WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT

MANAGEMENT

THE ASSESSMENT OF THE IMAPCT OF DIVORCE ON THE

LIVELIHOOD OF WOMEN AND CHLDREN (A CASE OF WORABE
TOWN)

BY

SUFIAN WURKICHO

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OFTHE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BACHELOR OF ARTS DEGREE
(BA) IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT
MANAGEMENT

ADVISOR: TATASHA TAKAYE KASITO

JANUARY, 2018

WOLAITA SODO, ETHIOPIA

Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................4
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................4
1.1. Background of the Study...................................................................................................4
1.2. Statement of the Problems................................................................................................5
1.3. Objective of the Study.......................................................................................................6
1.3.1. General Objective......................................................................................................6
1.3.2. Specific Objective......................................................................................................6
1.4. Research questions............................................................................................................6
1.5. Significance of the Study..................................................................................................6
1.6. Scope of the study.............................................................................................................7
1.7. Limitation of the study......................................................................................................7
1.8. Definition of Key Terminology........................................................................................7
1.9. Organization of the Paper.................................................................................................7
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................9
2. REVIEW LITERATURE.........................................................................................................9
2.1. Definitions of Divorce......................................................................................................9
2.2. Sociological Theories on divorce......................................................................................9
2.2.1. Feminism Perspective on divorce..............................................................................9
2.2.2. Conflict theory.........................................................................................................10
2.2.3. Functionalist theory.................................................................................................11
2.3.1 The social impact of divorce.............................................................................................11
2.3.2. Economic Impact of Divorce...........................................................................................13
CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................15
3. METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................................15
3.1. Description of Study Area...............................................................................................15
3.2. Research approach..........................................................................................................15
3.3. Research Design..............................................................................................................15
3.4. Types and Sources of data..............................................................................................15
3.5. Target population............................................................................................................16
3.6. Sample Techniques and Sampling Size..........................................................................16
3.6.1. Sample Size.............................................................................................................16
 3.6.2. Sampling Technique................................................................................................17
3.7. Data collection tools........................................................................................................17
3.8. Data processing and analysis..........................................................................................17
APPENDINDIX-I: Time Plan.......................................................................................................19
APPENDINDIX-II: Budget plan...................................................................................................20
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................21
 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Divorce or dissolution is a legislatively created, judicially administered process that legally
terminates a marriage no longer considered viable by one or both of the spouses and that permits
both to remarry (Tesfa, 2006). Divorce has pervasive weakening effects on the family. Thus, it is
one of the major troubles that affect the family system. Depending on the culture and tradition of
society, family problems could be solved with different means. Unfortunately, some of the
families could not escape the fate to be dissolved (Serkalem, 2006).

There is a wide variation among the countries of the world as well as within a single nation
concerning ground for divorce. Divorce rates in the United States are two to three times as high
as those in such other industrialized countries such as Sweden, Canada, France and United
Kingdom. In the United States 40-60 percent of all marriages end in divorce. In USA couples
marrying for the first time continue to face a 50% chance of divorce during their lifetime. In
France, even though the rate of divorce is rapidly increasing presently the rate of divorce is at 5%
-7% (Amato and Previt, 2003).

In a study on three district areas of Malawi combined 45 percent of the all marriages end in
divorce within 20 years. Life table probabilities of divorce in Malawi range from 40 to 60
percent, whereas 32 percent in Cote D’Ivoire, 33 percent in Ghana and 14 percent in Nigeria
11percent (Tesfa, 2006; Renders, 2003).

In Ethiopia, some statistical data show that there is a high rate of divorce in the country, both at
the national and regional level. The 2007 population and housing census indicate that there were
1,722,391 individuals in Addis Ababa, of whom 506,852 were married while 97,147 were
divorced. Furthermore, Tilson Larsen (2000) stated that 45% of all first marriages in Ethiopia
ended in divorce or separation within 30 years and 40% within 20 years. In SNNPRS, there is
high divorce rate cause in the region, 14%, which is twice the nationwide average of 7% (Yuka,
2006).

