15/06/2010

Objectives Overview

Define the term,

Define the term, data
database, and explain Discuss the terms
integrity, and describe
how a database character, field, record,
the qualities of valuable
interacts with data and and file
information
information

Discovering Describe file

maintenance
Differentiate between a
file processing
Computers 2010 techniques and approach and the
validation techniques database approach
Living in a Digital World

See Page 513 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 2

for Detailed Objectives Chapter 10

Objectives Overview Databases, Data, and Information

Describe characteristics Database Data Information

Discuss the functions
of relational, object-
common to most
oriented, and • Collection of • Collection of • Processed data
database management
multidimensional data organized unprocessed
systems • Documents
databases in a manner items • Audio
that allows • Text • Images Video
Identify database design access, • Numbers
guidelines and discuss retrieval, and
Explain how to access • Images
the responsibilities of use of that
Web databases data • Audio
database analysts and
administrators • Video

See Page 513 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 3 Page 514 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 4
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 10 Chapter 10

Databases, Data, and Information Databases, Data, and Information

• Database software, often called a database

management system (DBMS), allows users to:

Create a computerized Add, modify, and

database delete data

Create forms and

Sort and retrieve data
reports from the data

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Figure 10-1 Chapter 10 Chapter 10

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Databases, Data, and Information Databases, Data, and Information

• Data integrity identifies the quality of the data • Valuable information should have the following
• Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) points out the characteristics:
accuracy of a computer’s output depends on the
accuracy of the input
Accurate Verifiable Timely Organized

Cost-
Accessible Useful
effective
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Data Integrity
below Chapter 10
Page 516 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 7 Pages 516 - 517 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 8
Chapter 10 Chapter 10

The Hierarchy of Data The Hierarchy of Data

• Data is organized in layers • A character is one byte

– Files, records, fields, characters – Numbers, letters, space,
punctuation marks, or
other symbols
• A field is a combination
of one or more related
characters
– Field name
– Field size
– Data type

Page 517 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 9 Page 518 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 10
Figure 10-2 Chapter 10 Figure 10-3 Chapter 10

The Hierarchy of Data The Hierarchy of Data

• Common data types include: • A record is a group of related fields

– A primary key uniquely identifies each record
Text Numeric AutoNumber Currency
• A data file is a collection of related records

Date Memo Yes/No Hyperlink

Object Attachment

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Chapter 10 Figure 10-4 Chapter 10

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Maintaining Data Maintaining Data

• File maintenance refers to the procedures that • Users add new records to a file when they obtain
keep data current new data

Adding Modifying
records records

Deleting
records
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Chapter 10 Figure 10-5 Chapter 10

Maintaining Data Maintaining Data

• Users modify a record to correct inaccurate data • When a record no longer is needed, a user deletes
or update old data it from a file

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Figure 10-6 Chapter 10 Figure 10-7 Chapter 10

Maintaining Data File Processing Versus Databases

• Validation compares data with a set of rules or

File processing system Database approach
values to find out if the data is correct
• Each department has its • Programs and users share
Alphabetic/Numeric
Range check Consistency check
own set of files data
Check
• Used for many years • Reduce data redundancy
• Have data redundancy • Improve data integrity
• Isolate data • Share data
Completeness check Check digit Other checks • Allows easier access
• Reduces development time
Click to view Web Link, • Can be more vulnerable
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Data Validation
below Chapter 10
Pages 522 - 524 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 17 Pages 524 - 526 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 18
Chapter 10 Chapter 10

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File Processing Versus Databases Database Management Systems

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click MySQL
below Chapter 10
Page 525 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 19 Page 527 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 20
Figure 10-10 Chapter 10 Figure 10-11 Chapter 10

Database Management Systems Database Management Systems

• A data dictionary contains data about each file in • A DBMS provides several tools that allow users
the database and each field in those files and programs to retrieve and maintain data in the
database Query language

Query by example

Form

Report generator

Pages 527 – 528 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 21 Page 528 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 22
Figure 10-12 Chapter 10 Chapter 10

