's discretion within limits stated in the Code. Itcan give some economy in shear reinforcement but will require the provision of additional tension reinforcement. In most cases the standard method will suffice. This reduced shear reinforcement will only be obtained at high levels of design shear and is counter-balanced by increased tension reinforcement. This can bbe seen by a comparison of EC2 Eqns 4.22 and 4.23 in the standard method and EC2 Eqn 4.27 in the variable strut inclination method. ‘The standard method gives: Vag + Yous ow gE O8D ug Re-arranging gives Ba. Yass ~ Ves ST Oa The VSI method gives A, Voy = 2 (O85 COB s Re-arranging gives A, Voss (090), C18 43244 Eqn 4.22 Eqn 4.23 Eqn 4.27BEAMS Note. In the above equation the contribution of the concrete, V.,, to the shear resistance of the section is not taken into account, With cot@ = 1.5 which is the maximum value permitted in the NAD, reductions in shear reinforcement will only occur when Yeas Yeas — < O907,,, «15 O90), Vass << '5Vaas ~ Yoo) Putting V,, = Vagy Gives Vz, > 3V., I Vc, > 3V,y then the VSI method will allow a reduction in shear reinforcement, It this inequality is not satisfied, use of the variable strut inclination method will Produce an uneconomic amount of shear reinforcement, In this case the standard method should be used For elements with vertical shear reinforcement, Vay is given by bzw, oot + tan Eqn 4.26 Putting Vz, = Vag and rearranging gives Vox 1 bz, cot + tan@ Figure 3.1 shows cot@ plotted against 1/(cot@ + tan@) together with the EC2 and NAD limits for cot®. Hence for a given V,,, the limits for cot@ can be found, Increasing the value of cot® will reduce the shear reinforcement required but increase the force in the tension reinforcement, In this example, cot@ will be chosen to minimize the shear reinforcement. Position 1 - at d from support From above Vag 1 bz, colO + tand b, = 400mm Z = 09x 900 = 810mm oss « 05 Eqn 4.21BEAMS = 2 = 20Nimm? Veg = 8085 kN Therefore 1 5 8085 x 10 aoe cote + tan@ 400 x 810 x 055 x 20 From Figure 31, this lies under the curve. Therefore, cot® = 15.can be chosen ‘which is the maximum value allowed under the NAD limits. 2 {088 Eqn 427 Now equating Vj, to Ve, and re-arranging V, x 10° ei py LE er 2,08 B10 x 2174 x 15 166 = Qi, = 55 0K Try RI2 links @ 150 mm crs. (4 legs), A,/s = 301 mm*imm Check maximum spacing of links. 4423 A a = — 8 = 00075 Eqn 479 8b,sina (9085 ~ 3 x 235) x 10° 383 Nimm? (00075 x 400 x 900 Maximum spacing for crack control = 300 mm Table 413 B= QOS > yng = 00022... OK — Table 55. Check 5,5, 54.2.2(7) Veg = 8085 KN byzrhg 400 x 810 x 055 x 20 Vio = SO RO OE = 1644 KN cot + tan® 2.167 Since (Lage < Veg < Noa Eqn 518 Spx = 06d b 300 mm éBEAMS [Use Ri2 links @ 150 mm ers. (4 legs) __ Check additional force in tension reinforcement. T, = —%+ (4) V, {cot - cota) = 1091 + 606 = 1697 kN Eqn 430 This compares with T, = 1495 KN using the standard method. Note: Although not permitted by the NAD, values of col® up to 2.5 are given in EC2, ‘check on shear reinforcement using cot@ = 25 is now given to illustrate the effect of increasing values of © on shear and tension reinforcement, 8085 x 10° Zh, COD 810 x 2174 x 25 = 184 mm%imm Try Ri2 @ 225 mm crs. (4 legs), A,/s = 2.01 mm*imm Check maximum spacing of links p, = 0005 Vou = Mug 2 = 575 Nimm? bd Maximum spacing for crack control = 250 mm OK Table 413, 7 06d» 300 mm OK Eqn 618 Use R12 links @ 225 mm crs. (4 legs) ] Check additional force in tension reinforcement. + (pW gq (Col — cota) = 1091 + 1011 = 2102 kN This compares with T, = 1495 kN using the standard method 3.2.2.2.2 Position 2 - where Vj = Vpy Since only minimum shear reinforcement is required this case is identical to that shown in Section 2.2.1.2, 9.2.2.23 Position 3 at 1.65 m from support xg = 520 KN A Ve 3 = 2 HL eeescO sO 1.96 mm*/mm s A,c010 ~ B10 x 2174 x 15 Try Ri2 links @ 225 mm crs. (4 legs), A,/s. = 2.01 mmiimmBEAMS From Section 32.2.2.1 spacing is satisfactory. Use R12 links @ 225 mm ors. (4 le Asin Section 32.2.13, check the point at which the shear requirement is satisied by R12 @ 200 mm crs. (4 legs). A, 452 200 2.26 mm®imm, A yqj CRO = 2.26 x BIO x 2174 x 15 = SOTKN Distance trom support = TS — 58 L145 m 385 ‘The proposed link arrangement is shown in Figure 36. 