FORM DRAG IN FUNCTION OF THE SPHERICITY

Forces balance
∂ ⃗v
F =m∗
⃗ if the mass of the immersed body is constant
∂t
∂ ⃗v
F =∑ ⃗
⃗ F i=m∗
∂t
∂ ⃗v
F =⃗
⃗ F ext − ⃗
F B− ⃗ F D =m∗
∂t
F ext : external force
⃗
F ext
⃗ F D : drag force
⃗
F B : buoyant force
⃗
FD
⃗ Body F ext =m∗⃗a
⃗
2
ρ∗C D∗ A p∗v
FD=
⃗
FB
⃗ 2
m∗ρ
F B = ρ ∗⃗a
⃗
p
2
ρ∗C D∗A p∗v m∗ρ ∂ ⃗v
m∗⃗a − − ρ ∗⃗a =m∗
2 p ∂t
Dividing by m
ρ ρ∗C D∗ A p∗v 2 ∂ ⃗v
( )
1− ρ ∗⃗a−
p 2∗m
=
∂t
 If the acceleration that acting onthe body is the gravity , the equation
becomes :
ρ ρ∗C D∗A p∗⃗v 2 ∂ ⃗v
(
1− ρ ∗⃗g −
p ) 2∗m
=
∂t
For a centrifugal field force
ρ 2 ρ∗C D∗ A p∗⃗v 2 ∂ ⃗v
1− ρ ∗⃗r∗⃗
( ) w− =
p 2∗m ∂t
where r : radium of trajectory
w : angular velocity
Terminal velocity (vt): when a solid particle is falling inside a fluid, by the action
of gravity, its velocity increases and it will carry forward until that external forces
are same as the resistance forces. At this point, its acceleration is zero and the
solid reaches a constant velocity, which is called terminal velocity.
ρ ρ∗C D∗A p∗⃗v 2 ∂ ⃗v
( 1− ρ ∗⃗g −
) = =0
p 2∗m ∂t Laminar pattern Stokes showed that :
For spheres F D =3∗ π∗D p∗μ∗ρ
π∗D 2p π∗D 3p /6 Then the terminal velocity is :
A p= ∧m= ρ
4 p
g∗D 2p∗( ρ p −ρ )
vt=
4∗( ρ p −ρ )∗g∗D p
vt =
√( 3∗C D∗ρ ) 18∗μ
Estimate the terminal velocity for a chalk bulk
(ρp=128 lb/ft3) with a diameter of 0.4 in and length
of 3.4 in, falling in air at 35 °C and 14.5 lb/in2, the
air viscosity is 0.01895 cp. Repeat the
calculations if the solid is a sphere with equivalent
volume to the cylinder.
 Development of a mathematical expression for terminal/settling
velocity independently of CD for spherical particles

ρ ∂ ⃗v
m∗ 1− ρ ∗⃗a −F D=m∗
( )
p ∂t
Stokes showed that
F D=3∗ π∗D p∗μ∗v
ρ ∂ ⃗v
m∗ 1− ρ ∗⃗a −3∗ π∗D p∗μ∗v =m∗
( )
p ∂t
ρ p∗π∗D 3p
m=
6
ρ 18∗μ∗v ∂ v⃗
1− ρ ∗g−
( ) =
p ρ p∗D 2p ∂ t
at the terminal velocity
∂ ⃗v
=0
∂t
g∗D 2p∗( ρ p − ρ )
vt =
18∗μ
This equation is the statement of Stokes ' law , it can be used for the falling of spherical particles
that pass by a fluid with a laminar pattern . I also can be employed for calculating the viscosity of a fluid .
 4∗( ρ p −ρ )∗g∗D p
vt=
√( 3∗C D ∗ρ
4∗( ρ p −ρ )∗g∗D p
)
2
vt =
( 3∗C D∗ρ )
4∗( ρ p −ρ )∗g∗D p
CD=
( 3∗v t ∗ρ
2
)
Replacing v t of the laminar regime
24∗μ
C D=
ρ∗D p∗v t
24
C D=
Rp
It can be considered that a particle has a laminar pattern until Rp of 0.1, where the
transition to turbulent flow begins. For Rp>1.0 should be used the general equation.

4∗( ρ p −ρ )∗g∗D p
log C D =log
( 2
3∗v t ∗ρ )
4∗( ρ p − ρ )∗g∗D p
log C D=log ( 3∗ρ )
−2∗log v t
 Taking log (Reynold number )∧multiplying by 2
D ∗ρ
(
2∗(log R p )=2∗ log pμ +2∗(log v t ) )
Simplifying v t

4∗( ρ p − ρ )∗g∗D 3p∗ρ

log C D =−2∗log R p +log
( 3∗μ2 )
That is a equation of a straight line

Onthe same way for the D p canbe shown

4∗( ρ p − ρ)∗g∗D p D p∗ρ

log C D−log R p =log
( 2
3∗v t ∗ρ ) (
−log v t − log μ )
4∗( ρ p −ρ )∗g∗μ
log C D =log R p +log
( 3∗v 3t ∗ρ2 )