Noise & BER

KLASIFIKASI NOISE
GAUSSIAN NOISE
WHITE NOISE
Thermal noise atau disebut dengan white noise,
mempunyai daya yang sama pada semua frekuensi,
dinotasikan dengan
AWGN (Additive White Gausian Noise)
 The Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

 In science and engineering, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is a

measure that compares the level of a desired signal to the
level of background noise.
 WHAT IS BIT ERROR RATE ?

 Bit error rate (BER) is a measure of the number of bit errors

that occur in a given number of bit transmissions. It is usually
expressed as a ratio. For example, if 5 bit errors occur in one
million bits transferred, the BER is 5/1,000,000 or 5 × 10−6.

 BER is a measure of the quality of the transmitting device, the

receiver, the transmission path and its environment as it
takes into consideration factors such as noise, jitter,
attenuation, fading, and any error detection and correction
schemes used in the interface standard.
 BER in Transmission

 In telecommunication transmission, the bit error rate (BER) is

the percentage of bits that have errors relative to the total
number of bits received in a transmission, usually expressed as
ten to a negative power. For example, a transmission might
have a BER of 10 to the minus 6, meaning that, out of 1,000,000
bits transmitted, one bit was in error.
 The BER is an indication of how often a packet or other data
unit has to be retransmitted.
 Too high a BER may indicate that a slower data rate would
actually improve overall transmission time for a given amount
of transmitted data since the BER might be reduced, lowering
the number of packets that had to be resent because of an
error.
 Probability Of Error (POE)

 BER can also be defined in terms of the

 probability of error (POE),

 where erf is the error function, Eb is the energy in one bit and No
is the noise power spectral density (noise power in a 1 Hz
bandwidth).
 The error function is different for the each of the various
modulation methods. What is more important to note is that
POE is proportional to Eb/N0 which is a form of signal-to-noise
ratio.
 Packet Error Ratio
 The packet error ratio (PER) is the number of incorrectly
received data packets divided by the total number of received
packets. A packet is declared incorrect if at least one bit is
erroneous. The expectation value of the PER is denoted packet
error probability pp, which for a data packet length of N bits
can be expressed as:

 The bit error probability pe is the expectation value of the bit

error ratio. The bit error ratio can be considered as an
approximate estimate of the bit error probability. This estimate
is accurate for a long time interval and a high number of bit
errors.
 Bit Error Rate Test (BERT)

 A BERT (bit error rate test or tester) is a procedure or device that

measures the BER for a given transmission. A bit error rate tester
(BERT), also known as a bit error ratio tester.
 The main building blocks of a BERT are:
 Pattern generator, which transmits a defined test pattern to the test
system
 Error detector connected to the test system, to count the errors
generated by or test system
 Clock signal generator to synchronize the pattern generator and the error
detector
 Digital communication analyzer is optional to display the transmitted or
received signal.
 Electrical-optical converter and optical-electrical converter for testing
optical communication signals.
 Noise and BER

 Noise is the main enemy of BER performance.

 Noise is a random process, defined in terms of statistics. The
noise introduced by the circuitry is described with a Gaussian
probability density function, while the signal path is usually
described with a Rayleigh probability density function.
 A Rayleigh, or fading, signal path is not “noise” in the intuitive
sense of the familiar hissing sound of “white noise,” but it is a
random process that is analyzed in the same manner as Gaussian
noise.