BNT 21102

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AND HEALTH
By
Ir. MOHD EIZZUDDIN BIN MAHYEDDIN
1.0 RISK ASSESSMENT
• Risk assessment is the determination of what the problems are and
process of deciding what to do about the problems.

• Risk assessment is made up of four steps; hazard identification,

dose-response assessment, exposure assessment and risk
characterization

 Hazard identification - Involves the gathering of data on the

substance, including the information about the link between
substance and adverse health effect.
1.0 RISK ASSESSMENT
 Dose-response assessment - describes how the likelihood and
severity of adverse health effects (the responses) are related to the
amount and condition of exposure to an agent (the dose provided).
Same principles generally apply where the exposure is to a
concentration of the agent (e.g., airborne concentrations applied in
inhalation exposure studies), and the resulting information is
referred to as the "concentration-response" relationship.

 Exposure Assessment - Is a determination of how much of the

chemical is available to the individuals in a specific area. In addition,
the duration of exposure is also considered.
1.0 RISK ASSESSMENT

 Risk Characterization - Requires an evaluation of the information

from the first three steps.
1.0 RISK ASSESSMENT
2.0 IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDS
• Under certain conditions, any hardware, material, process or operation that could cause loss of life,
personnel injury or property damage is considered a hazardous source (hazardous element).

• It is important to consider all parts of the system, operational modes, maintenance operations, safety
systems, and so on.

• Hence, it is important that hazardous elements encountered during operation as well as those
encountered during installation, testing, and maintenance and decommissioning to be identified.

• Data collection contributes to the most important role in identification of hazards process.
3.0 SAFETY INSPECTION
• Observation method will be conducted to determine the hazard which will be used as reference for
risk analysis process.

• An observation will be done on the system, process during working activities, area around the pilot
plant, and then will be referred to the legislation under Department of Occupational Safety and Health
(DOSH).
4.0 UNSAFE CONDITION AUDIT
• This audit was used to observe on the working environment in order to identified unsafe conditions
and potential incident. The purposes of auditing are stated as below:

• i) To observe either workers follow the regulations in a hazard environment.

• ii) To point out every unsafe acts that pose danger to the workers.

• iii) To identify unsafe condition which exist in the workplace that has significant in initiating
accident

• iv) To identify physical hazards in the workplace for safety assessment where risk control has
to be done.
5.0 EVALUATION OF HAZARD
• This audit was used to observe on the working environment in order to identified unsafe conditions
and potential incident. The purposes of auditing are stated as below:

• i) To observe either workers follow the regulations in a hazard environment.

• ii) To point out every unsafe acts that pose danger to the workers.

• iii) To identify unsafe condition which exist in the workplace that has significant in initiating
accident

• iv) To identify physical hazards in the workplace for safety assessment where risk control has
to be done.
6.0 RISK MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
• Systematic approaches are required to manage workplace hazards and risks.

• To enable genuine potential hazards are identified, level of risks of those hazards are appropriately
assessed; and effective control measures are introduced and implemented.

• Numerous techniques, methodologies and tools can be applied in managing hazards and risks at the
workplace, such as Hazard Identification, Risks Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC), Job Safety
Analysis (JSA), and Permit-to-Work System (PTW), As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) etc.
6.0 RISK MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
“Hazards and risks exist in whatever we do and where ever we go”
“We encounter hazards and risks at home, at work and during our recreational activities”
“We manage those hazards and risks either consciously or sub consciously”
“Some hazards and risks we accept and some we don’t ”
“Some hazards and risks we purposely avoid and others we purposely seek”
“While some hazards are fairly obvious and easy to identify, others are no - for example exposure to
noise, chemicals or radiation “
“We will accept hazards and risks when we don’t know I’s there, it’s insignificantly low, and we’re sure
it’s worth it”.
6.0 RISK MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
HIRARC

Risk
ALARP Management JSA
Techniques

PTW
6.1 JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS (JSA)
INTRODUCTION

• A tool used to improve job safety through:

 identifying the hazards or potential hazards associated with each step of a job; and
 finding effective control measures to prevent or eliminate exposure.
6.1 JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS (JSA)
THE STEPS
• Select - Selecting the job to be analysed.
• Record - Breaking the job down into a sequence of tasks.
• Examine - Identifying potential hazards associated with sequence of tasks.
• Develop - Determining preventive measures to control hazards associated with sequence of tasks.
• Install - ideally, after the hazards have been identified, safe work procedure should be developed and
a communicated to others.
• Monitor – monitor effectiveness of control measures, review and revised as and when necessary.
6.1 JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS (JSA)

Steps of Job Safety Analysis

6.2 PERMIT – TO – WORK SYSTEM (PTW)
Introduction

• An essential part of a safe system of work.

• Part of a formal documented system of work used to control certain types of work that are potentially
hazardous.

Types of PTW
• Hot Work Permit
• Cold Work Permit
• Confined Space Entry Permit
• Special Permits
6.2 PERMIT – TO – WORK SYSTEM (PTW)
Developing a PTW
- Date, time of issue, and time of expiry of the permit;
- Location of the work - it must be as specific as possible;
- Department or company doing the work;
- Description of the work to be done;
- Any toxic, corrosive, flammable, or other dangerous materials in the immediate work area;
- Whether the work area has been inspected and found free of the above materials;
- Ned for fire protection;
- Need for isolation - electrical and mechanical hazards locked out and tagged, piping blanked off,
tagged, disconnected, drained, or vented;
- Need for ventilation - air, steam, inert gas purge;
- Need for testing atmospheric prior to or during the work for:
6.2 PERMIT – TO – WORK SYSTEM (PTW)
Developing a PTW
- Need for specific personal protective equipment;
- Need for emergency procedures and competent rescue personnel;
- Special instructions and comments section – special procedures, special precautions;
- General instruction-to-receiver section;
- Name and job title of the person who issued the PTW and when;
- Name and job title of the person who received the PTW and when;
- Work has been completed and the PTW signed by the person returning it; and
- Name of the person signing off the PTW and whether or not the work has been completed.
6.3 AS LOW AS REASONABLY PRACTICABLE
(ALARP)
Introduction

- UK HSE’s framework for the tolerability of risk,

- As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) concept.

- Based on broad ranges of risk, rather than on specific criteria.

6.3 AS LOW AS REASONABLY PRACTICABLE
(ALARP)
The Principles

• Risk tolerability framework is represents risk on an inverted triangle

- increasing from a broadly acceptable region, through a tolerable region, to an
unacceptable region.
6.3 AS LOW AS REASONABLY PRACTICABLE
(ALARP)

ALARP
Thank You