20

20
/
სი
ი
მა
პოლიტიკის
ნარკვევების
კრებული
მაისი 2020
saqarTvelos politikis instituti (GIP) aris arakomerciuli, arapartiuli, kv-
leviTi da analitikuri organizacia, romelic 2011 wlis dasawyisSi daarsda. GIP
cdilobs saqarTveloSi demokratiuli institutebis organizaciuli safuZvlebis
gaZlierebas da efeqturi mmarTvelobis principebis ganviTarebas politikuri kv-
levisa da advokatirebis gziT. organizacia aseve xels uwyobs samoqalaqo sazo-
gadoebis mSeneblobisa da demokratiuli procesebis ganviTarebaSi saxalxo Car-
Tulobas. 2013 wlis dekembridan saqarTvelos politikis instituti aris euTos
akademiuri institutebisa da analitikuri organizaciebis qselis wevri.

publikacia momzadda `nacionaluri fondis demokratiisTvis~ finansuri mxar-

daWeriT. aq gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvnis avtorebs da SeiZleba, ar emTxveo-
des „saqarTvelos politikis institutisa“ da „nacionaluri fondis demokrati-
isTvis“ Tvalsazriss.

redaqtori: korneli kakaCia

avtorebi: levan kaxiSvili
biZina lebaniZe
salome minesaSvili
gvanca daviTaSvili

gamomcemloba: grifoni
ISBN 978-9941-480-53-9

© Georgian Institute of Politics, 2020

Tel: +995 599 99 02 12
Email: info@gip.ge
www.gip.ge
 3
winasityvaoba

saqarTvelos politikis instituti mox- ba. is faqti, rom saqarTvelo regionis

arulia warmogidginoT 2020 wlis poli- erTaderTi qveyanaa, sadac 2012 wels
tikis dokumentebis krebuli, romelic mmarTveli politikuri partiis Secv-
warmoadgens saqarTveloSi mimdinare la moxda arCevnebis gziT, ar iZleva
politikuri situaciis amsaxveli poli- demokratizaciis procesis Seuferxeb-
tikis narkvevebis wliur nakrebs. krebu- lad warmarTvis garantias. metic, bevri
li me-5 yovelwliuri konferenciis damkvirvebeli (rogorc adgilobrivi,
_ #GEODEM2020 erTgvari Sesavalia, ise saerTaSoriso) SeSfoTebulia bolo
romliTac unda daiwyos saubari Cvens wlebSi qveynis demokratiuli ukusvlis
mTavar RonisZiebasTan dakavSirebiT da tendenciebiT.1
imedi gvaqvs, is saintereso diskusiis
safuZveli gaxdeba. winamdebare poli- saarCevno reforma warmoadgens erTpar-
tikis narkvevebi warmoadgens resurss, tiuli politikis mojadoebuli wridan
romelsac gamoiyeneben rogorc poli- Tavis daRwevisa da evropuli stilis
tikuri, ise samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mravalpartiuli da konsensusze da-
warmomadgenlebi, dargis eqspertebi, ak- fuZnebuli demokratiis damkvidrebis
ademiuri wreebi, rigiTi moqalaqeebi da gasaRebs. reformis warmatebiT ganx-
sxva dainteresebuli pirebi, romlebic orcieleba qmnis qarTuli demokrati-
CarTuli arian saqarTvelos demokra- is konsolidaciis Sanss. saqarTvelo
tiuli ganviTarebis procesSi. xSirad moixsenieba demokratiuli re-
formebis liderad regionSi, Tumca da-
mimdinare wlis Semodgomaze dagegmi- moukideblobis 29 wlis ganmavlobaSi
li saparlamento arCevnebis gaTvalis- qveyanam erTxelac ver SeZlo demokra-
winebiT 2020 weli, SesaZloa, gardam- tiuli struqturebis konsolidacia da,
texi aRmoCndes rogorc saqarTvelos saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, hibridul re-
demokratiuli ganviTarebisaTvis, ise Jimad rCeba. mniSvnelovania, rom 2012
misi evropuli momavlisaTvis. arCev- wlis Semdeg qarTul sazogadoebaSi mo-
nebamde ramdenime TviT adre jer matebulia SeSfoTeba arCevnebis samar-
isev gaurkvevelia saarCevno sistemis TlianobasTan dakavSirebiT. 2012 wel,
bedi da, aqedan gamomdinare, arsebobs mosaxleobis 56%-is azriT, saparlamen-
garkveuli daZabuloba politikur to arCevnebi sruliad samarTliani iyo,
speqtrSi, rac calsaxad mianiSnebs, Tu da mxolod 1% afasebda mas, rogorc
ra rTul da arastabiluri garemoSi sruliad usamarTlos.2 gansxvavebuli
mogviwevs momavali arCevnebis Catare- suraTi miviReT 2019 wels, rodesac
1
Kakhishvili, L. 2019. “Democratic Backsliding in Georgia?”. Institute for European Politics. informaci-
is mopovebis TariRi: 13 Tebervali, 2020. xelmisawvdomia veb. gverdze: http://iep-berlin.de/en/
op-ed-democratic-backsliding-in-georgia/?fbclid=IwAR1y_1kwurEjbkYfjoSex-wPerqpg3DBNoTAQYN-
4P1EiZStdJnQHTQnXYL0
Corboy, D., Courtney, W., and Yalowitz, K. 2019. “Damage Done: Georgia’s Struggle to Sustain Democra-
cy”. The National Interest. informaciis mopovebis TariRi: 13 Tebervali, 2020. xelmisawvdomia veb.
gverdze: https://nationalinterest.org/feature/damage-done-georgias-struggle-sustain-democracy-102957
2
Caucasus Resource Research Center – Georgia. 2012. “Caucasus Barometer 2012 Georgia”. informaciis
mopovebis TariRi: 13 Tebervali, 2020. xelmisawvdomia veb. gverdze: https://caucasusbarometer.org/
en/cb2012ge/ELCOND/
4
bolo arCevnebi mxolod 16%-is mier
Sefasda sruliad samarTlianad, xolo
31%-ma daasaxela is sruliad usamarT-
lod.3
arsebobs sxva sakiTxebic, romlebic
kidev ufro metad aZliereben momava-
li saparlamento arCevnebis irgvliv
gaCenil SiSebs. ufro konkretulad,
saubaria ramdenime iseT faqtorze, ro-
goricaa saeWvo sapatimro sasjelebi da
opoziciis ramdenime lideris winaaRm-
deg mimarTuli braldebebi, politikur
partiebs Soris gazrdili polarizacia,
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mzardi un-
dobloba politikuri partiebisadmi da
xelisuflebaSi myofi partiis mier ad-
ministraciuli resursebis borotad ga-
moyenebis tradicia, es yvelaferi qmnis
damatebiT problemebs. dasaxelebul
faqtorebs emateba srulad propor-
ciuli saaCevno sistemis SemoRebasTan
dakavSirebiT mmarTveli partiis mier
dapirebaze uaris Tqma da saerTaSori-
so aqtorebis mxridan gaxSirebuli ga-
frTxilebebi demokratis ukusvlasTan
dakavSirebiT, rac imaze mianiSnebs
rom 2020 wlis saparlamento arCevnebi
iqneba kritikuli testi saqarTvelos
demokratiuli ganviTarebisTvis.
bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi saerTaSo-
riso Tanamegobroba mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs saqarTvelos demokratizaci-
is procesSi. saqarTvelos uaxlesi
politikuri istoriis gardamtex mo-
mentebSi gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis ga-
modga rogorc pozitiuri, ise negati-
uri waxaliseba. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT
im dadebiT reputacias, romliTac qa-
rTul sazogadoebaSi evrokavSiri da
aSS sargeblobs, am or subieqts sxva
dasavlur organizaciebsa da arasaxel-
mwifoebriv aqtorebTan erTad SeuZlia
mediatoris mniSvnelovani roli iTa-
maSos mTavrobasa da opozicias Soris.
es xels Seuwyobs da dadebiT impulsebs
miscems qarTul politikas swori mimar-
TulebiT winsvlisTvis. mniSvnelovania,
saerTaSoriso partniorebis aqtiuro-
bam uzrunvelyos, rom momavali arCev-
nebi demokratiulad da gamWvirvaled
Catardeba, da amasTanave mTavrobisa da
opoziciis politikuri Zalauflebi-
saTvis brZola ar gacdeba konsti-
tuciur CarCoebs.4 gamomdinare iqidan,
rom dasavluri institutebi qarTul
sazogadoebaSi ndobis maRali xarisxiT
sargebloben5, maT SeuZliaT miukerZoe-
beli Suamavlis rolis Sesruleba, rac
xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos mdgrad
demokratiul ganviTarebas.
da bolos, damkvirvebelTaTvis yur-
adRebis miRma ar unda darCes iseTi
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, rogoricaa qa-
rTveli amomrCevlis radikalizacia
rac politikuri partiebisa da medi-
is mzardi polarizaciis paralelurad
mimdinareobs. demonstraciebsa da kon-
tr-demonstraciebze, romlebic rig
SemTxvevebSi iZens Zaladobriv xasiaTs,

3
Caucasus Resource Research Center – Georgia. 2019. “Caucasus Barometer 2019 Georgia”. informaciis
mopovebis TariRi: 13 Tebervali, 2020. xelmisawvdomia veb. gverdze: https://caucasusbarometer.org/
en/cb2019ge/ELCOND/
4
Kakachia, K, and Lebanidze. B. 2019. “Georgia’s Dangerous Slide Away From Democracy”. Carnegie Europe.
informaciis mopovebis TariRi: 20 Tebervali, 2020. xelmisawvdomia veb. gverdze: https://carneg-
ieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/80542
5
Caucasus Resource Research Center – Georgia. 2019. “NDI: Public attitudes in Georgia, November-December
2019”. informaciis mopovebis TariRi: 20 Tebervali, 2020. xelmisawvdomia veb. gverdze: https://
caucasusbarometer.org/en/nn2019ge/JOINEU/

adgili aqvs politikur mowinaaRmde-
geebze Tavdasxmas, imata radikaluri
gancxadebebis ricxvma. es yvelaferi
emateba im negatiur movlenaTa jaWvs,
romelic uaryofiTad aisaxeba qvey-
nis demokratizaciis procesze. po-
larizacia dRes ukve aris ara marto
saarCevno kampaniebis damaxasiaTebeli
Tviseba, aramed yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
nawilic. radikalizaciis zrdas xels
uwyobs socialuri media-platformebi,
romlebic sul ufro xSirad gamoiyene-
ba oponentebis winaaRmdeg SekveTili
da koordinirebuli Tavdasxmebis gan-
saxorcieleblad.6 socialuri mediis
saSualebiT warmoebuli cilismwame-
bluri kampaniebis, yalbi axali ambebis,
SecdomaSi Seyvanis taqtikis, social-
ur mediaSi gaJRerebuli propagandis
Semcveli Setyobinebebis mizans war-
moadgens sazogadoebis dezorientacia,
ganxeTqilebaTa zrda da amomrCevelTa
mier gasakeTebel arCevanze zegavlenis
5
moxdena.7 winasaarCevno periodis moax-
loebasTan erTad, qveyanaSi mosalod-
nelia am sagangaSo tendenciis mateba.
aucilebelia, qarTulma sazogadoebam
da politikurma klasma ifiqron am ga-
mowvevasTan gamklavebis gzebze.
politikis dokumentebis es krebuli
iseve, rogorc misi winamorbedebi, ver
iarsebebda cnobili institutebis, maT
Soris „nacionaluri fondi demokrati-
isTvis“ guluxvi mxardaWeris gareSe.
aseve, gvinda madloba gadavuxadoT ri-
giT moqalaqeebs, samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebis warmomadgenlebsa da media-sa-
Sualebebs, romlebic agrZeleben Cveni
saqmianobis mxardaWeras, riTac xels
uwyoben samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSen-
eblobaSi samoqalaqo CarTulobas da
saqarTveloSi demokratiuli procese-
bis ganviTarebis gziT demokratiuli
institutebis organizaciuli xerxem-
lis gaZlierebas.

korneli kakaCia

saqarTvelos politikis
institutis direqtori

6
Gleicher, N. 2019. “Removing Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior From Georgia, Vietnam and the US”.
informaciis mopovebis TariRi: 20 Tebervali, 2020. xelmisawvdomia veb. gverdze: https://about.
fb.com/news/2019/12/removing-coordinated-inauthentic-behavior-from-georgia-vietnam-and-the-us/
7
McCain Institute. 2019. “Tracking and Refuting Disinformation in Georgia Social Media Monitoring and Anal-
ysis Final Report”. informaciis mopovebis TariRi: 20 Tebervali, 2020. xelmisawvdomia veb. gverdze:
https://www.mccaininstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/final-report_disinformationgeogia.pdf
 didi da patara partiebi
saqarTveloSi: gansxvavdeba Tu
ara partiebis winasaarCevno
programebi?

levan kaxiSvili1
 9
mokle Sinaarsi

qarTuli politikuri partiebis mani- minimum erTi mandati. gamokvleulia

festebi xSirad mkvlevarTa yuradRebis
miRma rCeba, Tumca esaa mniSvnelovani
dokumentebi, romliTac irkveva ro-
gor pozicionirebs esaTuis partia da
ramdenadaa aRniSnuli pozicionireba
TanxvedraSi amave partiis ideologias-
Tan. partiebis manifestebis analizi da
2016 wlis arCevnebis Sedegebi, erTi mx-
riv, qmnian politikur landSafts 2020
wlis saparlamento arCevnebisaTvis,
meore mxriv, ki partiebisTvis sasarge-
blo rekomendaciebis SemuSavebis Sesa-
Zleblobas gvaZleven. winamdebare naS-
romSi Seswavlilia mxolod is partiebi,
romelTac 2016 wlis arCevnebSi miiRes
politikuri konkurenciis eqvsi gan-
zomileba: sagareopolitikuri orienta-
cia, demokratia da adamianis uflebebi,
Zalauflebis gadanawileba, ekonomika,
keTildReobis saxelmwifo da naciona-
lizmi. statiaSi mocemulia rekomenda-
ciebi qarTuli politikuri partiebis,
samoqalaqo da donori organizaciebi-
sTvis.
sakvanZo sityvebi: politikuri partie-
bi, partiebis winasaarCevno programe-
bi, partiebis poziciebi, politikuri
konkurencia, arCevnebi.