12-150 | rz -200 | 12-300 | e12-200 | ar2-150 lege wtege | 4 legs | 4 legs 1s lege $45m usm | Le | Figure 36 Link arrangement (VSI method) - example 1 Comparing this with the arrangement in Figure 35 obtained using the standara method, it can be seen that less reinforcement is required near the support bout this needs to be carried further along the beam. Theres itie overall saving in this case 3.3 Shear resistance with concentrated loads close to support 3.3.1 Introduction Where concentrated loads are located within 28d of a support, the value 7, may be modified by a factor 8 when calculating V,,.. This enhancement only applies when the section is resising concentrated loads and the standard method is used. For a uniformly distributed load, an unmodified value of Vi. should be used. 3.3.2 Example 2 - concentrated loads only ‘The beam shown in Figures 37 and 38 is to be designed for shear Eqn 4.27 43.2.2(9) essoo kn 800KN ultimate toads Figure 37 Beam span and loading ~ example 2 -— oe + Agy= 4825mm 216732) fetta} caver to tinks = Som Figure 38 Typical section - example 2 ‘The materials strengths are be 30 Nimm (concrete strength grade, C30/37) ‘uy = 250 Nimm? (characteristic yield strength of links) In the example, V,,, will be calculated at positions between the support and 25d away at intervals of 05d. This is done to illustrate the effect even though the critical section will normally be at the position of the concentrated load. 3.3.2.1 Shear reinforcement The shear force diagram is shown in Figure 39, 00 KN Vegi (mod) Figure 39 Shear force diagram ~ example 2The basic design shear resistance of the section, Vp,,, is given by 43.23(1) Vast = Ugg k (0.2 + 40p,) + 0.15 0,,10,¢ Eqn 418 Tre = 034 Nimm? for f,, = 30 Nimm? Table 48 For concentrated loads within 2.5d of the face of the support, an enhancement (of shear resistance is permitted. 1,, may be multiplied by a factor 6 when determining Vpuy B = 25dix with 10 < 8 < 50 Eqn 417 Taking values of x between OSd and 25d gives values of 67_, shown in Table 31 Table 31 Design shear strength 87,4 fe inti ous 17 0.90 ~ - - 0.85 198 167 om 780 1.00" oe 235 100° 034 * No enhancement taken, see Figure 3.9 ‘The equation for V4, Can be modified to give a range of values corresponding to the distance from the support Vag) = [Brak (2 + 40p,) + 0.150,,]b,d Eqn 418 (nod) ko = 1 -d e1 = 1 A, a = oe = 8. 013 400 x 900 Values of design shear resistance, Vp... are given in Table 32, Table 32 Design shear resistance Voy, x Veo en) ot 045 1082 090 528 135 353 a) an 225 att esBEAMS Shear reinforcement is required when V,, > Vay 800 KN from x = Oto x = 135m From Figure 39, Vs, Using the standard method \, vi +, Putting Vag = Veg ANG Vi, = Vgoy GIVES Vou Vass + Vo Values of design shear resistance to be provided by shear reinforcoment, V, are given in Table 33, Table 33. Design shear resistance V,., | \, ve OT MY, i i oo | ony 1052 | <0 526 a) 24 353 ‘800 “a7 cu ° <0 an “0 <0 Therefore maximum shear reinforcement is required when V4, = 353 KN, ie, when x = 135m, This should be provided over the entire length trom x = Otox = 2.25m (0 < x < 25d) Note: lf a concentrated load is positioned close to a support, itis possible that using B to modify V,,,, may lead to only minimum. shear reinforcement being Provided throughout the beam. In this case, the designer may wish to base the shear resistance on the unmodified Vj, This can be illustrated by taking the example above but placing the point load at 050 from the support. ‘The modified shear force diagram is shown in Figure 3.10, Vags (mod) = 1052kN sd seo Hote B= 1 on span side of concentrated load Vpay= 21tkN gs 05 10 15 20 25 {position of concentrated load Figure 310 Shear force diagram (load at 05d) — example 2 modified 4324 432.43 Eqn 422 43.2.2(9) 43.2.2)In this case it would be prudent to check the shear resistance on the unmodified Vege = 211 KN. The required shear reinforcement should be provided from x2 Otox = 05d Check area of shear reinforcement required in example 2. Re-arranging the equation for V,,, gives v, a MT Lg 4 rae ?inm 3 O8cH,,, 