Causes of the Highland Tower Collapse

There are many reasons that are investigated to be the causes of the devastating incident that
took place stated below :

 The hill was cleared of trees and other land-covering plants, exposing the soil to land
erosion that is the leading factor of causing landslides. Therefore, when in addition, there
was continuous rainfall for 10 days, the soil eroded and contributed to landslide.

 A pipe system was built to divert the East Creek flow that was flowing into tower before
construction. This pipe was overloaded by the water from the new construction site,
also carrying sand, silt from both East Creek and construction site causing it to infiltrate
and burst at several locations on the hill, and the surrounding soil had to absorb the
excess water.

 Rubbel wall at the front and rear of the building caused slip due to absence of support
and resistance of the wall itself. Fault occurred resulting in support for the front of the
building becomes more fragile, while the burden on the back of the building is increasing
and causing unstable moment. Thus, creates immense pressure on the pile of the
building, especially the pile at the front. When the pile was broken, building started to
swing and finally collapse. Slope and rubble wall behind and infront was built with factor
of safety less than 1.

 The agreed drainage system on the hill slope following Highland Towers 1993 has never
been done.

Reference
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Towers_collapse

 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317661643_Landslide_of_Highland_Towers_1
993_a_case_study_of_Malaysia

 https://www.scribd.com/doc/90979707/Highland-Towers-Tragedy