Innovative Infrastructure Solutions

Investigating the effect of Anti Stripping Agents (ASAs) on moisture damage

performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures modified by Ground Tire Rubber
(GTR) and waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
--Manuscript Draft--

Manuscript Number: IISS-D-20-00187

Full Title: Investigating the effect of Anti Stripping Agents (ASAs) on moisture damage
performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures modified by Ground Tire Rubber
(GTR) and waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

Article Type: Technical papers

Abstract: The existing research evaluated the effect of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Anti Stripping Agents (ASA), and Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) and on the performance
properties of binder and water damage resistance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA)
mixtures. Three different types of liquid anti-stripping agents, A(M500), B (Evotherm
M1), and C (LOF-6500) were added to 85/100 penetration grade binder to evaluate the
effect of ASAs. Softening point, penetration, rotational viscosity (RV), and Dynamic
Shear Rheometer (DSR) tests were implemented to investigate the rheological
properties of modified bitumen. To investigate the moisture sensitivity of modified
mixtures, Resilient Modulus (Mr) Ratio, Fracture Energy (FE) Ratio, Indirect Tensile
Strength (ITS) Ratio and Texas boiling tests, were performed. Based on the outcomes
of the tests, the modification of mixture with Crumb Rubber (CR), ASAs, and PET
enhances the Mr, ITS, and FE of asphalt mixtures. Moreover, according to the
outcomes, utilization of 50%PET with 50%CR and ASA (B) to modify mixture has the
greatest Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR), Resilient Modulus Ratio (RMR) and Fracture
Energy Ratio (FER) value which demonstrates that the water susceptibility of
mentioned mixture is the best.

Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation
Manuscript (EXCLUDING AUTHORS NAMES & AFFILIATIONS) Click here to download Manuscript (EXCLUDING AUTHORS
NAMES & AFFILIATIONS) Final manuscript copy.docx