According to article 34 of the Ethiopian constitution (1995) family has been pointed out as the
natural and fundamental unit of society and entitled to protection of marriage and support family
units during their marital life. In relation to these, Olson and Defrain (2000) argued that
strengthening marriage and families must be a national priority to effectively deal with multitude
of problems in liaison with marriage.

Family institutions are important to resolve any malevolence in social arrangements. So

conducting research on the impact of divorce with regard to divorced couple is very vital to take
intervention measures and to have study found evidences regarding the subject. Hence, this study
will assess the impact of divorce on the livelihood of women and children in Worabe town

1.2. Statement of the Problems

Divorce is one of the most serious socio-economic problems across the world, not only in
Ethiopia. Socio-cultural trends will also come out to influence the passage of liberal divorce
laws. This cultural and legal factor have made it easier for people to be lesser attached to
marriage as an institution and consequently to turn down divorce as a solution (Tesfa, 2006;
Amata and previti, 2003).

Most women in Ethiopia are house wives and invest in their marriage as homemakers and 40%
of women have no tangible property during separation of those who have tangible properties.
Many of them had only household goods. Worabe town also have also such issues, in Worabe
town 9% of women are divorced. The socio-economic impact of divorce face a divorced couples
but the degree is more on women and children because of socio-cultural influence of the society.
Beside to this, after divorce there is a significant social problem (such as impact on social bond
and remarried) due to socio-cultural effect of the society. In country where spouse support after
separation is not secured, divorce resulted in greater loss to economically weak spouse and
children (Zinn, 2008).
After divorce, the most common pattern is arise in the husbands income and decline in the wife,
because husband tend to earn more, children typically live with mother and support payments are
often inadequate (Clinton, 1998). Divorce may have drastic economic and social impact on their
parent to divorce, no matter how unhappily the marriage divorce for the children results in the
most significant change, they experienced in their lifetimes new relationship with each parents
often new residence, visitation privilege, and some cause new parental figures (Mason, 2004).

The past researcher has only conducted frequently on socio-economic impact of divorce in
Worabe town. Therefore, the past researchers have not much focused on impact on women and
children. For these reasons, this study interested to research on the impact of divorce on women
and children.

1.3. Objective of the Study

1.3.1. General Objective

The general objective of the study will be to identify the impact of divorce on the livelihood of
women and children in case of worabe town.

1.3.2. Specific Objective

 To identify the causes of divorce of marriage in the study area

 To assess the social impact of divorce on women’s and children’s livelihood in worabe
town
 To examine the economic impact of divorce on women’s and children’s livelihood in
Worabe town.

1.4. Research questions

 What are causes of divorce in the study area?
 What is the social impact of divorce on women?
 What is the economic impact of divorce on women and children?
 What is the role of law and family in divorce of the married parties
 What needs to be done to reduce the divorce rate?
 How women can assume fairness in the course of divorce?
 1.5. Significance of the Study

The study will provide information about the impact of divorce on the livelihood of women’s
and children’s. It will give directions for the concerned bodies to find solutions for the problem.
Thus, the study will play a great role in term of providing accurate information to the body of
knowledge and for social practitioners for welfare services. And also, the study will be used as a
source for other researches.

1.6. Scope of the Study

Geographically the study will be delimited at worabe town which found in SNNPR.
Theoretically, this study will concern about the impact of divorce on the livelihood of women
and children in Worabe town. Methodologically the study will be delimited to specific sampling
techniques and data collection tools as it is specified in the third chapter.

1.7. Limitation of the Study

The result of the study would be interpreted only for Werba town; could not be referred to other
place. Provided that the study will be based on a cross-sectional data of the year 2017/18; its
result would never be deduced backward or forward in terms of years. The cross-sectional nature
of the data might cause anomaly to comprehend the dynamics of the divorce impact over years
compared to time serious data. In addition, potential respondents of the study may also decline to
voluntarily fill the questionnaire or address interview.

1.8. Definition of Key Terminology

Marriage: - is more or less durable union, sanctioned by a society between, usually one men one
women or, but women also taking different forms.

