Hussain Muhammad Ershad

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Hussain Muhammad Ershad

হুসেইন মুহাম্মদ এরশাদ

Ershad in 2012

Leader of the Opposition

In office

3 January 2019 – 14 July 2019

Preceded by Rowshan Ershad

Succeeded by Rowshan Ershad

President of Bangladesh

In office

11 December 1983 – 6 December 1990

Prime Minister Ataur Rahman Khan

 Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury

Moudud Ahmed

Kazi Zafar Ahmed

Vice President A K M Nurul Islam

Moudud Ahmed

Shahabuddin Ahmed

Preceded by AFM Ahsanuddin Chowdhury

Succeeded by Shahabuddin Ahmed

Chief of the Army Staff

In office

1 December 1978[1] – 30 August 1986

President Ziaur Rahman

Abdus Sattar

A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury

Preceded by Lieutenant General Ziaur Rahman

Succeeded by Lieutenant General Atiqur Rahman

Personal details

Born 1 February 1930

Dinhata, Bengal Presidency, British India

(now in Coochbehar, West Bengal)

Died 14 July 2019 (aged 89)

Dhaka, Bangladesh

Political party Jatiya Party (E)

 Rowshan Ershad (m. 1956)
Spouse(s)

Bidisha Siddique Ershad

(m. 2000; div. 2005)

GM Quader (brother)
Relatives
Mozammel Hossain Lalu (brother)

Merina Rahman (sister)

Alma mater University of Dhaka

Officers Training School, Kohat, Pakistan

Command and Staff College, Quetta, Pakistan

Profession Military officer, politician

Awards UN Population Award

UN Environment Award

Global Officials of Dignity Award

Military service

Allegiance  Pakistan (before 1971)

 Bangladesh

Branch/service  Pakistan Army

 Bangladesh Army

Years of service 1952–1971 (Pakistan)

1973–1986 (Bangladesh)

Rank Lieutenant General

Commands Chief of the Army Staff,

Adjutant General of the Army,

CO, 7th East Bengal Regiment,

CO, 3rd East Bengal Regiment

Hussain Muhammad Ershad (Bengali: হুসেইন মুহাম্মদ এরশাদ; 1 February 1930 – 14 July

2019) was a Bangladeshi Army Chief and politician who served as the President of
Bangladesh from 1983 to 1990,[2] a time many consider to have been a military
dictatorship.[3][4][5]
He seized power as head of the army during a bloodless coup against President Abdus
Sattar on 24 March 1982 (by imposing martial law and suspending the Constitution). He
declared himself President in 1983,[6] and subsequently won the controversial[7] 1986
Bangladeshi presidential election. Despite claims to have legitimately won the 1986
election, many consider his regime as an era of military dictatorship. [3][4][5] Ershad served
in the Presidential office until 1990, when he was forced to resign following a
popular pro-democracy mass uprising led by Khaleda Zia and Sheikh Hasina. Ershad
founded the Jatiya Party in 1986 and became a Member of Parliament for that party in
the constituency of Rangpur-3 in 1991, with successful re-election in all subsequent
general elections.
During his tenure Ershad pursued devolution reforms, privatization of nationalised
industries; the expansion of the national highway system; and the founding of SAARC;
he committed his nation's forces as an ally to the United States in the Gulf War. He
contributed to developments in infrastructure and socio-economic growth, divesting key
nationalised industries. He restored the chain of command in the Bangladesh Armed
Forces after the turmoil following the Mujib assassination.[8] In 1989, Ershad pushed
parliament to make Islam the state religion, in a sharp departure from Bangladesh's
original secular constitution.[9]
Ershad was awarded the United Nations' Population Award in 1987 for his contributions
to population and environmental issues.[10][11]

Contents

 1Early life and military career

 2Bangladesh Liberation War and independence
 3Coup and presidency
o 3.1Election of 1986 and 1988
o 3.2Achievements
o 3.3Issues
o 3.4Legacy and honours
 4Pressure for democracy
 5Political career since 1991
o 5.1Arrest
o 5.2Charges and convictions
o 5.3Return
 6Personal life
o 6.1Religious views
 7Death
 8References
 9External links

Early life and military career[edit]

