CHAPTER 1 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD DRAWING AND PRATICES 1.0 History of International Standard Communication, between the drawing office and the workshop is mainly achieved via the engineering drawing ~ orthographic and/or pictorial. In order to reduce drafting time a number of standard parts are drawn ina simplified form and many items of written information are abbreviated. Conventional representation of commonly used parts & ‘materials and abbroviations of term frequently used on drawings. Before this engineers “ shorthand “ can be correctly it is necessary to understand the term used to describe feature of engineering components, This terminology is common to both drawing office and workshop and is often used when discussing the various manufacturing and machining processes used in engineering 11 British Standard BS 308 / 8000 1.2 Terminology — HOUSING A component into which a SS “male” mating parts fits, sits or is BUSH A removable sleeve or liner, Known alternatively as a simple bearing, BASE OR FOOT that upon which the components rests vee | RECESSED SURFACE Ensures better Block | seating of the base. Minimize machining of the base.BOSS A_ oylindrical projection on the surface of a component — usually a casting or a forging CURVED SLOT An elongated hole whose center line lies on an arc. Usually «| used on components whose position has to be adjusted. FILLET A rounded portion, or radius, suppressing a sharp internal comer, RIB A reinforcement . positioned to stiffen surfaces usually at right angles to cach other. KEY A small block or wedge inserted key fiq_| between a shaft and mating part (a hub) to prevent circumferential movement. |||] KEYWAY A parallel sided groove or . slot cut in bore or on a shaft to ‘house’ a mating key, ‘Tee Groove (slot) < TEE SLOT Machined to “house” mating fixing bolts and prevent; SPEEEEEEEEEEEEE them turning 2Flat aS LA cry i i Oo FLAT A surface machine parallel to the shaft axis, Usually used to locate andjor lock a mating component Many different type of holes may be on engineering drawings. The more common ones,. associated with drilling, reaming and/or tapping, are shown below in fig.1: The name and where appropriate the application of each is indicated, Figure 1.1 and 1.2 indicate the different term which may be seen on drawings that are associated particularly with lathe work. wa Fig.1.1 A drilled hole or, if greater accuracy is required, a reamed hole, A ‘blind’ tapped hole i . e a threaded hole which passes only part way through the plate, A countersunk hole. Provides a mating seat for a countersunk head screw or rivet. Acounterbore. Provides a ‘housing’ for the heads of cap screws bolts, etc. A spotface. A much shallower circular recess. Provides a machined seat for nuts, bolt heads, washers, etc. 1 2 Fig...) Straight 4 Knurling Shoulder I JJ Cham. | er Keyway Paper Domed or Spherical Bnd Fig.1.2 Standard Centre = Mey oe Collar or Splines Flange Fig.1.3 13 Abbreviations Many terms and expressions in engineering need to be written on drawings so frequently as to justify the use of abbreviations which help to reduce drafting time and costs. Many of these abbreviations have been standardized as can be seen BS 308 1972; section 11. A selection of the more commonly used ones are stated and clarified in the following tables.[ABBREVIATION | ____ | SKETCHNOTES “| AIC | Across corners alc AIR Across flats HEX HD Hexagon head ale ae ASSY, Assembl EEE BEE Eee Pe cRS Centers cL Center line CHAM Chamfered | i | CH ED Cheese head { ® CSK Countersunk : cK = isexew 7} C’BORE Counterbore a0) ay en! CY oy ae DIA Diameter i e 6 Diameter (in dimension) 7 R Radius (in dimension, capital only) SS[Left hand PCD Pitch circle diameter 250) £ woes yD Inside diameter $3 'caur om Outside diameter *BFACED On 1 pcD ‘9 yo RE Right Hand oe PERSE RD HD Round head SCR Screwed Eee ‘SPEC [ Specification S'FACE Spot face ea SPACE SQ Square o are(in dimension) STD Standard ucur Undercut ~ M/CD Machined urcur MM. Millimeter _____ | Uiually mm on drawings NTS Not to scale + RPM Revolutions per minute SWG Standard wire gauge TPI ‘Threads per inch i a1.4 Conventional Representation. ‘There are many components commonly used in engineering which are complicated to Craw in full. In order to save drawing time, these parts are shown in a simplified, conventional form. Some of the more frequently drawn feature are shown in this section, ‘Subject - stub Convention The screw thread is represented by two Parallel lines. The distance be. fween these lines is approximately equal to the depth of thread Note foP ect The inside line is THIN and the circle is broken \, External Screw Thread ) (Stud, bolt, set-screw, etc.) PAPPED “BLIND HOLE" Fy Front view Side view Fig.1.4 qhe shape of the hole formed by the tapping size drill is drawn in heavy Lines, Note Section lines the cuiside cross the line is THIN thread and the circle D is broken So! — Lees Internal Screw Thread Front view Fig.1.5 Side viewSTUD INSIDE TAPPED HOLE The external threaé is super- imposed over the internal thread. Note Section lines are not drawn across the external thread. Screw Threads : (assembly) Front view Side view Fig 1.6 1.4.1 Screw Threads One of the most common items which needs to clearly described on an engineering drawing is the screw thread which may be used for: 1. Transmitting power, ¢,g. square thread in a vice or a lathe. 