09 x 800 x 274 Try R12 links @ 175 mm crs. (4 legs), A,/s = 2.58 mmmm. ‘Check crushing of compression strut Vaca = CB) whygb,09d (1+ cota) For vertical links, cota = 0 » = 07-—% = 055 200 fy = 22 = 20Nimm? 15 Therefore Vag = (8) x 055 x 20 x 400 x 09 x 900 x 1 = 1782 KN > Vj, = BOOKN ... oK Check maximum spacing of links. A 8b,sina For vertical links sina = 4 42 175 x 400 Pe = 00084 > Pynq = 00022 oK Veg ~ Veg _ (800 - 3 x 363) x 10° bd (0.0064 x 400 x 900 <0 Maximum spacing for crack control = 300 mm By inspection, EC2 Clause 5.4.2.2(7) is satisfied, Use R12 links @ 175 mm crs. (4 legs) for 0 < x < 225m Eqn 423 Eqn 4.25 Eqn 4.21 4423 Eqn 479 Table 55 Table 413 84.2.2(7)BEAMS 3.3.3 Example 3 — combined loading ‘The revised loading and shear force diagrams are shown in Figures 311 and 12 respectively. Ultimate toads 00 KN 800 kN 100 KN m Figure 311 Beam span and loading ~ example 3 100M 135m 100 aN Figure 312 Shear force diagram - example 3 ‘The basic design shear resistance of the section, V, is given by 43.23(1) Vou = (Taght.2 + 40p,) + 0.150,,]0,0 Eqn 418 For concentrated loads within 25d of the face of the support, 7, may be increased as in Section 33.2. However, no similar enhancement is permitted for uniformly distributed loads. 43.2.2) must be reduced depending on the proportion of concentrated loads to total design load. can then be written as V, Bg = 14+@-1) 2 with1o < B s 50 see) Vegeene) = design shear force due to concentrated loads Vegggy = design shear force due to total loads Values of the concentrated load ratio and the resulting design shear strength are given in Tables 34 and 36.Table 34 Concentrated load ratio V, seca! 5 Voce Venus Vogue! Maton m) (kN) N) (KN) os 00 25 vss ave 280 00 210 1010 078 138 00 165 68 083 120 ° rr 120 o Table 3.5 Design shear strength 8,.7a4 a 6 fs nian oa oi “08 wr 290 28 230 078 135 167 158 ass 180 10 100 034 228 10 1.00 034 The equation for V,,, can be modified to give a range of values corresponding to the distance from the support. Ves: 0) [BsTagh(1-2 + 40p,) + 0.15 9,,] bd Eqn 4.18 (mod) As in Section 8.8.2.1 Repeat oye 01S eaten a 0) Values of design shear resistance, V,,,, and design shear resistance to be provided by shear reinforcement, V,., are given in Tables 3.6 and 3.7. Table 3.6 Design shear resistance (Vau,) * Vow i) wi) 04s ea (0.90 a6 1.35 328 1.80 ait 225 ant Table 37 Design shear resistance (V,,) Van Vex Va Van = at) ast) ay on 1085 207 466 3010 546 28 965 ear an 120 <0 an 8 <0BEAMS ‘Therefore maximum shear reinforcement is requited when Vas = S28KN, is,, when x = 135 m This should be provided from x = Otox = 225m (0 V,, = 1100 kN oK Check maximum spacing of inks 44.23 By comparison with example 2, requirements are satisfied + OK 842.207 Use Ri2 links @ 125 mm ors. (4 legs) for 0 < x < 225m For the remainder of the beam beyond x = 25d (2.25 m) provide minimum reinforcement as example given in Section 3.2.2, 3.4 Design method for torsion 3.4.1 Introduction ‘The edge beam shown in Figure 3.13 carries the ends of simply supported floor slabs seated on the lower flange. The beam is fully restrained at its ends, The example chosen is the same as that used in Allen's Reinforced concrete design to BS 8110: Simply explained. Analysis of the structure and the design of the section for flexure is notincluded, The section will be checked for shear, torsion and the combination of bothBEAMS a — 250. 1500 Floor stab Figure 313. Beam section 3.4.2 Design data Design torsional moment (7) = 120 KN Design hear (V,) = 955 KN Conorete strength grade is C3097, f, = 30 Nimm? 3124 Table 31 Nominal cover to links is 95 mm, 4133 NAD ‘Assuming 25 mm bars and 10 mm links Table 6 25 a 1500 - 35 - 10-2 2 14415 say 1440 mm Assume 0.25% tensile reinforcement for flexure 3.4.3 Shear resistance Shear will be taken as acting on the web of the section only. When combined shear and torsion effects are to be considered, shear is to be checked using the variable strut inclination method. The angle © of the ‘equivalent concrete struts is to be the same for both torsion and shear design. 