Mental Health

UNDERSTAND THE MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES

 What is mental health?
Mental health refers to According to Medilexicon's
medical dictionary, mental health
our cognitive, is:
behavioural, and “Emotional, behavioural, and
emotional wellbeing - it social maturity or normality; the
absence of a mental or
is all about how we behavioural disorder; a state of
think, feel, and behave. ps2ychological well-being in
which one has achieved a
The term 'mental health' satisfactory integration of one's
is sometimes used to instinctual drives acceptable to
both oneself and one's social
mean an absence of a milieu; an appropriate balance of
mental disorder. love, work, and leisure pursuits."
According to the
W.H.O.Trusted Source
(World Health Organization),
mental health is:
"... a state of well-being in
which the individual realizes
his or her own abilities, can
cope with the normal stresses
of life, can work productively
and fruitfully, and is able to
make a contribution to his or
her community."
 Types Of Mental Ill Health
Classification System: Mood Disorders

Mood Disorder is a group of Diagnoses in the DSM classification system where a disturbance in the person’s mood is
hypothesized to be the main underlying feature. The classification is known as mood (affective) disorders in the ICD

Bipolar I Disorder
• There are two changes in the criteria for bipolar I disorder in DSM-5. First, a person with mania must show elated or
irritable mood or both and increased energy or activity, which modestly tightens the criteria for a manic episode. Second,
“excessive involvement in activities” no longer requires these activities to be pleasurable, just to have “a high potential
for painful consequences” (Ref. 1, p.134), which can be seen as a modest loosening of the criteria.

Bipolar II Disorder
• The DSM-5 diagnosis of bipolar II continues to require at least one episode of current or past hypomania and at least one
episode of current or past major depression, with no history of an episode of mania.

Cyclothymic Disorder
• The diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder requires a two-year history of many episodes of not-quite hypomania and not-
quite major depression
 Types Of Mental Ill Health
Classification System: Mood Disorders
sequel

Major Depressive Disorder

• DSM-IV permitted a diagnosis of depression in a bereaved person only if the symptoms had been
present for more than two months or if they had caused marked functional impairment.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

• The diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder is new to DSM-5 and is meant to combine the DSM-IV
disorders of dysthymia and chronic major depression, defined as two or more years of continuous major
depression.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

• This diagnosis is based on the presence of specific symptoms in the week before onset of menses
followed by resolution of the symptoms after onset. The symptoms must include one or more of marked
affective lability, irritability or anger, depressed mood or hopelessness, and anxiety or tension, as well as
one or more of an additional seven symptoms, with a total of at least five symptoms.
 Types Of Mental Ill Health
Classification System: Personality Disorders

Personality Disorder are conditions in which an individual differs from others in terms of how they think, perceive, feel or relate to
others. People with personality disorders have extreme and inflexible personality traits that are distressing to the person, these traits can
sometimes cause problems in work, school or social relationships.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

• Paranoid personality disorder (PPD) is a mental illness characterized by paranoid delusions, and a pervasive, long-
standing suspiciousness and generalized mistrust of others.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

• Schizoid personality disorder (SPD or SzPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social
relationships, a tendency towards a solitary or sheltered lifestyle, secretiveness, emotional coldness, detachment and
apathy.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

• Schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) is a mental disorder characterized by severe social anxiety, thought disorder,
paranoid ideation, de-realization, transient psychosis and often unconventional beliefs.
 Types Of Mental Ill Health
Classification System: Personality Disorders
sequel

Borderline Personality Disorder

•Borderline personality disorder (BPD), also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder
(EUPD), is a mental illness characterized by a long-term pattern of unstable relationships, a distorted
sense of self, and strong emotional reactions. There is often self-harm and other dangerous behavior.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

• Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is defined as a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive
attention-seeking emotions, usually beginning in early adulthood, including inappropriately seductive behavior and an
excessive need for approval.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

• Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of exaggerated
feelings of self-importance, an excessive need for admiration, and a lack of empathy toward other people

