WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT

MANAGEMENT

THE ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION OF THE

SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (A CASE OF KARAT, KONSO)

BY

KABOLE KANBASHO

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OFTHE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BACHELOR OF ARTS DEGREE
(BA) IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT
MANAGEMENT

ADVISOR: TATASHA TAKAYE KASITO

JANUARY, 2018

WOLAITA SODO, ETHIOPIA

I
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents page

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1

1.1. Background of the study.......................................................................................................1

1.2. Statement of problem............................................................................................................2

1.3. Objectives of the study..........................................................................................................3

1.3.1. General objective............................................................................................................3

1.3.2. The specific objective.....................................................................................................3

1.4. Research questions................................................................................................................4

1.5. The significance of the study................................................................................................4

1.6. Scope of the study.................................................................................................................5

1.7. Limitation of the study..........................................................................................................5

1.8. Definition of key terminologies............................................................................................6

1.9. Organization of paper............................................................................................................6

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................7

2. LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................7

2.1. The Theoretical Literature Review.......................................................................................7

2.2.1. Definition of Terms........................................................................................................7

2.2.2. Causes of urbanization...................................................................................................7

2.3. Consequence of urbanization................................................................................................9

2.3.1. Social consequence.........................................................................................................9

2.3.2. Economic consequence..................................................................................................9

2.4. Approaches to Handle Rapid Urbanization........................................................................10

2.5. Empirical Literature Review...............................................................................................10

 2.5.1. Level of Urbanization in Ethiopia................................................................................10

2.6. Socio Economic Impact of Urbanization in Ethiopia.........................................................11

CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................12

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................12

3.1. Description of the study area..............................................................................................12

3.2. Research Design..................................................................................................................12

3.3. Data type and source...........................................................................................................13

3.3.2. Data source...................................................................................................................13

3.4. Target Population................................................................................................................14

3.5. Sample Size and Sample Technique...................................................................................14

3.5.1. Sample Size..................................................................................................................14

3.5.2. Sample Technique........................................................................................................15

3.6. Methods of Data Collection................................................................................................15

3.7. Method of Data Analysis....................................................................................................15

Reference.......................................................................................................................................16

Work Plan......................................................................................................................................17

Cost Budget Plan...........................................................................................................................18

 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Urbanization is a process in which over all development of a particular region takes place. This
process consists of rapid populationgrowth, increase in the proportion of non-agricultural work
force, and change in land use from agricultural to non-agricultural pattern (Girma, 2004; Tetty,
2005). The rate of urbanization is very fast in developing countries. This can be more explained
when we compare the current rate of growth with the historical trends and the urbanization rate
of developing countries with that of developed countries to note their difference in the rate of
growth (Wondimu, 2004).For instance, the urban population in developing countries is estimated
to increase from 2.5 billion in 2009 to 5.2 billon in 2050 while urban population in developed
countries wil only show a moderate increase from 0.9 billon in 2009 to 1.1 billon in 2050 (UN,
2010).

According to the UN population bureau (2010) Africa’s population reached more than 1 billion
in 2009 of whom around 40% lived in urban areas. It is expected to grow to 2.3 billion by 2050,
of whom 60% will be urban. This urbanization will be an important challenge for the next few
decades. The outcomes of rapid urbanization and population growth in Africa pose a variety of
challenges, constraints and threats.As the urban center population size continues to growthe
demand for service to be delivered also increases.Hospitals and health service centers, schools,
water service, industries, security…etc. remain under constant demand (Rakod, 1999).

The urban population of Ethiopia is increasing rapidly, but still it is characterized by low
level of urbanization even by African standard, where only 16% of the population lives in
urban area. Despite this, it has recorded a relatively high growth rate of urban population
(4% annually), double that of rural areas. However, such high growth rate is not often
accompanied by the development in socioeconomic service and infrastructure and

1
economic and employment capacity of the urban center to support the growing
population (Teller and Assefa, 2010).

Based 2007 cences conducted by central statistical ageny of Ethiopia (CSA), the SNNPR
has an estimated total population of 14,929,548 of whom 7,425,918 were men and
7,503,630 women. 13,433,991 or 89.98 % of population are estimated to be rural
inhabitands, while 1,495,557 or 10.02 are urban; this makes the SNNPR Ethiopiasmost
rural region. With an estimated areaof 1005,887.18 square kilometers, this region has an
estimated density of 141 people per square kilometer. For the entire region 3,110,995
households were counted, wwhichnresulds an average for the region of 4.8 persons to a
household, with urban households having on average 3.9 and rural househods 4.9 people
(CSA, 20007).

