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Les fondements microeconomiques
de la valeuractionnariale
Une revuecritiquede la litterature
Reberioux*
Antoine
INTRODUCTION
51
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Revue&onomique
la "finde 1'histoire"
enmatiere
de droitdessocidtes.)?(Hansmann
etKraakman,
[2001],
p. 89; noustraduisons.)
52
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AntoineReberioux
indivi-
pourdesignerles entreprises
1. I1estusueld'utiliserle termede firmeentrepreneuriale
constituees
duelleset les entreprises autourd'une societea capitalferme.Le termede firmemana-
etabliessurla base d'unesocieteanonymecotee.
gerialedesigne,quanta lui,toutesles entreprises
53
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Revueeconomique
Il estdifficile
de se saisirdu projetde la Theoriepositivede l'agence,sans
revenirsurl'ouvragede Berleet Means,TheModernCorporation and Private
Property,paruen 1932.Les deuxauteurs y exposentleurthesede la <<separation
de la proprieteet du controle>>: le capitalismeamericainseraitarrivea un
nouveaustadede developpement oiu,du faitde la diffusionde la propriete
permisepar la negociabilitedes titres,
les actionnaires
auraientdefactoperdu
54
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AntoineReberioux
55
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Revue e'conomique
56
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AntoineRebe'rioux
1. Cettefigureestreprisede AgliettaetReberioux[2004].
57
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Revue&onomique
dirigeedans l'interet
exclusifdes actionnaires au motifqu'ils sontles seuls a
supporterles risquesperd-elleunepartde sa pertinence. I1convient, pourtirer
despropositions normativesenmatiere de gouvemance, d'avoirunerepresenta-
tionbeaucoupplusrichede la distributiondes risquesentreles partiesprenantes
(natureetintensitedesrisques)etdes consequences qui s'en degagent entermes
depouvoirde negociation expost.C'estprecisement ce que se proposentde faire
les theories
regroupees dansla partiesuivante.
Figure1. evolution
de la partdes dividendes
dansle totaldes profits
(avanttaxes)
pourles soci6t6snonfinancieres aux 8tats-Unis
(horsagriculture)
milliards
de dollars
500 -
450 - _........-
.___.
400 - -S-::-X:00
. .. .. .-..... ... i ...... .. .) S. .E::L....
::E E;t
.........
40 dividendes
350 - . ........
300 - ----- -- -g0-----
g---
-----------
-:--g----------
--------------------------
--------------- ......
250 - --_ .t l
~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
.... .....
;
. ....... .... .. ..........................EiEiS
200-
150 .. ....
100 -..... ..
50
0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Source:Flowoffunds(Federal tablesF.102
reserve),
58
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AntoineReberioux
relegueeau secondrang
1. On a soulignela manieredontcettenotionavaitet progressivement
enmatierede theoriede la firme, moitiedes annees1980.
au coursdesannees1970etde la premiere
59
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Revue economique
to tl t2 t3
I I I I >
1. I1s'agitengenerald'unactifphysique, maisPaganoetRossi[2004]instruisent
la theseselon
laquellela theoriemodemedes droitsde propriete rendmieuxcomptedes transferts
de propriete
intellectuelle(actifs intangibles).Nous continuerons
de nous referera des actifsphysiques
(machines), cela ne modifiant
enriennos conclusions.