Sesavali

politikur partiebs sasicocxlo mniS- gramas ar kiTxulobs, magram es doku-

vneloba aqvT gamarTulad momuSave
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiisTvis.
maTi meSveobiT xorcieldeba amomrCev-
elTa nebasurvilis asaxva politikaSi.
am procesis amosavali wertili kargad
gawerili da detaluri programaa, ro-
melSic saubaria im sargebelze, rac Ti-
Toeulma partiam unda moutanos sazo-
gadoebas. marTalia, iseTi gamowvevebis
mqone garemoSi, rogoric saqarTveloa,
partiaTa winasaarCevno programebs xSi-
rad miiCneven umniSvnelod, Tumca es is
dokumentebia, sadac mocemulia parti-
is mier sazogadoebisaTvis micemuli
politikuri dapirebebi. SesaZloa, sa-
Sualostatistikuri amomrCeveli pro-
menti warmoadgens im CarCos, romelSic
partias eZleva saSualeba miawodos
sazogadoebas qveynis ganviTarebasTan
dakavSirebuli sakuTari politiku-
ri xedva. am argumentze dayrdnobiT,
winamdebare naSromSi Seswavlilia im
partiebis winasaarCevno programebi,
romelTac 2016 wlis arCevnebSi moi-
poves minimum erTi saparlamento man-
dati, esenia: qarTuli ocneba, erTiani
nacionaluri moZraoba, saqarTve-
los patriotTa aliansi da mrewvelo-
ba gadaarCens saqarTvelos. naSromSi
mocemulia am partiebis winasaarCevno
porgramebis SedarebiTi analizi raTa
dadgindes, gansxvavdeba partiaTa poli-

1
levan kaxiSvili saqarTvelos politikis institutis (GIP) analitikosia. amasTanave is aris do-
qtoranti politikis mecnierebis mimarTulebiT bambergis socialur mecnierebaTa sadoqtoro
skolaSi (BAGSS). winamdebare statiaSi mocemuli analizi dafuZnebulia im monacemebze, romlebic
damuSavebulia sadoqtoro naSromis „partiuli konkurenciis xasiaTi postsabWoTa hibridul re-
JimebSi“ farglebSi.
10
tikuri SemoTavazebebi erTmaneTisgan
Tu, piriqiT, maTi poziciebi politikis
rig sferoebSi erTmaneTs emTxveva. 2016
wlis winasaarCevno programebis anal-
izi politikur partiebs mniSvnelovan
gakveTils sTavazobs. rac kidev ufro
mniSvnelovania, qarTuli media, iseve
rogorc qarTuli analitikuri cen-
trebi, sul ufro xSirad saubroben
qveyanaSi memarjvene populizmis aR-
mavlobaze. saqarTvelos patriotTa
aliansi erT-erTi partiaa, romelsac
xSirad uwodeben populists; am partiis
programis Sedareba wamyvani partiebis
programebTan saSualebas mogvcems ga-
varkvioT Tu rogor pozicionirebs
qveynis yvelaze mniSvnelovani populis-
ti aqtori da amasTanave, Tu ras war-
moadgens qarTuli populizmi, rogorc
politikuri movlena.
qvemoT mocemuli diskusia damyare-
bulia partiuli programebis kontent
analizze. oTxive partiis manifestis
TiToeuli winadadebis kodireba mox-
da 66 kategoris Semcveli kodirebis
CarCos mixedviT. aRniSnuli kodire-
bis kategoriebi moicavs politikis 7
sferos: sagareo urTierTobebs, Tav-
isuflebasa da demokratias, politi-
kur sistemas, ekonomikas, keTildReo-
basa da cxovrebis xarisxs, socialur
sistemas, socialur jgufebs.2 kodire-
bis proceduris Semdgom, SerCeuli ko-
direbis kategoriebis dajamebiT moxda
politikuri konkurenciis eqvsi mTa-
vari ganzomilebis konstruireba, es-
enia: sagareo politikuri orientacia,
demokratia da adamianis uflebebi, Za-
lauflebis ganawileba, ekonomikuri
sistema, keTildReobis saxelmwifo da
nacionalizmi.3 oTxi politikuri parti-
idan TiToeulis poziciebis gamoTvla
moxda logariTmuli meTodis gamoy-
enebiT.4 analizi aCvenebs, rom wamyvani
partiebis, qarTuli ocnebisa da er-
Tiani nacionaluri moZraobis, pozicie-
bi erTmaneTs emTxveva politikuri
konkurenciis yvela ganzomilebaSi, ma-
Sin rodesac mcire partiebis, saqarTve-
los patriotTa aliansisa da mrewvelo-
ba gadaarCens saqarTvelos, poziciebi
rig sakiTxebze, rogorebicaa sagareo
politika, keTildReobis saxelmwifo
da nacionalizmi gansxvavebulia wamy-
vani partiebis poziciebisagan.

2
detaluri mimoxilvisTvis im kodirebis procedurebisa, romliTac xelmZRvanelobs winamdebare
analizi ixileT: Werner, A., Lacewell, O. and Volkens, A. (2011). “Manifesto coding instructions.” [online]
xelmisawvdomia: https://manifesto-project.wzb.eu/down/papers/handbook_v4.pdf mopovebis TariRi:
28 Tebervali 2020. aRniSnul dokumentSi SemoTavazebuli CarCo winamdebare analizis miznebisaT-
vis iqna adaptirebuli.
3
TiToeul ganzomilebaSi Semavali kodirebis kategoriebi ix. danarTSi.
4
teqstur monacemebze dayrdnobiTa da logariTmuli meTodis meSveobiT partiis poziciebis ga-
moTvlis Sesaxeb, aseve sxva meTodebTan SedarebiT misi upiratesobebis detaluri ganxilva ix:
Lowe, W., Benoit, K., Mikhaylov, S. and Laver, M. (2011). “Scaling policy preferences from coded political
texts.” Legislative Studies Quarterly, 36(1), pp: 123-155.
 11
partiuli poziciebis Tanxvedra 2016 wlis arCevnebze

zemoT CamoTvlili politikuri TvalsaCino magaliTi partiis manifest-

konkurenciis eqvsi ganzomilebidan sam-
Si partiebi erTsa da imave dapirebebs
gvTavazoben. es sferoebia: demokratia
da adamianis uflebebi, Zalauflebis
ganawileba da ekonomikuri sistema. Za-
lauflebis ganawilebaSi igulisxmeba
is, Tu politikuri Zalauflebis romel
struqturas uWeren partiebi mxars _
ufro ierarqiuls Tu ufro horizonta-
lurs _ da es sami sferodan yvelaze na-
kleb sainteresoa. rac Seexeba demokra-
tiasa da ekonomikas, am sferoebSi
mniSvnelovan mignebebs ikveTeba, razec
qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
pirdapiri demokratia
oTxive partia, afiqsirebs demokratii-
sa da adamianis uflebebis mxardamWer
pozicias. miuxedavad imisa, rom am idee-
bis sawinaaRmdegod arcerTi partia ar
gamodis, es sfero sainteresoa sxva
ramis gamo: saqarTvelos patriotTa
aliansi erTaderTi partiaa, romelic
negatiur konteqstSi moixsenebs Tav-
isuflebasa da adamianis uflebebs da
erTaderTi partiaa, romelic pirdapir
demokratiasTan dakavSirebuli ideebis
aqtiuri mxardamWeria. amis erTerTi
Si mocemuli es gancxadebaa:
xalxs unda SeeZlos nebismier Ta-
namdebobis piris gadayeneba, _ iqne-
ba es prezidenti, premier-ministri
Tu ministri; xalxs unda SeeZlos
nebismieri deputatis gamowve-
va, meris Tu gamgeblis gadayene-
ba; xalxs unda SeeZlos nebismieri
uvargisi kanonis gauqmeba, saziano
gadawyvetilebis Secvla!5
metic, winasaarCevno programaSi moce-
mulia mmarTvelobis organizebis gegma
qalaqebsa da raionebSi mikroubnebis Se-
qmnis gziT. TiToeul aseT mikroubanSi
saSualod, 2 000 ojaxi unda gaerTiandes.
TiTeuls unda hyavdes arCeuli saxel-
mwifo warmomadgeneli da, Sesabamisad,
nebismieri politikuri gadawyvetileba
farTo masebis doneze unda iqnas miRe-
buli.6 mocemuli idea _ xalxis nebis
upirobo uzenaesoba, populizmisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli7.
ekonomikuri sistema
1992-2012 wlebSi, ekonomikuri siste-
ma ucvlelad partiaTa dapirispirebis

5
Patriots.ge. (T.g.). „saqarTvelos patrioti“ [online] xelmisawvdomia: http://patriots.ge/Newspaper/
mopovebis TariRi: 28 Tebervali 2020.
6
Patriots.ge. (T.g.). „saqarTvelos patrioti“ [online] xelmisawvdomia: http://patriots.ge/Newspaper/
mopovebis TariRi: 28 Tebervali 2020.
7
saqarTveloSi arsebuli populisti aqtorebisa da maTi narativis Taobaze detaluri mimoxilva
ix: Silagadze, G. (2020). “Who is (not) populist in Georgia? Making sense of the buzzword.” [online] saqarT-
velos politikis institutis politikis narkvevi, 32. xelmisawvdomia: http://gip.ge/wp-content/
uploads/2020/02/policy-memo-32.pdf mopovebis TariRi: 28 Tebervali 2020. Samkharadze, N. (2020). “De-
constructing Modern Georgian Populism: Narratives from Political Parties to Social Movements.” [online]
saqarTvelos politikis institutis politikis narkvevi, 33. xelmisawvdomia: http://gip.ge/de-
constructing-modern-georgian-populism-narratives-from-political-parties-to-social-movements/ mopovebis
TariRi: 28 Tebervali 2020.
12
sagans warmoadgenda, Tumca 2016 wels
pirvelad moxda yvela partiis pozici-
is Tanxvedra da bazris regulirebis
nacvlad upiratesoba Tavisufali ba-
zris princips mieniWa. sainteresoa, rom
qarTuli ocnebac ki, romelic Tavs ax-
asiaTebs rogorc social-demokrati-
uls, mxars Tavisufal bazars uWerda.
es mniSvnelovania, vinaidan 2012 wlidan
2016 wlamde qarTuli ocnebis pozi-
cionireba diametriulad Seicvala: Tu
2012 wlis qarTuli ocnebis mier Se-
moTavazebuli winasaarCevno programa
bazris regulirebisken ixreboda, 2016
wlis programaSi ukve Tavisufali sa-
bazro ekonomikuri principebia win
wamoweuli. unda aRiniSnos, rom arCev-
nebidan arCevnebamde mosalodnelia
partiis pozicionirebis mcire cvl-
ileba, Tumca rodesac saubaria iseT
masStabur cvlilebaze, romlis drosac
partia mTlianad icvlis pozicias da
gadadis sapirispiro mosazrebaze, rac
moxda qarTuli ocnebis SemTxvevaSi, me-
tyvelebs ideologiur araTanmimdevru-
lobaze. am moulodneli da radikaluri
cvlilebis mizezebis ZiebisaTvis calke
kvlevis Catarebaa saWiro, Tumca hipo-
Teturad SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom
qarTul ocnebas ar surda qarTuli bi-
partiul poziciebSi arsebuli sxvaoba 2016 wlis arCevnebze
darCenili sami sfero _ sagareopoli-
tikuri orientacia, keTildReobis
saxelmwifo da nacionalizmi _ warmoad-
genen politikuri konkurenciis sagans,
Tumca es konkurencia didsa da mcire
partiebs Soris mimdinareobs.
sagareo politikuri orientacia
miuxedavad imisa rom, erTi SexedviT,
sagareopolitikuri orientacia ise-
znesis mxardaWeris dakargva. 2012 wels
qarTuli ocneba xelisuflebaSi myo-
fi nacionaluri moZraobis politikur
metoqes warmoadgenda da biZina ivniSvi-
li, Tavisi finansuri resursebiT, pira-
dad iyo CarTuli winasaarCevno kampan-
iaSi. 2016 wels ki ukve xelisuflebaSi
myof qarTul ocnebas SeeZlo, mieca sa-
kuTari TavisaTvis ufleba da wasuliyo
ideologiur kompromisze, sanacvlod
ki biznesis mxardaWera moepovebina, ro-
melic, Tavis mxriv, ar mianiWebda upi-
ratesobas regulatorul politikis
gatarebis momxre mmarTvel partias.
mTlianobaSi, miuxedavad imisa rom par-
tiaTa poziciebi TanxvedraSia, zemoT
CamoTvlili politikuri konkurenci-
is sferoebSi, partiis winasaarCevno
programebi gvexmareba SeviqmnaT siR-
rmiseuli warmodgena imaze, Tu rogor
muSaobs qarTuli politika. kerZod,
patriotTa aliansi, romelic xSir-
ad moixseneba populistur partiad _
pirdapiri demokratiis mxardamWeria,
xolo qarTuli ocneba _ memarcxene so-
cial-demokratiuli partia _ bazris
regulirebis nacvlad Tavisufali saba-
zro ekonomikis principebis momxrea.
Ti sakiTxia, romelzec saqarTveloSi
moqmedi yvela aqtori Tanxmdeba, wina-
saarCevno programebis analizi sxva ra-
mes avlens (ix. Skala 1). didi partie-
bi mkveTrad prodasavlur orientacias
afiqsireben. erTiani nacionaluri moZ-
raoba qarTul ocnebasTan SedarebiT
Zlier aqcents akeTebs prodasavlur
sagareopolitikur kursze, da erTa-
derTia, romelsac ruseTisadmi pozi-
tiuri ganwyoba ar axasiaTebs. meo-