Divorce: - is the legal dissolution of marriage it is distinguished from annulment, which declares
a marriage void from the time of its celebration.

Family: - Family: - is a social institution that unites individuals into cooperative groups in
which one or more relatives resides in common area they selected.
 1.9. Organization of the Paper
The research paper will be organized in to five chapters. The first chapter constitutes the
introduction parts; background of the study, statement of the problem, research objectives,
research questions, significance of the study, scope of the study, limitations of the study and
definition of terminology. The second chapter will be literature review; both empirical and
theoretical. The third chapter will delineate research methodology. The fourth chapter will make
up data presentation and interpretation. The last but not the least chapter five will set down the
summary, conclusions and recommendations of the study.
 CHAPTER TWO

2. REVIEW LITERATURE

2.1. Definitions of Divorce

Divorce has been defined over times by many scholars, dissolution of marriage relationship or
dissolving marriage by legal agreement. This means that divorce is the legal action that ends
marriage. Divorce is the termination of a marital union, the canceling and/or reorganizing of the
legal duties and responsibilities of marriage, thus dissolving the bonds of matrimony between a
married couple under the rule of law of the particular country and/or state. Similarly, divorce is
the dissolution of marriage contract between a man and a woman, by a judge order or by an act
of a state legislature (Tesfa, 2006; Worrall, 2001, p. 355).

Thus, divorce is an absolute failure of marital tie; the couple’s separated and returning to their
single status and freed to marry again. Divorce involves six processes; emotional, legal,
economic, co-parental, community and psychic. Divorce can be stress full experience; affecting
finances, living arrangements, house hold jobs, parenting and the children produced after
marriage as they face difficulties through each stage of development from childhood to
adulthood (Tesfa, 2006; strong, 2008, p. 52).

There are many causes of divorce on the livelihood of women’s and children’s; among them the
major ones are economic problems, (lack of finance) social factors (disagreement between the
parties) and emotional factors (distress, anxiety) and so on.

2.2. Sociological Theories on Divorce

There are many sociological theories of divorce. The following theories are explained below
 2.2.1. Feminism Perspective on Divorce
Feminist perspectives of women’s positions at divorce systematically differ from men’s position.
Although there has been a large scale increase in mothers labor force participation, there has
been no corresponding increase in father domestic contributions and women continue to bear the
overwhelming responsibility for child rearing. In substantial part because of this division of labor
within the family, divorcing women, to face financial prospects and enjoy closer emotional ties
to their children than do their former husbands. Existing divorce law, with its emphasis on each
party’s self-sufficiency, limited provision for child support, and gender neutral custody
principles, does not fully recognize or address these differences.

Symbolic interaction theory: In symbolic interactions, divorce is an act that is immoral at it is

involved in disregarding and dissolving adult responsibility. When couples are not satisfying
each other emotionally, they tend to blame each other and believe there is no love. Families
having greater expectations of emotional satisfaction and have changed parental and marital roles
leading to new perception of the alternatives to unhappy marriage. Divorce is perceived as
everything negative, irresponsibility, failure or immorality but emotionally now a day it means
finance for a new beginning or personal (Blumer, 1969).

Integrationist focuses on the micro level of family and other intimate relationship. They are
interested in how individuals interact with one another, whether they are cohabiting partners or
long time married couples. Another integrationists study might examine the role of step parent.
The increased number of single parents who remarry has sparked an interest in those who are
helping to raise other people’s children. While no young girls or boy may dream about one day
becoming step mom or stepdad, this is hardly an unusual occurrence today (Schaefer, 2003).

2.2.2. Conflict Theory

At the heart of social conflict is the view that conflict among members of society is inherent. It is
the driving force for social change. Conflict is determined by social structure both economic and
political. There have been very few attempts at applying the social conflict theory to the family
because of a general view that family relation are in fact conciliatory and not conflicting (Werner
Wilson, 2005).