2. Cf.egalement Zingales[2000] etPaganoetRossi [2004] surce point.
60
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AntoineReberioux
La solution
retenueparGrossman etHartpourle processus de negociation estla
suivante. Encasd'echecdesnegociations, lesgainsdechaqueindividu sontequiva-
lents'a ceux obtenussurle marchespot,soitleursoptionsexterieures. On note
B= 1,2(d) ces gains,d'autantplusimportants pourun individu qu'il possededes
machines:unindividu proprietairede deuxmachines auraevidemment uneoption
exterieure 'aunagentnedisposant
superieure d'aucunactifphysique. En revanche,
si lesindividusparviennenta s'entendre, le gaintotal,noteB(q), excedela somme
des optionsexterieures,soitBI(q) + B2(q) q B(q), et ce d'autantplusque des
investissements specifiquesonteterealisesexante.La difference, ou surplus de la
negociation, estensuite
partag6e endeux.Chaqueindividu recevradoncsonoption
exterieure avec les actifsen sa possession)augmentee
(croissante de la moitiedu
surplusissude la cooperation. Poursimplifier la representationdu processusde
negociation, on proposede ramener 'a l'unitele beneficetotalde la cooperation
B (q);les options
exterieures alorsb = =1
s'ecrivent 12 = ,etonabl + b2
B(4)
Enposantxi= 1,2 e [0; 1] le gain(normalise)
dujoueuri,la solution
de lanegocia-
tiond'ungateaudetailleunitaire proposeparGrossmanetHartestla suivante:
( I-b-b2
1-b -b_b_I b2?
b + 1 b b) telsque b, + b2
bj, b2
__b_
de la notionde propriete
1. Cetterdduction a eteseverement
a uneseuledimension par
critiquee
de propridtd
Demsetz[ 1998],qui noteque nombrede transferts pourdesraisonsautre
sonteffectues
qu'unevolontede transferer le contr6le.
61
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Revuee'conomique
62
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AntoineRebe'rioux
remportel'adhesionde la profession.
Nousverronsque l'approche<<transaction-
nelle>>de la gouvemance,presenteedans la prochainesection,optepourune
modelisation beaucoupplussoupledes negociations
; ceci constitue
'anosyeux
un avantagecertainlorsqu'ons'interesseaux questionsde gouvemance,qui
induisentdes processuscomplexesde negociationentredifferentes parties
prenantes.
L'analyse de Williamson[1985]
1. Cetteproblematique
se retrouveegalement dansles travauxde Marris[1964]etde Galbraith
[1967],qui acceptentdonc les prdsupposdsde Berleet Means,contrairement aux theoriciens
des
droitsde propriete
premieregendration(cf supra).
63
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Revueeconomique
de la transaction. En particulier,
si la specificitedes actifsest importante, une
structure integree evitele problemedu holdup,qui se traduit parunereticence
des individus 'as'engagerex ante(i.e. a specialiserleursactifs).
La figure3 ci-dessousreproduit cettelogique,en notant k le niveaude speci-
ficite,s le niveaud'integration etp le cofitde la transaction. Si k = 0, aucune
protection particuliere n'estrequise(s = 0, au nceudA). En revanche, si k > 0,
la miseenplaced'unestructure integree (s > 0, au nceudC) conduit'auncofitde
p, inferieur 'a p qui resulterait
d'unetransaction nonprotegee(s = 0, au nceud
B).
P1
/ ~~~~~B
P>P
k>
s >O A
64
Revueetconomique
-vol. 56,N? I,janvier2005,p. S51-76
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AntoineReberioux
65
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Revue&onomique
66
Revueeconomique
- vol. 56,N? 1,janvier2005,p. 51-76
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AntoineReberioux
67
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Revuee'conomique
Autofinancement
..... ....... 91,3 114,3 75,2 72,1
1. Le capitalfinancier
est<<bloque)? dans1'entreprise,
contrairement
au capitalhumain,inali&
nable.Cettejustification
esttresprochede l'argument i) de Williamson
(cf supra).
68
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AntoineReberioux
69
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Revueeconomique
1. Formellement,
cetteinterdependance des effortsindividuels
se repereparla non-nullite
des
deriveessecondescroisees,assurant
que la fonctionde production
n'estpas separable:
y = y(e, ; ...; e") avec a2 a# 0 j:# i.
5eiae.J
70
Revueeiconomique
- vol. 56,N? 1,janvier2005,p. 51-76
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AntoineReberioux
CONCLUSION
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RevueeIconomique
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AntoineReberioux
REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES
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Revue economique
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AntoineReberioux
75
Revuee&conomique
- vol. 56, N? 1,janvier2005,p. 51-76
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