1
2
3
4
5 Investigating the effect of Anti Stripping Agents (ASAs) on moisture
6
7
8 damage performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures modified
9
10
11 by Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) and waste polyethylene terephthalate
12
13
14
15
(PET)
16
17
18
19
20
21
22 Abstract
23
24
25 The existing research evaluated the effect of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Anti
26
27
28 Stripping Agents (ASA), and Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) and on the performance properties of
29
30 binder and water damage resistance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures. Three different
31
32
33 types of liquid anti-stripping agents, A(M500), B (Evotherm M1), and C (LOF-6500) were added
34
35 to 85/100 penetration grade binder to evaluate the effect of ASAs. Softening point, penetration,
36
37
38 rotational viscosity (RV), and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) tests were implemented to
39
40 investigate the rheological properties of modified bitumen. To investigate the moisture
41
42
43
sensitivity of modified mixtures, Resilient Modulus (Mr) Ratio, Fracture Energy (FE) Ratio,
44
45 Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) Ratio and Texas boiling tests, were performed. Based on the
46
47 outcomes of the tests, the modification of mixture with Crumb Rubber (CR), ASAs, and PET
48
49
50 enhances the Mr, ITS, and FE of asphalt mixtures. Moreover, according to the outcomes,
51
52 utilization of 50%PET with 50%CR and ASA (B) to modify mixture has the greatest Tensile
53
54
55 Strength Ratio (TSR), Resilient Modulus Ratio (RMR) and Fracture Energy Ratio (FER) value
56
57 which demonstrates that the water susceptibility of mentioned mixture is the best.
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
1
65
 1
2
3
4 Keywords: GTR; ASA; SMA; PET; Moisture Susceptibility.
5
6
7
8 1. Introduction
9
10
11 One of the main durability problems in asphalt comes from moisture damage or stripping. This
12
13
14 damage usually occurs by effecting water and repeated traffic loading together. Stripping
15
16 happens when water penetrates between the aggregate and bitumen film and break and decrease
17
18
19 the adhesive bond of aggregate and binder bitumen and led to separate and eliminate the asphalt
20
21 film from the surface of aggregate. To overcome this failure, the mixture should have enough
22
23
24 bitumen and compact it enough to produce an impermeable mixture. This deterioration happens
25
26 in two phases; first it lead to stripping, and then it causes structural damage under traffic load. [1-
27
28 2].
29
30
31
32 Lots of countries in the world produce a huge waste industrial materials. Existence of waste
33
34 materials on the earth leads to pollute soil, air and water. So several research was implemented to
35
36
37 investigate the feasibility of reuse of mentioned materials, and reduce the usage of natural
38
39 materials. Also, waste materials occupy a vast area in each country [3-5].
40
41
42
43 PET is one of the main kinds of plastics [6]. This waste material which is a polyester solid is
44
45 considered as semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer [7]. Major PET wastes for instance in
46
47
48 Europe are plastic containers for foods and liquids and other packaging products [8]. PET has
49
50 gained popularity due to its superlative characteristics suitable for flexible forming [9,10].
51
52
53
54
Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) is a kind of asphalt modifier, which is used to enhance the properties
55
56 of mixtures for many years. Addition of GTR to binder modified by polymer leads to improve
57
58 the behavior of bitumen [6]. Several research was investigated to clarify the feasibility of
59
60
61
62
63
64
2
65
 1
2
3
4 utilization of GTR in pavement [11-12]. Recent studies indicated that addition of CR cause an
5
6
7 improve the performance of pavement and decrease in wheel noise in surface of pavement [12].
8
9 Gilsonite additive consists of natural resinous hydrocarbons with a purity of around 99%, and
10
11
12 57–70% of asphaltene, which is used as a modifier of binder and mixture [13-15].
13
14
15 A useful modifier should enhance the performance of bitumen against a series of failures.
16
17
18 According to the previous studies [12-14], modification of mixtures with only one additive
19
20 cannot improve the behavior of mixture. So it is need to modify mixtures with more than one
21
22
23
additive, which may lead to enhance the behavior of pavement because of compound
24
25 collaborations [16 ]. So in the current work, modification of binder by PET and CR was
26
27 evaluated.
28
29
30
31 Wang et al. [17] evaluated the effect of PET and CR on the rheological behavior of bitumen. The
32
33 outcomes indicated that the addition of PET/CR can enhance the performance of bitumen.
34
35
36
37 One way to enhance the performance of pavements versus water susceptibility is the design of
38
39 mixture properly. Also, utilization of ASAs is one of the usual techniques to improve the
40
41
42 behavior of mixtures versus water damage. Several types of ASAs were used in asphalt industry;
43
44 Liquid and solid. Liquids like amines, diamines, liquid polymers, and solids such as Portland
45
46
47
cement, fly ash, flue dust, etc. based on the literature, it is usual to use liquid ASAs because of
48
49 the convenience of using them [18]. However, each ASAs is not appropriate to be utilized in all
50
51 mixtures. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the influence of each used ASAs on the behavior
52
53
54 of the mixture.
55
56
57 Some of the previous research indicated that the mixtures modified by CR have the water
58
59
60 vulnerability. While, others revealed that it causes to enhance the resistance of original mixture
61
62
63
64
3
65
 1
2
3
4 against water [19,20]. Also, previous research indicated that addition of warm additives to CR
5
6
7 modified mixtures has not positive influence on improving the strength of mixtures against water
8
9 [21–23]. Therefore, improvement in water vulnerability resistance of mixtures is necessary.
10
11
12 Arabani et al. [21] evaluated the effect of Zycosoil Nano additive on the behavior of dry process
13
14 CR modified mixture. The outcomes revealed that the water sensitivity of CR modified mixtures
15
16
17 improved by the addition of Zycosoil.
18
19
20 Another research which is investigated by Xiao [24] the utilization of hydrated lime and two
21
22
23
ASAs on water sensitivity of mixtures modified by warm additives were studied, and the results
24
25 indicated that ITS values of mixtures improved by addition of ASAs, but ASAs were incapable
26
27 of improving the TSR values of samples in comparison with hydrated lime modified mixtures.
28
29
30
31 Nazirizad [25] performed a research to investigate the effect of ASA on the moisture
32
33 vulnerability of specimens. the outcomes revealed that addition of ASA have superior
34
35
36 performance in comparison to hydrated lime modified mixtures. In a study implemented by Park
37
38 et al. [26], the improvement on rutting and water susceptibility resistance of specimens was
39
40
41 shown. Zheng et al. [27] demonstrated that before selection of ASA, it is essential to evaluate the
42
43 compatibility between ASA and binder. In a research implemented by Xiao et al. [28] the
44
45
46
influence of ASA on water vulnerability and rutting strength of mixtures were evaluated. Based
47
48 on the outcomes, the addition of ASA causes an enhance on behavior of sample. The outcomes
49
50 of research implemented by Selvaratnam et al. [29] revealed that different percentages of ASA
51
52
53 can better enhance the PG of PG 70-28 and PG 76-28 polymer-modified bitumens compared to
54
55 PG 64-22.
56
57
58
59 Nasr et al. [30] evaluated the effect of utilization of combination of PET/CR to improve the high
60
61
62
63
64
4
65
 1
2
3
4 and intermediate temperature behavior of two original bitumens. Results revealed that the
5
6
7 viscosity of bitumens increased by utilization of PET/CR. Also the rutting performance of
8
9 bitumens enhanced by utilization of PET/CR. Results revealed that modification of bitumen with
10
11
12 40% PET has the highest G∗/ sin δ parameter. Moreover, addition of PET/CR leads to an
13
14 enhance the high PG of bitumen by two grade. According to the results, addition of PET/CR led
15
16
17 to an improve the intermediate temperature properties of bitumens.
18
19
20 Ernest investigated the moisture susceptibility and rutting behavior of mixtures containing PET.
21
22
23
Results indicated that modification of mixtures with PET in both dry and wet process cause an
24
25 improve the properties of samples [31].
26
27
28
29
Leng et al. [32] performed a research to evaluate the effect of PET/CR on rheological behavior
30
31 of bitumen containing CR. Results indicated that utilization of PET to CR modified binder
32
33 enhanced the rutting and fatigue and viscosity of specimens.
34
35
36
37 karahrodi et al [33], investigated the rheological properties of binders modified by PET/CR
38
