Training Syllabus

TRFD001- EAST AFRICA AVIATION METEOROLOGY FOR AVIATORS

A. GENERAL METEOROLOGY
1. THE ATMOSPHERE
(a) Layers Of The Atmosphere
(i) The Troposphere
(ii) The Stratosphere
(iii) The Mesosphere
(iv) The Thermosphere (Ionosphere and Exosphere)
(b) The International Standard Atmosphere

2. TEMPERATURE
(a) Temperature Scales
(b) Diurnal Variation Of Temperature
(c) Diurnal Range Of Temperature
(i) Conditions favorable for a large Diurnal Range of
Temperature
(d) Heat Transfer Processes
(i) Radiation
(a) Solar Radiation
(b) Terrestrial Radiation
(ii) Conduction
(iii) Convection
(iv) Turbulence
(e) The Heating Of The Lower Atmosphere

3. ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY
(a) Adiabatic Changes In The Atmosphere
(i) Environmental Lapse_ Rate
(ii) Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate
(iii) Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate

4. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
(a) Variation Of Pressure With Height
(b) Diurnal Variation Of Pressure

5. WIND
(a) Buys Ballot's Law
(b) Surface Wind
(c) Diurnal Variation Of Surface Wind
(d) Local Winds
(i) Sea Breeze
(ii) Land Breeze
(iii) Katabatic Wind
(iv) Anabatic Wind
(v) Fohn Wind

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6. ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE
(a) Vapor Pressure
(b) Humidity
(i) Dew-point Temperature
(ii) Relative Humidity
(iii) Condensation
(a) Industrial Smoke
(b) Sea Spray
(c) Soil Particles

7. CLOUDS
(a) Constituents Of Clouds
(b) Formation Of Clouds
(i) Convection
(ii) Orographic Lifting
(a) Wave Clouds
(b) Lenticular Clouds
(iii) Turbulence
(iv) Ascent over a wide area
(a) Convergence
(b) Frontal Uplift
(c) Dispersal Of Clouds
(i) Evaporation
(ii) Fall-out
(d) Classification Of Clouds
(i) Basic Forms
(a) Cumuliform Clouds
(b) Stratiform Clouds
(c) Cirriform Clouds
(ii) Height Classification

8. WEATHER
(a) TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
(i) Showers
(a) Rain Showers
(b) Snow Showers
(c) Hail Showers
(ii) Thunderstorms
(a) Three Stages of Growth
I. Cumulus stage
2. Mature stage
3. Dissipating stage

(b) Electrical Phenomena

1. Lightning

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2. Thunder
(iii) Rain
(iv) Drizzle
(v) Distinction between Showers, Rain and Drizzle
(b) FOG AND MIST
(i) Radiation Fog
(ii) Advection Fog
(iii) Ground Fog
(iv) Hill Fog
(v) Wet Fog
(c) LITHOMETEORS
(i) Haze
(ii) Dust Haze
(iii) Smoke
(iv) Dust or Sandstorm
(v) Distinction between Fog, Mist, Smoke and Haze

B. HOW AN AEROPLANE FLIES 1. THE AERODYNAMICS OF FLYING

(a) BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE
(b) FORCES ACTING ON AN AEROPLANE IN FLIGHT

C. THE ROLE OF MET 1. THE CRUISE

(a) THE WEIGHT
(b) THE LIIT
(c) THE DRAG
(d) THE THRUST
(e) METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS
(i) Wind
(ii) Temperature

2. THE TAKE-OFF AND CLIMB

(a) METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS
(i) Wind
(ii) Temperature
(iii) Air Density

3. THE DESCENT AND LANDING

D. AVIATION ALTIMETRY
1. PRESSURE AND HEIGHT
2. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ATMOSPHERE
3. THE ALTIMETER
(a) THE SUBSCALE
(b) THE ALTIMETER FORMULA
(c) ALTIMETER S ETTINGS
(i) Use of Altimeter Settings
(a) At Cruising Levels

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(b) For Landing Purposes

1. Subscale set to QNH
2. Subscale set to QFE
(d) ERRORS OF THE ALTIMETER

E. EAST AFRICAN WEATHER 1.THE INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE (l.T.C.Z.)

(a) EFFECT OF ITCZ ON EAST AFRICAN CLIMATE

2.REGIONAL WEATHER CONDITIONS

(a) KENYA
(i) North Eastern Region
(ii) Nyanza and Western Regions
(iii) Rift Valley Region
(iv) Nairobi District, Central and Eastern Regions
(v) Coast Region

(b) TANZANIA, MAINLAND

(i) North Coast
(ii) South Coast
(iii) Kilimanjaro, Usambara Area
(iv) Morogoro and Ruvuma Regions
(v) Central, Tabora and Kigoma Regions
(vi) Southern Highlands Region
(vii) Arusha Region
(viii) West Lake, Mwanza, Mara and Shinyanga Regions
(c) UGANDA
(i) Western Region
(ii) Northern Region
(iii) Buganda Region
(iv) Eastern Region

( d) ZANZIBAR AND PEMBA

F. AVIATION WEATHER HAZARDS IN EA 1. HAZARDS IN EAST AFRICA IN GENERAL
(a) THUNDERSTORMS
(i) Turbulence
(ii) Icing
(a) Aerodynamically
(b) On Control Surfaces
(c) On Weight
(d) On instruments
(e) On Visibility
(f) Types of Icing
1. Airframe Icing
(a) Clear Ice
(b) Rime Ice
(c) Snow Mixture Icing

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G. RADAR METEOROLOGY
K. THE GENERAL SET-UP OF
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES IN EA
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Training Syllabus
2. Carburetor Icing
(iii) Electrical Effects
(a) Static Electricity
(b) Direct Lightning Strikes
(b) Fog and Stratus
(c) TROPICAL CYCLONES
(d) MOUNTAIN WAVES
(i) Wave Conditions
(e) TURBULENCE IN GENERAL,
(i) TYPES OF TURBULENCE·
(a) Thermal Turbulence
1. In Cloud
2. Outside Cumulonimbus Cloud
3. Below the Cloud
4. In Downdraughts outside Cloud
(b) Orographic Turbulence
(f) Low Level Jetstream Over North East Province Of Kenya
2. HAZARDS AT MAJOR AIRPORTS IN EAST AFRICA
(a) NAIROBI AIRPORT
(b) ENTEBBE AIRPORT
(i) Occurrence of low Stratus and Fog
(ii) Low level Inversion
(iii) Thunderstorms
(iv) Lake Flies
(c) DAR ES SALAAM AIRPORT
(d) KILIMANJARO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
BRIEF NOTES ON WEATHER AT OTHER SMALLER
AIRPORTS
(a) ARUSHA AND MOSHI
(b) IRINGA
(c) JINJA
(d) KISUMU
(e) MALINDI AND MOMBAsA
(f) DODOMA
(g) MBEYA
(h) MUSOMA
(i) MWANZA
(j) MTWARA
(k) SONGEA
(1) TABORA
(m) TANGA AND ZANZIBAR
(n) SOROTI
1. MAIN WATCH OFFICE. (MWO)
2. CLASS I METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES
3. CLASS II METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES
4. OTHER METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES
5. REFERNCES
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