re mxriv, mcire partiebi amomrCevels
sTavazoben alternativas. mrewveloba
gadaarCens saqarTvelos prodasavlur
orientacias uWers mxars, Tumca msxvil
partiebTan SedarebiT naklebad aqcen-
tirebs (misi pozicia qvemoT mocemul
Skalaze nulTan axlosa). amasTan, saqa-
13
rTvelos patriotTa alianss sustad
gamoxatuli prorusuli orientacia
gaaCnia. marTalia, pozicia kvlav nul-
Tan axloa, Tumca mTlianobaSi partia
ixreba ruseTisken, rac mas sxva par-
tiebisgan ganasxvavebs.

Skala 1. partiebis poziciebi sagareopolitikuri orientaciis ganzomilebaSi.

wyaro: partiul programebSi mocemuli informaciis kodirebis safuZvelze naS-

romis avtoriseuli gamoTvlebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos patri- sagareopolitikur kurss uWers mxars.

otTa aliansis programa dasavleTis
mimarT pozitiur notebsac Seicavs. Tum-
ca informaciis Sejamebis safuZvelze
dgindeba, rom mTlianobaSi upirateso-
ba prorusul orientacias eniWeba. met-
ic, patriotTa aliansi skeptikurad
uyurebs natosa da evrokavSirSi saqa-
rTvelos gawevrianebis Sansebs. amasTan,
programis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos mier
gawevrianebis realuri Sansis miReba ga-
moiwvevs kidev erT damangrevel oms ru-
seTTan. amdagvari pozicionirebis gamo
partiis saboloo orientacia ixreba
prorusulobisken. Sedegad, patriotTa
aliansi erTaderTia im oTxi saparla-
mento partiidan, romelic amomrCev-
els alternatiul sagareopolitikur
xedvas sTavazobs. ra Tqma unda, calke
sakiTxia, interesdeba Tu ara qarTve-
li amomrCeveli msgavsi alternativiT,
Tumca SeuZlebelia, amomrCevlebSi ar
rsebobdes azri, romelic prorusul
8
kavkasiis kvleviTi resurebis centri (2019). kavkasiis barometri. [online] xelmisawvdomia: http://
caucasusbarometer.org mopovebis TariRi: 17 Tebervali 2020.
metic, 2019 wels Catarebuli sazoga-
doebrivi azris gamokiTxvis Tanaxmad,
respondentebis 21 procenti eTanxme-
ba frazas „saqarTvelo met sargebels
miiRebs, Tu ruseTTan ukeTesi urTier-
Tobis sanacvlod uars ityvis evrokav-
Sirsa da natoze.“8 Sesabamisad, patri-
otTa aliansi, Tavisi alternatiuli
SemoTavazebiT, rogorc Cans, qarTuli
sazogadoebis am segments warmoadgens.
keTildReobis saxelmwifo
keTildReobis saxelmwifo kidev erTi
ganzomilebaa, sadac gansxvavebuli
pozicia warmodgenilia mxolod erTi
mcire partiis saxiT: sxva partiebisagan
gansxvavebiT, mrewveloba gadaarCens
saqarTvelos ixreba keTildReobis
saxelmwifos SezRudvebisaken. es ga-
sakviri araa, radgan mocemuli partia
memarjvene politikuri aqtoria. qar-
14
Tuli ocneba sxva partiebze metad aris
orientirebuli socialuri saxelmwi-
fos gafarToebaze. am SemTxvevaSic, ms-
gavsi poziciis dafiqsireba bunebrivia
memarcxene politikuri partiisagan.
Skala 2. partiebis poziciebi keTildReobis saxelmwifos ganzomilebaSi.
wyaro: partiul programebSi mocemuli informaciis kodirebis safuZvelze naS-
romis avtoriseuli gamoTvlebi.
erTani nacionaluri moraoba danar-
Cen partiebTan SedarebiT ufro met
aqcents akeTebs sabazro ekonomikaze.
saqarTvelos patriotTa aliansic sa-
kuTar Tavs memarjvene-centristul
politikur partiad axasiaTebs, rom-
lis mizania sazogadoebaSi zomieri
konservatoruli ideologiis gatare-
ba.9 miuxedavad amisa, rodesac saqme
keTildReobis saxelmwifos exeba, isini
memarcxene poziciebs afiqsireben, rac
ideologiasTan SeusabamobaSia, Tumca
amas aqvs garkveuli axsna. iseT qveyanaSi
rogoric saqarTveloa, sadac social-
ur-ekonomikuri problemebi amomrCev-
elTa mTavar sazrunavs warmoadgens _
rac regularulad dasturdeba bolo
wlebSi Catarebuli sazogadoebrivi
azris gamokiTxvebiT _ partia, romel-
sac surs meti xmis mizidva, rogorc
wesi, midis ideologiur kompromisze
9
Patriots.ge. (T.g.). “Our party.” [online] xelmisawvdomia: http://patriots.ge/about-temp/ mopovebis
TariRi: 28 Tebervali 2020.
erTiani nacionaluri moZraoba da saqa-
rTvelos patriotTa aliansi am mxriv
ufro saintereso SemTxvevebs warmoad-
genen.
da sTavazobs amomrCevels imas, rac mas
unda. marTalia, sxva sakiTxia is, Tu
realurad ramdenad Seasrulebs par-
tia dapirebebs ZalauflebaSi mosvlis
Semdeg, Tumca amomrCevlisTvis mosa-
woni winasaarCevno programis momzadeba
erTgvari strategiuli nabijia.
nacionalizmi
bolo sfero, sadac partiebis pozicie-
bi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, nacio-
nalizmia. am ganzomilebaSi cxadad ga-
moxatulia gansxvaveba mcire da did
partiaTa poziciebs Soris. qarTuli
ocneba da erTani nacionaluri moZrao-
ba calsaxad samoqalaqo nacionalizms
aniWeben upiratesobas, maSin rodesac
mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos da
saqarTvelos patriotTa aliansi eTni-
kuri nacionalizmis momxreebi arian.

Skala 3. partiebis poziciebi nacionalizmis ganzomilebaSi.
wyaro: partiul programebSi mocemuli informaciis kodirebis safuZvelze naS-
romis avtoriseuli gamoTvlebi.
nacionalizmTan dakavSirebuli idee-
bis wili didi iyo 2016 wlis arCevnebSi.
mTlianobaSi, yvela programisa da yvela
kodirebuli segmentis gaTvaliswinebiT,
winadadebaTa 12 procenti nacionalizm-
Tan iyo dakavSirebuli, rac politikis
am sferos gacilebiT maRla ayenebda
sxva iseT sferoebTan SedarebiT, ro-
gorebic iyo keTildReobis saxelmwifo
da ekonomika, romlebic, Sesabamisad,
9,8 da 9 procentiT iyo warmodgeni-
li. 2016 wlis arCevnebSi nacionalizmma
pirvelad gadaaWarba mniSvnelobiT sxva
sakiTxebs. es mniSvnelovani aRmasvla
erTi partiis, saqarTvelos patriotTa
aliansis damsaxurebad SeiZleba, miviC-
daskvna da rekomendaciebi
mTlianobaSi, 2016 wlis arCevnebSi
politikurma partiebma rig sakiTxebze
amomrCevels gansxvavebuli poziciebi
SesTavazes, Tumca danarCen sakiTxebSi
maTi mosazrebebi erTmaneTs emTxveoda.
sainteresoa, rom 2012 wlis arCevnebSi
qarTuli ocnebisa da erTiani nacio-
naluri moZraobis poziciebi mxolod
ekonomikis sferoSi gansxvavdeboda
erTmaneTisgan. rac Seexeba 2016 wels,
partiebma sxvadasxva poziciebi daafiq-
sires sam sferoSi - sagareopolitikuri
15
nioT, radgan am partiis programis teqs-
tis 35 procenti swored nacionalizmis
Tematikas eTmoboda. swored am faqtma
gamoiwvia nacionalizmis mniSvnelobis
zemoxsenebuli zrda. miuxedavad imisa,
rom mrewvelebis politikuri pozicie-
bi sakmaod axloa patriotTa aliansTan,
es logariTmuli proporciebia, romlis
gamoTvlaSic mniSvneloba eniWeba mani-
festis moculobas. mrewvelebis mani-
festi ki patriotTa aliansisaze eqvs-
jer mcirea. saqarTvelos patriotTa
aliansis gadaWarbebuli daintereseba
nacionalizmiT kidev ufro TvalsaCnos
xdis, Tu ratom aniWeben mas populistis
statuss.
orientacia, keTildReobis saxelmwifo
da nacionalizmi. is faqti, rom warmo-
qmnili ideologiuri vakuumis Sevseba
mcire partiebis xarjze moxda, imaze mi-
aniSnebs, rom saqarTveloSi aris amom-
rCevlis radikalurad ganwyobili naw-
ili. amomrCevlis am segments wamyvani
politikuri partiebi ver sTavazobs
maTTvis misaReb programas da amitom
maTi ganwyobebis asaxva mcire partiebis
mier xdeba.
16
Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom es mxolod
saqarTvelos patriotTa alianss Seex-
eba, radgan mrewvelebma parlamentSi
mxolod erTi adgilis miReba moaxerx-
es (maJoritaruli wesiT). patriot-
Ta aliansma ki SeZlo 5 procentiani
saarCevno zRvris gadalaxva da sapar-
lamento mandatebis proporciuli ken-
Wisyris Sedegad mopoveba.
wamyvan partiebs ar ZaluZT radikaluri
ganwyobebis mqone amomrCevlis mizidva
da es bunebrivia, vinaidan maT samizne
jgufs saSualostatistikuri amomrCev-
eli warmoadgens. Tumca Tuki amomrCev-
elTa didi nawilis azri gadainacvlebs
centridan ukiduresobisken, partiebi
met yuradRebas dauTmoben eqstremal-
ur poziciebs, rac qveynis politikur
garemos met polarizebas SesZens. Ses-
abamisad, stabilurobiTa da qarTuli
demokratiis konsolidaciiT dainter-
esebulma mxareebma mxedvelobaSi unda
miiRon Semdegi rekomendaciebi.
qarTuli politikuri partiebisaTvis
 saWiroa winasaarCevno programaSi
gawerili politikisa da partiis
mier SerCeuli ideologiis Tanxve-
dra _ 2016 wlis arCevnebSi, rigi
partiebis SemuSavebuli programe-
bi politikis sferoTa garkveul
nawilSi partiis ideologias ar
Seesabameboda. Tanmimdevrulobis
mizniT, partiebma unda uzrun-
velyon, rom msgavsi Seusabamo-
ba programaSi ar dominirebdes
da konkretuli partiis mier Se-
moTavazebuli politika maqsimal-
urad jdebodes amave partiis ide-
ologiur CarCoebSi.
 winasaarCevno programa aucileb-
lad unda exmianebodes sazoga-
doebis ganwyobas _ qarTvel amom-
rCevels pirvel rigSi aRelvebs
ekonomikuri da socialuri sakiTx-
ebi. partiuli programebic ZiriTa-
dad am sakiTxebiT unda interesde-
bodes da amomrCevels sTavazobdes
am problemebis gadaWris gzebs.
 manifestebi unda Seicavdes masStab-
uri problemebis mogvarebisaTvis
gadasadgmel konkretul nabijebs
_ qarTuli partiebi, rogorc wesi,
zogadi dapirebebiT Semoifar-
glebian, rogoricaa magaliTad
`ekonomikuri zrda~, Tumca aranak-
leb mniSvnelovania saubari am da-
pirebis Sesasruleblad saWiro
konkretuli nabijebis Taobaze.
 niSvnelovania eqstremizmisa da po-
larizaciisgan Tavis arideba, Tum-
ca ara amomrCevlis interesebis ig-
norirebis xarjze _ eqstremizmi da
polarizacia qarTuli demokrati-
isTvis mzardi gamowvevebia. par-
tiebi unda eridon eqstremaluri
poziciebis dafiqsirebas, raTa ar
moxdes viTarebis meti gamwvaveba.
miuxedavad amisa, politikuri pro-
cesis gareT ar unda aRmoCndes is
amomrCevelic ki, romelsac amaTu-
im politikis sferoSi eqstremal-
uri pozicia aqvs. piriqiT, maTi
problemebiT mTeli politikuri
speqtri unda interesdebodes. es
gulisxmobs ara partiis poziciis
cvlilebas centridan ukidureso-
bisken, aramed radikalurad ganwyo-
bil amomrCevelTan konstruqciul
komunikacias.
 aucilebelia meti koncentracia
politikaze da ara liderebze; lid-