433.2.2(4) The design shear resistance, V,,, with Zero axial load is given by 43.2301) Voqy = Trgklt.2 + 40p,)b,0 Eqn 418 Tag = 034 Nim? for f= 30 Nimm? Table 48 ko = 16 -d = 16-144 = 016 £10Assuming 0.25% tensile reinforcement, p, = 00025 » 002 Vest 034 x 11.2 + 40 x 00025) x 250 x 1440 x 10-7 4501 KN < 355 kN Therefore shear reinforcement required. Use the variable strut inclination method, The maximum design shear force, Vag tO avoid web crushing is given by \, Pes 492.442) re (Coto + tane) Eqn 426 Re-arranging gives Yao 1 bz, ~ cat® + tand Veg = 355 KN b, = 250mm z= 09d = 09x 1440 = 1296 mm vos o7- © ~ os x 05 4324.26) 200 t = 2 DL DON % «15 Therelore Vo 355 x 10° eee 1 byw, 250 x 1296 x 055 x20 ~ ° 1 Sao tang SROU be = O1 By reference to Figure 31, it will be seen that the value of cot may be taken NAD anywhere between the limits of 067 to 15. Table 3 43.2.4.4(1) To minimize link reinforcement, take colo = 15 Design shear resistance, V, /psy f0F shear reinforcement is given by Yeas = F}=1.c0 43.24.42) Eqn 427BEAMS Re-arranging gives, a Vas s B08 Putting Vag equal to V,., Aw Vo s Fyyg00X8 Using high yield reinforcement nar : = ao Nin! A. x Bow 885 84g mmtimm ASS, vf, Aad «946 x4 «a4 = Mt = 05522 = 85 Ninn, OK Before choosing the reinforcement, the fects of torsion will be considered and the results combined The force in the longitudinal reinforcement, T,, ignoring flexure, is given by T, = BVq(cot® = cota) For vertical links, cola = 0 388 a) x15 = 2663 KN Additonal area of longitudinal reinforcement Ts 2663 x 10° = SE = 666 mm? 400 ‘This area of reinforcement must be combined with the tension reinforcement required for flexure together with the longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion, 3.4.4 Torsional resistance Torsional resistance is calculated on the basis of a thin-walled closed section. Solid sections are replaced by an idealized equivalent thin-walled section, Sections of complex shape are divided into sub-sections with each sub-section treated as an equivalent thin-walled section. The torsional resistance is taken. as the sum of the torsional resistances of the sub-sections, ‘The torsional moment, carried by each sub-section according to elastic theory, may be found on the basis of the St Venant torsional stitness. Division of the section into sub-sections should be so arranged as to maximize the calculated. sitiness, 432.4.4(2) Eqn 4.27 432.446) Eqn 430BEAMS For this example the section will be divided into the sub-sections shown in Figure 3.14, [| a Figure 2.14 Dimensions of sub-sections 4.1 St Venant torsional stifnesses. BH 8.4.4.1.1 Top and bottom flanges Pm = SOM, — Pigg = 200 mm h Pow. 310 155 Pn 200 From which @ = 0.203 Thereiore J = 0203 x 200° x 310 = 05 x 10? mm* 3.4.4.1.2 Web = 1500 mm, fig, = 250 mm Pos, 1500 _ me 250 From which 8 = 033 Theretore J = 033 x 250° x 1500 = 77 x 10° mm* L Bs 8110: Part 2 2.43 Eqn 1 BS 8110: Part 2 2.43 Table 2.2 Bs 8110: Part 2 243 Table 2.2 74344.13 Total stiffness Ig = “U2 x 05) + 77) x 10° = 87 x 10° mm 3.4.4.2 Thicknesses of equivalent thin-walled sections t A. > the actual wall thickness 433.16) u where u = outer circumference of the section A= tofal area within the outer circumference 344.2. Top and bottom flanges (B10 + 2002 = 1020 mm A = 310 x 200 = 62 x 10? mm? ‘Therefore 5 Oe er ran 4020 tmay not be less than twice the cover, ¢, to the longitudinal bars. Hence, with —433.1(6) 40 mm inks lan = 25 + 10) = 90mm 944.2.2 Web u = (1500 + 2602 = 3500 mm A = 1500 x 250 = 375 x 10% mm? Therefore oe 375 x 4 t= 107 mm > 2c Ok Values of t between the limits of Alu and 2c may be chosen provided that the design torsional moment, T,.,, does not exceed the torsional moment that can be resisted by the concrete compression struts. 3.4.4.3 Torsional moments Tos = 120 kN This total moment is shared between the flanges and web in proportion to their torsional stiffness. Theretore os Tey = 120 x 28 = 69kNm a7 Tew = 120% 22 = 106 kNm 7 87 Tog Must satisly the following two conditions 433.16) Teg La Eqn 438 Eqn 439 iBEAMS 3.4.44 Torsion in flanges. 