2. Adjusting parts relative to each other (usually a vee-thread) 3. Fastening parts together, e.g, a nut and bolt ( vee-thread). 1.4.1.1 Screw Thread Terminology External Thread A thread on the outside of a cylinder such as a bolt. Internal Thread A thread cut on the inside of a part such as a nut. Major Diameter The smallest diameter that can be measure on a screw thread, Pitch Diameter The diameter of an imaginary cylinder passing through the threads at the points at which the thread width is equal to the space between the threads Lead The distance that a screw will advance when turn 360°,Pitch The distance between crest of threads. Pitch is found mathematically by dividing ‘one inch of a particular thread. Crest The peak edge of a screw thread. Thread angle The angle between threads cut by the cutting tool Root The bottom of the thread cut into a oylinder. Thread form The shape of the thread cut into a threaded part Thread Series The number of thread per inch for particular diameter, Which results in three series: coarse, fine, and extra fine. Coarse series provides for rapid assembly, and extra: fine series provides for the fine adjustment, Thread class the closeness of fit between two mating threaded parts. Class 1 represents a loose fit, and class 3 a tight fit. Right-Hand thread A thread that will assemble when turn ed clockwise. A right-hand thread will slope downward to the right on an external thread when the axis is horizontal, and in the opposite direction on an internal thread Left-Hand Thread A thread that will assemble when turn counterclockwise. A left-hand thread slopes downward to the left on an external thread when the axis is horizontal, and in the opposite direction on an internal thread. 1.4.1.2 Screw Thread Specification (English System) a) Form A thread form is the shape of the thread cut into a part, The Unified form, a combination of the American National and the British Whitworth, is the most widely used, since it is a standard in several countries, It is referred to as UN in abbreviations and thread notes. The American National is signified by the letter N, There are 6 standard thread forms mostly used in engineering work. Sharp V (American), Unified - UN (USA Standard), Whitworth (English), Acme, Square and Buttress. The transmission of power is achieved by the use of the acme, square, and buttress threads example used in gearing and other piece of machinery. The sharp V is used for set screws and in applications where friction in assembly is desired. The Auckle form is a fast assembling thread used for light assemblies such as light bulbs and bottle caps. SERIES There are 11 standard series of threads listed under the American National form and the unified National (UN/UNR) form. There are three series with graded pitches, withabbreviations coarse ©, fine (F), extra fine 12, 16, 20, 28, and 32 threads per inch). The course thread series (UNC/UNRC or NC) is suitable for bolt, screws, nuts, and general use with cast iron, soft metals, or plastics when rapid assembly is desired. The fine thread series(UNE/UNRE or NF) is suitable for bolts, screws, nuts, went a high degree of tightening is required, ‘The extra fine series (UNEF/UNREF or NEF) is used for application that will have to withstand high stresses, such as sheet metal, thin nuts, couplings when length of engagement is limited EF), and eight with constant pitches(4, 6, 8, CLASS OF FIT ‘Thread classes are to indicate the tightness of fit between a nut and a bolt, or between any two mating threaded parts. This fit determined by the tolerances and allowances applied to threads. Classes of fit are indicated by the numbers 1, 2, or 3 followed by the letters A or B. For UN form, the letter B represents an internal thread. These letters are omitted when the American National form is used Classes JA and 1B are threads used on parts that require assembly with a minimum of binding, Classes 2A and 2B are general-purpose threads for bolts, nuts screws, and nominal applications in the mechanical field and are widely used in the mass production industries, Classes 3A and 3B threads are used in precision-assemblies where a close fit is needed to with stand stresses and vibration, THREAD NOTES Drawings of thread are only symbolic representations that are inadequate unless thread notes are applied to give the thread specification (Fig). The major diameter is given first, followed by the number threads per inch, the form and series, the class of fit and the letter denoting whether the thread is external or internal this complete the note for single, right hand thread, In addition the, the world DOUBLE: or TRIPLE is included in the note for a multiple thread, and the letters LH are used a left-hand thread. METRIC THREAD SPECIFICATION (ISO) BASIC DESIGNATION Bach note begins with the letter M, Which designates the note as metric note, followed by the diameter in millimeters and the pitch in millimeters separated by the “ X © sign The pitch can omitted in notes for coarse threads, byt it is