Avoidant Personality Disorder

•Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) is a Cluster C personality disorder. As the name suggests, the main coping mechanism of those with AvPD is
avoidance of feared stimuli. Those affected display a pattern of severe social anxiety, social inhibition, and feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, extreme
sensitivity to negative evaluation and rejection, and avoidance of social interaction despite a strong desire for intimacy.
 Types Of Mental Ill Health
Classification System: Personality Disorders
sequel

Dependent Personality Disorder

•Dependent personality disorder (DPD) is an anxious personality disorder characterized by an inability to be alone.
People with DPD develop symptoms of anxiety when they're not around others. They rely on other people for comfort,
reassurance, advice, and support.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

• Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD or APD) is a personality disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of
disregard for, or violation of, the rights of others. A low moral sense or conscience is often apparent, as well as a
history of crime, legal problems, or impulsive and aggressive behavior.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

• Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is characterized by excessive concern with orderliness,
perfectionism, attention to details, mental and interpersonal control, and a need for control over one's environment,
which interferes with flexibility, openness to experience, and efficiency, as well as interpersonal relationships.
 Types Of Mental Ill Health
Classification System: Anxiety disorders

Anxiety disorders is a feeling of unease such as worry or fear that can be mild or severe, people who have anxiety disorders
have a lot of physical signs, sweating, nervousness and sometimes rapid heart rate everyone experiences anxiety differently.

Separation Anxiety Disorder

• Separation anxiety disorder is diagnosed when symptoms are excessive for the developmental age and cause significant
distress in daily functioning. Symptoms may include: recurrent and excessive distress about anticipating or being away
from home or loved ones.

Selective Mutism Disorder

• Selective mutism (SM) is an anxiety disorder in which a person who is normally capable of speech cannot speak in
specific situations or to specific people. Selective mutism usually co-exists with shyness or social anxiety.

Specific Phobia Disorder

• A specific phobia is any kind of anxiety disorder that amounts to an unreasonable or irrational fear related to exposure
to specific objects or situations. As a result, the affected person tends to avoid contact with the objects or situations and,
in severe cases, any mention or depiction of them.
 Types Of Mental Ill Health
Classification System: Anxiety disorders
sequel

Social Anxiety Disorder

•A persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or
to possible scrutiny by others. The individual fears that he or she will act in a way (or show anxiety symptoms) that will
be embarrassing and humiliating.

Panic Disorder
• According to the guidelines, in order to be diagnosed with a panic disorder, a person must experience unexpected panic
attacks on a regular basis.

Agoraphobia
• Agoraphobia is a fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or that help wouldn't be available if things
go wrong.
 Types Of Mental Ill Health
Classification System: Anxiety disorders
sequel

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

•Generalized anxiety disorder (or GAD) is characterized by excessive, exaggerated anxiety and worry about everyday life
events with no obvious reasons for worry.

Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder

• The disorder is characterized by anxiety or fear, sometimes accompanied by such physical symptoms as racing heart,
breathless and shakiness, caused by the effects of a medication or psychoactive substance.

Anxiety Disorder Due To Another Medical Condition

• Anxiety disorder due to a medical condition includes symptoms of intense anxiety or panic that are directly caused by a
physical health problem.
 Types Of Mental Ill Health
Classification System: Psychotic disorders

Psychotic disorders are a group of serious illnesses that affect the mind. They make it hard for someone to think clearly,
make good judgments, respond emotionally, communicate effectively, understand reality, and behave appropriately.

Schizophrenia
• People with this illness have changes in behavior and other symptoms - such as delusions and hallucinations - that last
longer than 6 months. It usually affects them at work or school, as well as their relationships.

Schizoaffective Disorder
• People have symptoms of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder, such as depression or bipolar disorder.

Schizophreniform Disorder
•This includes symptoms of schizophrenia, but the symptoms last for a shorter time: between 1 and 6
months.
 Types Of Mental Ill Health
Classification System: Psychotic Disorders
sequel

Brief Psychotic Disorder

•People with this illness have a sudden, short period of psychotic behavior, often in response to a very stressful event,
such as a death in the family. Recovery is often quick -- usually less than a month.

Delusional Disorder
• The key symptom is having a delusion (a false, fixed belief) involving a real-life situation that could be true but isn't,
such as being followed, being plotted against, or having a disease. The delusion lasts for at least 1 month.

