LOGIC (PROPOSITIONS)

Learning Target: 1. Illustrate and symbolizes proposition;

2. Distinguish from simple and compound propositions.
I. CONCEPT NOTES:
Definition of Terms:
1. Proposition is a declarative sentence that can be classified as true or false but not both.
2. Paradox is a seemingly absurd or self-contradictory proposition.
3. Simple Proposition a proposition that conveys one thought with no connecting words.
4. Compound Proposition contains two or more simple propositions that are put together using
connective words.
Kinds of Sentences (according to the purpose of speaker or writer)
1. Declarative is used to make statements of fact, wish, intent, feeling, and ends w/ (.).
2. Imperative is used to state a command, request, or direction, and ends w/ (.).
3. Interrogative is used to ask a question, and ends w/ (?).
4. Exclamatory is used to express strong feelings, and ends w/ (!).
Compound Proposition
Compound Proposition Definition Connective
two simple propositions connected using the
1. Conjunction ∧
word “and” or “but”
two simple propositions connected using the
2. Disjunction ∨
word “or”
two simple propositions connected using the
3. Conditional →
words “if…then”
conjunction of two conditional statements
where the antecedent and consequent of the
4. Biconditional ↔
first statement have been switched in the
second statement. “if and only if” or “iff”
a statement that is false whenever the given
5. Negation statement is true, and true whenever the given ∼
statement is false. “not”, “not the case”
Negation
1. Negation of the Disjunction p or q ~ (p v q) means ~p ^ ~q
2. Negation of the Conjunction p and q ~ (p ^ q) means ~p v ~q
Statement Negation
Example: All items are for sale. Some items are not for sale.
A. No items are for sale. Some items are for sale. Classify
each sentence according to its type.
1. Pass your assignments.
2. Are you going to school today?
3. Keep quiet!
4. I am pretty.
B. Which of the following sentences can be answered as either true or false?
1. Gema is passing in Mathematics.
Note:
2. Pass the paper and then leave the room.
A proposition can be true or false but
3. December 7, 1953 was a Monday.
not both. Which of the following
4. When will you submit your project? sentences is proposition?
5. 5 + 3 = 8 and 12 – 7 = 5.
C. Decide whether each of the following is a proposition or not.
1. The number 4 is even and less than 12.
2. Malolos is the capital of Bulacan.
3. How old are you?
4. Open your eyes.
5. Aaron’s solution is incorrect.
D. Classify each proposition as simple or compound. Classify each compound proposition as a
negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditional, or biconditional.
1. My friend took his master’s degree in Spain.
2. Roses are red, but violets are blue.
3. You are entitled to a 30% discount, if you are a member.
4. Roel was on time, but Tom was late.
5. Either he watches a movie or dines with his friends.
 6. If it is an acute, then it is an acute angle.
E. Given simple statements p and q, create a new statement using the connectives.
p: Jema can swim; q: Bru plays guitar
Find:
1. p ∧ q 3. p → q 5. p ↔ q 7. ~ q
2. p q∨ 4. q → p 6. ~ p
F. Write the following propositions in symbol.
1. He has a green thumb and he is a senior citizen.
2. He does not have a green thumb or he is not a senior citizen.
3. It is not the case that he has a green thumb and is a senior citizen.
4. If he has a green thumb, then he is not a senior citizen.
5. Arnold is a working student or under 25 years old, and lives in Manila.
6. Arnold is a working student, or under 25 years old and lives in Manila.
G. Write the negation of each statement.
1. All bottles have labels.
2. All candidates will get the second chance.
3. No student in uniform can enter the Internet café.
4. Some participants are more active than the organizers.
II. EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING:
A. Decide whether each of the following is a proposition or not a proposition.
1. Today is Monday.
2. Do you love Math?
3. Pause for a while.
4. A quart of milk weighs less than 8 ounces.
5. Stand straight and recite the Panatang Makabayan.
6. 12+7=19 and 19 – 54= -34
7. Where is the Underground River located?
8. Corazon Aquino was the president of the Philippines in 1985.
B. Classify each proposition as simple, compound, or neither.
9. Today is Sunday.
10. Neither Mark nor Joey is present.
11. You may avail of the 50% discount iff you are a member of the team.
12. It is false that February 14 is a holiday.
13. Both Eman and Girlie are Top contenders for the employee of the month.
14. John is not going to attend next semester.
15. When in doubt, stop!
16. Robert wen hunting or mountain climbing.
17. If 1, 2, and 3, are the only proper divisions of 6, then 6 is a perfect number.
C. Write each of the following statements in symbolic form. Let S = Sam is smart and T = Tess is
smart, and let us agree that Stupid = not smart.
1. Both Sam and Tess are smart.
2. Either Sam or Tess is smart.
3. It is false that Sam is stupid.
4. If Sam is smart, then Tess is stupid.
5. Sam is not smart, or Tess is stupid.
6. Tess is smart iff Sam is smart.
D. Let P = Mathematics is difficult and Q = PE is easy. Write each of the following statements in
symbolic form.
1. If Mathematics is difficult, then PE is easy.
2. It is false hat PE is not easy.
3. PE is not easy, and Mathematics is difficult.
4. Mathematics is difficult, or PE is easy.
5. PE is easy iff Mathematics is difficult.
6. Neither is Mathematics difficult nor is PE easy.
E. Let P = Mathematics is difficult, Q = PE is easy, and B = Biology is interesting. Write each
statement in words.
1. P ^ Q 6. P ^ (Q v B)
2. Q v B 7. P v (Q ^ B)
3. ~P ^ ~B 8. P ^ Q ⟶ B
4. Q ⟶ ~B 9. ~ (P ^ Q)
5. Q ⟷ B 10. P ^ (Q v ~B)
F. Give the negation of each statement.
 1. Some teachers in ABC Elementary school are not LET passers.
2. Either she is tall or she has a 6-in hair.
3. No circles are round.
4. Everybody likes to avail of the 50% discount.
5. All tenants in the building are insured.