39 composition with different percentages. Results showed that utilization of PET/CR cause an
40
41
42 improve the high temperature performance and stiffnes and viscosity of bitumen.
43
44
45 Mohanta et al [34] evaluated the theology of bitumens modified by PET, sebacic acid, and CR.
46
47
48 The outcomes revealed that application of PET and sebacic acid help the anchoring of CR in
49
50 binder. According to the outcomes, the performance of bitumen improved by addition of 50%
51
52
53
PET.
54
55
56 Zhu et al [35] evaluated the influences of ASAs with different contents (0.25%, 0.50% and
57
58
0.75% by weight of bitumen) on performance of bitumen before and after aging. Results from
59
60
61
62
63
64
5
65
 1
2
3
4 this research indicated that rheological behavior of binder depended on the ASA types and its
5
6
7 percentages. Based on outcomes, utilization of ASA cause a decrease the high storage stability of
8
9 binders after RTFO aging, while, the high PG of binders remain the same. According to the
10
11
12 result of LAS test, application of ASAs led to enhance the phase angle and G* parameters.
13
14
15 In a research performed by Ahmadinia et al. and Moghadam et al. [36-38], the performance of
16
17
18 SMA mixture modified by PET by dry process is investigated. Based on outcomes, utilization of
19
20 PET cause an improve the Marshall Stability and volumetric parameters samples [35]. Another
21
22
23
researches indicated that addition of PET causes an improved on fatigue, rutting, MR and
24
25 moisture damage strength of specimens [36-38].
26
27
28 Many research were performed on the usage of PET in pavements by substituting with a coarse
29
30
31 and fine aggregate gradation of mixture [35-38]. Results indicated that subsisting the coarse
32
33 gradation of aggregate by PET causes an enhance in marshal stability of mixture [39]. Also, by
34
35
36 substituting fine portion of gradation by PET, the permanent deformation of mixture increases
37
38 and the stiffness decreases [40].
39
40
41
42 1.1 Objectives
43
44
45 A useful modifier should enhance the performance of bitumen against a series of failures.
46
47
48 According to the previous studies [12-14], modification of mixtures with only one additive
49
50 cannot improve the behavior of mixture. So it is need to modify mixtures with more than one
51
52
53
additive, which may lead to enhance the behavior of pavement due to multiple interactions [16 ].
54
55 Several research concluded that CR modified binders have a non-homogeneous composition and
56
57 have a phase separation problem. Also several research performed on improving the storage
58
59
60 stability of CR modified bitumen by changing its chemical composition or adding multiple
61
62
63
64
6
65
 1
2
3
4 additives [41]. One of the used additives are the Sulphur with combination of styrene–butadiene-
5
6
7 styrene (SBS) [41]. The other common additive which is used to enhance the rheological
8
9 behavior of CR modified bitumens, is PET [32]. So in this research, the PET was used to
10
11
12 improve the storage stability properties of the bitumen. On one hand, several research indicated
13
14 that the CR modified mixtures have a moisture susceptibility problem. While, others concluded
15
16
17 that utilization of CR cause an improve the water damage resistance of mixtures [19,20]. On the
18
19 other hand, some research showed the low strength of pavements modified by warm additive and
20
21 crumb rubber against moisture [21–23]. Consequently, investigating the moisture susceptibility
22
23
24 of mixtures containing CR is necessary.
25
26
27 A little study evaluated the water-resistance of CR/PET modified mixtures. As usual, ASAs have
28
29
30 indicated an enhancement on water susceptibility performance of unmodified samples, the
31
32 feasibility of application of ASAs on PET/CR modified mixtures should be investigated [24].
33
34
35 Consequently, it is necessary to investigate the moisture susceptibility of PET/CR SMA
36
37 mixtures. In current work, PET/ground tire rubber (GTR) with different combinations were used
38
39
40
for modification of bitumen and improves its properties. Three different ASAs were added to the
41
42 PET/CR modified bitumens and the rheological behavior of samples were evaluated through
43
44 softening point, penetration grade, rotational viscosity (RV), and DSR. Moreover, to investigate
45
46
47 the water vulnerability of SMAs, the ITS ratio, RMR, and FER parameters were measured.
48
49
50 2. Materials and mix design
51
52
53
54 2.1. Materials used
55
56
57 2.1.1. Aggregates
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
7
65
 1
2
3
4 Aggregate utilized in current work was provided by new quarry which is located in Tehran
5
6
7 province in Iran. Physical and chemical properties of aggregates are exhibited in Tables 1 and 2,
8
9 respectively. The nominal maximum aggregate size was 12.5 mm. the aggregate blend is
10
11
12 depicted in Figure 1.
13
14
15 2.1.2. Bitumen
16
17
18
19 Only a single kind of a original AC-85/100 binder was used. Bitumen test outcomes are shown in
20
21 Table 3.
22
23
24
25 2.1.3. Fiber
26
27
28 Fiber is typically added to prevent drain down. The optimum bitumen content was chosen based
29
30
31
on the documented outcomes from the National Cooperative Highway Research Program
32
33 (NCHRP) Report No. 425 [42]. Based on aforementioned report, addition of 0.3% cellulose fiber
34
35 led to eliminate the drain down of mixture. The properties of the fiber is shown in Table 4.
36
37
38
39 2.1.4. Crumb rubber and PET
40
41
42 The GTR was a -40 mesh size and was fabricated in an ambient process. The properties of CR is
43
44
45 shown in Table 5. The mixture was also modified by the Waste Plastic Bottle (PET) additive.
46
47 The process of adding PET involves cutting the PET bottles into small pieces and then crushing
48
49
50 it using a special crusher. Finally crushed particles are sieved to obtain the needed gradation.
51
52 Previous studies [1,2] suggested that the desirable results can be obtained when single size PET
53
54
55 particles, in the range of 0.425–1.18 mm, are used. A similar procedure was adopted in this
56
57 study. The PET chips were first crushed and sieved to the desired dimensions and then were
58
59
60
added in 25%, 50%, and 75% by weight of the aggregates to the mixture. Table 6 shows several
61
62
63
64
8
65
 1
2
3
4 properties of the PET material. As shown in Table 8, three different blends of PET and CR with
5
6
7 constant content of water were combined. According to recent study [43], that when water is at
8
9 high pressure and temperature, the PET depolymerized into its monomers (terephthalic acid)
10
11
12 because water acts as a hydrolysis agent. Each blend was separately passed through a twin-screw
13
14 extruder at 280°C with a speed of 65 rpm.
15
16
17
18 2.1.5. ASAs
19
20
21 Three typical liquid ASAs which are named A, B, and C, were considered in this study.
22
23
24 In current work, 0.5% content of ASA was utilized for all of the specimens. The properties of
25
26 used ASAs are shown in Table 7.
27
28
2.2. Sample Preparation
29
30
31
32 The CR preparation of modified binders was in accordance with the wet process. The process
33
34 started by heating 800 gr of virgin binder at 170 °C in a steel container to reshape to liquid
35
36
37 shape. Next, the modifiers were mixed slowly to the high shear mixer, based on table 8, and
38
39 mixed at 500 rpm. Then, the binder temperature and the rotational speed of the mixer were
40
41
42 increased to 190°C and 4000 rpm, respectively, for two hours. In the next step, the air bubbles
43
44 that were fabricated during the high shear mixing process were eliminated by placing the
45
46
47
samples into a vacuum oven for 30 min at 120°C. It should be noted that in the previous
48
49 research, it has been recommended to mix the ASAs with the bitumen in place of mixing the
50
51 ASAs to the mixture [43]. Therefore, the 0.5% of each ASAs were poured into CR/PET modified
52
53
54 bitumen and mixed by a high shear mixer at 1000 rpm for 45 minutes. Table 8 shows the code of
55
56 several mixtures containing different additives.
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
9
65
 1
2
3
4 After that, it is time to calculate the optimum bitumen content. So, nine compacted samples and
5
6
7 three loose samples were fabricated for each gradation. Based on the volumetric properties, the
8
9 optimum bitumen content was calculated as 7.5%.
10
11
12
13 3. Experimental Programme
14
15 3.1. Binder tests
16
17
18 The physical performance of the virgin and modified binders were investigated by performing
19
20 conventional binder tests such as penetration, softening point, and ductility tests. The rheological
21
22
23 properties such as the DSR, BBR, and RV tests were also obtained. The DSR test was conducted
24
25 at a temperature of 64°C and 25°C to assess the high and medium temperature behavior of the
26
27
28 binders, respectively [44].
29
30
31 3.2. Moisture sensitivity testing program
32
33 Moisture sensitivity was investigated using four different tests, namely the Fracture Energy
34
35