preferred by U.S. standards that it be shown. The commercially available ISO threads recommended for general use ate given in table. i COMPLETE DESIGNATION The 5g represents the pitch diameter tolerance and 6g represents the crest diameter tolerance. The numbers 5 and 6 ate tolerance grades, Grade 6 is commonly used for a medium, general purpose thread that is nearly equal to the 2A and 2B classes of fit 10specified under the Unified system. Grades with numbers smaller than 6 are used for ‘fine’ quality fits and short lengths of engagement. Grades with numbers greater than 6 ate recommended for ‘coarse’ quality fits and long lengths of engagement. The letters following the grade numbers designate tolerance position. Lower case letters represent external thread (bolt). The lower case letiers ¢, g, and h represent large allowance, small allowance, and no allowance, respectively. Upper case letters are used designate internal thread (nuts): G designates small allowance and H designates no allowance. He Tetters are placed after the tolerance grade number. For example, 5g designates a medium tolerance with small allowance for the pitch diameter of an external thread, and GH designates a medium of an internal thread. Tolerance classes are fine, medium, and coarse R (refer table). These classes of fit are combination of tolerance grades, tolerance positions, and length of engagement-short (8), normal (N), and long (L). 14.2 Spring 143° Shaft 1.4.4 Knurling 1.4.5 Long Components 14.6 Gears SPRINGS A spring is designated by stating the diameter of the wire, the coil diameter (inside or outside), the form of the spring ends, the total number of coils and its fiee length In the case of the compression spring, the pitch of the coils may be deduced from it free length and number of coils rtSubject Convent ion COMPRESSION SPRING Diameter Note of wire The construction on the right shows how 1 the convention may ibé drawn from the spring details. Extreme accuracy is not essential; for example, a radius gauge may be used for the smal) radii. o/D 7D i this method is only used for quick dia~ grammatic sketches TENSION SPRING Wote ‘The construction on i | the right shows once again how the pitch : of the coils may be e ceeateateceitetens | SL. Diagrammatic representation convention.SHAFT DETAIL It is frequently necessary to fix a com may be transmitted. Examples below are: ;ponent to one of a shaft or spindle so thet a torque 1. Square on shaft Machine handle, valve wheel spindle. 2. Serrated shaft ~ Typical example ~ steering wheel to.column on car, 3. Splined shaft — Drive shaft on machine or vehicle when sliding also has to take place, e. g in gear box Subject SQUARE ON the 4 end of a long SUA Convention See page 96 for square on valve spindle. Side view Fig 1.9 BThe enlazged sketch shows how the serrations may be constructed j { | * SERRATED SHAFT i i Note Note Thirty-six serrations ake View on only. a few teeth shown for convenience chly serrated end need be shown Fig, 1:10 Splines are usually 30° 30° drawn with parallel — sides as emphasized in the enlarged sketch SPLINED SHAFT Note pz Twelve splines are shown for convenience only View on j splined end Refer to section on terminology Fig. 111 14KNURLING DIAMOND KNURL on a machine s STRAIGHT KNURL on a circuit terminal BEARINGS Cross-section of a double row self~aligning ball bearing. See assembly drawing on page 103. ROLLER Notice how much less drawing is necessary in order to represent any ball or roller bearing in a conventional manner. “af BALL 15LONG COMPONENTS There are occasions when bars, shafts, spindles or tubes may be too fong to be drawn to a reasonable scale. In such cases the elevation may be interrupted as shown below. Subj get oo RECTANGULAR BAR to} + —4 = woe Multiple hole Whea a large number of hole of equal diameter are equi — spaced around a diameter ot in line, only one hole need be drawn in full with the remainder marked with a short center-line a shown in the drawing on the right 16Gale. Sr Remember that this circle $-p-19 G9 is called the piten circle o { ¢ diameter or PCD f $ i" A Holes on a circular pitch Holes ona linear pitch Fig. Lis GEARS (1) Before gears can be drawn a great deal of background knowledge about their nomenclature and construction must be required. The following drawings of gears are presented as conventions only. Subject ~ GEARS Convention ~ - Wote Side view of gear wheel is in, fsection. SPUR GEAR Hote ® pinion is so called Side when it has a relatively _ view small number of teeth compared with its mating gear wheel. In mesh with a pinion 17Fig. 1.17GEARS (2) A Bood example of how @ component may be drawn relatively simply is the bevel gear The assembly shown below is a pair of gears of equal size, the direction of motion being changed through an angle of 90°. In this arrangement, the gears are often referred to as miter wheels The gears may be of differing sizes, of course, and the angle between the shaft may be other than 90°. In this latter case, the side view of the gear assembly would have to shown one gear assembly would have to show one gear as an ellipse. Subject Conven BEVEL WHEEL Assembly of a pair of bevel gears set at 90° to each other. Fig.1.18 19