Ershad was born in 1930 at Dinhata in Cooch Behar Princely State, British India (now
in Cooch Behar district, India) to Mokbul Hossain and Mazida Khatun.[12] Mokbul was a
lawyer and served as a minister of the-then Maharaja of Cooch Behar.[12] Ershad was the
eldest of 9 siblings including GM Quader, Mozammel Hossain Lalu and Merina
Rahman.[12][13] His parents migrated from Dinhata to East Bengal in 1948 after the India-
Pakistan partition.[2][14] Ershad studied in Carmichael College in Rangpur.[15] He later
graduated from the University of Dhaka in 1950.[2]
Ershad was commissioned into the Pakistan Army from 6th PMA long course in 1952
from Officers Training School in Kohat.[16] He was an adjutant in the East
Bengal regimental depot in Chittagong. He completed advanced courses from
the Command and Staff College in Quetta in 1966. After serving with
a brigade in Sialkot, he was given command of the 3rd East Bengal Regiment in 1969
and the 7th East Bengal Regiment in 1971. [2]

Bangladesh Liberation War and independence[edit]

Ershad in Bangabhaban (1986)

From the beginning of the Bangladesh Liberation War, Ershad was interned along with
other Bengali officers stationed in West Pakistan, and held as a prisoner of war.[17] In
1973 he and the others were repatriated to the new nation of Bangladesh in accordance
with the Simla Agreement between India's Indira Gandhi and Pakistan's Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto.[17]
After his return, Ershad was appointed Adjutant General of the Bangladesh Army by
President of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first president of independent
Bangladesh. The different experiences during the war of the professional and
paramilitary officers and soldiers in Bangladesh, together with the country's diverse
cultures and Muslim majority, created instabilities in the years after independence. The
members of the army who had been imprisoned or otherwise out of the country during
the liberation war later tended to form different political alliances than those who had
participated in the war. This long influenced the instability of national politics and the
armed forces.[8] Ershad was sent for advanced military courses to the National Defence
University (NDU), India.
On 15 August 1975, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated. Although Maj.
Gen. Ziaur Rahman was arrested in a counter-coup on 3 November 1975, he was
restored to power in a coup led by Lt. Colonel Abu Taher on 7 November 1975.
The Chief Justice of Bangladesh, Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem, succeeded to the
presidency on 7 November 1975 during martial law. At that time, Zia Rahman was
appointed as the Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator. General Ziaur Rahman was
appointed Army Chief by President of Bangladesh Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad. Rahman
appointed Ershad as the Deputy Chief of Army Staff in 1975.
Ziaur Rahman assumed the presidency after legalising the military coups. He revived
the multi-party system through the Fifth Amendment of the Bangladesh Constitution. He
appointed Ershad as the new Chief of Army Staff, promoting him to the rank of
lieutenant general.[2] Viewed as a professional officer and having a talent
for Bengali speech writing, Ershad soon became the closest politico-military counselor
of Ziaur Rahman.[17]

Coup and presidency[edit]

See also: 1982 Bangladesh coup d'état

Ershad arrives for a state visit to USA (1983)

After the assassination of Ziaur Rahman on 30 May 1981, Ershad remained loyal to the
government.[18] He ordered the army to suppress the coup attempt by Major
General Abul Manzoor. Ershad maintained loyalty to the new president Abdus Sattar,
who had led the BNP to victory in elections in 1982. [19]
Ershad came to power in a bloodless coup on 24 March 1982 as Chief Martial Law
Administrator (CMLA). President Justice Sattar was replaced with A. F. M. Ahsanuddin
Chowdhury.[20][21] Suspending the constitution and political parties, Ershad took over as
president on 11 December 1983 by replacing Chowdhury. [22]
Ershad supported the Land Reforms Ordinance of 1984,[23] which granted important
rights to tenants for the first time in the history of Bangladesh. A plan for the divestment
of government industries promised to move the country away from socialism.
Ershad played a key role during the founding summit of the countries of the South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in 1985, which was held in Dhaka.
Member states of South Asian States agreed to cooperate in politics and economics.
[24]
 Ershad brought together the leaders of India and Pakistan, Rajiv
Gandhi and Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, respectively.
As president, Ershad approved amendments to the constitution of Bangladesh which
declared Islam the state religion, abandoning state secularism. (The secular constitution
was later restored.)[25][26] To improve rural administration, Ershad introduced
the Upazila and Zila Parishad system. He held the 'first democratic elections for these
village councils' in 1985.[27][25]
Election of 1986 and 1988[edit]
Presidential Oath Ceremony after 1986 election, with the Chief Justice and long term Military Secretary to the
President (1984–1989) Brigadier General ABM Elias