36 Ratio (FER), Resilient Modulus Ratio (RMR), Texas boiling, and TSR test.
37
38 3.2.1. ITS test
39
40
41
The tensile strength of mixture is an imperative property of pavement, which can was calculated
42
43 by ITS test. In general, it was performed to evaluate the moisture moisture vulnerability of the
44
45 mixtures. Based on the ASTM D6931-12, the ITS test was implemented at 25℃ and the ITS of
46
47
48 samples was calculated through following equation (1):
49
50
51 𝐼𝑇𝑆 = 2𝑃_𝑚𝑎𝑥/𝜋𝐷𝑡 (1)
52
53
54
55 To investigate the moisture resistance of specimens, the water sensitivity test was implemented
56
57 through AASHTO T283. For each mixture type, six specimens were prepared. Based on the
58
59
60 recommendation of standard, all mixtures should design and fabricate to have 7 ± 1% air void.
61
62
63
64
10
65
 1
2
3
4 The specimens were divided into two groups of sixes for each mixture type. Three of them were
5
6
7 conditioned based on the AASHTO T283 standard, and three of them kept dry and tested at the
8
9 dry condition.
10
11
12 Then the ratio of the tensile strength of wet conditioned mixtures to the tensile strength of dry
13
14 conditioned mixtures was calculated and expressed as Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR):
15
16
17
18 𝑇𝑆𝑅 = 〖𝐼𝑇𝑆〗𝑊𝑒𝑡 ⁄ 〖𝐼𝑇𝑆〗𝐷𝑟𝑦 (2)
19
20 Where,
21
22
23
24
〖𝐼𝑇𝑆〗𝑊𝑒𝑡 represents the ITS value of conditioned samples,
25
26
27 〖𝐼𝑇𝑆〗𝐷𝑟𝑦 refers to ITS value of dry samples,
28
29
30
31 Based on the recommendation of standard, mixtures should have the minimum TSR value of 0.7
32
33 to be resistant against moisture damage [45].
34
35
36
37
38
39 3.2.2. 𝑴𝒓 test
40
41 The ASTM D 4123 standard was used to perform the Mr test. Two groups of samples were
42
43
44
fabricated. One group was remained dry at 25°C and referred to as an unconditioned sample, and
45
46 the other group were conditioned in water based on AASTHO T283. At last, the RMR
47
48 parameter, which was referred to the ratio of 𝑀𝑟 of wet samples to the 𝑀𝑟 of dry specimens, was
49
50
51 measured. The minimum adequate value of 80% was considered for RMR results[36]:
52
53
54
55 (3)
56 𝑀𝑟 = 𝑃 (𝜈 + 0.2734)⁄
57 𝛿𝑡
58 Where,
59
60 P, indicates the maximum load applied (N);
61
62
63
64
11
65
 1
2
3
4 ν = Poisson’s ratio;
5
6
7 t= length of sample (mm);
8
9 δ = horizontal recoverable deformation (mm).
10
11 3.2.3. Fracture energy
12
13
14
Previous laboratory and field studies showed that the fracture work/Energy is a good indicator of
15
16 asphalt mix fatigue performance. This hypothesis was proved by several other studies. For
17
18 instance, Bahadori et al. showed that fracture energy from IDT test correlates with fatigue life of
19
20
21 asphalt mixtures. In addition, NCHRP 9-49A used fracture work as a fatigue life indicator of
22
23 asphalt pavements and field survey results proved this hypothesis [47, 48]. As such, the fracture
24
25
26 energy for the dry and the conditioned specimens were used to investigate the water sensitivity
27
28 of the samples. The FE was determined using equation (8) [49]:
29
30
31 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
32 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = (∫0 〖𝑃(𝛿)𝑑(𝛿)〗)/𝐻𝐷 (4)
33
34 Where,
35
36
37 fracture energy refers to total fracture energy at failure (J/ m2),
38
39
40
41 P indicates load (N),
42
43
44 d refers to deformation (mm),
45
46
47
48 H refers to the diameter of sample (mm) and,
49
50
51 D refers to the diameter of sample (mm).
52
53
54
55 FER is calculated using Equation 5 which indicates the resistance of mixture against moisture.
56
57
𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑
58 𝐹𝐸𝑅 = 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 (5)
59 𝑈𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
60
61
62
63
64
12
65
 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 3.2.4. Texas boiling test
10
11 One of the approaches to evaluate the water vulnerability of loose mixtures is the Texas boiling
12
13
14 test, which is implemented according to ASTM D3625. In this test, the decrease in percent
15
16 surface area of aggregate, which is covered by binder caused by preparing in boiling water, was
17
18
19
evaluated. The moisture sensitivity of the mixture is investigated visually according to the color
20
21 of bitumen and the quantity of surface area of aggregate coated by binder. At this point, the loose
22
23 specimen was located in a pan containing boiled water for 10 minutes, and for each 3 minutes the
24
25
26 specimen was blended for 10 seconds. Later, the specimen was brought out and put on a white
27
28 surface to calculate the amount of percent area covered by bitumen [50-52]. The equation was
29
30
31 used to measure the amount of decrement in the surface area of aggregate coated by binder:
32
33
34 𝐴%−𝐵%
𝑋% = ( ) × 100 (6)
35 𝐴%
36
37 Where,
38
39
X; indicates the amount of decrease in surface of aggregate covered by binder,
40
41
42 A; refers to amount of surface area of unconditioned aggregates covered by binder
43
44 B; refers to amount of surface area of conditioned aggregates covered by binder.
45
46 As the Texas boiling test depends on the researcher’s peripheral vision to distinguish the amount
47
48
49 of surface area of aggregate coated by binder, so the water sensitivity of mixture is measured
50
51 empirically. To determine the amount of this reduction accurately, the MATLAB software was
52
53
54 utilized to analyze the images before and after the test for each mixture.
55
56
57 4. Results
58
59
60
4.1. Binder test results
61
62
63
64
13
65
 1
2
3
4 Figures 3-5 depict the results of bitumen tests. The outcomes indicated that the utilization of
5
6
7 PET and CR with original bitumen leads to enhance rheological behavior of bitumen. According
8
9 to the outcomes, the utilization of PET and CR leads to decrease and increase the penetration
10
11
12 grade and softening point of bitumen, respectively. The reason for this may attributed to
13
14 stiffening of binder by addition of PET and CR. Results revealed that as the percentages of
15
16
17 PET/rubber increases, the stiffness of bitumen increases, As stated by other studies [30-33].
18
19 Previous studies indicated that the PET/CR modified bitumens have higher strength to rutting
20
21 and fatigue cracking in comparison with virgin bitumens [30]. As the ASA (A) content
22
23
24 increased, the penetration decreased and the softening point increased. Moreover, outcomes
25
26 indicated that the utilization of ASAs results in reduction of the penetration values for PER/CR
27
28
29 modified bitumens. Between the ASA additives tested, ASA (b) resulted in the greatest reduction
30
31 of the binder penetration, while ASA (c) had the lowest impact on decreasing the penetration
32
33
34 values. It is clear that utilization of modifiers stiffens the bitumen, and thus, has improved the
35
36 properties of mixtures versus rutting. Moreover, ASAs incorporation cause an enhance the
37
38
39
softening point, and the ASA (B) could increase the softening point of the binders compared to
40
41 other ASA types tested.
42
43
44 Based on Figure 5, PET/CR incorporation cause an increase in the viscosity of the virgin
45
46
47 bitumen. It should be noted that laying down and compaction operations becomes harder for
48
49 mixtures that have high viscosity. Results indicated that increasing the percentage of PET/rubber
50
51
52 leads to a stiffer and more viscous binder. Also, utilization of ASAs increases the viscosity of the
53
54 PET/CR modified bitumen. Note that the effect on viscosity was not uniform across different
55
56
57 ASAs. The incorporation of ASA (A) lead to the largest increase in the viscosity of the bitumens
58
59 following by ASA (B) and ASA (C). This was also confirmed in previous studies [30-35].
60
61
62
63
64
14
65
 1
2
3
4 Previous studies showed that addition of PET/CR composites into the bitumen improves its
5
6
7 processing properties (viscosity, thermal stability).
8
9
10 Bitumens with higher G*/sin values, have better performance versus rutting. To have a binder
11
12
13 which can resist versus rutting, the virgin and RTFO aged bitumens should have a minimum
14
15 amount of 1kPa and 2.2 kPa. Figure 6 shows the (G*/sind) parameter for all types of binders
16
17
18 before and after the RTFO aging. It is shown that the G*/sind parameter for PET/CR modified
19
20 binder was improved, meaning that PET/CR modification stiffens the binder, and thus, increases
21
22
23 the rutting resistance in the respective mixture. Similar findings were obtained in the previous
24
25 studies [30-35]. Previous studies showed that utilization of PET/CR composites with binder,
26
27
28
enhances its performance.
29
30
31 Results also show that increasing the PET/CR ratio increases the binder stiffness, and by that, the
32
33
rutting resistance increases. Since PET is a thermoplastic material, it tends to stiffen the bitumen
34
35
36 increasingly compared to the rubber part. Therefore, rutting resistance can be increased by using
37
38 more PET content in the suggested polymer formulation. The evidence suggests that binder
39
40
41 samples which have high percentage of PET in their structure, have higher storage modulus. It