Urban growth and urban infrastructure development are lagging behind compared to the
age of Karat town. The population growth of Karat town has been more organic, dense
and unplanned settlement can be seen scattered throughout the town due to the effects of
high fertility and rate of rural-urban migration. The rate of urbanization of Karat town
estimated 3% per year (CSA, 2007). But the development of socioeconomic is still an
infant when we compare with the increasing rate of urbanization. Therefore the study
tends to know the current situation of urbanization in karat town and its effect on
socioeconomic development.

1.2. Statement of problem

Karat town is expanding terimendeousllyinterms of population and physical size. Interms of

population, the population of Karat town is rapidely increasing from time to time.Foreinstance
the 1994 nationalcencus reported this town to had the total population of 2,535 of whom 1250
were men and 1285 were women. Based on centeral statistical agency in 2005 Karat has an
estimated total population of 4,593 from whom 2258 are men and 2335 are womens(Watson,
Elizabeth E. 2009).
Physically the Karat town is expanding to surrounding kebeles such as Dokatu,Olanta,Gamole
and Dara. Due to this rapid expansion of Karat town, many infrastructures were expanded, new
hospitaland technical college began to operate.

The expantion of Karat town created numerous opportunities as well as challenges for
souroundingcommunities.These opportunities includes advantage from employment
opportunities, acess to urban services and urban rural linkkages . Despite these opportunities
rural communities around the town faced the problem of socio-cultural, economic challenges,
environmental deterioration and land tenure insecurity(Feyera, 2005).

Previously, there is no research that was conducted on the consequence of urbanization on socio-
economic development of Karat town. So to assesthe current situation of urbanization in Karat
town and its consequences on socio-economic development, the researcher intended to conduct
research on karat town.

1.3. Objectives of the study

1.3.1. General objective

The general objective of this study is to access the consequence of urbanization on the
socioeconomic development of karat town.

1.3.2. The specific objective

 To assess the current situation of urbanization in karat town.

 To identify and investigate the socioeconomic consequence of urbanization in
karat town.
 To assess the role of karat town administration in handling the socioeconomic
problems of urbanization.

1.4. Research questions

Based on the above stated research objectives of the study, the following research
questions will be addressed:
 1. What is the current status of urbanization in karat town?
2. What is the socioeconomic consequence of urbanization in karat town?
3. How does the administrative system handle the problem of urbanization in karat
town?

1.5. The significance of the study

The study result will be useful to understand the current status of urbanization and its
associated impact or effect on the lives of karat town residents. It will provide insight to
planners, policy makers, NGOs, community based organizations, karat town
administration office and other stakeholders to understand the rate of urbanization and its
positive and negative consequences on the socioeconomic development of the town, so
that it will help them to come up with new workable solutions to the problem of
urbanization.

The paper will also add to the literature of urbanization and its associated issues. It will
also serve as the basic line for other researchers who would be interested in the area, it
also plays great role in lifting up the awareness level of community about the
consequence of urbanization on the development of the town particularly on the
socioeconomic development of the town.

1.6. Scope of the study

Urbanization is a wide concept and it has many aspects such as political, cultural, social and
economical. The study will be delimited to the analysis of the socioeconomic
consequences of urbanization. The study will be conducted in Karat town. Moreover, the
study will be within the bound of specific methodological setup; sampling techniques,
data collection tools and statistical data analysis tools as its clearly delineated in chapter
three.
 1.7. Limitation of the study

The result of the study must only denoted to the Karat town for the year 2010; could not be
referred to other places or tracked neither backward nor forward in year terms .More over, the
cross-sectional data used in the study,compared to time series data, will not allow looking into
the dynamism of the in and out state of urbanization’s impact over time, so as to understand the
impact of urbanization compliance beyond the simple description of a single period.

1.8. DEFINATION OF TERMINATION

Urban: the term urban refers to town or cities with the municipality

Urbanization: the process of population concentrated in the area engaged in non

agricultural activities and usually in production of goods and services.

Town: is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city.

Rural: a settlement connected with or like the countryside.

1.9. Organization of paper

The paper will be organized into five chapters. The first chapter will deal with the
introduction part which would contain background of the study, statement of the problem,
general and specific objectives, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the
study. The second chapter will deal with literature review. Chapter three will deal with
research methodology. , Chapter four will about analysis and interpretation of data and
the last; fifth chapter will be about major findings of the study, conclusion and
recommendations; followed by references and appendixes.
 CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Definition of Terms

Urban: the term urban refers to town or countries with a municipality or notified area
committee (Redman and Jones,2004). It concerns with THE geography of towns, their
situations and patterns, layout, housing and hierarchical organization of population
concentration and service area Urbanization: is a process of population concentrated in
area engaged in non-agricultural activities and usually in production of goods and
services. Accordingly, in Ethiopia the location is defined as urban by CSA if the resident
population is 2000 and above (Degefe and Neges, 2000).

