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Examples On Sampling and Aliasing Phenomena: Example 1
Examples On Sampling and Aliasing Phenomena: Example 1
Example 1:
x1 (t ) = cos 2π (10)t ,
x 2 (t ) = cos 2π (50)t ,
which are sampled at a rate of Fs = 40 Hz. The corresponding discrete time signals are
10 π
x1 (n) = cos 2π ( )n = cos n,
40 2
50 5π
x 2 (n) = cos 2π ( )n = cos n.
40 2
However,
5π π n π
cos n = cos(2π n + ) = cos n.
2 2 2
Hence x1 (n) = x 2 (n) . Thus the signals are identical and consequently indistinguishable.
π
If we are given the sampled values generated by cos n , there is some ambiguity as to
2
whether these sampled values correspond to x1(t) or x2(t). Since x2(t) yields exactly the
same values as x1(t) when the two are sampled at Fs = 40 samples per second, we say that
the frequency F2 = 50 Hz is an alias of the frequency F1 = 10 Hz at the sampling rate of
40 samples per second.
Example 2:
x a (t ) = 3 cos100π t.
1
MEEN 364 Parasuram
Lecture 4 April 2, 2003
a) The frequency of the analog signal can be calculated as
2π F1 = 100π ,
⇒ F1 = 50.
Hence the minimum sampling rate required to avoid aliasing is Fs = 100 Hz.
100π π
x(n) = 3 cos( )n = 3 cos( )n.
200 2
100π 4π
x(n) = 3 cos( )n = 3 cos( )n
75 3
2π
= 3 cos(2π − )n
3
2π
= 3 cos( )n.
3
F2 = fFs = 75 f
1
The frequency of the sinusoid in part (c) is f = . Hence
3
75
F2 = 75 f = = 25.
3
Clearly, the sinusoidal signal
y (t ) = 3 cos 2π F2 t
= 3 cos 50π t
2
MEEN 364 Parasuram
Lecture 4 April 2, 2003
Example 3:
F1 = 25,
F2 = 150,
F3 = 50.
FN = 300 Hz.
Discussion
It should be observed that the signal component 10 sin 300π t , sampled at the Nyquist
rate FN = 300 Hz, results in samples 10 sin π n , which are identically zero. In other
words, we are sampling the analog signal at its zero-crossing points, and hence we miss
the signal component completely. This situation would not occur if the sinusoid is offset
in phase by some amount θ. In such a case we have 10 sin(300π t + θ ) sampled at the
Nyquist rate FN = 300 samples per second, which yields the samples
Thus if θ ≠ 0 or π, the samples of the sinusoid taken at Nyquist rate are not all zero.
However, we still cannot obtain the correct amplitude from the samples when the phase θ
is unknown. A simple remedy that avoids this potentially troublesome situation is to
sample the analog signal at a rate higher than the Nyquist rate.
3
MEEN 364 Parasuram
Lecture 4 April 2, 2003
Example 4:
F1 = 1000 Hz,
F2 = 3000 Hz,
F3 = 6000 Hz.
b) The discrete-time signal of the signal sampled at 5000 samples per second is
Finally, we obtain
1 2
x(n) = 13 cos 2π ( )n − 5 sin 2π ( )n .
5 5
Since Fs = 5000 Hz, the folding frequency is Fs/2 = 2500 Hz. This is the maximum
frequency that can be represented uniquely by the sampled signal.
4
MEEN 364 Parasuram
Lecture 4 April 2, 2003
c) Since only the frequency components at 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz are present in the
sampled signal, the analog signal that can be recovered is
which is obviously different from the original signal x(t). This distortion of the original
analog signal was caused by the aliasing effect, due to the low sampling rate used.
Assignment