Ershad imitated his predecessor President Zia in many ways. [28] Initially, he too installed
a civilian president, Abul Fazal Muhammed Ahsanuddin Chowdhury (March 1982‐
December 1983), and became the President only on 11 December 1983. He also
floated a state‐sponsored political party, Jatiya Party (JP), composed of various factions
from leftist and rightist political parties to support his regime. Like his predecessor, he
allowed political parties to be active.[original research?]
Jatiyo Party nominated Ershad in the Presidential Election of 1986, which was
organised by his government. The only significant opposition candidates were Hafezzi
Huzur and Syed Faruque Rahman, a retired colonel who had been accused in 15
August Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman[29] and 3 November jail killing in 1975.
[citation needed]
 Parliamentary elections on 7 May 1986, held under the martial law. Main
contenders for the parliamentary seats were the Jatiya (People's) Party, formed on 1
January 1986 when the nationwide ban on political activity was lifted, and comprising
the five parties which had together formed the pro-government National Front in July
1985 and the opposition leftist Awami League, led by Sheikh Hasina. The largest
political party of the second Parliament, BNP decided to boycott the poll. Election day
was held in a climate of unrest and was marked by opposition charges of voting fraud
and malpractices. On 10 May, polling was suspended in 109 constituencies. Following
re-elections in 37 constituencies on 19 May, final results giving JP an absolute
parliamentary majority were announced ten days later. Ershad's JP was declared the
winner with 153 seats out of 300. There were 115 opposition and 32 independent
members. However, the inaugural House session was boycotted by 119 opposition and
independent MPs. The same day, a new cabinet was sworn in. Ershad was elected as
President on 15 October 1986.[30]
However, Ershad faced increasing mass demonstrations on the streets mobilised by
both the AL led by Sheikh Hasina and the BNP led by Khaleda Zia. The BNP boycotted
the 1986 parliamentary election, but the AL which contested in the parliamentary
election, later resigned from the parliament. [31]
On 6 December 1987, Ershad dissolved the parliament in the midst of an opposition
campaign calling for his and his government's resignation, and a nationwide state of
emergency, which had been declared on 27 November. He stated that he wished to
pave the way for fresh elections to receive the people's mandate on various national
issues. The polling date was originally set for 28 February before being postponed.
Polling day was marked by violence and a boycott by the three leading opposition
groups - the Awami League (an eight-party alliance) headed by Sheikha Hasina Wajed,
the Moslem Jammai-i-Islami and the right-wing BNP, all of which alleged electoral fraud.
In this context, the ruling Jatiya Dal, or Nationalist Party, reportedly increased its
parliamentary majority to 251 seats (including 18 unopposed), independents captured
25 seats and several minor parties shared the rest. On 27 March, a new Council of
Ministers headed by Mr. Ershad was sworn in. The Prime Minister is Mr. Moudud
Ahmed.[32]
Ershad's regime has sometimes been characterised [by whom?] as the longest autocratic rule
in Bangladesh. The two general elections were widely criticised by the opposition
parties. BNP boycotted the election in 1986. The government gained legitimacy by the
participation of the other major opposition party, Awami League, and Jamaat-e-Islami,
the largest Islamist party in the nation.
Achievements[edit]
Ershad stabilized the Bangladesh Armed Forces, which had struggled with a series of
coups and counter coups since the nation achieved independence in 1971. These arose
in part because of the division in the Army between those who had participated in the
Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, and those who had been interned or voluntarily
stayed in West Pakistan during the conflict. As those men were repatriated and the
Armed Forces needed their participation, they were welcomed back, but complained of
discrimination in favour of the freedom fighters.[8] The repatriated officers comprised 60%
of the officers and a sizeable interest group. [8] The freedom fighters, part of the
development of Bangladesh from the beginning, tended to identify with the Awami
League. The repatriated officers tended to identify with the BNP as the opposition. They
carried out their rivalries in part through coups. [8]
The Bangladesh Armed Forces did not attempt any coups from Ershad's takeover in
1982 until the fall of the BNP government in 1996. [8] The Awami League in alliance with
Jatiya Party won the June 1996 general election.[8]
Ershad approved the participation in 1988 of the Bangladesh Army in United Nations
Peacekeeping Operations for the first time.[33][34] In addition to contributing to multi-
national initiatives, this enabled the Armed Forces to earn foreign currency. Their
participation in other UN-sponsored actions has continued to contribute to the Treasury.
[35]
 It is also a fact that people often forget to mention the infrastructural development
undertaken during his regime specially in the rural and semi-rural areas.
Issues[edit]
Both the BNP and the Awami League boycotted the 1988 general election. There were
reports of violence, human rights abuse and corruption during Ershad's tenure, which
have been continuing problems in the country.
On 15 May 2011, Supreme Court declared the military rule of Ershad illegal in a verdict
that also said the actions taken by his regime will remain effective until their fate is
decided by parliament. "All proclamations, Martial Law Regulations, Martial Law Orders,
made/promulgated during the period between 24 March 1982 and the date of
commencement of the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1986 (Act 1 of 1986) are
hereby declared illegal and void....," the SC said in its brief verdict. [36]
Legacy and honours[edit]
Jamuna Bridge

The Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge Authority (JMBA) was set up by an ordinance

promulgated by the then President Ershad on 3 July 1985 to implement the project. For
mobilisation of domestic resources, another ordinance was promulgated by which a
Jamuna Bridge surcharge and levy were introduced. A total of Tk 5.08 billion was
mobilised in the process till its abolition.
He was honoured twice as a United Nations Laureate during his presidency:

 UN Population Award (1987)[10]

, in recognition of the campaign for an international convention on the protection and
conservation of climate, and other contributions.

Pressure for democracy[edit]

A wide umbrella of political parties united against Ershad. Khaleda Zia led the BNP,
which allied with the Awami League, led by Sheikh Hasina, and Jamaat-e-Islami
Bangladesh. Other Islamic parties and alliances joined the opposition ranks. They called
for strikes and protests that paralysed[further explanation needed] the state and its economy. Although
the parliament was dissolved, fresh elections were boycotted by the opposition,
including Awami League and Jamaat. Students launched an intensifying opposition
campaign, which ultimately forced Ershad to step down on 6 December 1990. The
West, which had backed him for almost a decade, no longer supported him in light of
the effective end of Cold War. Lieutenant General Nuruddin Khan as Chief of the Army
Staff, unlike his predecessor Lt Gen Atiqur Rahman, did not back the President.
Ershad appointed Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed to form an acceptable neutral caretaker
government and prepare for democratic elections. This was an innovation that was not
provided for in the constitution.[citation needed]. Shahabuddin immediately placed Ershad under
arrest and detained him, an action declared illegal in 1998 in a case appealed to the
nation's Supreme Court.[37]
In 1996, the newly elected government of the Awami League selected Shahabuddin as
the President and appointed Lt Gen Nuruddin Khan as the Energy Minister. After a
period, he was demoted to minister without portfolio for gross mismanagement. [38]
Although anti-Ershad sentiment was strong, Ershad contested the 1996 election from
jail and still won all five different constituencies he had contested from in 1991. [28] The
new government led by the BNP's Khaleda Zia instituted a number of corruption
charges. Ershad was convicted in two charges till date, while all others were dismissed
and thrown out of court.
In the 1991 and 1996 elections, during when he was in jail, Ershad won from five
different constituencies. In 1996, he provided his support to the Awami League and
helped form a government of consensus although his party sat on the opposition side of
the parliament.
Ershad was released from jail on 9 January 1997 by the government, but only after he
provided unconditional support to the Awami League. In March 1998, he was
approached by a NY, USA based lobby group to get ready for next election. Somehow
he ignored that opportunity and referred the lobby group to Brig. Gen. Illias for further
negotiation, thereby losing his opportunity to gain the optimum power to come back in
the limelight during 2001 election. It is assumed [according to whom?], during 1998 till mid of 2001,
he was guided by JP politicians with very little exposure of international lobbies that
made him suffer till 1st quarter of 2013.
In 2008, Ershad supported the Awami League in the December election. It was
rumored[clarification needed] that the party had committed to making him president, but did not.