42
43 means that PET-rich composites leads to stiffening of binder/polymer interface. While, CR-rich
44
45
46 composites role as dispersed elements, instead of bitumens, which lead to enhance the storage
47
48 modulus of binder owing to their stiffer structure in comparison to binder [47].
49
50
51
52 Regarding the ASAs, regardless of their type, their incorporation increases the rutting parameter.
53
54 Mixtures modified by ASA (B) are more rut resistance than others. The reason for that may due
55
56
to the creation of organogels by addition of ASAs to bitumens containing PET/CR.
57
58
59
60 Results shown in Figure 6 (b) indicates that the G*/sind values increased after the RTFO aging
61
62
63
64
15
65
 1
2
3
4 process compared to original specimen. The reason for this may attributed to the volatile
5
6
7 elements of bitumen vaporizes, and the aromatics and resins change to the asphaltenes in
8
9 bitumen [54, 55]. In general, all ASAs enhanced the permanent deformation properties of
10
11
12 bitumens containing PET/CR. Furthermore, the highest rutting parameter was realized for ASA
13
14 (B) with the PET/CR of 0.75% PET and 0.25 CR.
15
16
17
18 4.2. Results of Mixtures
19
20
21 4.2.1. Mr test results
22
23
24
25 Figure 7 shows outcomes of the Mr testing for SMA specimens modified by different additives.
26
27 Results indicate that the addition of PET/CR increases the Mr. It is shown that the Mr of the
28
29
30 mixtures are higher than the virgin mixture. As mentioned before, PET is a thermoplastic
31
32 material which tends to stiffen the bitumen increasingly compared to the rubber part. By
33
34
35
increasing the PET/CR ratio, the modulus increased for up to 50% PET and 50% CR. However,
36
37 higher PET percentage leads to decrease in the resilient modulus of the mixtures, which was also
38
39 mentioned in studies [30-35]. Previous studies confirmed that the inclusion of PET/CR improves
40
41
42 the resilient modulus of the mixtures [31-35]. By increasing the CR in PET/CR, the distribution
43
44 of additive in the matrix of bitumen declines. It may attributed to partial cross-linking of CR and
45
46
47 limited swelling of thermoplastic PET [35].
48
49
50 Also, the utilization of ASAs improved the Mr. The PC2B mixture had the highest resilient
51
52
53 modulus between specimens containing ASA. According to the outcomes, resilient modulus
54
55 values of specimens containing ASA (A) and (C) increased up to 50% PET, while the addition of
56
57
58
more contents cause a decrease in the Mr.
59
60
61
62
63
64
16
65
 1
2
3
4 The Mr of the PC2B sample was 15% higher than virgin mixture, however the PC3C specimen
5
6
7 had a Mr about 1% higher than the virgin sample. It means that PET-rich composites leads to
8
9 stiffening of binder/polymer interface. While, CR-rich composites role as dispersed elements,
10
11
12 instead of bitumens, which lead to enhance the storage modulus of binder owing to their stiffer
13
14 structure in comparison to binder.
15
16
17
18 As the results show in Figure 8, specimens with ASA had higher Mr than the virgin mixture in
19
20 wet conditions. Among specimens containing ASAs, mixtures containing ASA (B) had the
21
22
23
highest Mr values. Mixtures containing 50% PET and 50% CR with ASA (B) has the highest Mr
24
25 value on wet condition. Results from Figure 9 showed that all modified mixtures satisfy the
26
27 minimum requirement of standard (70%). It can be concluded that the utilization of ASAs led to
28
29
30 enhanced strength of mixtures against water damage. Among specimens, the virgin mixture had
31
32 a lower value of RMR than the minimum requirement of the standard. Previous studies showed
33
34
35 that utilization of ASAs leads to enhances the Mr and also enhances the water susceptibility
36
37 strength of specimens [24-29].
38
39
40
41
42
43
44 4.2.2. ITS test
45
46
47
48 The ITS test was implemented to evaluate the effect of different additives on the tensile behavior
49
50 of the specimens. Mixtures with higher ITS values show superior strength versus moisture
51
52
53
damage. The ITS outcomes for the original and modified specimens are exhibited in Figure 10.
54
55 Results showed that the PET/CR modified specimens have greater ITS values than the original
56
57 specimen. Increasing the PET content for up to 50% in the composition resulted in an increase in
58
59
60 the ITS value. Beyond 50% PET content and up to 75%, the ITS trend reversed course and
61
62
63
64
17
65
 1
2
3
4 decreased. By increasing the CR in PET/CR, the distribution of additive in the matrix of bitumen
5
6
7 declines. It may attributed to partial cross-linking of CR and limited swelling of thermoplastic
8
9 PET [35].
10
11
12
13 According to the outcomes, ASAs lead to improve the ITS values of specimens containing
14
15 PET/CR. According to the outcomes, the ITS value of PC2B specimen is the best. Moreover, the
16
17
18 ASA (B) additive has the best behavior on enhancing the ITS of specimens.
19
20
21 The more the cohesion of bitumen to aggregate, the greater the ITS value. According to the
22
23
24 outcomes, by addition of PET/CR and ASA, the cohesion and adhesion of the bitumen to
25
26 aggregate increase and decrease, correspondingly.
27
28
29
30
Results of ITS in wet condition in Figure 11 show that utilization of PET/CR cause an improve
31
32 ITS values of virgin binder. Moreover, the utilization of ASAs leads to an increase in ITS values
33
34 of specimens in a moist condition. Between specimens containing ASAs, the PC2B had the
35
36
37 highest ITS value. According to the outcomes depicted in Figure 12, the TSR value of virgin
38
39 binder was lower than 70% and PC1 and PC3 mixtures had the minimum value of standard
40
41
42 requirement. Between specimens containing ASAs, the PC2B specimen had the highest TSR
43
44 values. Previous studies indicated that utilization of ASAs leads to an enhances the ITS and also
45
46
47
improves the moisture susceptibility resistance of mixture [24-29].
48
49
50 4.2.3. Results of FE
51
52
53
54
Figure 13 shows the fracture energy density for different specimens. Based on the figure,
55
56 incorporation of the PET/CR increased the fracture energy. PET/CR modification increases the
57
58 elasticity of the specimens which consequently increases the strain energy and its resistance to
59
60
61
62
63
64
18
65
 1
2
3
4 cracking. The fracture energy reached a maximum at 50% PET and then decreased by adding
5
6
7 more PET content. Based on the results, addition of 50% PET, and 50% CR the fatigue
8
9 resistance of the specimen enhances. Yet, the utilization of higher percentage of PET will
10
11
12 decrease the fatigue resistance. The utilization of ASAs led to enhance the FE of specimens.
13
14 Based on the results, ASA (B) has the best effect on increasing the FE of specimen.
15
16
17
18 Results of fracture energy in wet condition in Figure 14 indicated that specimens containing
19
20 ASA (B) had the highest FE values. FE values of mixtures in wet condition had the same trend
21
22
23
as dry condition.
24
25
26 Based on Figure 15, all mixtures except the virgin binder met the minimum requirement of
27
28 standard, and PC2B mixture had the highest FER value.
29
30
31
32 4.2.4 Results of Texas boiling test
33
34
35 As referred to earlier, to investigate the formation of water sensitivity, a Texas boiling test was
36
37
38 performed. As stated earlier, this test was in accordance with the observation of the investigator.
39
40 So it is an empirical test. To make the results quantitative, an image processing was implemented
41
42
43 on each image of samples after performing the test. In order to have a precise analysis, the
44
45 images were transformed into black and white. Black areas refer to the coated parts of aggregate
46
47
48 with binder, and white areas correspond to the uncoated parts of aggregates from the binder.
49
50 Finally, for black and white color, a digit number from 0 to 255 was dedicated, which the 0
51
52
53
refers to black and 255 refer to the white pixel. And the number digits between these two range
54
55 were dedicated based on their brightness. This procedure was performed on written code on
56
57 MATLAB software. The procedure is presented in Figure 16. The left images refer to an actual
58
59
60 picture of samples, and the right images refer to the analyzed pictures of samples. The top image
61
62
63
64
19
65
 1
2
3
4 indicates the sample before performing the test and the bottom image is referred to mixture
5
6
7 afterward. Table 9 shows the percent reduction in coating aggregates. Results indicated that the
8
9 PC2B mixture has the highest resistance against moisture damage. Also, the same trend can be
10
11
12 seen from TSR results.
13
14
15 4.2.5 AASHTO T283 test results
16
17
18
19 By continuing the ITS test until developing a crack and splitting the specimen, the interior
20
21 surface of specimen can be investigated for moisture damage performance. The interior surface
22
23
24 of the specimens was evaluated in both unconditioned and conditioned mode. Figure 17 (a)–(c)
25
26 indicates the interior surface of mixtures.
27
28
29
30