The only theory based on social conflict theory that encompasses the family is feminist theory.
Divorce as reality in most family today is the dissolution of marriage. Conflict theory can be
seen in some of the causes of why marriage fail and lead to divorce. The family is a microcosm
of society where men represent the exploiter and women the exploited. Because women came to
realize that their conditions can be changed, but men refuse to fore go their privilege. The results,
irreconcilable conflict leads to divorce (Wilson, 2005).

Conflict theory encompasses the idea that people struggle to reconcile conflicting ideas. This
theory is readily apparent in the process of divorce. Core themes of conflict theory reflect
divorce proceedings. Couples negotiate and bargain how to split possessions, but can also show
divorce aggression and appeasement to coerce each other. Divorce can also follow the stages of
conflict in conflict theory. Understanding this theory can lead to increased awareness of the
divorce process and how to go about it with less chaos.

2.2.3. Functionalist Theory

Functionalists regard society as a system made up of different parts which depend on each other.
Different institutions each performs specific functions within a society to keep that society going,
in the same way as the different organs of a human body perform different functions in order to
maintain the whole. In functionalist thought, the family is a particularly important institution as it
is the basic building block of society which performs the crucial functions of socializing the
young and meeting the emotional needs of its members. The four essential functions of the
family are: - first, stable satisfaction of the sex drives with in monogamous relationship. Second,
the biological reproduction of the next generation without which society cannot continue. Third,
socializing of the young; teaching basic norms and values. Fourth, meeting its members
economic needs; producing food and shelter. Over the last 200 years, society has moved from
pre-industrial to industrial and the main family type has changed from the extended family to the
nuclear family. The nuclear family fits the more complex industrial society better, but it performs
a reduced number of functions.

Functionalists discourage divorce. They view that divorce is a rapid change in society and
functionalists less prefer irregular social change. They see this issue from the macro perspective
and judge that divorce is bad. They state that the institutions are not doing their part in
instructing; therefore society is falling apart.

2.3 Socioeconomic Impacts of Divorce

2.3.1 The Social Impact of Divorce
The disruption of any family has negative impact on the system in general by weakening the
bond between individuals and disrupting the stability and order of the society. The response and
reaction to any situation from individuals and the society is usually in relation to the definition
and meaning given to the particular situation. Therefore, society has means and instruments to
encourage what is accepted and to discourage what is not the social impact of divorce even all its
negative impact determined by the societal response to it. The relationship of the individual to
their environment determines the individual’s psychological and economic situations. In other
ways decline of income affects negatively the divorced women's social relationships (Daniel,
1994).

According 1994 reduction of income limits the capacity of divorced women to engage in
different social and community activities. The social relationship of divorced women in Ethiopia
has limited research. The divorced women living in Addis Ababa did not report the problem.
This report is the divorced women judgment and feeling about their relationships with previous
and current friends, neighbors and their participation in family, social events and activities.
About 48.74% of divorced women have not encountered social problems (Daniel, 1994; p.29).

In the same research about 16.46 % of the studied divorced women reported feeling of loneliness
after divorce. In addition, 8.04% and 8.67% of the respondents of the study reported that divorce
has negatively affected their interpersonal relationship and faced feeling of inferiority
respectively (Daniel, 1994).

The poor relationships with ex-husband directly affect the post-divorce adjustment of women
facing on economically and socially. The acceptance and cooperation or the rejection or poor
relationship between the divorcees have influenced the relationship of friends and relatives to the
divorcees particularly to women for that their economic status greatly damaged and burden with
responsibility to raise children after divorce. Therefore, the relationship of the divorced women
with their environment depends on their perception about their situation and perception of the
society about the situation of divorced women (Daniel, 1994, p46).

In the social adjustment of divorced women, age at divorce found being important factor, that is
the older is better adjusted. It is because older women already have longer social life or there is
minimum barrier in the society. Moreover, that explained the vulnerability of divorced women to
social and economic problem relates to age at first marriage. Those who found being more
vulnerable economical and socially are those who married at early age. Furthermore, in the
process of divorce and post-divorce the negative consequence of divorce affects children of
divorcees.(Daniel, 1994).

Children’s are affected in many cases such as they will lose their parents they structure of their
life and also they may face many economic problems for their survival.

