University of Kirkuk

College of Engineering
Civil Department

‘Orifice and Jet Trajectory Test’

2nd stage A
Darawan Obaid Ramadan

Experiment No: 5
Group No: A1
Date of experiment:
Tuesday, February 19, 2019
Date of delivery:
Tuesday, February 26, 2019
Darawan Obaid Ramadan 2nd stage A1

Introduction
An Orifice is an opening in the side or base of tank or reservoir through which fluid is
discharge in the form of a jet. The discharge will depend up on the head of the fluid (H)
above the level of the orifice. The term small orifice means that the diameter of the
orifice is small compared with the head producing flow.
The analysis of the quantity of water which can be discharged through an orifice is
arrived at in a simple, straightforward manner by the application of Bernoulli's equation.
However, experimental tests typically produce a result which is only some 65% of the
solution indicated by the simple analysis. The study of water flow through an orifice is
therefore a classic topic to illustrate the need for a semi-empirical approach which is so
often required in Mechanics of Fluids.
OBJECTIVE
a. To calculate coefficient of velocity (Cv) and coefficient of discharge (Cd).
b. To calculate the actual velocity for water of each point.
c. To investigate the discharge characteristics of circular orifices subjected to a
constant head.
d. Compare the measured results with calculated results.

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Darawan Obaid Ramadan 2nd stage A1

Theory
Consider a small orifice in the side of a vessel with the head of water above the orifice
kept constant. Applying Bernoulli's theorem between the surface of the water and the
𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
orifice yields: + + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
We know that P1=P2 and V1=Zero, Z1-Z2=H
Hence substituting these into Bernoulli's equation gives and In other words, the
theoretical velocity of the water passing through the orifice is given by
𝑉2 2
∴𝐻= , 𝑉2 = √2𝑔𝐻
2𝑔

And hence the quantity of water being discharged through the orifice is given by:

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉2 = 𝐴√2𝑔𝐻
However in practice the discharge is always less than this theoretical amount due to the
viscosity of the fluid, to surface tension and due to resistance of the air. The disparity
between the theoretical discharge velocity and the actual discharge velocity is allowed
for by introducing a factor Cv known as the coefficient of velocity so that:

𝑉𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑣 √2𝑔𝐻
If the discharge from a sharp edged orifice is examined closely it will be observed that
the minimum diameter of the jet of water discharging from the orifice is smaller than
the orifice diameter. The plane at which this occurs is known as the vena contract, which
is the plane where stream lines first become parallel. Applying the discharge equation
at the vena contract

∴ 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴√2𝑔𝐻
 Typical values of Cd range from 0·6 to 0·65, i.e. the actual flow through a sharp
edged orifice is approximately 60% of the theoretical value. The value of the
coefficient of discharge may be determined by measuring the quantity of water
discharged over a period of time whilst the head is maintained at a constant level.

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Darawan Obaid Ramadan 2nd stage A1

Devices and tools used

 Hydraulic bench.
 Container.
 Timer.
 Jet trajectory:
All parts are shown in Figure 2

Figure 1 jet trajectory device

Figure 2 Orifice and Jet trajectory Parts

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Darawan Obaid Ramadan 2nd stage A1

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the pipe that comes from hydraulic bench to the orifice for water supply
2. Turn on the hydraulic bench device.
3. Control the water head and velocity by the valve.
4. We watch out the water stability and then measure the water head h.
5. We measure the value of x from zero until 0.49 m.
6. We measure the value of y from zero until last water level.
7. Finally, the time was taken that require to fill a tank with a known volume was
measured by a timer and recorded so we can calculate the discharge which is
constant.

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Darawan Obaid Ramadan 2nd stage A1

Results and calculating

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1.6 × 10−3
𝑄𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = = = 1.14 × 10−4 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 14
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑑2 = (0.008)2 = 5.03 × 10−5 𝑚2
4 4
𝑥2
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 = =𝑚
4ℎ

𝑔𝑥 2
𝑉𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = √
2𝑦𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑

∑ 𝑉𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑉𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
𝑛
𝑚
𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = √2𝑔ℎ = √2 × 9.81 × 0.405 = 2.8189
𝑠
𝑄𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 𝐴 × 𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 5.03 × 10−5 × 2.8189 = 1.41 × 10−4
𝑉𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝐶𝑉 = , 𝐶𝑑=
𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

𝑉𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = √2𝑔(ℎ − ℎ𝐿 ) = 𝑉𝐴𝑐𝑡 2 = 2𝑔(ℎ − ℎ𝐿 )

∑ 𝑉𝐴𝑐𝑡 2 1.95652
⇒ (ℎ − ℎ𝐿 ) = ⇒ (0.405 − ℎ𝐿 ) =
2𝑔 2 × 9.81
⇒ ℎ𝐿 = 0.405 − 0.195 = 0.21 𝑚
 For section 2
𝑥2 0.072
𝑦= = = 0.003 𝑚
4ℎ 4 (0.405)

𝑔𝑥 2 9.81 (0.072 )
𝑉𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = √ =√ = √4.8069 = 2.192 𝑚/𝑠
2𝑦𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 2 (0.005)

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 All results are shown in table below.

Water head h (m) Collected water volume (m^3) Time (sec)
0.405 0.0016 14
Orifice diameter (mm) Orifice Area (m^2) Qact (m^3/s)
8 5.03×10^-5 0.000289

No. Measured x (m) Measured y (m) Calculated y (m) Vact (m/s)

1 0 0 0 0
2 0.07 0.005 0.003 2.192
3 0.14 0.024 0.012 2.001
4 0.21 0.045 0.027 2.192
5 0.28 0.073 0.048 2.295
6 0.35 0.112 0.075 2.316
7 0.42 0.162 0.108 2.311
8 0.49 0.214 0.148 2.345

MEAN VACT (M/S) 1.9565

CV 0.69
CD 0.81
HEAD LOST (M) 0.21

 The graph of these results are shown in next page.

Relation between X & Y

0
Ymeasured , Ycalculated

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

-0.2

-0.25
Measured x

Y measured Y calculated

Curve 1

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Darawan Obaid Ramadan 2nd stage A1

Relation between h & hL

0.25
0.21
0.2

0.15
hL

0.1

0.05
0
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
h

Curve 2
Discussion
In this experiment and after we find Y (measured, calculated) we noticed that Y
measured not equal Y calculated due to a lot of errors such as that we assumed that the
liquid used is ideal so we can prove Bernoulli’s continuity of fluid pressure, there are
also human errors while reading the measured head on the manometer, there are also
amount of loss in the liquid movement way.
 Problems we faced in this experiment:
1. Adjusting the flow for a constant head resulted in the head being an
estimation of the true value due to the readings on the tank not being accurate
enough.
2. It was difficult to accurately measure the vertical fall y as the centerline of
the jet was not well defined.
3. Significant water losses were generated as the water tended to splash out of
the channel which was canalizing the water to the collector tank.

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