TRUTH VALUES & CONDITIONAL PROPOSITION

Learning Target: 1. Determine the truth values of the proposition;
2. Construct truth table;
3. Illustrate different forms of conditional propositions.
I. CONCEPT NOTES:
TRUTH TABLE
Disjunction Disjunction
Conjunction Conditional Biconditional Negation
(Inclusive) (Exclusive)
P Q P∧Q P Q P∨Q P Q P∨Q P Q P→Q P Q P↔Q P ~P
T T T T T T T T F T T T T T T T F
T F F T F T T F T T F F T F F T F
F T F F T T F T T F T T F T F F T
F F F F F F F F F F F T F F T F T

Example:
A. Construct a truth table for
a. ~ (P ∧ Q) b. ~ (P ∨ Q) c. ~ (P ∧ ~Q)
~ (P ∧ Q) ~ (P ∨ Q) ~ (P ∧ ~Q)
P Q P∧Q ~ (P ∧ P Q P∨Q ~ (P ∨ P Q ~Q (P ∧ ~Q) ~ (P ∧ ~Q)
Q) Q)
T T T F T T T F T T F F T
T F F T T F T F T F T T F
F T F T F T T F F T F F T
F F F T F F F T F F T F T
B. Construct a truth table for
a. P → ~Q b. P ∨ (Q→~P) c. (P → Q) ↔ (~P ∨ Q)

DIFFERENT FORMS OF CONDITIONAL PROPOSITION

Conditional P→Q
Converse Q→P
Inverse ~P → ~Q
Contrapositive ~Q → ~P
Parts of Conditional Proposition
1. Hypothesis (or antecedent), denoted by P;
2. Conclusion (or consequent), denoted by Q.
Example:
Let P = It is a Math subject; and Q = It is logical.
Express each statement to symbolic form.
1. If it is a math subject, then it is logical.
2. If it is not logical, then it is not a math subject.
3. It is logical if it is a math subject.
4. It is not a math subject only if it is not logical.

Let P = Mathew is a mathematician; and Q = Matthew is a comedian.

Construct different forms of conditional statements based on the given.
1. Conditional
2. Converse
3. Inverse
4. Contrapositive

II. EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING:

Complete the truth table below.
1. 2. 3.

4.
 5.

Identify the hypothesis P and conclusion Q, then write the different forms of conditional statement.
1. If you pass Math, then you must have passing scores on all the tests.
2. If Kate is selected as muse, then our class will be on the finals.
3. If you eat Malunggay, you will be strong.

TAUTOLOGIES AND FALLACIES

Learning Target: 1. Illustrate different types of tautologies and fallacies;
2. Determine the validity of categorical syllogism.
I. CONCEPT NOTES:
Definition of Terms
1. Tautology it is a compound statement which is true for any combination of truth values of
the variables in the statement. (always true)
2. Contradiction a statement that is always false.
3. Valid Argument if the conclusion is true whenever the premises are assumed to be true.
4. Fallacy argument that is said to be invalid.

Example:
Show that the compound statement is a tautology by constructing truth table.
a. ( P →Q)↔( Q → P)
b. ( P ∧Q ) ↔( P ∨ Q)
c. [ P ∨ ( P ) ] ∧[Q∨ ( Q ) ]
Determine whether the argument is valid or an example of fallacy using contradiction.
1. P: One loves Algebra.
Q: One loves Math.

Premise 1: If one loves Algebra, then he/she loves Math. P →Q

Premise 2: Mike loves algebra P
Conclusion:Therefore, Mike loves Math. ∴Q
In symbols: ¿ P]→ Q

2. If I am relaxed, then I am productive.

If I am productive, I am happy.
Therefore, If I’m not happy, I’m not relaxed.

3. P →Q 4. P →Q 5. ( P ∧Q)∧(Q ∧ P)
~P ~Q P
∴ ~Q ∴P ∴ P∨ Q

II. EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING:

Write the following in symbols, then determine if the arguments are valid or invalid.
1. If John tells the truth, then there is no miscommunication.
There is a miscommunication.
Therefore, John wasn’t telling the truth.
2. If Thomas was absent, then he missed the review.
Thomas was absent.
Therefore, Tomas missed the review.
3. If I passed the final exam, I will graduate.
I graduated.
Therefore, I passed the final exam.
4. P ∨Q 5. P ∧Q
~Q P ↔Q
∴ P P ∧Q