2.3.2. Economic Impact of Divorce

When family dissolution occur relationship between members of the family changed in all aspect
of relationship including the economic ones. The average monthly income of divorced women
when compared with during marriage significantly decreased. This directly affects the standard
of living and the adjustment after divorce. In the RFC (Revised family code) starting from the
time of petition for divorce, the court has to give appropriate order regarding the maintenance of
the spouses, custody and maintenance of their children and the management of their property
(Bulmer, 1969).

The majority of divorced women have faced housing problems, inability to send their children to
school, difficulty of covering medical expenses, inability to cover food and clothing. The
economic impact associated with divorce emanates from the burden of responsibilities such as
child custody taking care of children alone. All expenses food, clothing, schooling and health
care are covered by the custodial mothers themselves. This is due to lack of child support and
unshared properties accumulated during marriage (Worrall, 2001).

The Revised Family Code and the old Civil Code have given clear legitimacy to both partners
sharing their property based on the initial agreement. However, the majority of divorced women
did not get the justice to share what they deserve. This is due to the usual process of property
settlement, which is following after divorce pronounces, and after the maintenance fee for the
women stopped. Therefore, whether the women get the maintenance fee or not, even before the
legal pronouncement of the divorce she has to work and raise income to maintain herself and the
children. This responsibility interferes with the long process of property settlement and often is
not achievable except in few cases were the husband became willing to help and agreed to share.
In addition, the processes of legal settlement incur cost, which become difficult to cover in the
situation of many divorced women. Even in the Revised Family Code, settling the conditions of
divorce can go to six months (RFC, 2000).

After divorce, women strive for survival by engaging in many activities that raise income to
cover daily bread. Their education level determines their lives after divorce particularly their
capacity and opportunity to be engaged in some employment to raise income (Worrall 2001),
study clearly indicate the likely hood of divorced women can face after divorce economically
through comparative study of their economic status before and after divorce again their previous
and later economic status can be explained in terms of their educational level (Worrall, 2001).

The primary source of income during marriage for about 82% of women was salary from ex-
husband. The occupation of these women during marriage about 62.44% of them were
housewives and did not engaged in work out side home while 15.45 % were civil servants and 15
% had engaged in activities like spinning, selling charcoal and wood, selling Tella, Areke, Injera.
After divorce this figure changed where the majority women in the study who were only house
wife about 62.4% decreased to 27 %, while women who were doing some economic activities
from home by selling homemade drinks and foods and selling wood and charcoal increased from
15 % to 41.5 %. Nevertheless, the share of these women in the civil service that require a
minimum of primary school did not increase after divorce. Their chance and opportunities were
limited in the economic sector for employment due to education level where about 89 % of them
had maximum of elementary education. From this group 41 .2 %; almost half of them had basic
education. The relationship of age at divorce and family size found as not having impact for
divorced women in the economic adjustment (Daniel, 1994,).
 CHAPTER THREE

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1. Description of Study Area

This study will be conducted at worabe town. Worabe town is located in south nation
nationalities region of Ethiopia. The town has a latitude of 8 01’ north 380 20’ east with an
elevation of 2113 meters above sea level. And it is located on about 180 kilometers from Addis
Ababa and 200 kilometers from wolaita sodo.

3.2. Research Approach

The study will use both quantitative and qualitative research approaches in face of descriptive
analysis of the status of divorce in the study area. Correlation and regression statistics would be
used to describe the impact of divorce on the identified dimensions of the livelihood of women
and children subjected to divorce. Tables and graphs will be used to demonstrate frequencies and
other various trends of divorce in the study area. Questionnaires’ responses of non-quantifiable
nature would be qualitatively delineated in combinations with the literature retrieved analytically
sympathetic notions.

The use of the combination of these research approaches is defensible by the recognition of the
fact that methods in each approach has its flaw and that the use of both methods can be
complementary to each other.