20h, gA, = 433.16) cote + tand Eqn 440 Tras Re-arranging gives T, 1 2ui,JA, col + tand Putting Taq, equal to Ts, Tes 1 2yf, JA, cot® + tan@ Tyan = 69 KN #) 433.16) yo au (a7 - 200, Eqn 441 30 for ~ 22) = oses ass f, = 20 Nimm? t= 80mm A, = area enclosed within the centre line of the thin-wall section = (B10 ~ 90) x (200 - 90) = 242 x 10° mm? Therefore 69 x 10° = 0206 2ul,gA, "2 x 0385 x 20 x 90 x 242 x 10° By reference to Figure 3.1 it may be seen that the value of cot@ may be taken NAD anywhere between the limits of 067 to 15, Table 3 433.16) ‘To minimize link reinforcement take cot@ = 15, Note that this value must be consistent with the value taken for normal shear A = 2A cot) 433.17) e Eqn 443 Re-arranging gives A, To @ 2A Lg 2008BEAMS Pasting Tag CUA! 10 Toy Ame Tes 8 PAL 018 Using mild stee! reinforcement f = tm 2 Lot Nim? ood eo Therelore A Aw 88 gag emeti s 2x 2 x WW x 217 x 15 4 The spacing of torsion links should not exceed 3 54.233) where u, = the circumference of the area A, 43317) = 2[@10 = 90) + (200 - 90)} = 660mm Therefore Som = SO = 825 mm, say 80mm A, = 044 x 80 = 35.2 mm? Use R8 links at 80 mm crs The additional area of longitudinal steel for torsion is given by 4 Abs = [Fao = |ooto Eqn 4.44 aA, Resarranging and puting Tay equal tO Ts, 4 a) cote f ‘na Using high yield reinforcement 460 eee a 1.18 Therefore = 400 Nimm? A, = SLEEK COIS 369 400 x 2 x 242 x 10° Use 4712 bars 7Reinforcement will also be required in the bottom flange to cater for flexure of the flange acting as a continuous nib, 3.4.45 Torsion in web Tey = 106 kN A= (1500 - 107) x (250 - 107) = 1992 x 10° mm? Theretore Tos 106 x 10° st = ———~*"___-_ 92 Dut JA, 2 x 0385 x 20 x 107 x 1992 x 10! ‘Again by relerence to Figure 3.1, cot should fall within the limits of 067 to 1.5 Similarly use cot@ = 15 ‘As the web is subject to shear and torsion, the combined effects should now be checked to satisty the condition Gey + Gey = sszz8 Teas Was! au oe Tr 433.16) 15+ = 355 kN —— 43.2.4.4(2) cote + tand Eqn 4.26 150 x 0 «055229 — egy Ge) + fee} Tre Vs! tos» | (9286 (isis) * (iso ‘Where the entire section is used to resist normal shear, each sub-section should be checked to satisfy the above interaction condition,BEAMS 3.4.5 Ri forcement in web Link reinforcement for torsion Using high yield links A, . eS On 8 2 x 1992 x 10° x 400 x 15 Note that A,, for torsion relates to a single leg in the wall of the section. Link reinforcement required for shear A, = 0.46 mm®imm from Section 34.3 $ Note that A, for shear relates to the total shear link legs. Assuming single links, total area for one leg o46s Ay = + 044s = 067s mm? Using T12 links 67s = 113 mm? $= 168 mm, say 160 mm ‘Maximum link spacing for shear (Wess < Vea $ GM eae Spe = 06d = 864 & 300 mm Therefore Spq, = 300. mm For cracking = Vey 2" = 50 Nimm? p,D,d Therefore s,,, = 300 mm For torsion Spa = ax 5 u, = 2[(1800 - 107) + (250 - 107)] = 3072 mm Therefore Maximum spacing to suit all conditions is 300 mm. Use T12 links @ 160 mm crs. 542.217) Eqn 518 44.2316) Table 413BEAMS Additional area of longitudinal steel for torsion in web. Eqn 444 A, = 108 X10 x 9072 18 65 mame 400 x 2 x 199.2 x 10° [Use 1oTi6 bas ~ | ‘The bars in the tension face of the web will need to be increased to provide for the additional longitudinal steel required for shear and combined with the reinforcement required for flexure Area required in tension face for combined torsion and shear (065 x 2) | 16 666 = 1049 mm? Use 3125 bars 3.4.6 Summary of reinforcement [ Top tange 42 engin! bars Fa ts @ 80 Em ors Bator flange 4712 longivcinal bars Fe teks @ 80 mn cis Pius renorcerert fr Heaure of the op Wed | 5125 longtudinal bar in tension ace 776 bare n each ste face Ti2 inka @ 160 mm crs Pre rrforcoment fr Henure The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 315 aa | a | ree 160 | newaee ter Hetre iss ian Shwe naw VV ar oanes, Figure 315 Beam reinforcement details a0BEAMS {t will be seen from this example that choosing the upper limit value of cotO. to minimize the link reinforcement, results in substantial additional longitudinal reinforcement being required. In practice the value of cot® should be chosen 0 as to optimize the total reinforcement in the section 3.5 Slenderness limits The Code requires that a beam has an adequate factor of safely against buckling, Providing that the following requirements are met, the safety