eris gamoyeneba unda moxdes imde-
nad, ramdenadac es pirovneba jdeba
programaSi gawerili politikis
realizebis gegmaSi _ xSirad par-
tias amomrCeveli aigivebs parti-
ul liderTan. es personalisturi
politikis Sedegia, romlis Sesacv-
lelad aucilebelia, partiam meti
yuradReba dauTmos programaSi
asaxul politikas da ara liderebs.
liderebi unda iqnan gamoyenebuli
maTi codnidan da gamocdilebidan
gamomdinare, imdenad ramdenad-
ac lideris codna SesabamisobaSi
modis da xels uwyobs politikis
ganxorcielebis gegmas.
donori organizaciebisaTvis
saqarTveloSi moqmedi samoqalaqo
sazogadoebisa da analitikuri organi-
zaciebisaTvis
 unda gagrZeldes samonitoringo
saqmianoba da dakvirveba _ qarTu-
li samoqalaqo organizaciebis erT
nawili aRniSnuli saqmianobiTaa
dakavebuli. kargi iqneboda, Tuki
monitoringis saqmianoba gavrcel-
deboda winasaarCevno dapirebebze
da moxdeboda analizi imisa, Tu
ramdenad SesabamisobaSia gacemuli
dapireba amaTuim partiis ideolo-
giasTan, aseve, ramdenad asrulebs
gamarjvebuli partia winasaarCev-
nod gacemul dapirebebs.
17
 SemuSavdes da gavrceldes aplika-
ciebi, romelic exmareba amomrCev-
els ipovos mis poziciebTan yvelaze
axlos myofi partia _ samoqalaqo
organizaciebs aqvT imis resursi,
rom programebis saSualo statis-
tikuri amomrCevlisaTvis gasageb
enaze ganmartebasTan erTad, uz-
runvelyon amomrCevlisTvis swori
arCevanis gakeTebis damxmare ap-
likaciebis miwodebac. aseTi apli-
akciebi saqarTveloSi ukve ar-
sebobs, Tumca sasurvelia maTze
cnobadobis amaRleba da farTod
gavrceleba.
 saWiroa politikuri partiebis xe-
lSewyoba (pirdapir an/da samoqa-
laqo organizaciebis daxmarebiT)
programebis SemuSavebisa da sazo-
gadoebis ganwyobebis politikad
gardaqmnis procesSi _ qarTul
politikur partiebs ar gaaCnia
sakmarisi finansuri da sxva re-
sursi imisaTvis, raTa srulyo-
filad Seasrulon maTze dakis-
rebuli demokratiuli funqcia,
amitom maTTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki
opoziciuri partiebisaTvis, sasi-
cocxlod mniSvnelovania minimum
am sferoebSi mainc miiRon wina-
saarCevno daxmareba.
18
danarTi. metoqeobis ganzomilebebis kompozicia.
1. sagareo politikuri orientacia
a. prodasavluri: evrokavSiris,
natos, aSS-s da sxva dasavluri
qveynebis dadebiT konteqstSi mox-
senieba; dasavleTis mxardaWeris
mobilizeba konfliqtebis mogva-
rebis saqmeSi; ruseTis, sabWoTa
kavSirisa da yofili sabWoTa ka-
vSiris, evraziis ekonomikuri ka-
vSiris, konfliqtebis mogvarebis
saqmeSi ruseTis rolis da imperi-
alizmis negatiur konteqstSi mox-
senieba.
b. prorusuli: ruseTis, sabWoTa
kavSirisa da yofili sabWoTa ka-
vSiris, evraziis ekonomikuri ka-
vSiris, konfliqtebis mogvarebis
saqmeSi ruseTis rolis dadebiT
konteqstSi moxsenieba; evrokav-
Siris, natos, aSS-s da sxva dasavlu-
ri qveynebis uaryofiT konteqstSi
moxsenieba.
2. demokratia da adamianis uflebebi
a. emxroba: demokratiis (zogadad),
adamianis uflebebis da Tavisu-
flebis dadebiT konteqstSi moxse-
nieba.
b. ewinaaRmdegeba: demokratiis (zo-
gadad), adamianis uflebebis da Ta-
visuflebis uaryofiT konteqstSi
moxsenieba.
3. ZalTa gadanawileba
a. horizontaluri: decentral-
izaciis dadebiT konteqstSi mox-
senieba da Zlieri mmarTvelobis,
kanonisa da wesrigis, korufciis,
nepotizmisa da Zalis borotad ga-
moyenebis uaryofiT konteqstSi
moxsenieba.
b. vertikaluri: Zlieri mmarTve-
lobis, kanonisa da wesrigis dadeb-
iT konteqstSi moxsenieba, xolo
decentralizaciis uaryofiT kon-
teqstSi moxsenieba.
4. ekonomikuri sistemis organizeba
a. Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika:
Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis,
stimulebis, privatizaciis
dadebiT konteqstSi moxsenie-
ba, xolo proteqcionizmis, ga-
dasaxadebis da marTuli ekono-
mikis uaryofiT konteqstSi
moxsenieba.
b. bazris regulacia: prote-
qcionizmis, gadasaxadebis da mar-
Tuli ekonomikis dadebiT kon-
teqstSi moxsenieba; Tavisufali
sabazro ekonomikis, stimulebis,
privatizaciis uaryofiT konte-
qstSi moxsenieba.
5. keTildReobis saxelmwifo
a. gafarToeba: socialuri poli-
tikis eqspansiisa da Tanasworo-
bis dadebiTad moxsenieba.
b. SezRudva: samoqalaqo keTild-
Robis sferoSi sajaro da ker-
Zo seqtorebis arsebobis da so-
cialuri politikis Semcirebis
dadebiTad moxsenieba; Tanaswo-
robis uaryofiTad moxsenieba.

6. nacionalizmi
a. eTnikuri: nacionalizmis da
erovnuli cxovrebis stilis,
tradiciuli moralis dadebiT-
ad moxsenieba; multikulturu-
lobis, samoqalaqo azrovnebis
uaryofiTad moxsenieba.
19
b. samoqalaqo: multikulturu-
lobis, samoqalaqo azrovnebis
dadebiTad moxsenieba; naciona-
lizmis da erovnuli cxovrebis
stilis, tradiciuli moralis
uaryofiTad moxsenieba.
medegoba da demokratia: SeuZlia
Tu ara pragmatul evrokavSirs
saqarTveloSi demokratiuli
procesis xelSewyoba?

biZina lebaniZe1
 23
mokle Sinaarsi

evrokavSiris samezobloSi medegobis lemis mogvarebas ver SeZlebs, Sesa-

gaZliereba briuselis axali ambiciuri
globaluri dRis wesrigis qvakuTxeds
warmoadgens. misi mizani evrokavSiris
mezobeli saxelmwifoebisa da sazoga-
doebis gaZlierebaa raTa, maT ukeT Se-
Zlon gamowvevebsa da krizisebze rea-
gireba da swrafad cvalebad poltikur,
socialur da ekonomikur garemosTan
adaptireba. Tumca, saqarTvelosTan
dakavSirebiT arsebobs ramdenime sasi-
cocxlod mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, ro-
melTa gadaWrac mniSvnelovani iqneba
medegobis swori mimarTulebiT warm-
arTvisTvis. erT-erTi aseTi sakiTxia
sazogadoebriv medegobasa da [avtokra-
tiuli] reJimis stabilurobas Soris
kavSiris saTanado gamijvna. im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu evrokavSiri aRniSnuli prob-
Zloa misi medegobaze orientirebuli
midgoma saqarTveloSi avtokratiis ga-
Zlierebis politikad iqces da qveynis
demokratizaciis procesi kidev ufro
metad Searyios. miuxedavad imisa, rom
warmodgenil naSromSi mxolod saqarT-
velozea saubari, dokumentis empiri-
uli da konceptualuri mignebebi aseve
relevanturia evrokavSiris urTierTo-
bebisTvis aRmosavleT partniorobis or
sxva asocirebul qveyanasTan _ ukraina-
sa da moldovasTan.
sakvanZo sityvebi: medegoba, demokra-
tizacia, evrokavSiris globaluri
strategia, saqarTvelo, stabiluroba,
demokratiis xelSwyoba.

Sesavali: medegobis roli evrokavSiris sagareo politikaSi

bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, me- adgilobriv resursebs da operirebs

degoba evrokavSiris sagareo da usa- kompleqsuri partniorobis formatSi
frTxoebis politikis wamyvan principad erovnul da regionul doneebze mede-
Camoyalibda.2 evrokavSiri medegobas gobis, ekonomikuri zrdis da omidan
gansazRvavs, rogorc „saxelmwifosa da mSvidobis fazaSi gadasvlis xelSewyo-
sazogadoebis SesaZleblobas, ganagr- bis mizniT.~5 devid Candleri warmoad-
Zon reformebi da Sesabamisad, gaumkla- gens medegobis yvelaze yovlismomcvel
vdnen da daZlion saSinao Tu sagareo ganmartebas, ise rogorc es evrokavSir-
krizisi.“3 medegoba saWiroebs „evro- Sia aRqmuli. Candleris TqmiT, medegoba
kavSiris sazRvargareT intervenciis aris „sazogadoebis SesaZlebloba gaum-
ufro mokrZalebul da kooperaciul klavdes kriziss, ra drosac yuradReba
midgomas.“4 evropuli Rirebulebebis maxvildeba TviTorganizebis, Sida un-
samezobloSi eqsportis an Tavs mox- arebisa da SesaZleblobebis ganviTare-
vevis nacvlad, evrokavSiri „eyrdnoba baze, sagareo daxmarebis da resursebis
1
biZina lebaniZe aris saqarTvelos politikis institutis (GIP) ufrosi analitikosi. igi aris
fridrix Sileris saxelobis ienas universitetis mkvlevari.
2
Wagner and Anholt (2016); Börzel and Risse (2018).
3
EEAS (2016: 23).
4
Bargués-Pedreny (2019: 2).
5
Bargués-Pedreny (2019: 2).
24
nacvlad.“6 Sesabamisad, funqcional-
isturi xedviT, evrokavSiris medego-
biT gataceba martivad gasagebi xdeba,
radgan es evrokavSiris sazRvrebs gareT
SezRuduli marTvis SesaZleblobas ex-
mianeba. kritikosebis azriT, medegoba-
ze yuradRebis gamaxvileba evrokavSirs
garkveulwilad exmareba Seamciros am-
biciebi samezoblosTan mimarTebaSi, pa-
suxismgebloba adgilobriv moTamaSee-
bze gadaitanos da am gziT SezRudos
pirdapiri CarTuloba konfliqtebiT da
problemebiT savse samezobloSi, sadac
cxadad arsebobs evrokavSiris lidero-
bis molodinebi.7
radganac medegoba evrokavSiris sagareo
politikis SedarebiT axlad ganviTare-
badi mimarTulebaa, jer kidev adrea
imis Sefaseba Tu ra Sedegebi eqneba mas
saqarTveloSi evrokavSiris politi-
kaze. Tumca, am etapze es Sedegebi pa-
suxebze met kiTxvas badebs. erT-erTi
sakvanZo sakiTxia is, Tu ramdenad aris
medegobis principi pro-demokratiuli
medegoba da stabilurobis impulsi
mravali wlis manZilze, evrokavSi-
ri da misi wevri saxelmwifoebi saqa-
rTvelos demokratiuli reformebis
mTavari mxardamWerebi iyvnen, gansa-
kuTrebiT resursebis ganviTarebisa da
grZelvadiani eqspertuli mxardaWeris
uzrunvelyofis mimarTulebiT.10 Tum-
ca, evrokavSiri xSirad Tavs ikavebda
demokratizaciis procesis xelSemwyobi
negatiuri mastimulirebeli pirobebis
6
Chandler (2015).
7
Wagner and Anholt (2016).
8
EEAS (2016).
9
Freedom House (2018); The Economist Intelligence Unit (2019).
10
Börzel and Lebanidze (2015).
11
Börzel (2016).
12
Lebanidze (2019).
aqtorebis mxardaWerasTan Sesabamisoba-
Si. miuxedavad evrokavSiris poziciisa,
rom medegoba unda gaimijnos avtori-
taruli stabilurobis mxardaWerisgan,8
medegobaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba
droSi daemTxva evrokavSiris Sedare-
biT pasiur rols saqarTvelos mimarT,
rogorc demokratiuli pirobiTobis,
ise axali mastimulirebeli pirobebis
SeTavazebis TvalsazrisiT. amasTan,
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis araerTi
mcdelobis miuxedavad, bolo xanebSi
saqarTveloSi demokratizaciis din-
amika Seicvala da saxezea demokrati-
uli stagnacia da calkeul sferoebSi
avtoritaruli ukusvlac ki.9 Sesabam-
isad, saintereso iqneba imaze dakvir-
veba, rogor gaumklavdeba medegobaze
orientirebuli evrokavSiri qarTu-
li demokratiis problemebs. naSromis
Semdgomi nawili exeba medegobasa da
demokratias Soris kavSirs da warmoad-
gens rekomendaciebs evrokavSirisTvis
medegobis Tanmdev problemebTan gam-
klavebis mimarTulebiT.
gamoyenebisgan11 _ anu sakuTari mxar-
daWerisa da CarTulobis qveynis
demokratiul progresTan dakavSirebi-
sagan.12 saqarTveloSi bolo dros ganvi-
Tarebuli movlenebi am dinamikas adas-
turebs. maSin, rodesac aSS-s kongresma
araerTi kritikuli mosazreba gamoTqva
saqarTvelos mimarT da Ria werilebSi
qveynis oficialuri pirebi sajarod
daadanaSaula avtokratiul midgomeb-