3.3. Research Design

The study will use descriptive research design to explicate the current situation of divorce and its
impact in the study area. The descriptive design is preferred due to the inherent nature of study
that envisioned demonstrating and articulating the status quo of divorce.
 3.4. Types and Sources of Data

In this study both qualitative and quantitative data will be used. This is to complement the output
of the study into a more meaningful general whole. The data will be obtained from both primary
and secondary sources. The primary source of the data would be the divorced women and
children of the divorced marriage in the town. Secondary data sources would include report
documents, books, magazines, and journal and internet sites.

3.5. Target Population

The target population of this study would be divorced women and children of the divorced
marriage in Worabe town. The current data shows that the number of divorced women and
children amounts to 289 and 501 respectively. Therefore, the total target population of the study
would be.

3.6. Sample Techniques and Sampling Size

3.6.1. Sample Size

With the town wide coverage of the study; constituting all divorced women and the children of
the divorced family in Worabe town would prove practically impossible; time consuming and
expensive. For that reason sample size is determined from the target population of the study
using the Cochran equation as follows:

z 2 pq
n=
e2

n w h ere nis sample ¿ ¿

z is t h e abscissa of t h e normal curve t h at cutoff an areaα at t h e tails

1−α equals t h e desireconfidence level , 95 %∈our case

e is t h e error margin

p is an estimated proportionof an atribute t h at is present∈t h e population

q is 1− p are the estimate of variance

The value for z is found ∈t h e statistical tables w h ic h contains t h e area under t h e normal curve

z=1.96 for t h e confidence level of 95 %

Therefore,

1.96 2∗0.95∗0.05
n=
0.052

¿ 73

3.6.2. Sampling Technique

The above calculation of the sample size determination has yield, 73 samples to participate in the
study from the target population; divorced women and children of divorced families. To select
the actual participants from the target population dictates for application of non-probability
sampling techniques. Firstly, the total samples, 73 would be purposely apportioned into two
clusters; women cluster and children cluster. The women cluster will constitute 40 participants
while the children cluster will constitute 33 participants. This apportion has been made
judgmentally. Once, the number of participants known from each cluster, accidental sampling
techniques would be used to get the participants. Moreover, snow ball sampling would be
adopted to probe for the divorced women and children of the divorced families.

3.7. Data collection Tools

To collect the data a standardized and structured questionnaire will be used as a principal tool.
The structured questionnaire is preferred for it will enable maintaining the uniformity of the
questions for all respondents. Provided the structured survey questions, interview will be
administrated face-to face with respondents. The reason for adopting this tool is to increase the
response rate of respondents. The interviewer can increases response rate by stimulating interests
in the survey and reassuring the respondent of any concerns he or she might have regarding; the
confidentiality of data, the purpose of survey, what is expected of respondent during the
interview, how interview will take, how the survey findings will be used, etc. The question will
be prepared typically in closed- ended form, so that response would be easily filtered, this will
assist in the interpretation of data.

3.8. Data Processing and Analysis

The data will undergo both field and in-house editing. The editing task would be done manually
during and after the data collection. The edited data then be organized per objective, coded and
made ready for entry into the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The analysis and
presentation of the study will employ both qualitative and quantitative features. Correlation,
regression and other simple statistical methods would be applied to delineate the data generated
in the course of the study. To that end, reliability, homogeneity and other appropriate data tests
will be administrated to ensure that the data fits the analytical method in question.
 APPENDINDIX-I: Time Plan

No ACTIVITY OCT NO DES JAN FEB MAR AP MAY JUN

V P

1 Title selection xxx

2 Proposal development Xxx xxx
3 Proposal presentation xxx
3 Data collection xxx
4 Data analysis and presentation xxx
5 Report writing xxx xxx
6 Report presentation xxx
 APPENDINDIX-II: Budget plan

No ITEM QUANTITY BIRR CENT TOTAL

1 Paper 1 package 12o 00 120
2 Secretary(printing) 44 page 220 00 220
3 Binder 2 60 00 60
4 Pen 5 piece 25 00 25
5 Pencil 1 piece 2 00 2
6 Flash disc 1(8GB) 200 00 200
7 Transportation _ 350 00 350
Total 927 00 927
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