University of Kirkuk

College of Engineering
Civil Department

‘Bernoulli Equation’
2nd stage A
Darawan Obaid Ramadan

Experiment No: 4
Group No: A1
Date of experiment:
Tuesday, January 8, 2019
Date of delivery:
Tuesday, January 15, 2019
Darawan Obaid Ramadan 2nd stage A1

Introduction
This lab exercise tests the validity of the Bernoulli equation, one of the most widely
used, and misused, equations in the analysis of fluid flow. The Bernoulli equation is
derived from application of Newton’s Second Law to a differential fluid element
aligned with a streamline.
It relates the pressure, elevation, and velocity between any two points on a streamline
in an inviscid (ideal), constant density fluid flowing at steady state.
Consider a fluid element aligned along a streamline. A streamline is a line drawn in the
flow field in such a manner that the velocity vector at each and every point on the
streamline is tangent to the streamline at any instant.
OBJECTIVE
a. To investigate the validity of Bernoulli's Equation as applied to the flow of water
in a tapering horizontal tube to determine if the total pressure head remains
constant along the length of the tube as the equation predicts.
b. To determine if the variations in static pressure head along the length of the tube
can be predicted with Bernoulli’s equation.
c. Prove Energy Saving Principle.
Theory
Considering flow at any two positions on the central streamline of the tube,
Bernoulli's equation may be written as:
𝑉1 2 𝑃1 𝑉2 2 𝑃2
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
Bernoulli’s theorem, in fluid dynamics, relation among the pressure, velocity, and
elevation in a moving fluid (liquid or gas), the compressibility and viscosity (internal
friction) of which are negligible and the flow of which is steady, or laminar. First
derived (1738) by the Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli, the theorem states, in
effect, that the total mechanical energy of the flowing fluid, comprising the energy
associated with fluid pressure, the gravitational potential energy of elevation, and
the kinetic energy of fluid motion, remains constant. Bernoulli’s theorem is the
principle of energy conservation for ideal fluids in steady, or streamline, flow and is the
basis for many engineering applications.
Bernoulli’s theorem implies, therefore, that if the fluid flows horizontally so that no
change in gravitational potential energy occurs, then a decrease in fluid pressure is
associated with an increase in fluid velocity. If the fluid is flowing through a horizontal
pipe of varying cross-sectional area, for example, the fluid speeds up in constricted areas
so that the pressure the fluid exerts is least where the cross section is smallest. This
phenomenon is sometimes called the Venturi effect, after the Italian scientist G.B.
Venturi (1746–1822), who first noted the effects of constricted channels on fluid flow.

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Darawan Obaid Ramadan 2nd stage A1

Devices and tools used

 Hydraulic bench.
 Container.
 Timer.
 Bernoulli device:
1. Inlet tank.
2. Outlet tank.
3. A tube.
4. Converging diverging duct.
5. Water supply.
6. Collection tank
7. Static pressure tapping.

Old version of a Bernoulli device

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Darawan Obaid Ramadan 2nd stage A1

PROCEDURE
1. Firstly, the experiment set-up was checked and a piece of paper or a ruler was
put behind the manometer tubes so we can read the value of head.
2. Secondly, the pump was started and a flow of water was initiated through the test
rig.
3. Next we check that the head of water in each water supply and collection tank
are both at the same level.
4. Last but not least, we noticed that the water or the liquid shape in manometers
are look like a parabola. Then we measure the head of the water in each
manometer and write it down in the data sheet.
5. Finally, the time taken to fill the measuring tank from with known volume was
measured by a timer and recorded so we can calculate the discharge which is
constant.

Results and calculating

𝑄
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 → 𝑉 =
𝐴
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 → (𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑖 ) = 𝛾 (ℎ1 − ℎ𝑖 )
𝜌 2
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 → (𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑖 ) = (𝑣𝑖 − 𝑣1 2 )
2
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑖 → = ℎ1 − (𝑣𝑖 2 − 𝑣1 2 )
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1.8 × 10−3
𝑄= = = 2.89 × 10−4 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 6.22
 For section 2
𝑄 2.89 × 10−4
𝑉2 = ⟹ = 0.525 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴2 0.00055
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 → (𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) = 9810 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) = 9810 (0.280 − 0.278) = 19.62 𝑃𝑎
𝜌
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 → (𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) = (𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2 )
2
1000
(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) = (0.5252 − 0.46242 ) = 30.905 𝑃𝑎
2
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ℎ2 → = ℎ1 − (𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2 )
0.5252 − 0.46242
⟹ ℎ2 = 0.280 − ( )
2𝑔

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Darawan Obaid Ramadan 2nd stage A1

0.06286224
⟹ ℎ2 = 0.280 − ( )
2 × 9.81
⟹ ℎ2 = 0.280 − (3.203 × 10−3 )
⟹ ℎ2 = 0.276 𝑚
 All results are shown in table below.
Inlet tank head Outlet tank head Collected volume (𝒎𝟑 ) Time (s)
(m) (m)
0.343 0.245 0.0018 6.22

Section Area Measured Measured Measured Calculated Calculated

No. (m^2) h (m) V (m) (p1-pi) (p1-pi) h (m)
(pa) (pa)
1 0.000625 0.280 0.4624 0 0 0.280
2 0.00055 0.278 0.525 19.62 30.905 0.276
3 0.00045 0.274 0.642 58.86 99.175 0.269
4 0.00035 0.260 0.825 196.2 233.405 0.256
5 0.000225 0.235 1.284 441.45 717.421 0.206
6 0.0002 0.190 1.445 882.9 937.105 0.184
7 0.000225 0.195 1.284 833.85 717.421 0.206
8 0.000325 0.230 0.889 490.5 288.253 0.250
9 0.0004 0.240 0.722 392.4 153.735 0.264
10 0.0005 0.248 0.578 313.92 60.135 0.273
11 0.000575 0.250 0.502 294.3 19.095 0.278
12 0.000625 0.252 0.462 274.68 0 0.280

 The graph of these results are shown in next page.

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Darawan Obaid Ramadan 2nd stage A1

Measured and Calculated Values of △𝑃

1000
900
800
700
600
△𝑃
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Length

Curve 1

Measured and Calculated Values of h

0.3

0.25

0.2
△𝑃

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Length

Curve 2

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Darawan Obaid Ramadan 2nd stage A1

Discussion
After we calculated the total head, the magnitude of total head of different distance from
inlet is different, compared with tapping 1 and tapping 12.
However after calculation of △𝑃 and h in two cases (measured, calculated) we noticed
that △𝑃 of measured values not equal △𝑃 of calculated values due to a lot of errors
such as that we assumed that the liquid used is ideal so we can prove Bernoulli’s
continuity of fluid pressure, there are also human errors while reading the measured
head on the manometer.
There are also amount of loss in the liquid movement way between the tubes and this is
one of the causes therefore △𝑃 (Measured) ≠ △𝑃 (Calculated).

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