against lateral buckling may be assumed to be adequate 1, < 806; and no < 4b where b = width of the compression flange, which can be taken as b., for T and L beams total depth of the beam unrestrained length of the compression flange taking lateral bracing into account For example, consider the beam shown in Figure 316 975 « 400 beam | Figure 316 Beam spans and loading for slenderness check In this example the top of the beam is loaded but unrestrained (for instance, the beam is carrying a wall. ‘The second requirement is satisfied ie. h < 45 = 1600 mm In calculating /,., the unrestrained length of the compression flange can be taken as the distance between points of contratlexure, These distances, which need tobe < 50b = 20m, can be obtained from E02 Figure 23. 1,(A-B) O8Si(A-B) = 085 x 22 187m 1,{B-C) = O7KB-C) = 07 x 22 = 154m 1{C-D) = 2(C-0) = 2x = 2m ‘Spans A~C are satisfactory but span CD is not. Its too slender and | the width will need to be increased, or additional lateral retraint will need to be provided 4387 4357(2) Eqn 477 NAD 25.2.2.) 2522.14) Figure 23 a4 SLABS 4.1 Solid and ribbed slabs 4a 44.2 41.24 4N21A One-way spanning solid slabs Example of a one-way spanning slab is given in Section 2. labs EC2"” permits the use of elastic analysis, with or without redistribution, or plastic analysis for ultimate limit state design. Elastic analyses are commonly employed for one-way spanning slabs and for two-way spanning slabs without adequate provision to resist torsion at the corners of the slab and prevent the corners from lifting, Plastic analyses are ‘commonly used in other situations. Tabulated results for moments and shears from both types of analysis are widely available ‘Two-way spanning si Care is necessary in subsequent design to ensure that adequate ductility is present. Where redistribution has been performed, the necessary checks should be carried out. Design example of a simply-supported two-way spanning solid slab Design a solid slab, spanning in two directions and simply-supported along each edge on brickwork walls as shown in Figure 4.1. The slab is rectangular on plan and measures 5 m by 6 m between the centre of the supports. In_addition to seltweight, the slab carries a characteristic dead load of 05 kNim? and an imposed load of 50 kNim?. The slab is in an internal environment with no exposure to the weather or aggressive conditions, 20mm wise 7 H i I I | sappernng wate Thy i i L Figure 4.1 Layout of slab Durability For a dry environment, exposure class is 1 Minimum concrete strength grade is C25/30. 25.1.6) 2535112) BS 8110 Tables: 314 & 315 253.2.2(5) 253.4.2(3) 253552) Table 41 ENV 206 Table NAASLABS 44.242 44.213 44214 For cement content and wic ratio, refer to ENV 206 Table 3, Minimum cover to reinforcement = 1 mm. Assume nominal aggregate size = = 20 mm Assume maximum bar size = 12mm Nominal cover = 20mm _——— ee — Use nominal cover = 25 mm | Note: 20 mm nominal cover is sufficient to meet the NAD" requirements in all respects. Check requirements for fire resistance to BS 8110: Part 2 Materials ‘Type 2 deformed reinforcement = 460 Nimm? f fg = = SS = 00 Nie % 115 €25/30 concrete with 20 mm maximum aggregate size Loading ‘Assume 200 mm thick slab G.= 48 +05 = 53kNim? Q, = 50 kNim? tg = 138 % = 15 Ultimate load = 4G, + 70, = 1466 kNim? Flexural design Bending moment coefficients for simply-supported two-way spanning slabs, ‘without torsional restraint at the corners or provision to resist upift at the corners, based on the Grashof-Rankine Formulae, are widely published and are reproduced in BS 8110. Mogg = esl? = ' a, 12 0084, a, = 0059 NAD Table 6 NAD 6.4(a) NAD Table 3 41336) NAD 6.1(2) NAD 63(@) 2232 Table 23 Table 2.2 Egn 2.8(a) NAD 6.2(¢) Bs eto Table 314 asSLABS Giving Mz, = 308 kNmim My = 216 kNmim For short span with reinforcement in bottom layer 12 d = 200- 25-— = 169mm 2 Mss * = 0043 bot, = = 0099 < 045 a Ad, th = 0052 bd, Therefore A, = 478 mmm [se Tre @ 200 mm er (65 mn So span For longer span d= 200-25 12-6 = 157mm = 0035 = 0042 bat, Therefore A, = 359 mméim Use T12 @ 300 mm crs. (377 mrntim) in long span 44.215 Shear a, Vou = a, (} = 246 kNim t) Vo = Bay = 144 KN S07 «lay