Si,13 evrokavSiri da misi institutebi
(evroparlamentis gamoklebiT) ZiriTa-
dad Cumad yofnas arCeven. evrokavSiris
mxridan kritika ZiriTadad teqnikuri
xasiaTisaa da moklebulia sajaroobas.
is xSirad iCrdileba evrokavSiris do-
kumentebis grZel teqstebSi, romelTac
yuradRebiT sazogadoebis mxolod vi-
wro wre ecnoba. paradoqsia, magram mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom evrokavSiri aSS-s
saqarTvelosTan instituciuri, sazo-
gadoebrivi, savaWro, finansuri da us-
afrTxoebis sferoSi kavSirebis kuTxiT
jobnis, rodesac saqme saqarTveloSi
demokratiis aqtiur mxardaWeras exeba,
aSS-s politikuri istabliSmenti da aSS-
Si moqmedi organizaciebi mainc yvelaze
xilvadi aqtorebi arian.
aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, evrokavSiri
demokratiuli mxardaWeris evoluciur
da ufro metad faqiz midgomas arCevs,
ramac SesaZloa grZelvadian periodSi
ukeTesi Sedegebi gamoiRos, magram mok-
levadian perspeqtivaSi ver uzrunvely-
ofs demokratiuli daRmasvlis preven-
cias. grZelvadian Sedegebze fokusma
SesaZloa cudi politikis SemuSavebis
riskis qveS daayenos iseTi arakonso-
lidirebuli demokratiebi, rogoric
saqarTveloa, rac progresis miRwevas
mravali wliT Seaferxebs da evrope-
li aqtorebis Sromis Sedegebs Crdils
miayenebs.14 evropeli aqtorebi saqa-
rTveloSi avtokratiul tendenciebze
reagirebis TvalsazrisiT xSirad neli
da SedarebiT mokrZalebulebi arian _
aseve, evropuli arasamTavrobo organi-
13
Civil Georgia (2020b, 2020a, 2019).
14
On different approaches to democracy promotion see: Carothers, T. 2009. “Democracy Assistance: Political
Vs. Developmental?” Journal of Democracy. 20 (1). 5–19. Magen, A., Risse-Kappen, T. and McFaul, M. eds.
2009. Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law: American and European Strategies. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan.
15
European Commission (2020); Ioffe (2019); EEAS (2019a).
25
zaciebis umetesobas, politikur fon-
debsa da sxva arasaxelmwifo aqtorebs
ar aqvT xilvadi, sanimuSo proeqtebi an
demokratiis mxardamWeri iniciativebi,
romelTac saqarTvelos demokratiuli
ganviTarebis arsebul stadiaze pirda-
piri gavlena eqnebaT.
am gadmosaxedidan, yuradRebis gamax-
vileba medegobaze, romelic ZiriTadad
orientirebulia resursebis gaZliere-
basa da efeqtur mmarTvelobaze ara-
normatiuli seqtoruli mimarTule-
bebiT (konfliqtis marTva, garemos
sakiTxebi, katastrofis prevencia, in-
frastruqturuli ganviTareba, a.S.),
SesaZloa, evrokavSirs samezobloSi
demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebis
ugulebelyofisken ufro metad ubi-
Zgos. bolo dros iseT avtokratiul
qveynebTan urTierTobebis gaaqtiureba,
rogoricaa belarusi da egvipte am dina-
mikis dadasturebaa.15 Tumca, Tuki evro-
kavSirisTvis politikurad gamarTle-
bulia pragmatuli urTierTobebis
dalageba avtokratiul qveynebTan, ro-
melTac demokratizaciis perspeqtiva
uaxloes momavalSi ar aqvT, igives ga-
keTeba windauxedaoba iqneboda saqarT-
velosa da ukrainasTan mimarTebaSi, rom-
lebic iqcnen Seuqcevad pluralistur
qveynebad gadalaxes ra avtoritaruli
stabilurobis zRvari, sadac politi-
kuri stabiluroba da marTvis avtokra-
tiuli forma erTmaneTis Semavsebeli
da gamaZlierebelia. piriqiT, saqarTve-
loSi avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis dam-
yareba savaraudod ufro met arastabi-
26
lurobasa da sazogadoebriv protests
gamoiwvevs, rac regionSi evrokavSiris
mTavari miznebis: mSvidobis, usafrTx-
oebisa da politikuri stabilurobis
xelSemSleli faqtori iqneba.16 Sesabam-
isad, Tuki evrokavSirs surs rom xeli
Seuwyos medegobis ganviTarebas saqarT-
veloSi, ar unda moeridos oficialu-
ri pirebis avtokratiuli tendenciebis
kritikas. evrokavSiris samezobloSi
bevri avtoritaruli qveynisgan gansx-
vavebiT, saqarTveloSi demokratiis aq-
tiuri xelSewyoba unda ganixilebodes
ara rogorc stabilurobis safrTxe,
aramed rogorc qveynis sazogadoebisa
da saxelmwifos medegobis xelSewyoba.17

medegobis gaZliereba polarizebul garemoSi

qarTuli politikis mimomxilvele- am fonze, ukiduresi politikuri po-

bi Tanxmdebian, rom saqarTvelos
demokratiis konsolidaciis erT-erTi
umTavresi gamowveva ukiduresi politi-
kuri polarizaciaa, romelic mmarTveli
gundis _ qarTuli ocnebisa da mTavari
opoziciuri partiis _ erTiani naciona-
luri moZraobis da maTgan gamoyofili
jgufebis orpartiul dominantobaSi
gamoixateba.18 polariazia ar exeba mx-
olod partiul politikas, is sazo-
gadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferos
moedo, maT Soris mTavar satelevizio
arxebs da socialur mediebs.19 mTav-
robis mxridan 2019 wlis noemberSi
saarCevno reformis ganxorcielebis
Sesaxeb dapirebis Seusruleblobam,
kidev ufro metad Searyia sazogadoe-
bis ndoba politikuri procesebis
mimarT. aseve Semcirda mmarTvel gund-
sa da opozicias Soris molaparakebebis
gziT gamosavlis povnis SesaZlebloba
da gaizarda winasaarCevno politikuri
krizisis Sansebi.
larizaciis mizezebTan da simptomebTan
brZola saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da
sazogadoebis medegobis gaZlierebis
mniSvnelovani winapirobaa. am konte-
qstSi evrokavSirs nabijebis gadadgma
sami mimarTulebiT SeuZlia. pirveli _
politikuri polarizaciis erT-erTi
mizezi saqarTvelos arsebuli saarCev-
no kodeqsia e.w. „gamarjvebuls yve-
laferi rCeba“ principiT.20 Sesabamisad,
evrokavSirma unda gaagrZelos wnexi xe-
lisuflebaze imisaTvis, rom man Seasru-
los politikuri dapireba da Secvalos
saarCevno kodeqsi. meore _ miuxedavad
imisa, rom mTavrobam ufro metad ixeira
erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis demon-
izebiT maTi warsuli saqmianobis gamo,
polarizacia orpartiuli procesia,
romelsac xels rogorc opozicia, ise
mTavroba uwyobs. erTiani nacionaluri
moZraobis zogierTi wevri, maT Soris
yofili prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili,
gansakuTrebiT uwyobs xels politiku-

16
EUobserver (2019).
17
On negative aspects of democracy promotion, see: Grimm, S., and Leininger, J. 2012. “Not All Good Things
Go Together: Conflicting Objectives in Democracy Promotion.” Democratization. 19 (3). 391–414. Jünemann,
A. Ed. 2004. Euro-Mediterranean Relations After September 11: International, Regional, and Domestic Dy-
namics. London: Frank Cass. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/alltitles/docDetail.action?docID=10093984.
18
Zurabashvili (2019); Robakidze (2019); DRI and GYLA (2018).
19
Kakachia and Lebanidze (2019).
20
Zurabashvili (2019).

ri radikalizmis gaRvivebas.21 Sesabami-
sad, mTavrobasTan erTad, evrokavSirma
opoziciasTanac unda imuSaos da Tu saW-
iro gaxda gamoiyenos negatiuri pirobi-
Toba an daasaxelos da sajarod gaakri-
tikos opoziciuri partiebic. mesame da
yvelaze mniSvnelovani _ evrokavSiri,
SesaZloa saqarTvelos marTlmadide-
blur eklesiasTan erTad, erTaderTi
aqtoria, romelsac, rogorc Cans aqvs
sazogadoebrivi Tu saxelmwifos medegoba?
evrokavSiris mtkicebiT, misi midgo-
ma medegobisadmi sazogadoebazea da
ara (mxolod) saxelmwifoze orien-
tirebuli.22 sazogadoebrivi medegoba
gulisxmobs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
CarTulobas da sakomunikacio arxebis
diversifikacias. Tumca, praqtikaSi ev-
rokavSiri saxelmwifoze orientirebul
aqtorad rCeba. marTlac, evrokavSiris
sagareo mmarTvelobis platformebis
marcxi, daxmareboda aRmosavleTiT
myof mezoblebs myife demokratiis
konsolidaciaSi, nawilobriv aixsneba
misi saxelmwifoze fokusirebuli mid-
gomiTa da TanamSromlobis saxelmwifo
arxebze zedmetad damokidebulebiT.23
evrokavSirma axlaxans scada TanamS-
romlobis axali formatebis SemuSaveba
mezobel qveynebTan samoqalaqo sazo-
gadoebis organizaciebis CarTulo-
bis gasaZliereblad, Tumca aRniSnuli
formatebi fragmentuli da arasrul-
fasovania. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, isini
dabali profilis mqone sakonsulta-
cio funqciebs aniWeben adgilobriv
arasaxelmwifo aqtorebs, rac gasak-
viria saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebis potencialis gaTvaliswinebiT,
21
TI Georgia (2018).
22
EEAS (2016, 2019b).
23
Falkenhain and Solonenko (2012); Gumeniuk (2010).
27
iseTi politikuri reputacia, rom Se-
Zlos polarizebul mxareebs Soris
neitraluri arbitris roli iTamaSos.
Sesabamisad, evrokavSirma unda moax-
dinos politikuri dialogis procesis
koordinacia da uTanxmoebebis konsen-
susis gziT gadaWras, Tu 2020 wlis sa-
parlamento arCevnebi an nebismieri sxva
politikuri movlena momavalSi legit-
imurobis kriziss gamoiwvevs.
romelic saqarTvelos demokratiis
konsolidaciis saSualebas iZleva.
qarTuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
organizaciebis realuri gaZliereba
sazogadoebrivi medegobis xelSewyobis
saxeliT, SesaZloa evrokavSirs stabi-
lurobaze orientirebuli pragmatuli
midgomis danergvaSi daexmaros, TanamS-
romlobis formatebsa da reformebis
Sesaxeb dialogis dros gadawyvetilebis
miRebis uflebamosilebis saxelmwifo
uwyebebsa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
organizaciebs Soris gadanawilebiT. ms-
gavsi gadanawileba gazrdis samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis organizaciebis gavlenas
gadawyvetilebebis procesze saqarTve-
losa da evrokavSirs Soris urTierTo-
bebis intensivobisa da xarisxis kuTxiT.
aRniSnuli ar saWiroebs axali insti-
tutebis Seqmnas an dafinansebis meqa-
nizmebis gadawyobas. samoqalaqo sazo-
gadoebis organizaciebis gaZliereba
martivad miiRweva arsebuli instituci-
uri formatis farglebSi. Tumca, am
dromde evrokavSiri Tavs ikavebs samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebis am
xarisxiT gaZlierebisgan.
28
daskvna da rekomendaciebi
medegobisken yuradRebis mimarTva ev-
rokavSiris sagareo politikur az-
rovnebaSi mniSnvelovani movlenaa.
mas SeuZlia evrokavSiri samezobloSi
ufro efeqtur moTamaSed aqcios im
SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac ev-
rokavSirs, rogorc sagareo politikis
aqtors aqvs. Tumca, saqarTvelos msgavs
demokratizaciis gzaze mdgar qveyneb-
Si sruli potencialis realizebisTvis,
aucilebelia medegobis gaZliereba ise,
rom am procesma uaryofiTi gavlena
ar moaxdinos demokratiis xelSewyobis
miznebze. qvemoT warmodgenilia ram-
denime rekomendacia evrokavSirisTvis
imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor aris
SesaZlebeli evrokavSirisTvis misTvis
pasiuri imijis CamoSoreba da saqarTve-
los demokratizaciis procesSi misTvis
ufro aqtiuri moTamaSis rolis miniWe-
ba.
medegoba da demokratiuli pirobiToba.
demokratiis swrafi ukusvlis SemTx-
vevebisas, resursebis gaZlierebasa da
eqspertul mxardaWerasTn erTad, evro-
kavSirma da wevrma saxelmwifoebma unda
uzrunvelyon politikuri moTamaSeebis
motivireba uaryofiTi mastimulirebe-
li instrumentebiT. uaryofiTi piro-
biTobisTvis, evrokavSirma SesaZloa ga-
moiyenos Semdegi insturmentebi:
 gamoiyenos uaryofiTi pirobiToba
avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis momx-
re politikuri aqtorebis mimarT
saqarTveloSi (evrokavSiris pro-
gramebidan, evrokavSirTan dia-
logidan da TanamSromlobis for-
matebidan garicxvis safrTxe)
 sazogadoebrivi wnexis gamoyene-
ba avtoritaruli mmarTvelo-
bis momxre politikuri aqtore-
bis winaaRmdeg da pozitiuri
mastimulirebeli instrumentebi
pro-demokratiuli moTamaSeebisT-
vis;
 mniSvnelovani proeqtebis wamowye-
ba demokratiis aqtiur xelSewyo-
baze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT;
 mTavari telearxebisa da onlain
mediis (Facebook, YouTube, Twit-
ter) aqtiuri gamoyeneba sazo-
gadoebisTvis kritikulad mniS-
vnelovani mesijebis misawodeblad.
medegoba da polarizacia. ukidures
politikur polarizaciasTan brZola
saqarTveloSi sazogadoebrivi medego-
bis mxardaWeris mimarTulebiT evrokav-
Siris Zalixmevis organuli nawili unda
iyos, rac unda faravdes sam mniSvnelo-
van RonisZiebas:
 aiZulos mTavroba da saparlamen-
to umravlesoba Secvalon arse-
buli saarCevno kodeqsi, romel-
ic xels uwyobs polarizacias e.w.
„gamarjvebuls yvelaferi rCeba“
principiT;
 aiZulos mTavroba da opozicia
Sewyviton polarizaciis xelSem-
wyobi dRis wesrigis ganxorciele-
ba, polarizaciis gamomwvev qmede-
bebSi (dialogSi monawileobaze
uari, uaryofiTi saarCevno kampa-
niebi, oponentebis demonizeba da
siZulvilis enis gamoyeneba) SemC-
neuli partiebis delegitimaciis
gziT;