2.1.2 COUSES OF URBANIZATION

Migration is the movement of people, space, often involving a change in sualpace

residence. It is one of the primary processes alongside fertility and that affects the sixe
and composition of the population. Migration and fertility have a significant impact on
socio-economic development. Especially migration has a number of important affects
such as spreading culture from one area to another and bringing group into contact and
there by conflict. Similarly many studies have proved that rural areas by removing labor
force from the areas (Harbert, 1972). Rural urban migration in Ethiopia is common and
significant type of movement for spelled distribution (Cohen,2006). In 1984 rural urban
migration consisted 28.7%. The migration population and therefore responding figure for
1994 was 24.8% (Herbert,1972).
Although there is a decline in the proportion of rural-urban migration between 1984 and
1994. The rural highly population of the migrants comes from rural areas which are 58%
while 42% come from other areas (central statistical authority, 2004).

According to (Subhakar Reddy, 2000) data in different surveys on the cause of migration
due to urbanization tend to high pull as the main motivating factors in the migration. Both
push as well as pull factors are accountable to the process of urbanization. Push factors in
turn population improved communication and higher education facilities in urban areas
and so on. Also according to above source, the plight of agriculture sector, high density
population on are able land, excessive rural in daftness, the progressive subdivision and
information of holding, recurrence of drought and crop failure, in efficient methods of
cultivation, uncertainty of foreign and local markets, all conspire to make the peasant life
hard it is the misery poverty and lack of technological change in agricultural and the
existence of risk and uncertainty in agriculture, which them to urban centers. Also
according to Reddy among the pull factors the principle cause of urbanization are
industrial developments include the progress of inventions and discoveries (Ertal, 1976).

The growth turban centers is closely associated with commercial and industrial trend,
revolutionary improvement in the system of communication and transportation are other
conditions for urbanization, other noneconomic factors causing urbanization include
educational facilities, standard of living and revolutionary development in medical
science. Fertility refers tobeath that occurs withinpopulation. The interaction between
fertility and mortality is responsible for change is size of the world population.

The level of fertility rates depends on biological ability and social factors. the biological
factors denoted by fecundity, which refers to the physiological ability individual or
couples to children, the social environment in which population live also factors the
numbers and spacing of children (Warren T, 1992).

According to him there are four factors that significantly affect fertility of country. These
are population of women who are married the present of women using contraceptive
method, the level of abortion and the proportion of women suing contraceptive method.
The level of abortion and the proportion of women who are unable to have children
(David, 1985).

2.1.3 CONSEQUENCES OF URBANIZATION

2.1.3.1. SOCIAL CONSEQUNCES

Experience has proved that the increase in a number of population in urban areas, result
in various social problems, for instance, government and community face increasing
pressures to provide services and in fracture facilities. Therefore, they fail to effectively
coordinate and manage the development of the towns and cities (Wondamageghu, 2002).
Various sources reveal that housing needs urban areas of the country are enormous. For
instance there are 600,000 families in Addis Ababa in 1994 out of which 320,000
families were homeless. To overcome this problem it is believed that 10,000 residential
house need to constructed annually over the coming 20 years. It seems, this extremely a
challenge condition to the country (Mesfin, 2002).

2.1.3.2 ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES

Most municipal government of developing countries face financial and administrative

resources to provide newly expanded areas with infrastructure and basic urban service.
As result, this is adequate provision and existing service are not sufficiently maintained
(Cheema, 1993).Many cities of developing countries usually expand to highly fertilize
areas. Therefore, loss of agricultural land forest land with valuable ecological function is
another negative consequence uncontrolled urbanization expansion.Land is a finite
resource with no substitute and so comprehensive land use planning is an essential tool
for wise land use. A land use plan recognizes that rural land is not merely future
unreliable. A plan to per mannerly protect from land, forest land open space should be
include (Fodor, 1991).
Big cities cause problems as the size of the cities increases cost of urbanization mayout
benefit, outward expansion of cities, demand of construction of many miles roads of over
large areas which requires considerably huge resources in the short term and increase
maintenance cost in the future (Howton,1997).