The shear resistance with no axial load: Vast = TagA(l2 + 40p,)b,4 Where 03 Nimm? Te = ok 2534.25) 432 4323 Eqn 418 Table 48‘SLABS 41.218 Assume > 50% of reinforcement curtailed at support ko = 16 -d = 1431 «1 Assume Ay a gr 0 » 002 Hence Vag) = STOKNIM > Vag = 246 kNin No shear reinforcement required Serviceability - deflection Control by limiting spanieffective depth ratio based on the shorter span for a two-way spanning slab. Aco = 586 mm*im, —p = 00033 NAD Table 7 gives basic spanielfective depth ratios which are assumed to be based on f,, = 400 Nimm? Note 2 to NAD Table 7 states that modification to the tabulated values for nominal reinforced concrete should not be carried out to take into account service stresses in the steel (refer to EC2 Clause 4.43.2(4)). However, itis assumed that the correction ought to be made for concrete with 0.15% = p< 05% but that the resulting values should not exceed those tabulated in the NAD for nominally reinforced concrete Basic limiting spanietfective depth ratios are, Concrete lightly stressed (p = 05%): 25 Concrete nominally reinforced (p = 0.15%): 34 By interpolation at p = 033% 204 ‘The actual service steel siress modification factor is 250 400 400 = —0 2 __*0_ = 43 2, by ArrdAy 460 x 478/566 Therefore, permissible spanletfective depth ratio = 103 x 294 = 303 < 34 Since span & 7 m, no further adjustment is required 5000 Actual spanietfective depth ratio = “° = 296 < 903.... OK 169 Note: No modification to the longer span reinforcement is required in cases where short span reinforcement is increased to comply with deflection requirements. Figure 412 43.2.1P(2) 432.2 4432 443.2(8) NAD 6.4(e)8 (1) Table 7 443.23) BS 8110 357 esSLABS 41.2.1.7 Serviceability ~ cracking For asiab with h_ = 200 mm, no further measures to control cracking are necessary if the requirements of EC2 Clause 5.43 have been applied. 41.2.8 Detailing Detailing requirements for cast in situ sold slabs, including two-way slabs Slab thickness, h = 200 > 50 mm 0k For the short span, use alternately staggered bars and anchor 50% of the mid- span reinforcement at the supports. a Anchorage tre, F, = Vey (2) + ny st Va My = 0 a o-d Therefore F, = 246 kNim F, x ic eee csr 5 “400 Aspe = 283 mein : ce LA Net bond length, ny = “8am gy Acro @, = 10 for straight bars Al bars in slabs with h < 250 mm may be assumed to have good bond = 27 .Nimm* 12 400 Roo Sx 444mm 4 Lomn = O3l, € 10601 100mm = 133 mm In calculating f,,., take A,,,, as mid-span reinforcement/é giving 1 Ig = 10 x 444 x > at 27 PMM > Loo oK 44.2301) 543 543.101) 5432.21) 8432.10) 5421.42) Eqn 5.15, 5432.1(1) 5234.11) Eqn 54 52341 62.23 Eqn 53 $2.24 Table 53 5224.11) Eqn 55 NAD 65(c) 84.2.1.43) Eqn 5441.2.2 For a direct support, the anchorage length required is (23g: = 148 mm The reinforcement details are shown in Figure 42. 12-300 220 fe (273) ly, nop = 148 Figure 4.2 Section through short span support The use of (2/3)/,,., at a direct support is an allowance for the transverse compression due to the support reaction Minimum area of reinforcement 06h a: 000150 = 254 mmiim 112-200 alternately staggered Minimum area provided (T12 @ 400 mm crs) near support Maximum bar spacing Maximum spacing used = 283 mmm 3h 500mm 1 400 mm near support ok ok Design example of a continuous two-way spanning solid slab Design a solid slab spanning between beams, as shown in Figure 43. In_addition to self-weight, the slab carries a characteristic dead load of 1.0 kNim? and an imposed load of 50 kNim?. 842:1.4(3) Figure 512(@) 6432.18) 54.2.4.1(1) NAD Table 3 543.2.1(4)SLABS [ | Supporting beams | 6m L—1 om 4m Figure 43. Layout of stab 41.2.2. Durability For a dty environment, exposure class is 1 Minimum concrete strength grade is C25/30. For cement content and wic ratio, refer to ENV 206 Table 3. = 15mm 20 mm Minimum cover to reinforcement ‘Assume nominal aggregate size ‘Assume maximum bar size 12mm Nominal cover = 20 mm Use nominal cover = 25 mm Note: 20 mm nominal cover is sutficient to meet the NAD requirements in all espects. Check requirements for fire resistance to BS 8110: Part 2. 