 SeiTavsos neitraluri arbitris
roli polarizebul mxareebs Soris
mudmivi TanamSromlobis struq-
turirebuli formatebis SemuSave-
biT.
medegoba da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba.
imisaTvis, rom evrokavSirma SeZlos
medegobisa da (avtoritaruli) sta-
bilurobis xelSemwyobi strategiebis
erTmaneTisgan gamijvna da saqarTvelo-
Si sazogadoebrivi medegobis mxardaW-
era, unda Sewyvitos saxelmwifoze ori-
entirebuli midgoma da meti yuradReba
arasaxelmwifo moTamaSeebs dauTmos. am
29
miznis misaRwevad, evrokavSirma unda:
 gaaZlieros samoqalaqo sazogadoe-
bis organizaciebi saqarTveloSi
evrokavSiris saqmianobasTan daka-
vSirebiT garkveuli gadawyvetile-
bebis miRebis uflebamosilebis
miniWebiT;
 gazardos finansuri daxmareba da
politikuri mxardaWera arasaxel-
mwifo aqtorebisa da demokratiul
sakiTxebze momuSave ,,grasruT’’
moZraobebisTvis.
kulturuli Rirebulebebi Tu
ekonomikuri safrTxe:
ra gansazRvravs mosaxleobis
mier memarjvene populistebis
mxardaWeras?

salome minesaSvili1
 33
mokle Sinaarsi

qveynis masStabiT Catarebuli gamokiTx- cvalebadi Rirebulebebis mimarT, rac

vebis mixedviT, qarTvelebis daaxloe-
biT 7% memarjvene populistur par-
tiebTan axdens sakuTari Sexedulebebis
identificirebas. am partiebs Sorisaa
patriotTa aliansi, romelic ukve war-
modgenilia sakanonmdeblo organoSi.
ra ganapirobebs msgavsi partiebis mx-
ardaWeras saqarTveloSi mcxovreb mo-
qalaqeebs Soris? dasavleTis qveynebSi
mzardi memarjvene populizmis asaxsne-
lad ori ZiriTadi Teoria saxeldeba:
kulturuli dapirispireba da ekono-
mikuri safrTxe. ekonomikuri perspeq-
tiva yuradRebas post-industriuli
ekonomikis pirobebSi sazogadoebrivi
struqturebis transformaciaze amax-
vilebs, sadac yalibdeba sazogadoebis
iseTi jgufebi, romlebic Tavs gari-
yulad, ekonomikurad Cagrulad da sa-
frTxis qveS grZnoben da Sesabamisad,
populistebis ZiriTad mxardamWerebad
gvevlinebian. kulturuli perspeqtiv-
idan, populizmis mxardaWera warmod-
genilia, rogorc warsulSi gavlenebis
mqone jgufis pasuxi sazogadoebis
am jgufebSi gaucxoebas iwvevs. am ori
Teoriis Sesamowmeblad, naSromSi gaan-
alizebulia sazogadoebrivi gamok-
iTxvebi qveynis masStabiT regresiis
modelebis gamoyenebiT. Sedegebi cxad-
hyofs, rom am orive Tezisis garkveuli
elementebi nawilobriv xsnis amomrCev-
lis mxardaWeras memarjvene populis-
turi partiebis mimarT. pirvel rigSi,
SedegebSi ikveTeba naprali Taobebs So-
ris, sadac 56 wlis da ufrosi asakis ada-
mianebi ufro metad uWeren mxars msgavs
partiebs, vidre axalgazrdebi. amasTan,
subieqturi Sexedulebebi, magaliTad
ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba, nostalgia
sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT da evrokavSir-
sa da natoSi gawevrianebisadmi winaaRm-
degoba nacionalisturi populizmis mx-
ardaWeris mZlavri maCvenebelia.
sakvanZo sityvebi: populisturi par-
tiebi, ultra memarjvene, ekonomikuri
safrTxe, kulturuli Rirebulebebi,
demokratia, demokratiuli ukusvla.

Sesavali

populisturma, ufro konkretulad ki mopoveba dasavleTis qveynebSi.2 ul-

nacionalisturma populisturma par- tra-memarjvene jgufebisa da populis-
tiebma TandaTan SeZles sazogadoebis turi nacionalisturi sentimentebis
mzardi mxardaWerisa da xilvadobis mzardi tendencia saqarTveloSic mkaf-

1
salome minesaSvili aris saqarTvelos politikis institutis analitikosi da flobs berlinis
Tavisufali universitetis doqtoris xarisxs.
2
Inglehart, R.F. and Norris, P. (2017). Trump, Brexit and the rise of populism: economic have-nots and cul-
tural backlash. Perspectives on Politics, 15(2); Staerkle, C. and Green, E.G.T. (2018). Right-wing populism as a
social representation: a comparison across four European countries. Journal of Community and Applied Social
Psychology, 28(6).; Gidron, N. and Hall, P.A. (2018), Populism as a problem of social integration. Available at:
xelmisawvdomia https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/hall/files/gidronhallapsa2017.pdf
34
iod SeiniSneba, gansakuTrebiT 2015
wlidan.3 ultra memarjvene jgufebi _
qarTuli idea, qarTuli marSi, saqarT-
velos erovnuli erToba da qarTuli
Zala _ ZiriTadad qsenofobiuri, islam-
ofobiuri da anti-migrantuli xedviT
gamoirCevian da liberalur demokra-
tias akritikeben.4 warmodgenili jgufe-
bi aseve gaaqtiurdnen sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi, awyoben anti-liberalur
aqciebs da gamosvlebs migrantebisa da
umciresobaTa uflebebis winaaRmdeg.5
Tumca, ufro metad yuradsaRebia is
faqti, rom sazogadoebrivi interesi am
jgufebis mimarT aseve izrdeba. rogorc
CRRC-s angariSSia aRniSnuli, 2015-2018
wlebSi aRniSnuli jgufebis socialu-
ri mediis gverdebis auditoria 9-jer
gaizarda (mowonebebisa da mimdevrebis
raodenobis gaTvaliswinebiT). Sesabami-
sad, gasakviri araa, rom Riad populis-
turi nacionalisturi dRis wesrigis
mqone partiam _ saqarTvelos patri-
otTa aliansma6 sakmarisi xmebi miiRo
2016 wels parlamentSi mosaxvedrad. am
etapze partiis SezRuduli mxardaWer-
is miuxedavad (man xmaTa 5% miiRo, rac
sakmarisi iyo barieris gadasalaxad),
parlamentSi mandatis miReba ultra
memjvene jgufebisTvis wamaxalisebe-
li faqtori aRmoCnda. zogierTma maT-
ganma, magaliTad erovnulma frontma,
politikuri partiis Seqmnis ganzrax-
vis Sesaxebac ki ganacxada.7 patriotTa
aliansis garda, SeiZleba kidev ramden-
ime partia miviCnioT nacionalisturad,
maT Soris demokratiuli moZraoba er-
Tiani saqarTvelo, saxalxo kreba, Tav-
isufali saqarTvelo da politikuri
partia imedi8.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es jgufebi am-
Jamad umciresobaSi arian, maT mimarT
mzard sazogadoebriv interessa da mx-
ardaWeras, riTic populisti nacional-
istebi sargebloben, kidev ufro metad
gaZlierebis potenciali aqvs. ultra
memarjvene partiis mier parlamentSi
mosaxvedrad miRebuli sakmarisi xmebis
raodenoba cxadhyofs, rom maTi poli-
tikuri dRis wesrigis mimarT moTxovna
arsebobs. naSromi miznad isaxavs sazo-
gadoebis moTxovnis analizsa da imis
dadgenas, Tu vin aris nacionalisti
populistebis mxardamWeri saqarTve-

3
Lebanidze, B. (2019). Rise of nationalist populism in Georgia: implications for European integration.
Georgian Institute of Politics. xelmisawvdomia: http://gip.ge/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Poli-
cy-brief-18-Bidzina-Lebanidze-1.pdf; Minesashvili, S. (2019). Social underpinnings of right-wing populism
in Georgia. Georgian Institute of Politics. xelmisawvdomia: http://gip.ge/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/
Policy-brief-16-Salome-Minesashvili.pdf; Gelashvili, T. (2019). Political opportunities for the extreme right in
Georgia. Georgian Institute of Politics. xelmisawvdomia: http://gip.ge/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Poli-
cy-brief-20-Tamta-Gelashvili.pdf
4
CRRC. (2018). Countering anti-Western discourse in social media. xelmisawvdomia: http://awdb.ge/files/
PPAG_Anti%20western%20propaganda%20in%20social%20media.pdf
5
Gelashvili, 2019; Lebanidze, 2019.
6
Kakachia, K. and Kakhishvili, L. (Forthcoming). Contextualizing populism in Georgian politics; Georgian
Institute of Politics. (2019). Georgian Institute of Politics (2019). Government and opposition share blame for
increasing trends of polarization and populism, experts say. xelmisawvdomia: http://gip.ge/wp-content/
uploads/2019/04/Expert-Polls9.pdf
7
Democracy & Freedom Watch. (2019). Georgian far-right groups reach agreement about forming new po-
litical party. xelmisawvdomia: https://dfwatch.net/georgian-far-right-groups-reach-agreement-about-form-
ing-new-political-party-53106?fbclid=IwAR0qa2P0shwIpJ6SpX4K_ONtdV5PzLlKlZz9MYmpHIsioAT-
9OZH-9_fVUng
8
Khorbaladze, T (2015). Homophobia and gender identity: media monitoring report. Media Development
Foundation. xelmisawvdomia: http://mdfgeorgia.ge/uploads/library/Homophobia-ENG-web%20(1).pdf