It can be concluded that as the binder and ASAs were mixed together, the reaction among amine
31
32 in ASAs and anhydride in binder can occur. Producing organogels is the result of this reaction,
33
34 which led to enhancing the performance of mixture compared to amine substances or anhydrides
35
36
37 [56-61].
38
39
40 It can be concluded that, mixtures with ASA (B) have a better coating of aggregates with binder.
41
42
43 Also, as aggregates become coarser, the failure surfaces become rougher.
44
45
46 5. Conclusion
47
48
49
50 The purpose of current work was to investigate the water resistance benefits obtained by
51
52 incorporating PET/CR and three different ASAs into SMA mixtures. Hence, several moisture
53
54
55 damage tests including RMR, FER, AASHTO T283, and the boiling water test were
56
57 implemented. According to the outcomes of tests, we report the following conclusions:
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
20
65
 1
2
3
4  Incorporating PET and CR modifier into the mixture results in a higher ITS value
5
6
7 compared to the control mixture. In addition, applying ASAs to PET/CR modified
8
9 specimens increases the ITS values. Between the specimens, the PC2B had the highest
10
11
12 ITS value.
13
14  For resilient modulus, PET/CR modification increases Mr by 30% comparing with the
15
16
17 unmodified mixture. The increase in modulus is related to an increase of mixture
18
19 flexibility when is modified by PET and CR. Similarly, ASAs incorporation increases the
20
21
22
resilient modulus. The PC2B mixture had the highest resilient modulus between samples
23
24 containing ASA.
25
26
 FE test results show that PET/CR modification increases the FE. The reason for this may
27
28
29 attributed to enhance the elasticity of the sample, and consequently, strength of mixture
30
31 versus fatigue cracking enhanced. Similarly, ASA inclusion increases the FE. Among
32
33
34 ASA modified mixtures, ASA (B) resulted in the highest FE . Between specimens, the
35
36 PC2B specimen had the highest FE value.
37
38
39  According to the results of Texas boiling test, Results indicated that PC2B mixture has
40
41 the best performance against water distress. Also, the same trend can be seen from TSR
42
43
44 results.
45
46
47 6. References
48
49
50
51 [1] Rezvan, B., & Hassan, Z. (2017). Evaluation of rutting performance of stone matrix asphalt
52
53 mixtures containing warm mix additives. Journal of Central South University, 24(2), 360-373.
54
55
56
57 [2] Babagoli, R., Hasaninia, M., & Mohammad Namazi, N. (2015). Laboratory evaluation of the
58
59 effect of Gilsonite on the performance of stone matrix asphalt mixtures. Road Materials and
60
61
62
63
64
21
65
 1
2
3
4 Pavement Design, 16(4), 889-906.
5
6
7
8 [3] Vargas-Nordcbeck, Adriana, and Farhang Jalali. "Life-Extending Benefit of Crack Sealing
9
10 for Pavement Preservation." Transportation Research Record (2020): 0361198120902703.
11
12
13
14 [4] Hamedi, Gholam Hossein, Ali Sahraei, and Mohamad Reza Esmaeeli. "Investigate the effect
15
16 of using polymeric anti-stripping additives on moisture damage of hot mix asphalt." European
17
18
19 Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering (2018): 1-14.
20
21
22 [5] Ashtiani, Reza S., Ali Morovatdar, Carlos Licon, Cesar Tirado, Jaime Gonzales, and Sergio
23
24
25 Rocha. Characterization and Quantification of Traffic Load Spectra in Texas Overweight
26
27 Corridors and Energy Sector Zones. No. FHWA/TX-19/0-6965-1. 2019.
28
29
30
31
[6] Li, Y., White, D. J., & Peyton, R. L. (1998). Composite material from fly ash and post-
32
33 consumer PET. Resources, conservation and recycling, 24(2), 87-93.
34
35
36
37
[7] Shukla, S. R., & Harad, A. M. (2006). Aminolysis of polyethylene terephthalate waste.
38
39 Polymer degradation and stability, 91(8), 1850-1854.
40
41
42 [8] Torres, N., Robin, J. J., & Boutevin, B. (2000). Study of thermal and mechanical properties
43
44
45 of virgin and recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) before and after injection molding. European
46
47 Polymer Journal, 36(10), 2075-2080.
48
49
50
51 [9] Navarro, R., Ferrandiz, S., Lopez, J., & Segui, V. J. (2008). The influence of polyethylene in
52
53 the mechanical recycling of polyethylene terephtalate. Journal of Materials Processing
54
55
56 Technology, 195(1), 110-116.
57
58
59 [10] Moghaddam, T. B., Soltani, M., & Karim, M. R. (2014). Evaluation of permanent
60
61
62
63
64
22
65
 1
2
3
4 deformation characteristics of unmodified and Polyethylene Terephthalate modified asphalt
5
6
7 mixtures using dynamic creep test. Materials & Design, 53, 317-324.
8
9
10 [11] Lo Presti D, Airey G. Tyre rubber-modified bitumens development: the effect of varying
11
12
13 processing conditions. Road Mater Pavement Des 2013;14(4):888–900.
14
15
16 [12] H. H. Kim, K. D. Jeong, M. S. Lee, S. J. Lee, Performance properties of CRM binders with
17
18
19 wax warm additives, Constr. Buil. Mater. 66 (2014) 356-360.
20
21
22 [13] H. H. Kim, S. J. Lee, Effect of crumb rubber on viscosity of rubberized asphalt binders
23
24
25 containing wax additives, Constr. Buil. Mater. 95 (2015) 65-73
26
27
28 [14] H. H. Kim, M. Mazumder, S. J. Lee, Recycling of aged asphalt binders with wax warm
29
30
31
additives, Road Mater. Pave. Des. 19 (5) (2018) 1203-1215.
32
33
34 [15] Y. Yan, R. Roque, D. Hernando, S. Chun, Cracking performance characterization of asphalt
35
36
37
mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement with hybrid binder, Road Mater. Pave. Des. 20
38
39 (2) (2019) 347-366.
40
41
42 [16] Ameli, A., Babagoli, R., & Aghapour, M. (2016). Laboratory evaluation of the effect of
43
44
45 reclaimed asphalt pavement on rutting performance of rubberized asphalt mixtures. Petroleum
46
47 Science and Technology, 34(5), 449-453.
48
49
50
51 [17] Wang, S., Wang, Q., Wu, X., & Zhang, Y. (2015). Asphalt modified by thermoplastic
52
53 elastomer based on recycled rubber. Construction and Building Materials, 93, 678–684.
54
55
56
57 [18] Lu Q, Harvey JT. Field investigation of factors associated with moisture damage in asphalt
58
59 pavements. In10th International conference on asphalt pavements (ISAP), Quebec, Canada 2006
60
61
62
63
64
23
65
 1
2
3
4 Aug (pp. 691-700).
5
6
7
8 [19] Jalali, Farhang, Adriana Vargas-Nordcbeck, and Mostafa Nakhaei. "Full-Scale Probabilistic
9
10 Assessment of Asphalt Surface Treatments: The Case Study of Lee Road 159." International
11
12
13 Airfield and Highway Pavements, Chicago, IL (2019).
14
15
16 [20] SATVATI, SAJJAD, JERAMY ASHLOCK, ALI NAHVI, CHARLES T. JAHREN, BORA
17
18
19 CETI, and HALIL CEYLAN. "A Novel Performance-Based Economic Analysis Approach." In
20
21 12th International Conference on Low-Volume Roads, p. 207. 2019.
22
23
24
25 [21] M. Arabani, S.A. Tahami, G.H. Hamedi, Performance evaluation of dry process crumb
26
27 rubber-modified asphalt mixtures with nanomaterial, Road Mater. Pavement 19 (2018) 1241–
28
29
30
1258.
31
32
33 [22] Cetin, Bora, Sajjad Satvati, Jeramy C. Ashlock, and Charles Jahren. Performance-Based
34
35 Evaluation of Cost-Effective Aggregate Options for Granular Roadways. No. IHRB Project TR-
36
37
38 704. 2019.
39
40
41 [23] Wang, Yizhuang David, Amir Ghanbari, Benjamin Shane Underwood, and Youngsoo
42
43
44 Richard Kim. "Development of a Performance-Volumetric Relationship for Asphalt Mixtures."
45
46 Transportation Research Record 2673, no. 6 (2019): 416-430.
47
48
49
50 [24] F. Xiao, S.N. Amirkhanian, Effects of liquid antistrip additives on rheology and moisture
51
52 susceptibility of water bearing warm mixtures, Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (2010) 1649–1655.
53
54
55
56 [25] M. Nazirizad, A. Kavussi, A. Abdi, Evaluation of the effects of anti-stripping agents on the
57
58 performance of asphalt mixtures, Constr. Build. Mater. 84 (2015) 348–353.
59
60
61
62
63
64
24
65
 1
2
3
4 [26] D.W. Park, W.J. Seo, J. Kim, H.V. Vo, Evaluation of moisture susceptibility of asphalt
5
6
7 mixture using liquid anti-stripping agents, Constr. Build. Mater. 144 (2017) 399–405.
8
9
10 [27] C.F. Zheng, Y. Qin, D. Lv, T. Zhang, X.Y. Liu, S. Zheng, Effects of anti-stripping agents on
11
12
13 the microscopic strength of mineral aggregate contact surface, Constr. Build. Mater. 49 (2013)
14
15 627–634.
16
17
18
19 [28] F. Xiao, W. Zhao, T. Gandhi, S.N. Amirkhanian, Influence of antistripping additives on
20
21 moisture susceptibility of warm mix asphalt mixtures, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 22 (2010) 1047–1055.
22
23
24
25 [29] S. Selvaratnam, M. Zaman, G. Laguros, Laboratory evaluation of unmodified and polymer-
26
27 modified performance-grade binders with anti-stripping additives, J. Eng. Comput. Archit. Sci. J.
28
29
30
Int. (SJI) 1 (2) (2007) 1934
31
32
33 [30] Nasr, Danial, and Amir Hossein Pakshir. "Rheology and storage stability of modified
34
35 binders with waste polymers composites." Road Materials and Pavement Design 20, no. 4
36
37
38 (2019): 773-792.
39
40
41 [31] Earnest, M. D. (2015). Performance characteristics of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
42
43
44 modified asphalt. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1260.
45
46