Database Management Systems Database Management Systems

• A query language consists of simple, English-like

statements that allow users to specify the data to
display, print, or store
• Query by example (QBE) provides a GUI to assist
users with retrieving data

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Chapter 10 Figure 10-13 Chapter 10

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Database Management Systems Database Management Systems

• A form is a window on the screen that provides • A report generator allows users to design a report
areas for entering or modifying data in a database on the screen, retrieve data into the report
design, and then display or print the report

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click E-Form
below Chapter 10
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Figure 10-15 Chapter 10 Figure 10-16 Chapter 10

Database Management Systems Database Management Systems

• A DMBS provides a variety of techniques to

restore the database to a usable form in case it is
A DBMS provides means to damaged or destroyed
ensure that only authorized users
access data at permitted times Backup Log

• Access privileges
Recovery Continuous
• Principle of least privilege
utility backup
Page 531 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 27 Pages 531 - 532 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 28
Chapter 10 Chapter 10

Relational, Object-Oriented, and

Database Management Systems Multidimensional Databases
• A data model consists of rules and standards that
define how the database organizes data

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Figure 10-17 Chapter 10 Figure 10-18 Chapter 10

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Relational, Object-Oriented, and Relational, Object-Oriented, and

Multidimensional Databases Multidimensional Databases
• A relational database • Structured Query Language (SQL) is a query
stores data in tables language that allows users to manage, update,
that consist of rows and and retrieve data
columns
– Each row has a primary
key
– Each column has a
unique name
• A relationship is a link
within the data Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click SQL
below Chapter 10
Page 533 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 31 Page 534 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 32
Figure 10-20 Chapter 10 Figure 10-21 Chapter 10

Relational, Object-Oriented, and Relational, Object-Oriented, and

Multidimensional Databases Multidimensional Databases
• An object-oriented database (OODB) stores data
in objects
• Examples of applications appropriate for an
object-oriented database include:
Multimedia Groupware
database database

Computer-
Hypertext
aided design
database
database
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Chapter 10 Figure 10-22 Chapter 10

Relational, Object-Oriented, and

Multidimensional Databases
Web Databases

• A multidimensional database can store data in more • Databases on the Web allow you to:
than two dimensions of data
– Sometimes known as a hypercube
Shop for
– Can consolidate data much faster than a relational database products or Buy or sell stocks Search for a job
• A data warehouse is a huge database that stores and services
manages the data required to analyze historical and
current transactions
Make airline Register for Check semester
reservations college classes grades
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Data Warehouses
below Chapter 10
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Chapter 10 Chapter 10

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Video: How a Photo Sharing Site

Web Databases Keeps Its Data

CLICK TO START
Page 536 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 37 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 38
Figure 10-23 Chapter 10 Chapter 10

Database Administration Database Administration

• It is important to have a carefully designed Database analysts and administrators are responsible
database for managing and coordinating all database activities
Database Administrator (DBA)
Database Analyst (DA)
Creates and maintains the data
Decides on proper field
dictionary, manages security,
placement, defines data
monitors performance, and
relationship, and identifies users’
checks backup and recovery
access privileges
procedures

Click to view Web Link, Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 10, Click Web click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation, Link from left navigation,
then click Database Design then click Database
Guidelines below Chapter 10 Administrators below
Chapter 10
Page 537 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 39 Page 538 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 40
Figure 10-24 Chapter 10 Chapter 10

Database Administration Summary

• Employees should learn

how to use the data in How data and
the database effectively Methods for Assessing the
information are
maintaining high- quality of valuable
– Interact with database valuable assets to
quality data information
– Identify new data for the an organization
database
– Maintain the database Advantages of Roles of the
Various types of
organizing data in database analysts
databases
a database and administrators

Page 538 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 41 Page 539 Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World 42
Figure 10-25 Chapter 10 Chapter 10

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Discovering
Computers 2010
Living in a Digital World

Chapter 10 Complete