Shared Psychotic Disorder

• This illness happens when one person in a relationship has a delusion and the other person in the relationship adopts it,
too.
 Types Of Mental Ill Health
Classification System: Psychotic Disorders
sequel

Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder

•This condition is caused by the use of or withdrawal from drugs, such as hallucinogens and crack cocaine, that cause
hallucinations, delusions, or confused speech.

Psychotic Disorder Due To Another Medical Condition

• Hallucinations, delusions, or other symptoms may happen because of another illness that affects brain function, such as
a head injury or brain tumor.

Paraphrenia
• Paraphrenia is a mental disorder characterized by an organized system of paranoid delusions with or without
hallucinations (the positive symptoms of schizophrenia) and without deterioration of intellect or personality (its
negative symptom). It starts late in life, when people are elderly.
 Types Of Mental Ill Health
Classification System: Substance-Related Disorders

Substance-related disorders involve drugs that directly activate the brain's reward system. The activation of the reward
system typically causes feelings of pleasure; the specific pleasurable feelings evoked vary widely depending on the drug.

Alcohol Use Disorder

• Alcohol use disorder (which includes a level that's sometimes called alcoholism) is a pattern of alcohol use that
involves problems controlling your drinking, being preoccupied with alcohol, continuing to use alcohol even when it
causes problems, having to drink more to get the same effect, or having withdrawal symptoms when you rapidly
decrease or stop drinking.

Caffeine Use Disorder

•Caffeine use disorder refers to disruptive, problematic pattern of caffeine use leading to clinically
significant impairment or distress. Common features of the disorder include overuse, inability to
quit, withdrawal symptoms, craving, tolerance, and continuing to use despite problems.

Cannabis Use Disorder

• Cannabis use disorder (CUD), also known as cannabis addiction or marijuana addiction, is defined in the fifth revision
of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and ICD-10 as the continued use of cannabis
despite clinically significant impairment.
 Types Of Mental Ill Health
Classification System: Substance-Related Disorders
sequel

Phencyclidine Use Disorder and Other Hallucinogen Use Disorder

•Hallucinogen use disorder is the continued use of hallucinogens despite clinically significant distress or impairment.
(These hallucinogens include: MDMA ("ecstasy"), LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, morning glory seeds, DOM [2,5-
dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine], phencyclidine, and DMT [dimethyltryptamine].)

Inhalant Use Disorder

• It is a problem that can develop when people deliberately breathe in the fumes of various substances, in order to
experience intoxication. Basically, the disorder develops in people who frequently use inhalants as a recreational drug.
Inhalants are a range of different substances, including volatile hydrocarbons, which are toxic gasses typically found in
household products such as glue, paint thinners, white-out, and various cleaning products, leading to the term "glue
sniffing."

Opioid Use Disorder

• Opioid use disorder is an addiction to a class of chemicals that activate the body’s opioid receptors. This includes drugs
like heroin and opioid-based prescription pain relievers (e.g., hydrocodone, morphine, and codeine)
 Types Of Mental Ill Health
Classification System: Substance-Related Disorders
sequel

Stimulant Use Disorder

•It is defined in the DSM-5 as "the continued use of amphetamine-type substances, cocaine, or other stimulants leading
to clinically significant impairment or distress, from mild to severe." These psychoactive drugs, known as stimulants,
are the most widely used drugs in the world today.

Tobacco Use Disorder

• Tobacco Use Disorder is a condition characterized by the harmful consequences of repeated tobacco use, a pattern of
compulsive tobacco use, and (sometimes) physiological dependence on tobacco (i.e., tolerance and/or withdrawal).

Other Considerations
• Two overarching limitations are apparent in the currently available literature on the DSM-IV to DSM-5 conversion.
First, there is very little information available on measurement issues related to the assessment of the new DSM-5–
defined SUDs. The second limitation is that the majority of studies on the DSM-IV to DSM-5 conversion have been
conducted among adults. Few studies were identified that considered the impact among adolescents, and no studies
were identified that examined younger children.
 Types Of Mental Ill Health
Classification System: Eating Disorder

An eating disorder is a mental disorder defined by abnormal eating habits that negatively
affect a person's physical or mental health.
Binge Eating Disorder
• Binge eating disorder is defined as recurring episodes of eating significantly more food in a short period of time than
most people would eat under similar circumstances, with episodes marked by feelings of lack of control. Someone
with binge eating disorder may eat too quickly, even when he or she is not hungry.