2.1.4.APPROACHES TO HANDLE RAPID URBANIZATION

The rapid rate of urbanization growth and expansion of large cities in developing
countries greatly exceeds the resource and available for infrastructure and urban service
provision. Thus many types of gout have adopted specific policies and start to control for
their expansion of their large cities. Some countries have attempted administrative
decentralization in order to reduce population pressure; an establishment of green belts
around major urban areas has been also used to restrict expansion and to preserve open
land for agriculture and recreational use. In the republic of Korea a green belt of 166.8
square kms was established in 1971 to restrict further expansion of city. In Egypt a low

has been enacted to prohibit construction on agriculture land (Pacione, 2007).

In most developing countries due to lack of resource and in ability to control land uses,
metropolitan policy makers house not perfumed this important task very well
(Richardson, 1993).

2.2 EMPERICAL LITRATURE REVIEW

2.2.1 LEVEL OF URBANIZATION

Due to the combined effect of high fertility and high rate of rural urban migration, the
rate of urbanization has increased to 5% per year. This one of highest rate of urbanization
in the world. Only 15% of Ethiopian population lives in the urban area (Mulugeta A.
2002). This according to the source the country is predominantly rural at the present even
through the rate of urbanization is very high.
Ethiopia is one of the least urbanized country in the world, only 16 percent of the
population lives in urban areas ( cennteralstasticalauthority, 2010). The majority of the
population lives in the highland areas. The main occupation of the setteled rural
population is farming, hille the lowland ares are mostly inhabited by pasturalization, who
depend mainly on live stock production and move from place to place in search of grass
and water(Tegegn, 1999).

2.3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF URBANIZZATION

The positive association between urbanization and per-capital income is one of the most
obvious and striding stylized facts of the development process increased industrialization,
education and urbanization provide more opportunities for women to advance
economically and socially, more women will be able to join wager earning labor force,
education and industrial activities are viewed as only two ways for women to advance
them people in Ethiopia specially poor have less control over service that were once
performed by in formal and personal agreement. Their relationship to their neighbor also
become more in personal as people keep on moving in and service that were performed
by families and neighbor are new taken over by less responsible and depersonalized
bureaucratic organization like municipalities( Tekle, 2003).

Now days urbanization rapidly increased in the country and it has impact on socio-
economic of the country there is urban poverty in country socially and economically like
housing, health center, education, banking and there is rapid population growth in the
historically the country has growth as a center of trade and also center of cultural and
education and birth place of most artistic and technological innovations and provide job
opportunity for citizen (Mesfin, 2002).
 CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

The study will be conducted in karat town, which is located in the southern part of
Ethiopia, in south nation, nationalities and people’s regional state. Karat town is found in
the central part of Konso woreda, while Konso woreda bordered on the south by Oromia
region, on the west by Weito river which separates it from south Omo zone, on the north
by Derashe on the north east by Amaro woreda and on the east by Burji woreda.
 Fig 1. The descriptive map of KONSO, KARAT town

Karat town is located atf 37019’ E and 5019’N with an elevation of 1650M above level
and it is located north border of Oromiya, karat town is found at a distance of 594kms or
369.1 miles from the capital cith of Addis Ababa and 340kms from regional capital
Hawassa. The population of karat town is 4593 from this about 2258 were males and
2335 are women with faster annual growth rate exceeding 2.3% (Centeraal statistical
Authority, 2007).

3.2. RESEARCH DESIGN

The researcher design to be adopted, would be a descriptive research design because of

the inherent nature of the study. Descriptive studies concerned with describing the
characteristics of a particular individual or group. The primary objective of this research
will be to assess the major consequence of urbanization on the socioeconomic
development of karat town. In order to achieve this objective as well as to analysis and
explain the research scenario, the researcher intended to use descriptive survey research
design. Descriptive questions such as “what, how and when” are appropriate and help to
gain the detailed and deep insights and understandings of the topic under the study.

3.3. Data type and source

Both quantitative and qualitative data types will be used in the course of this research.
This will help in enabling a combined utilization of data available on the subject matter
instead of employing solitary data types. To complete the study the researcher will try to
collect the required information from both primary and secondary source of data. Primary
data sources would be the residents of the town. The secondary data will be retrieved
from annual report of karat town administration and municipality office, books, journal
and so forth.

3.4. Target Population

The target population of the study will be residents of the karat town and administrative
officials or workers of karat town municipality.

3.5. Sample Size and Sample Technique

3.5.1. Sample Size

The total population of Karat town is 4593; out of these 100 samples will be selected by the following
Yamane (1967) formula.

N
n= Where N = total population
1+ N ¿ ¿

n = sample size

e = standard error which is equal to 0.1

By substituting, N = 4593 we have:

4593
n=
1+ 4593 ¿ ¿

¿ 367

3.5.2. Sample Technique

Given the study population of all the kebeles in katat town, a multi-stage sampling
technique will be applied to get representative respondents from the target population.
Firstly, the whole town is to be purposely clustered in to six clusters based on the administrative
units. The administrative clusters will have their respective number of population. Subsequently,
the proportional to size technique would be used to determine the number of participants from
each administrative cluster. The following table demonstrates the proportional to size sample
distribution of 100 samples across the administrative clusters.