Political career since 1991[edit]

Ershad, is the only high-profile politician to be convicted of corruption and serve a prison
sentence. Legal complexities tend to prolong the investigation and settlement of the
corruption cases against senior politicians in Bangladesh." We really don't know what
will be the fate of these cases", lawyer Shahdeen Malik told the BBC. [39]
Ershad lost his membership in parliament owing to his conviction on charges of
corruption when his relations with the ruling Awami League subsequently deteriorated.
He switched his support to his one-time political adversary and main opposition leader,
Khaleda Zia forming an anti-government coalition. [40][40] Thus, the questionable court
verdict followed.
Both Khaleda Zia of BNP and Sheikh Hasina of Awami League allied together to oust
Ershad. Ironically both of these two top parties also allied with him and his Jatiya Party
in time of their need to suit their purpose.[41]
Ershad called President Iajuddin Ahmed three times along with Kazi Zafar Ahmed twice
on 23 December not to extend two days time for filing nominations for scheduled 22
January 2007 elections when Awami League and its allies decided to join that elections
after long parley of Mukhlesur Rahman Chowdhury with Sheikh Hasina. However, for
the sake of continuation of democratic process Chowdhury convinced all concerned that
without both Awami League and BNP the election will not be credible.
On 30 June 2007, Ershad stepped down temporarily from the post of Party chairman,
indicating an end to his political career.[42] It is speculated that he stepped down under
pressure as the Caretaker Government started a series of prosecution and arrest for
corruption and criminal charges against political leaders of Awami League and BNP
including Sheikh Hasina,[43] Khaleda Zia[44][45] and Zia's son Tareq Rahman[46] among
others.[47][48]
Arrest[edit]
On 1 March 1998, the Supreme Court of Bangladesh ruled that President Ershad's
original arrest in 1990 by the caretaker government, led by Justice Shahabuddin
Ahmed, was illegal.[37] This ruling would have permitted Ershad to sue the government
for wrongful arrest. Ershad was convicted on a separate and unrelated charge eleven
years after this arrest.
Charges and convictions[edit]
Ershad has been convicted and served time for only one case that has been upheld by
the Supreme Court of the nation – Janata Tower Case. When his relations with the
ruling Awami League subsequently deteriorated as he joined hands with the other main
opposition BNP of Khaleda Zia.
He was found guilty in the Janata corruption case and was sentenced by the trial court
to seven years imprisonment. Later the High Court Division affirmed the conviction but
reduced the sentence to five years. The people were charged with building the Janata.
It involved two charges – abuse of power in allotting land in Dhaka, which took place
after Ershad colluded with M. M. Rahmat Ullah; and possessing unaccounted money.
The Justice in his 91-page verdict found Ershad guilty under the Prevention Act.
Ershad was sentenced in corruption case on 20 November 2000. He was released on
bail, on 9 April 2001 after serving four months in jail in Dhaka. As a result, he could not
contest the 2001 elections.
At the time of his death there were still a few other pending cases against him but most
had been thrown out of the court or had cleared him of any wrongdoing. The most
famous case that the BNP Government at the time falsely implicated him by was a gold
smuggling case.[49] This was later thrown out by a Dhaka Court[50][51][52]
Return[edit]
In 2006, he protested against the controversial Election Commissioner (CEC) MA Aziz
decisions on holding polls.[53]
In 2006, as the BNP's term was ending Ershad joined the party's 4-Party Alliance after
meetings with Tarique and Babar, which were followed by meeting with Khaleda Zia at
her Mainul Road House. However, in late October 2006, he said he was not in the 4-
Party Alliance, reversing his position the following day. Then he went into hiding for 3
days and joined the Awami League's Grand Alliance at Paltan Maidan with Sheikh
Hasina.
But Hasina later breached the agreement between the two which promised to make
Ershad the President for at least six months. Moeen also committed to make him
President before 11 January 2007, but did not. Earlier, Ershad had been offered the
position of head of the Government in 1991 by Sheikh Hasina while he was in jail, as
well as by Khaleda Zia in 1996 just before the Awami League formed the government
after a period of 21 years.[54] Then, Ershad had joined the 4-Party alliance after the 1996
elections, but left later.
On 8 April 2008, Ershad took charge of his Jatiya Party once again. [55] On 19 November
2008, Jatiya Party and Awami League agreed to contest the elections jointly under the
Caretaker Government to be held on 29 December 2008. Out of the 300 constituencies
in the parliament, Ershad's Jatiya Party contested from 49 (later 42 as Awami League
did not pull back its candidates from few seats as agreed earlier) seats and Awami
League and members of a leftist Fourteen Party Coalition from the rest 250 seats.
[56]
 Thus, the Grand Alliance emerged in Bangladesh.
Ershad contested the Bangladesh Parliamentary Election 2008 from three
constituencies. According to Bangladesh electoral laws, a person is allowed to contest
from three places, but can retain only one seat and two are to have by-elections after
formation of government. These constituencies included Rangpur (Rangpur-
3 and Kurigram-2), and Dhaka-17, the capital's diplomatic zone, where he resides. He
won all three seats in the election.
The 2014 Election was a controversial election for Jatiya Party where Ershad's
spokesperson Bobby Hajjaj had first publicly declared that Jatiya Party would not
participate in the election. After the 2014 election, Ershad became the special envoy of
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina in the Awami League-led government. Jatiya Party
became the opposition party and Rowshan Ershad, Ershad's wife, became the leader of
the opposition.[57] Despite being in the opposition party some leaders of Jatiya Party were
also in the government cabinet.[58] In January 2016, Ershad's brother, GM Quader, was
made the vice chairman of the party.[59] In April 2016, Ershad appointed Rowshan as the
vice-chairman of the party.[60] In March 2017, Ershad indicated he might form a new
political alliance with 14 other parties.[61][62] For the next general election, the Jatiya Party
under Ershad formed a 58 party grand alliance of its own. But of the 58 parties, only the
Jatiya Party and Bangladesh Islami Front had registration with the election commission
as of 2017.[63]