Anorexia Nervosa
• Anorexia nervosa, which primarily affects adolescent girls and young women, is characterized by distorted body
image and excessive dieting that leads to severe weight loss with a pathological fear of becoming fat.

Bulimia Nervosa
• Bulimia nervosa is characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate behaviour such as
self-induced vomiting to avoid weight gain. DSM-5 criteria reduce the frequency of binge eating and compensatory
behaviors that people with bulimia nervosa must exhibit, to once a week from twice weekly as specified in DSM-IV.
 Types Of Mental Ill Health
Classification System: Cognitive Disorder

Cognitive disorders (CDs), also known as neurocognitive disorders (NCDs), are a category of mental health
disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem solving.

Delirium
• Delirium develops rapidly over a short period of time and is characterized by a disturbance in
cognition, manifested by confusion, excitement, disorientation, and a clouding of consciousness.
Hallucinations and illusions are common, and some individuals may experience acute onset change of
consciousness. It is a disorder that makes situational awareness and processing new information very
difficult for those diagnosed. It usually has a high rate of onset ranging from minutes to hours and
sometimes days, but it does not last for very long, only a few hours to weeks.
Mild And Major Neurocognitive Disorder
• Mild and major neurocognitive disorders are usually associated with but not restricted to the elderly.
Unlike delirium, conditions under these disorders develop slowly and are characterized by memory
loss. In addition to memory loss and cognitive impairment, other symptoms include aphasia, apraxia,
agnosia, loss of abstract thought, behavioral/personality changes, and impaired judgment.
 The Key Strengths And Limitations Of The
Psychiatric Classification System
Strengths Of The Psychiatric Classification
System Are:
- Inappropriate behaviors can be distinguished from
functional ones.
- A range of mental disorders are arranged, organized
and described in a particular manner and order.
- Everyone dealing with mental health use the
manuals as they provide a common language for
therapies, researchers.
- The aids diagnosis, selection of appropriate
treatments/ therapies for a given conditions.
- It is used all over the word so you can get the right
diagnoses and treatment from hospital to hospital
anywhere you may go.
Limitations Of The Psychiatric
Classification System Are:
- The DSM-IV does not explain the causes of the
various psychological disorders.
- This means it can box people into one of the available
categories, sometimes inappropriately and it doesn’t
accommodate the unique nature of the human
condition.
- The system does not account for the people who have
‘atypical’ symptom’s
- The system looks at a person as a one-dimensional
source of data rather than looking at the person
holistically
 Two Alternative Frameworks For
Understanding Mental Distress
The Behavioural Model
Understands mental dysfunction in terms theory
emerging from experimental psychology Symptoms,
as understood by the behavioural model, are a
patient’s behaviour. This behaviour has come about
by a process of learning, or conditioning. Most
learning is useful as it helps us to adapt to our
environment, for example by learning new skills.
However some learning is maladaptive and
behaviour therapy aims to reverse this learning
(counter conditioning). This model best applies to
phobias.
Biopsychosocial model
This model describes we all interpret things differently,
especially when experiencing a mental health problem, for
example an individual may get a credit card and spend
money on anything they like, when the bill comes in, he has
financial problems, his financial problems leads him to
staying in becoming more depressed which leads him to not
going to work, which leads to more financial problems, he
could end up losing his house, which leads to more health
and well-being problems.
When reading more on biopsychosocial model it describes
inter-relationship between the different factors, for example
a person who experiences a physical illnesses can also
experience mental health problems.
 Mental Ill Health May Be Indicated
Through