41.2.2.2 Materials Type 2 deformed reinforcement, f, = 460 Nimm? C25/30 concrete with 20 mm maximum aggregate size. Table 41 ENV 206 Table NAA NAD Table 6 NAD 64(a) NAD Table 3 41.33(8) NAD 6.1(a)SLABS 44.2.23 Loading Assume 200 mm thick slab cae Q,= % = to 7 48 +10 = 58 kNim® 5.0 kNim® 135 or 10 eee 15 or 00 For non-sensitve structures, a single design value for permanent actions may 23.23 be applied throughout the structure, i. 7, = 135 throughout [ ener utimate load = 135 x 68 + 15 x 60 = 1833 KNinf Minimum ultimate load = 135 x 58 = 783 kNim? 41.224 Load cases For continuous beams and slabs in buildings without cantilevers subjected to 2.5.1.2(4) dominantly uniformly distributed loads, it will generally be sufficient to consider only the following load cases. @ (0) Alternate spans carrying the design variable and permanent load (700, + 76). other spans carrying only the design permanent load, 7,6, ‘Any two adjacent spans carrying the design variable and permanent load (7,0, + 7G). All other spans carrying only the design permanent load, 7,6, 41.2.25 Flexural design Bending moment coefciens for two-way spanning slabs supported on four 8S 8110 edges, wit th provision for torsion at the corners, have been calculated based Table 315 (on both elastic and yield line theory. The coefficients published in BS 8110: Part 1, Table 3.15, are based on yield line analysis and are used in this example For continuous slabs the effects of rotational restraint from the supports can 2533(3) be ignored Yield line methods can only be used for very ductile structural elements. Use 2.53.2.2(6) high ductility steel Class H to prEN 10080®, NAD Table 5 No direct check on rotational capacity is required if high ductity steelis used. 2.5355(8) ‘The area of steel should not exceed a value corresponding to 25355(2) = 0.25 which is equivalent to = 0102 hy For the yield line (kinematic) method, a variety of possible mechanisms should 25355(4) be considered. This is assumed in the use of the published bending moment coefficients.SLABS ‘The ratio of moments at a continuous edge to the span moment should be 2.535.5(5) between 05 and 2.0. This is true for the published coefficients. Consider the design of the corner panel, D, in Figure 44 2512 |-0.032 a 02 6.032|-0.037 * pone cz A z 8 =0-037 7 2:028 -o.037]-o-0u5 T2034 ¢ ° Figure 44 Bending moment coefficients f/f, = 1.2 Using the coefficients shown in Figure 4.4 and the method described in 8S 8110 BS 8110 to adjust moments for adjacent pane's with unequal conditions, the 3536 following moments and shears can be calculated for this panel In the 6 m direction, M,,, = 297 kNmim Maa = 285 kNenim In the 7.2 m direction, M,,, = 21.0 kNmim Mey = 208 kNenim The support moments calculated can be further reduced by an amount AM,, 2533(4) BM eg ™ Fesay X Ogg/® Eqn 2.16 where Fesaip = design support reaction compatible wth the analysis moments. Inthe 6 m direction, Fa... = 819 KNim In the 72 m direction, Fa, = 699 kNim For a 300 mm wide supporting beam: Inthe 6 m direction, AM,, = 31 kNmim In the 7.2 m direction, AM,, = 26 kNmim Therefore, the design support moments are: In the 6 m direction, M,, = 266 kNmvm In the 7.2m direction, M,,, = 184 kNmimSLABS For the short span, with the reinforcement in the first layer 2 oe 2 M, 2 = 0038 ba, x 5 = 087 < 025 sees OK 2535502) AL, Sik = 0045 bal, A, = 414 mmtim Use T12 @ 250 mm crs. (452 mm?/m) T in short span The span moment is similar to that over the support and the same reinforcement may be used in the bottom For the long span, with the reinforcement in the second layer 12 d= 200-25- 12-— = 167mm 2 M, “2 = 0030 bot, x Gt 0068 < 045 oK ALy Se = 0035 bal, A, = 297 mmtim Use T12 @ 300 mm ers. (877 mmm) T in long span ‘The span moment is again similar to that over the support and the same reinforcement may be used in the bottom For arrangements of reinforcement in middle and edge strips use BS 8110 The BS 8110 NAD directs the use of BS 8110 where torsion reinforcement is requited inthe 3535 comers of panels. NAD 65(@) 84322 44.226 Shi ear 432 Use forces consistent with the analysis moments. In the 6 m direction At internal beam, V,,, Atedge, V,, O47 x 1633 x 6 = 432 kNim O31 x 1533 x 6 = 285 kNim of

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