loSi. rogorc wesi, dasavleTis msgavs
fenomens ori Teoria xsnis, romlebic
aseve iqneba gamoyenebuli saqarTve-
los SemTxvevaSi: ekonomikuri safrTxe
da kulturuli dapirispireba. ekono-
mikuri Teoriis mixedviT, post-in-
dustriulma sazogadoebam warmoSva
ekonomikuri uTanasworoba, moaxdina
sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis izola-
cia bazridan, daayena isini ekonomiku-
ri safrTxis winaSe da sazogadoebisgan
maT gariyvas Seuwyo xeli. amave Teoriis
mixedviT, sazogadoebis swored es naw-
ili modis winaaRmdegobaSi politikur
klasTan da ufro metadaa midrekili
istebliSmentis sawinaaRmdego, naciona-
listuri da qsenofobiuri moZraobebi-
sken. kulturuli Teoria am fenomens
xsnis, rogorc post-materialuri Ri-
rebulebebis _ iseTebis, rogoricaa
kosmopolitizmi, multikulturizmi,
umciresobaTa uflebebi da genderu-
li Tanasworoba _ winaaRmdeg mimar-
Tul kontr-revolucias. populisturi
nacionalisturi xedvebi mimzidvelia
maTTvis, vinc ewinaaRmdegeba nacno-
ekonomikuri da kulturuli Tezisebi mzardi
populizmis asaxsnelad
bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi,
populistma _ da gansakuTrebiT memar-
jvene da avtoritarma liderebma gansa-
kuTrebuli popularoba moipoves aSS-
Si, evropasa da laTinur amerikaSi.11
populizmi axali fenomeni araa; Tumca,
bolo dros ganviTarebuli movlene-
bi ganxilulia, rogorc gaZlierebuli
populizmis gamovlineba. populisturi
ideologia, rogorc wesi, aerTianebs
sam maxasiaTebels: istebliSmentis
9
Inglehart and Norris, (2017).
10
saqarTvelos politikis instituti, 2019.
11
Inglehart and Norris, 2017.
35
bi tradiciuli normebidan gadaxvevas
da gaucxoebulia elitebis diskursSi
gaJRerebuli Rirebulebebisgan.9 saqa-
rTveloSi populizms orive zemoT aR-
werili faqtori kvebavs. saqarTvelos
politikis institutis mier Catarebuli
gamokiTxvis mixedviT, eqspertebma daas-
axeles qveyanaSi mzardi polarizaciisa
da populizmis xelSemwyobi faqtore-
bi, maT Soris identobasTan (progre-
suli Rirebulebebi da umciresobaTa
uflebebi) dakavSirebuli wuxili da
migracia. eqspertebma socialur-ekono-
mikuri siduxWire populizmis mTavar
faqtorad daasaxeles.10
qveyanaSi nacionalisturi populizmis
mxardaWeris xelSemwyobi faqtorebis
gasagebad, naSromSi gaanalizebulia ze-
moT naxsenebi ori Teoria saqarTvelos
konteqstSi. am mizniT, naSromSi gaanal-
izebulia qveynis masStabiT Catarebuli
sazogadoebrivi azris kvleva da ganxilu-
lia urTierTkavSiri ekonomikur da kul-
turul faqtorebsa da memarjvene po-
pulisturi partiebis mxardaWeras Soris.
(politikuri, biznes da inteleqtual-
uri elitebis) winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
moZraoba, avtoritarizmi (qarizmatu-
li da Zlieri lideris mxardaWera ri-
giTi moqalaqeebis warmomadgenlad) da
nacionalizmi (sxvadasxva kulturisa
da qveynis, aseve umciresobaTa jgufis
warmomadgenlebis gariyva sazogadoe-
bidan, erovnuli interesebis saerTaSo-
riso TanamSromlobasa da tradiciul
liberalur Rirebulebebze maRla day-
36
eneba).12 amis kvaldakval, saqarTvelos
patriotTa aliansi atarebs elitebis
sawinaaRmdego,13 qsenofobiur da na-
cionalistur dRis wesrigs „qarTul
sulsa“ da „samSoblosaTvis Tavdade-
baze“ aqcentiT,14 amasTan lobirebs mi-
grantebis (gansakuTrebiT muslimi mi-
grantebis) sawinaaRmdego politikas
imis SiSiT, rom qveyanaSi eTnikuri bal-
ansi Seicvleba.15
ratom Zlierdeba populizmi? araerTi
Teoria da ganmarteba iqna gamoyenebuli
populizmis masiuri mxardaWeris asaxs-
nelad. am konteqstSi yuradReba ZiriT-
adad ekonomikur uTanasworobaze max-
vildeba, romelic post-industriuli
ekonomikis struqturuli cvlilebidan
momdinareobs an kulturul dapirisp-
irebaze, romelic cvalebadi kulturu-
li Rirebulebebis pasuxad ganixileba.
pirveli TeoriiT aixsneba amomrCevlis
qceva im cvlilebebis konteqstSi, ro-
melic post-industriuli sazogadoe-
bis transformacias axdens. es midgo-
ma yuradRebas sazogadoebis calkeuli
wevrebis Semosavlebsa da dovlaTs So-
ris mzard uTanasworobaze amaxvilebs16,
romelic codnaze dafuZnebuli ekono-
mikis ganviTarebis, teqnologiuri
avtomatizaciis, kapitalisa da samuSaos
_ maT Soris migrantebis globaluri
dinebisa da neo-liberaluri ekonomi-
kuri politikis nayofia, ris Sedegad-
ac bevri an samsaxuris gareSe darCa an
asrulebs arakvalificiur an arastabi-
lur samuSaos.17 ekonomikuri safrTxis
mzardi gancda politikuri klasis wi-
naaRmdeg gaZlierebuli winaaRmdego-
bis safuZvlad moiazreba im adamianebis
mier, romlebic dabal anazRaurebad
samsaxurSi arian dasaqmebulni, arian
umuSevarni da cxovroben migrantebiT
dasaxlebul garemoSi. swored es
jgufebi moizreba istebliSmentis mow-
inaaRmdege, qsenofobiuri da anti-imi-
grantuli ritorikis mqone populis-
turi moZraobebisa da partiebis mimarT
mowyvlad jgufebad. empiriuli mtkice-
bulebis TvalsazrisiT, warmodgenili
Teoriis mixedviT, populizmi ZiriT-
adad ekonomikurad marginalizebuli
jgufebisTvis iqneboda damaxasiaTebe-
li, romlebic „globaluri bazris, te-
qnologiuri ganviTarebisa da mcodne
sazogadoebis [pirobebSi] wagebul md-
gomareobaSi imyofebian.“18 Sesabamisad,
xmebis umetesoba unda modiodes umu-
Sevar, arakvalificiur moqalaqeebze,
romlebic mwvaved aRiqvamen ekonomikur
safrTxes, ver axerxeben ekonomikuri
saWiroebebis dakmayofilebas, ar aqvT
universitetis xarisxi da cxovroben
qalaqis ucxoelebiT dasaxlebul urba-
nul midamoebSi.19

12
Mols, F. and Jetten, J. (2016). Explaining the appeal of populist right-wing parties in times of economic
prosperity. Political Psychology, 37, 275-292. Hameleers, M. (2018). A typology of populism: toward a revised
theoretical framework on the sender side and receiver side of communication. International Journal of Commu-
nication, 12, 2171-2190. Brubaker, R. (2017). Between nationalism and civilizationism: the European populist
moment in comparative perspective. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40, 1191-1226.
13
saqarTvelos politikis instituti, 2019.
14
Kakachia and Kakhishvili, Forthcoming.
15
Anti-Western propaganda. (2018). Media Development Foundation. xelmisawvdomia: http://www.mdf-
georgia.ge/eng/view_research/169
16
Piketty, T. (2014). Capital. Cambridge, MA: Bellnap Press.
17
iqve.
18
Inglehart and Norris, 2017, p.12
19
iqve.

kulturuli winaaRmdegobis Teoria
am fenomens kulturul cvlilebebze
reaqciiT xsnis. Sesabamisad, post-mate-
rialuri Rirebulebebidan gadaxra da
multikulturizmsa da kosmopolitizm-
Tan daaxloeba, rac elitebis diskurs-
Si wamyvan adgils ikavebs, sapasuxo
kont-revoluciuri ganwyobebis mizezi
gaxda, gansakuTrebiT ufros Taoba-
Si, mamakacebSi da sazogadoebis nakle-
bad ganaTlebul nawilSi.20 isini, vinc
ar eTanxmeba axal socialur wyobas da
gariyulad grZnoben Tavs, tradiciuli
normebidan gadaxvevas ewinaaRmdegebi-
an da cvlilebebs sazogadoebaSi maTi
statusis eroziis winapirobad ganix-
ilaven.21 meinstrimul politikasTan
gaucxoebiT, isini mxars nacionalis-
turi dRis wesrigis mqone radikalur
partiebs uWeren. am TvalsazrisiT, asa-
ki, ganaTleba da sqesi Rirebulebebis
cvlilebis mTavari indikatoria. am
mxriv populizmis mxardaWera ZiriT-
adad unda ikveTebodes ufros Taoba-
Si, im adamianebs Soris, visac ar aqvs
meTodologia da analizi
arsebuli mtkicebulebebis Sesaswav-
lad, kvleva efuZneba qveynis masStabiT
Catarebul or gamokiTxvas, NDI: sazo-
gadoebrivi ganwyoba saqarTveloSi 2018
wlis dekemberSi da 2019 wlis ivlisSi.
memarjvene populizmis mxadaWera gan-
sazRvrulia respodentebis mxridan
partiebis preferenciebis safuZvelze,
konkretulad ki maTi pasuxebis mixed-
20
magaliTisTvis ixileT: Karapin, R. (2002). ‘Far right parties and the construction of immigration issues in
Germany.’ In Shadows Over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe.
Schain, M., Zolberg, A. and Hossay, P. (eds.). Houndsmill: Palgrave Macmillan; DeAngelis, R.A. (2003). ‘A
rising tide for Jean-Marie, Jorg, and Pauline? Xenophobic populism in comparative perspective.’ Australian
Journal of Politics and History 49 (1): 75-92;
21
Gidron and Hall, 2017.
22
Inglehart and Norris, 2017.
23
iqve.
24
CRRC. (2019). NDI: sazogadoebrivi azris kvleva saqarTveloSi, ivlisi 2019.
37
universitetis xarisxi; tradiciebis
erTgul moqalaqeebs Soris, vinc ewi-
naaRmdegeba progresul kulturul Ri-
rebulebebs seqsualuri da religiuri
umciresobebis mimarT; ewinaaRmdegeba
genderul Tanasworobas, multikul-
turizms da migrantebs.22 populizmis
mxardamWerebi aseve ikvebebian kos-
mopolitizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
qsenofobiur-avtoritaruli Sexedule-
bebiT. warmodgenili kvleva cxadhyofs,
rom globaluri mmarTvelobis mimarT
undobloba da avtoritaruli Rire-
bulebebis mxardaWera arCevanis popu-
listuri moZraobebis sasargeblod ga-
keTebas ganapirobebs.23
aris Tu ara dasavlur sazogadoebaSi
damkvidrebuli es ori Teoria mosadegi
saqarTveloSi arsebuli situaciis asax-
snelad? Tuki es asea, romeli maTgani
prognozirebs memarjvene populisturi
partiebis mxardaWeras qarTul sazoga-
doebaSi?
viT kiTxvaze „romelia Tqvens Sexed-
ulebebTan yvelaze axlos mdgomi par-
tia?“. 2018 wlis dekemberSi 5%, xolo
2019 wlis ivlisSi 7% asaxelebda aseT
partiebad memarjvene populistur par-
tiebs. am naSromis miznebisTvis, „me-
marjvene populistur partiebad“ moi-
azreba patriotTa aliansi 4%-iani
mxardaWeriT24 da sxva mcire zomis par-
38
tiebi, romlebic iziareben partiis na-
cionalistur da populistur ideolo-
gias. is partiebi, romlebic ar arian
warmodgenilni parlamentSi, magram ga-
moxataven nacionalistur populistur
tendenciebs da dasaxeldnen respo-
dentebis mier, arian _ demokratiuli
moZraoba _ erTiani saqarTvelo, Tavi-
sufleba _ zviad gamsaxurdias gza, ax-
ali memarjveneebi, erovnuli forumi _
gubaz sanikiZe, Tamaz meWiauri erTiani
saqarTvelosTvis, qarTvel tradicio-
nalistTa kavSiri.
partiuli preferenciebis ekonomiku-
ri da kulturuli axsna warmodgenilia
logistikuri regresiis modelebis ga-
moyenebiT, sadac memarjvene populis-
turi partiis mxardaWera damoukidebe-
li cvladia. arsebobs araerTi kiTxva,
romelic SesaZloa safuZvlad daedos
fenomenis ekonomikur da kulturul
axsnas. model a-Si gaerTianebulia de-
mografiuli da socialuri indikatore-
bi, rogoricaa asaki, sqesi, dasaxlebis
mignebebi
regresiis modelebis Sedegebi Semdeg-
nairad gamoiyureba.
modeli a _ socialuri da demografiuli
faqtorebi.
modeli a-s Sedegebis mixedviT, me-
marjvene populisturi partiebis mx-
ardaWeras ori ZiriTadi socialuri
da ekonomikuri faqtori ganapirobebs.
asaki mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia yvela
modelis SemTxvevaSi. Sedegebi aCvenebs,
rom axalgazrda respodentebi ufro
naklebad miiCneven memarjvene partiebs
TavianT SexedulebebTan axlos mdgar
tipi da ganaTleba. modeli b moicavs
iseT faqtorebs, romlebic dakavSire-
bulia ekonomikur TeoriasTan: qoneba,
dasaqmeba, ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis
subieqturi aRqma - magaliTad, ekono-
mikurad Tavis gatanis sirTule, wina
TaobasTan SedarebiT gauaresebuli
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, samuSaos da-
kargvi SiSi. model g-Si damatebiT war-
modgenilia is indikatorebi, romlebic
dakavSirebulia kulturuli dapirisp-
irebis TeoriasTan _ magaliTad, damok-
idebuleba umciresobebis, migrantebisa
da multikulturizmis mimarT; undob-
loba globaluri da erovnuli mmarT-
velobis mimarT; avtoritaruli Rire-
bulebebis mxardaWera da nostalgia.
modeli d aerTianebs rogorc ekonomi-
kur, ise kulturul faqtorebs. damok-
idebuli cvladisTvis gaTvaliswinebu-
lia im respodentebis pasuxi, romelTac
memarjvene populisturi partiebi pir-
vel an meore variantad airCies (cvlade-
bi da Sesabamisi kodebi warmodgenilia
danarTis saxiT).
partiebad, vidre ufrosi Taoba, rac
adasturebs Taobebs Soris arsebuli
gansxvavebebis arguments. memarjvene
partiebTan asocirebas gansakuTrebiT
axdenen 56 wlis an ufro xandazmuli
adamianebi. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
faqtori dasaxlebis tipia: populistu-
ri Sexedulebebis mxardaWeris maCven-
ebeli ZiriTadad soflad mcxovreb
moqalaqeebSi ufro SeiniSneba, vidre
urbanul dasaxlebebSi da dedaqalaqSi
(Tumca, es faqtori umniSvnelo xde-
ba model d-Si). genderuli sxvaoba da
hipoTeza ganaTlebis Sesaxeb statis-
tikurad umniSvnelo aRmoCnda, rac