47 [32] Leng, Z., Padhan, R.K., and Sreeram, A., 2018. Production of a sustainable paving material
48
49
50 through chemical recycling of waste PET into crumb rubber modified asphalt. Journal of Cleaner
51
52 Production, 180, 682–688.
53
54
55
56 [33] Karahrodi, Marzieh Habibi, Omid Moini Jazani, Seyed Mohammad Reza Paran, Krzysztof
57
58 Formela, and Mohammad Reza Saeb. "Modification of thermal and rheological characteristics of
59
60
61
62
63
64
25
65
 1
2
3
4 bitumen by waste PET/GTR blends." Construction and Building Materials 134 (2017): 157-166.
5
6
7
8 [34] Mohanta, Chandra Sekhar, Anand Sreeram, Veena Yadav, Rabindra Kumar Padhan, N. S.
9
10 Raman, and R. P. Badoni. "Synergic effect of waste PET and sebacic acid on the rheology of
11
12
13 crumb rubber modified bitumen." International Journal of Pavement Engineering (2019): 1-12.
14
15
16 [35] Zhu, Chongzheng, Guoqing Xu, Henglong Zhang, Feipeng Xiao, Serji Amirkhanian, and
17
18
19 Chaofan Wu. "Influence of different anti-stripping agents on the rheological properties of asphalt
20
21 binder at high temperature." Construction and Building Materials 164 (2018): 317-325.
22
23
24
25 [36] Ahmadinia, E., Zargar, M., Karim, M. R., Abdelaziz, M., & Ahmadinia, E. (2012).
26
27 Performance evalua- tion of utilization of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in stone mastic
28
29
30
asphalt. Construction and Building Materials, 36, 984–989.
31
32
33 [37] Moghaddam, T. B., Karim, M. R., & Syammaun, T. (2012). Dynamic properties of stone
34
35 mastic asphalt mixtures containing waste plastic bottles. Construction and Building Materials,
36
37
38 34, 236–242.
39
40
41 [38] Moghaddam, T. B., Soltani, M., & Karim, M. R. (2014). Experimental characterization of
42
43
44 rutting per- formance of polyethylene terephthalate modified asphalt mixtures under static and
45
46 dynamic loads. Construction and Building Materials, 65, 487–494.
47
48
49
50 [39] Hassani, A., Ganjidoust, H., & Maghanaki, A. A. (2005). Use of plastic waste (poly-
51
52 ethylene terephthalate) in asphalt concrete mixture as aggregate replacement. Waste
53
54
55 Management & Research, 23(4), 322–327.
56
57
58 [40] Rahman, W. M. N. W. A., & Wahab, A. F. A. (2013). Green pavement using recycled
59
60
61
62
63
64
26
65
 1
2
3
4 polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as partial fine aggregate replacement in modified asphalt.
5
6
7 Procedia Engineering, 53, 124–128.
8
9
10 [41] Zhang, F. and Hu, C., 2015. Physical and rheological properties of crumb rubber/styrene
11
12
13 butadiene styrene compound modified asphalts. Polymer Composites. doi:10.1002/pc.23762.
14
15
16 [42] Brown ER, Cooley LA. Designing stone matrix asphalt mixtures for rut-resistant
17
18
19 pavements. Transport Res Board 1999.
20
21
22 [43] Naderi, Koorosh, Mostafa Nakhaei, Farhang Jalali, Aliasghar Akbari Nasrekani, and David
23
24
25 H. Timm. Low PG Determination of Neat Binders: A Comparison Between AASHTO Procedure
26
27 and Time Temperature Superposition Approach. No. 19-00813. 2019.
28
29
30
31
[44] Jafari, Mohammad, Aliasghar Akbari Nasrekani, Mostafa Nakhaei, and Abbas Babazadeh.
32
33 "Evaluation of rutting resistance of asphalt binders and asphalt mixtures modified with
34
35 polyphosphoric acid." Petroleum Science and Technology 35, no. 2 (2017): 141-147.
36
37
38
39 [45] Kennedy, T. W., & Anagnos, J. N. (1984). Wet-dry indirect tensile test for evaluating
40
41 moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures (No. FHWA-TX-85-48 + 253-8).
42
43
44
45 [46] Lottman, R.P., (1978). Predicting moisture-induced damage to asphaltic concrete. NCHRP
46
47 Report No. 192, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
48
49
50
51 [47] Long-Term Field Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies-Report 843-NCHRP 9-
52
53 49A
54
55
56
57 [48] Bahadori, A. M., A. Mansourkhaki, and M. Ameri. "A phenomenological fatigue
58
59 performance model of asphalt mixtures based on fracture energy density." Journal of Testing and
60
61
62
63
64
27
65
 1
2
3
4 Evaluation 43, no. 1 (2015): 133-139.
5
6
7
8 [49] Mansourkhaki, Ali, Mahmoud Ameri, Mahdi Habibpour, and Benjamin Shane Underwood.
9
10 Fractional Composition and High Temperature Rheological Properties of Modified RAP Binder.
11
12
13 No. 19-04673. 2019.
14
15
16 [50] Mansourkhaki, Ali, Mahmoud Ameri, Mahdi Habibpour, and B. Shane Underwood.
17
18
19 "Chemical Composition and Rheological Characteristics of Binders Containing RAP and
20
21 Rejuvenator." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 32, no. 4 (2020): 04020026.
22
23
24
25 [51] Ziari, H., Babagoli, R., & Akbari, A. (2015). Investigation of fatigue and rutting
26
27 performance of hot mix asphalt mixtures prepared by bentonite-modified bitumen. Road
28
29
30
Materials and Pavement Design, 16(1), 101-118.
31
32
33 [52] Ziari H, Babagoli R, Ameri M, Akbari A. Evaluation of fatigue behavior of hot mix asphalt
34
35 mixtures prepared by bentonite modified bitumen. Construction and Building Materials. 2014
36
37
38 Oct 15;68:685-91.
39
40
41 [53] Ziari, H., Babagoli, R., & Razi, S. E. T. (2015). The evaluation of rheofalt as a warm mix
42
43
44 asphalt additive on the properties of asphalt binder. Petroleum Science and Technology, 33(21-
45
46 22), 1781-1786.
47
48
49
50 [54] Jalali, Farhang, Adriana Vargas-Nordcbeck, and Mostafa Nakhaei. "Role of Preventive
51
52 Treatments in Low-Volume Road Maintenance Program: Full-Scale Case Study." Transportation
53
54
55 Research Record (2019): 0361198119863025.
56
57
58 [55] B. Sengoz, A. Topal, G. Isikyakar, Morphology and image analysis of polymer modified
59
60
61
62
63
64
28
65
 1
2
3
4 bitumens, Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (2009) 1986–1992,
5
6
7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.08.020.
8
9
10 [56] Padhan, Rabindra Kumar, Chandrasekhar Mohanta, Anand Sreeram, and Anurag Gupta.
11
12
13 "Rheological evaluation of bitumen modified using antistripping additives synthesised from
14
15 waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET)." International Journal of Pavement Engineering (2018):
16
17
18 1-9.
19
20
21 [57] Hassan, Z., Hassan, D., Rezvan, B., & Ali, A. (2012). Influence of bentonite additive on
22
23
24 bitumen and asphalt mixture properties. World Academy of Science, Engineering and
25
26 Technology, 6.
27
28
29
30
[58] Norouzi, N., Ameli, A., & Babagoli, R. (2019). Investigation of fatigue behaviour of warm
31
32 modified binders and warm-stone matrix asphalt (WSMA) mixtures through binder and mixture
33
34 tests. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 1-10.
35
36
37
38 [59] Muftah, A., Bahadori, A., Bayomy, F., & Kassem, E. (2017). Fiber-Reinforced Hot-Mix
39
40 Asphalt: Idaho Case Study. Transportation Research Record, 2633(1), 98-107.
41
42
43
44 [60] Bayomy, F., Muftah, A., Wen, H., & Bahadori, A. (2016). Evaluation of Fiber-Reinforced
45
46 Asphalt Pavements: Laboratory Study (No. FHWA-ID-16-237). Idaho. Transportation Dept..
47
48
49
50 [61] Zhang, W., Bahadori, A., Shen, S., Wu, S., Muhunthan, B., & Mohammad, L. (2018).
51
52 Comparison of Laboratory and Field Asphalt Aging for Polymer-Modified and Warm-Mix
53
54
55 Asphalt Binders. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 30(7), 04018150.
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
29
65
 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 Figure captions:
16
17
18 Figure 1. Aggregate distribution with NMAS= 12.5 mm
19
20
21
22 Figure 2. Schematic of fracture energy to failure
23
24
25 Figure 3. Penetration Results of different asphalt binders
26
27
28
29 Figure 4. Softening point of different asphalt binders
30
31
32 Figure 5. Rotational viscosity of modified binders
33
34
35
36 Figure 6. Rutting parameter of base and modified asphalt binders: a) before aging b) after aging
37
38
39 Figure 7. Results of resilient modulus of modified mixtures in dry condition
40
41
42
43 Figure 8. Results of resilient modulus of modified mixtures in wet condition
44
45
46 Figure 9. Results of RMR
47
48
49
50 Figure 10. ITS values of mixtures in dry condition
51
52
53 Figure 11. ITS values of mixtures in wet condition
54
55
56
57 Figure 12. TSR values
58
59
60 Figure 13. Fracture energy of different mixtures in dry condition
61
62
63
64
30
65
 1
2
3
4 Figure 14. Fracture energy of different mixtures in wet condition
5
6
7
8 Figure 15. FER results
9
10
11 Figure 16. Steps for image processing on a special specimen
12
13
14
15 Figure 17. Failure surface for modified mixtures
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
31
65
 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 Table:
16
17
18 Table 1 . Aggregates properties
19
20
21
22 Table 2. aggregate’s chemical properties
23
24
25 Table 3. Binder properties
26
27
28
29 Table 4. fibers properties
30
31
32 Table 5. Properties of crumb rubber
33
34
35
36 Table 6. Properties of PET
37
38
39 Table 7. Properties of used ASAs.
40
41
42
43 Table 8. different specimens fabricated in current research
44
45
46 Table 9. Mixture’s image processing results
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
32
65
Table 1 Click here to download Table Table 1.docx