A Person’s Emotions For How A Person Thinks, Or How a person behaviour

Example When In A Thinking Mood changes
- May hard thing, I.E, clothing,
newspapers and other items which can
- Uncontrolled crying/ clutter their home to the point that they
crying for no reason - Unable to concentrate become a danger to themselves or
others.
- Laughing at nothing or - Unable to organised - Some case they may start washing the
- Inappropriate time, I.E their thoughts and have hands constantly and become over
funeral paranoid of being clean.
conversation with - Checking doors are lock
- Irritable others. repeatedly/not checking the doors
leaving them unlock have no concern
- Angry - Paranoid and deluded for their own safety.
- May become forgetful/ fail to turn up
- Fluctuating moods for appointments.
- They may start eating more/ eating
less or you may see them never eat but
are gaining weight/ losing weight.
 Individuals Experience Discrimination Due To
Misinformation, Assumptions And Stereotypes
About Mental Ill Health

When someone say they have mental health, a lot of people jumps to the conclusion
that they are not to be trusted and that at any moment the person could just snap.
This has a lot to go with the lack of education around mental health and how it
actual affect people in day to day life, a lot of the information you get is from
movies or TV shows were the person with mental health is the bad guy, the leaflets
you can get don’t explain properly what mental health is, from this people with
mental health get a lot of assumptions made about them, some employees won’t
hire people with mental health because they will be off sick or they be more
problem then they worth, they can never work in a team due to the problems. This
stereotypes everyone in mental health as the same, which is not true mental health
ranges from low affected to severely affected, there are many types of mental health
and many differences in how it affects a person’s day to day life.
 The Effects Mental Ill Health May Have On
An Individual

A person with mental health is affected daily, there emotional scale is tipped and altered every minute.
Sometimes with a trigger a lot of times without, the person may feel sad and angry one minute but then
happy or guilty in the next. Due to the constant battle the person psychological well-being is affected
greatly, their self-esteem go’s, their self-image and confidence is also affected. They don’t think practical, if
they want a toy for £100 they will buy that toy even if they haven’t got food or they haven’t paid a bill, the
toy is what makes they happy, due to mental health a lot of individuals don’t work or find it hard to keep a
full time job and lack the full understanding of how to control and balance money. The impulse to buy
something because it makes they feel better after it can be so overwhelming that the person doesn’t
realize till later when the need the money to pay for a bill. When you have mental health a lot of the time
you are in denial and don’t want help or think you can help yourself, so when you have to use a service the
person with mental health my feel like they have failed or are no good, there person self-esteem drops,
they may also find it hard to open up and trust the services. When someone says they have mental health
a lot of people in sociality have been misinformed what that actual means and feel they are unable to
deal with a person who is mental ill, the lack of understanding and knowledge combined with the lack of
caring in some people/companies lead to a lot of people being left out. When you have mental health
you learn how to manage day to day with people, you are able to teach family and friends what mental
health actual is and how they can help.
 The Effects Mental Ill Health May Have On
Those Around The Affected Person

When someone in your family have mental health problem it can be draining on you when looking after
them. It takes a lot of patience and caring to help them throw the hard times, it can emotional cripple you
when the person is crying and you don’t know why and can’t console them. When you have a family
member with a mental illness you have to be aware of the emotional state and when it is ok to doing things
sometime it hard to be able to plan family outing or get together due to the stress it may cause the person,
this can be a drain on the finances, paying for holidays and have to cancel or having to pay for therapy.
Using service can be helpful for family member and others as this gives the person responsible for looking
after/ helping the person with mental health a break away from the for a few hours and help to person with
mental health to experience and fine other ways of coping. When living with someone who has mental
health you have to be aware of what you do and were you go, A lot of the time parents/ cares and other
profession are busy looking after the person with mental health that they become social exclude, not
wanting to upset the client so avoiding many situations. When someone has mental health in the family or a
friend has, you learn more about the condition and how it affects people on a day to day basic, you learn
how the discrimination impacts the person’s life and how to approach someone with mental health, you
learn that it not what you see in movies and someone with mental health illness is still a person at the end of
the day with feelings.
 The Benefits Of Early Intervention In Promoting
An Individual’s Mental Health And Well-being

Being able to intervene early on in a person mental health and well-

being is important, being able to show them how to cope with their
emotions and were to go when they feel bad or need someone to talk
too, could have stopped many people with mental health for self-
harming, becoming reliant on drugs and alcohol and stopped many from
committing suicide, just learning a simple thing as how to express their
emotions is a big achievement for someone with mental health, If we
intervene with some people it’s all they need to well, having that
understanding they are not alone and someone is listening.