Personal life[edit]
Ershad married Rowshan Ershad in 1956. The couple had a son and daughter - Saad
Ershad, and Jebin Ershad[64][65][66] Jebin lives in London with her husband Parmy Brar and
their two children, Savita and Nico Brar .[67]
Rowshan was elected five times as a Jatiya Sangsad member, nominated each time by
the Jatiya party. Only in the 2008 election, did Ershad decided to join the Awami
League-led alliance and Rowshan went with BNP. [68] After his death, she became the
senior co-chairman of the Jatiya party. [69]
Ershad later married Bidisha Siddique in 2000. [67] It ended in a divorce and sedition
charges brought by the then BNP Government against her in 2005. [70] He divorced her
for allegedly hiding her first marriage which still was not annulled at the time of their
marriage.[71] Together they had a son, Eric Ershad.[72]
Ershad had adopted a son.[72]
In 1986, Britain's The Observer newspaper quoted a woman named Marieum Mumtaz
as saying she had secretly married Ershad on 14 August 1982, after he forced her to
divorce banker Chowdhury Badruddin. [73] Early in 1990, the story surfaced again in
the New York Post and The Sunday Correspondent.[73] In June 1990, she filed a suit
against Ershad in the United States, seeking dissolution of marriage. She alleged that
he had abandoned her.[74]
In 1990, Dainik Bangla, a government-owned daily, claimed Ershad and Zeenat
Mosharraf used to meet at a guest house owned by the Bangladesh Chemical
Industries Corporation.[73][75] Zeenat's husband, A. K. M. Mosharraf Hossain, was the
company's chairman until 1988 when he was given a job in Ershad's government as
secretary of the Ministry of Industries.[73]
Religious views[edit]
Ershad was a devotee of the Sufi Pir Atroshi and spent considerable time with him
during his presidency.[76]

Death[edit]
Ershad was admitted to Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka on 26 June 2019 and on
June 29 after his condition suddenly deteriorated. He died on 14 July 2019 at the
hospital.[77][67][78] His state funeral was celebrated 2 days later.[79]

References[edit]
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2. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Islam, Sirajul (2012). "Ershad, Lt. General Hussein M".
In Islam, Sirajul; Ahmed, Helal (eds.).  Banglapedia: National
Encyclopedia of Bangladesh  (Second ed.).  Asiatic Society of
Bangladesh.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b "Ershad: We have no specific demand at dialogue with
PM".  Dhaka Tribune. 3 November 2018. Retrieved  27
December 2018.
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262m in election affidavit".  bdnews24.com. Retrieved  27
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External links[edit]
 "Hussain Mohammad Ershad - Dictionary definition of
Hussain Mohammad Ershad". Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17
June 2018.
 Islam, Sirajul (2012). "Ershad, Lt. General Hussein M".
In Islam, Sirajul; Ahmed, Helal (eds.). Banglapedia:
National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic
Society of Bangladesh.
 Hussain Muhammad Ershad at Find a Grave
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