Table 1 . physical properties of aggregates

Aggregate tests Result Test method

Bulk specific gravity 2.493 ASTM C127
Absorption Coarse aggregate (%) 2.2 ASTM C127
Absorption Fine aggregate (%) 4.2 ASTM C128
Los Angeles abrasion loss (%) 22.3 AASHTO T96
Two fractured faces (%) 94 ASTM D5821
Table 2 Click here to download Table Table 2.docx

Table 2. aggregate’s chemical properties

Oxide
Type content (%)
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 Na2O K2O MgO CaO MnO
Lime
17.52 2.11 0.94 0.08 0.66 0.75 43.01 0.046
aggregate
Table 3 Click here to download Table Table 3.docx

Table 3. binder properties

Test Method Unit Result

penetration at 25°C, 100gr
ASTM D5 (0.1mm) 95
Softening Point °C
ASTM D36 45
Ductility at 25°C
ASTM D113 (cm) +100
Flash Point °C
ASTM D92 270
Specific Gravity at 25°C
ASTM D70 gr/cm3 1.0142
Table 4 Click here to download Table Table 4.docx

Table 4. fibers properties

Properties Value
Cellulose fiber
Cellulose content (%) 80
Ave. fiber Length (mm) 1.1
Ave. fiber thickness (mm) 0.045
PH-value (5g/100 ml) 7.5
Bulk density (g/cm3) 0.5
Table 5 Click here to download Table Table 5.docx

Table 5. Properties of crumb rubber

Specifications Result
Ingredients Processed rubber Carbon, sulfur
Physical State Solid
color Dark
Odor Mild rubber
Specific gravity 1.10–1.15
Bulk density 0.34–0.35 g/cm3
Ph values N/A
Boiling point -
Solubility Insolouble
Table 6 Click here to download Table Table 6.docx

Table 6. Properties of PET

Property Used standard Value

Density (g/cm3) ASTM D 792 1.35
Water absorption (%) ASTM D 570 0.1
Tensile strength (psi) ASTM D 638 11500
Melting temperature (°C) ASTM D 7138 250
Table 7 Click here to download Table Table 7.docx

Table 7. Properties of used ASAs.

Properties M5000 M1 LOF-6500

Alkylamines; Alkanol
Fatty amines
Ingredients amines; Alkylene Amidoamines
derivatives
amines
Physical
Liquid Liquid Liquid
State
color Brown (dark) Amber (dark) Brown
Odor Fishy Amine-like -
Specific
1.09 0.97 -
gravity
Vapor
4.6 - -
density
Ph values 11.9 10–12 -
Boiling point 255 C >200 C -
Flash point Closed up: 146 C Closed up: >204.4 C >200 C
Solubility - 0.02 g/l -
Table 8 Click here to download Table Table 8.docx

Table 8. different specimens fabricated in current research

No virgin binder PET CR ASA sample ID

1 0 0 - Control
2 25% 75% - PC1
3 50% 50% - PC2
4 75% 25% - PC3
5 25% 75% A PC1A
6 50% 50% A PC2A
7 60-70 75% 25% A PC3A
8 25% 75% B PC1B
9 50% 50% B PC2B
10 75% 25% B PC3B
11 25% 75% C PC1C
12 50% 50% C PC2C
13 75% 25% C PC3C
Table 9 Click here to download Table Table 9.docx

Table 9. mixture’s image processing results

Mixture type Result (%)

Control 24-34
PC1 19-27
PC2 15-27
PC3 14-34
PC1A 16-26
PC2A 11 - 34
PC3A 10 -19
PC1B 15 -24
PC2B 10-20
PC3B 8-15
PC1C 18-25
PC2C 14-23
PC3C 12-30
Figure 1 Click here to download Figure 1.tif
Figure 2 Click here to download Figure 2.tif
Figure 3 Click here to download Figure 3.tiff
Figure 4 Click here to download Figure 4.tiff
Figure 5 Click here to download Figure 5.tiff
Figure 6a Click here to download Figure 6a.tiff
Figure 6b Click here to download Figure 6b.tiff
Figure 7 Click here to download Figure 7.tiff
Figure 8 Click here to download Figure 8.tiff
Figure 9 Click here to download Figure 9.tiff
Figure 10 Click here to download Figure 10.tiff
Figure 11 Click here to download Figure 11.tiff
Figure 12 Click here to download Figure 12.tiff
Figure 13 Click here to download Figure 13.tiff
Figure 14 Click here to download Figure 14.tiff
Figure 15 Click here to download Figure 15.tiff
Figure 16 Click here to download Figure 16.tif
Figure 17 Click here to download Figure 17.tif