Table 3.1 Proportional setting of respondents across six Kebeles of Karat town.

No Name of the Kebele Total No of population Total Samllple Size

1 01 765 16
2 02 736 16
3 03 815 18
4 04 697 15
5 05 789 17
6 06 791 17
Tota 4,593 100
l

Once, the numbers of participants are determined from each cluster, simple random sampling
techniques would be applied to select households from which definite participant of the study is
to be drawn in the course of data collection. For that purpose, the hose number of households in
each administrative unit will be used.

3.6. Data Collection Tools

The method of data collection will involve both primary and secondary data collection
techniques. The primary data collection method includes both close ended and open
ended questionnaire because close ended restrict the respondents within a given choice to
put their choice about the issue, and open ended type would enables the respondent to put
their own idea about the issue without any restriction.
The researcher will also use structured interviews by asking questions from respondents. .
The secondary data can be collected from various books and documents written on the
subject matter by referring and reading them.

3.7. Method of Data Analysis

To analysis the collected data, the researcher will try to use mostly descriptive statistical
method like tabulation, percentage and ratio form because they help the researcher to put
the data in formal and describe in short, understandable and precise manner. The study
will be analyzed both qualitative and quantitative data to give a clear understanding about
the problem.

Therefore, qualitative data will be analyzed and presented through description, narrating
and interpreting the situations deeply and contextually, similarly quantitative data will be
analyzed and presented using tables, frequency and percentages to give a clear
understanding of the issue quantitatively.

REFERENCE

Tekledesisa, 2003, urban growth and development in case Kombolcha, east wollgea, BA
senior essay presented Haramayauniversity.
Tegegne G/Egziabher, 2001, Towards an urbanization policy in Ethiopia, proceedings of
the second annual conference by association of Ethiopia geographers, Addis Ababa.

United nations, 2010, world urbanization prospects: the 2009 revision department of
economic and social affairs population division new York

Michael, P. Todaro Stephen and Smith, G. (2009). Economic development, USA.

Mesfin, W, Mulugeta A (2002) challenging condition to the country Addis Ababa.

Rakodi, K (1997) industrial and commercial zone and security, England

Sudhakar, Redy, (2002) urban economic, New York

Wondmagegneh G/Hiwot, (2002) BirhanenaSelam, Addis Ababa.

Wondmagegneh G/Hiwot, (2002) the development of town cities, Addis Ababa.

Girandet T. (1996). New urban industrial development, India.

Cheems, G (1993), the challenge of urban management new Delhi

World bank (2015) Ethiopian urbanization review: urban institutions for a middle income
Ethiopia, world bank, Washington DC.Cohen. B, 2006, urban grouth in developing
countries.Areview of current trend and a coution regressing existing forcastworld
development. London.

Israel .D .G 2012 Determining sample size university of florida USA.

CSA, the 2007 population and housing cencus of Ethioopia, national stastistiacalsamary
report Addis Ababa

Tetty, C, 2005. The link between Urbanandrural development, in environmental and

urbanization. USA.

-UN, 2010 world urbanization prospects; Newyork.

wondimu 2004, rapid urbanization and housing shortage einAfrica;the opportunity with
the problem of Ethiopia, Stokeholm.

Fayera. A(2005), urban expantion and livelihood of the pre urban agricultural
community; the case of Addis Ababa.

Watson, Elizabet E, (2009) living traces in Ethiopia; konso landscape, culture and
development. Eastern Afria series.

APPENDIX-I: TIME PLAN

o Activity Sep Oct Nov Dec Ja Feb Mar Apr May Jun
 n
1 Problem identification *
2 Topic selection *
3 Literature review *
4 Proposal writing * *
5 Proposal submission *
6 Proposal presentation *
7 Data collection and * *
process
8 Data analysis and *
interpretation
9 First draft writing *
10 Final report writing *
11 Paper presentation *

APPENDIX-II: Budget Plan

No Item Unit Quantity Unit cost in Unit total

birr cost
1 Secretary Page 45 6 270
2 Papers Pack 2 100 200
3 Pen Piece 4 5 20
4 Pencil Piece 1 2 2
5 Ruler Piece 1 4 4
6 Bending cost Piece 2 14 28
7 Transportation Trip 2 trip 200 400
8 Flash GB 8GB - 200
9 Mobile card 4 10 40
10 Total 1164