imaze mianiSnebs, rom SeuZlebelia am
faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT nacional-
isturi populizmis mxardaWeris prog-
nozireba. kvlevis Sedegebi rom Sevaja-
moT, memarjvene populizmis mxardaWera
yvelaze Zlieri ufros Taobasa da
sazogadoebis im nawilSia, romelic so-
flad cxovrobs. Tumca am urTierT-
damokidebulebis zusti mizezebi sx-
vadasxvagvarad SeiZleba iyos axsnili
da amisaTvis damatebiTi kvlevaa saW-
iro. asaki da dasaxlebis tipi SesaZloa
xsnides gansxvavebul Rirebulebebsa da
dasaqmebis SesaZleblobas, es ukanask-
nel ki ekonomikur TviTkmarobas. Ses-
abamisad, SesaZloa arsebobdes kavSiri
ekonomikur an kulturul, an orive Te-
oriasTan.
modeli b _ ekonomikuri Teoria
modeli b zemoT aRweril sakontro-
lo cvladebTan erTad, memarjvene
populisturi partiebis mxardamWer
maCveneblad ekonomikur faqtorebs
ganixilavs. monacemebis analizma ar-
aerTgvarovani Sedegebi aCvena. qonebis
obieqturi sazomi, iseTi, rogoricaa
magaliTad garkveuli sayofacxovrebo
nivTebis arqona da umuSevroba, statis-
tikurad mniSvnelovani ar aRmoCnda
(aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvelebis 2/3 in-
terviuebis dros Tavs umuSevrad acxa-
debs). Tumca, ekonomikuri safrTxis
aRqmis subieqturi cvladebidan, wina
TaobasTan SedarebiT uares ekonomikur
mdgomareobaSi yofna statistikurad
mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda. saerTo jam-
Si, modeli b-s damatebam umniSvnelod
gaaumjobesa modeli a. ekonomikuri
faqtorebi mxolod nawilobriv xsnian
memarjvene partiebis mxardaWeras, sad-
ac ekonomikur mdgomareobaze pesimis-
turi Sexeduleba cxadad miuTiTebs ms-
39
gavsi partiebis mxardaWeraze.
modeli g _ kulturuli Teoria
modeli g ganixilavs kulturul
faqtorebs socialuri da demografi-
uli indikatorebis gakontrolebiT.
Semdegi kulturuli faqtorebi - avtor-
itaruli Rrebulebebis mxardaWera,
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba genderuli
Tanasworobis, migrantebis, multikul-
turizmis da umciresobaTa uflebebis
mimarT - ar aRmoCnda statistikurad
mniSvnelovani. Tumca, is vinc evrokav-
Sirsa da natoSi gawevrianebas ewinaaRm-
degeba, ufro amave dros uWers mxars
nacionalistur populistur xedvebs.
amasTan, statistikurad mniSvnelovani
aRmoCnda sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT nos-
talgia, rogorc am, ise kombinirebul
model d-Si, sadac populizmis mxardaW-
erasTan dadebiTi kavSiri dadasturda.
Sesabamisad, modeli g modeli a-s sa-
fuZvelze nawilobriv gaumjobesda da
aCvena, rom adamianebi, romelTac aqvT
sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT nostalgia da
ewinaaRmdegebian globalur mmarTvl-
elobas, upiratesobas nacionalistur
populistur partiebs aniWeben.
modeli d _ kombinirebuli faqtorebi
model d afasebs ekonomikuri da kul-
turuli indikatorebis kombinirebul
Sedegebs sakontrolo indikatorebTan
erTad. analizi adasturebs wina kvleve-
bis Sedegebs imis Sesaxeb, rom sabWoTa
kavSiris mimarT nostalgia kontroli-
rebul socialur da demografiul
faqtorebTan erTad, memarjvene pop-
ulisturi partiebis mxardaWeris gan-
mapirobebeli faqtoria. amasTan, wina
TaobasTan SedarebiT uares ekonomikur
mdgomareobaSi yofnis aRqma aseve gana-
40
pirobebs msgavs partiebTan Sexedule-
bebis Tanxvedras. Sesabamisad, 56 welze
zemoT asaki, sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT
nostalgia da wina TaobasTan Sedare-
daskvna
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
monacemebis analizis mixedviT, memar-
jvene populisturi partiebis mxardaW-
eras arc erTi Teoria srulad ar xsnis,
maSin rodesac memarjvene populizmis
mxardaWeras orive Teoriis garkveuli
elementebi ganapirobebs. pirvel rigSi,
kvleva adasturebs, rom arsebobs Tao-
bebs Soris naprali da msgavsi partiebis
xedvebi ufro metad xandazmuli Tao-
bis SexedulebebTan aris axlos, vidre
axalgazrdebTan. asakobrivi sxvaoba
savaraudod dakavSirebulia sabWoTa
gamocdilebasTan da am periodis nos-
talgiasTan, aseve gancdasTan, rom ar-
sebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gac-
ilebiT gauaresebulia. warmodgenili
Sedegebi adasturebs Teorias, rom isi-
ni, vinc sabWoTa kavSiris dros ukeTe-
sad grZnobda Tavs, rogorc kulturu-
li, ise ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT,
xolo axla Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
mimarT gaucxoebulni arian, ufro didi
albaTobiT uWeren mxars radikaluri
Sexedulebebis mqone partiebs. maSin,
rodesac es xedva aerTianebs, rogorc
kulturul, ise ekonomikur faqtorebs,
winaaRmdegoba evrokavSirsa da natoSi
wevrobis mimarT aseve ganapirobebs ul-
tra-memarjvene partiebis mxardaWeras,
rasac SesaZloa hqondes kulturuli an
ekonomikuri safuZvlebi.
rekomendaciebi
saqarTvelos mTavrobisTvis:
 SemuSavdes strategia asakobrivi
biT, arsebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareo-
bas pesimisturi aRqma nacionalisturi
populisturi Sexedulebebis mxardaW-
eras ganapirobebs.
diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad
saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi, gan-
sakuTrebiT dasaqmebis mimar-
TulebiT.
 SemuSavdes saxelmwifo politi-
ka xandazmuli adamianebis Tana-
medrove qarTul sazogadoebaSi
ukeTesi integraciis mizniT.
 gaizardos pensia.
 moxdes evrokavSirisa da natos
Sesaxeb warmoebuli sainformacio
kampaniebis mxardaWera xandazmul
adamianebsa da soflad mcxovreb
mosaxleobas Soris.
saqarTveloSi samoqalqo sazogadoebis
warmomadgenlebisTvis:
 metad iyos uzrunvelyofili saqa-
rTvelos mosaxleobis ufrosi
Taobis warmomadgenlebisa da so-
flad mcxovrebi adamianebis Car-
Tuloba imisaTvis, rom am jgufeb-
ma Tanamedrove sazogadoebisgan
gariyulad ar igrZnon Tavi.
 Seiqmnas proeqtebi mewarmeobisa da
sxvadasxva unar-Cvevebis gansavi-
Tareblad, rac xandazmulebsa da
soflad mcxovreb adamianebs Tana-
medrove ekonomikaSi CarTvis Sesa-
Zleblobas miscems.
 metad moxdes xandazmul pirebsa

da soflad mcxovreb adamianebs
Soris natos, evrokavSirsa da am
urTierTobebisgan miRebuli maT-
Tvis xelSesaxebi Sedegebis Sesaxeb
informaciis gavrceleba.
saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso sazogadoe-
bisTvis:
 erTgvarovani midgomis nacvlad,
ganviTardes asakobriv jgufsa da
regionze morgebuli politika,
romlis samiznec, rogorc ufrosi
Taobis warmomadgenlebi, ise so-
flad mcxovrebi adamianebi iqnebi-
an.
 sainformacio kampaniis warmoeba
xandazmulebisTvis saqarTvelos
dasavlel partniorebTan urTier-
41
Tobebis Sesaxeb, sadac yuradRe-
ba am urTierTobebisgan maTTvis
potenciur sargebelze gamaxvil-
deba. magaliTad, meti informaci-
is miwodeba sofelSi mcxovrebi
pirebisTvis asocirebis SeTanxme-
biT uzrunvelyofil fermerTa mx-
ardaWeris RnisZiebebis Sesaxeb.
 saqarTvelos xandazmuli mo-
qalaqeebisTvis profesiuli
treningebis mxardaWera da orga-
nizeba, sazogadoebis am jgufis
mxardaWera saTanado codnisa da
unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebisTvis,
rac maT Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi
monawileobis miRebaSi daexmare-
baT.
42
danarTi

cxrili 1: cvladebi da kodebi

 
 
  
  
  
 
  
  

       

      (  I +    
  II)   (1)     (2)
      
     18-34 (1), 35-55 (2), 56+ (3)
     (1),   
(0)
         (0),
  
   (1)
  
    (1),  

 (2),  (3)
  

      0-10
   (1),   (0)
        1-5

   
     
     (1),   (0)
   

 

     (1),   (0)
  
      (1),   (o)
   
  
  

 
 


    (1),   (0)
  
    
 
  
     (1),   (0)
    
 
  
 43
cxrili 2: memarjvene politikur partiebTan Sexedulebebis Tanxvedris modeli

:   :   + :   + :  

  
     

Estimate St. t value Pr(>|t|) Estimate St. t value Pr(>|t|) Estimate St. t value Pr(>|t|) Estimate St. t value Pr(>|t|)
Error Error Error Error
 
 (56+) 1.318 0.317 4.156 <0.001*** 1.091 0.371 2.941 0.004**

 0.141 0.214 0.658 0.5114 -0.120 0.249 -0.482 0.631


  -0.796 0.294 -2.708 0.007** -0.330 0.321 -1.028 0.305
()

  -0.168 0.219 -0.763 0.4461 -0.105 0.252 -0.416 0.678

 

 
   -0.059 0.069 -0.862 0.390 -0.034 0.071 -0.475 0.635

  -0.119 0.267 -0.446 0.656 -0.298 0.360 -0.829 0.408

 -0.088 0.067 -1.327 0.186 0.005 0.085 0.056 0.955

   
 
  -0.040 0.192 -0.207 0.836 0.002 0.258 0.008 0.993

 
  

 

  -0.181 0.301 -0.602 0.548 0.118 0.402 0.293 0.770
  
  0.537 0.230 2.560 0.011* 0.593 0.254 2.337 0.020*
 
  
 
 
   -0.717 0.263 -2.730 0.007** 0.914 0.462 1.979 0.049*


  -1.067 0.239 -4.460 <0.001** -1.655 0.403 -4.105 <0.001**
 * *

   -0.309 0.215 -1.438 0.152

 

-  0.419 0.219 1.909 0.058

  -0.040 0.263 -0.152 0.879 -0.078 0.312 -0.250 0.803
 



   0.281 0.216 1.302 0.194 0.239 0.254 0.941 0.348
  
 



  0.050 0.207 0.241 0.810 -0.168 0.248 -0.676 0.500
 


   -0.567 0.219 -2.584 0.010* -0.564 0.256 -2.200 0.030*
  

* = p<0.05 ** = p<0.01 *** = p<0.001

sazogadoebis ndoba demokratiisa
da saxelmwifo institutebis
mimarT: populisturi
nacionalisturi jgufebis
gavlenebi

gvanca daviTaSvili1

mokle Sinaarsi
saqarTvelos demokratizaciis pro-
cesi, saxelmwifo institutebisa da
demokratiis mimarT sazogadoebrivi
ndobis klebadi tendenciis fonze,
damatebiTi gamowvevebis winaSe dgas.
am diskursSi, populisturi naciona-
listuri jgufebis gaaqtiureba, Ta-
vis mxriv, demokratiuli procesebis
ganviTarebis Semaferxebel damatebiT
riskebs qmnis. saxelmwifo institute-
bi araefeqtianad reagireben populis-
turi jgufebis gavlenebis sapirwoned,
rac xels uwyobs populisturi nacio-
nalisturi partiebisa da jgufebis
aradeklarirebuli miznebis, dafinanse-
Sesavali
saqarTvelos demokratizaciis proce-
sis kvleva, romlis ganuyofeli nawil-
icaa saxelmwifo institutebis efeq-
turobisa da efeqtianobis Sefaseba,
mWidrod ukavSirdeba sazogadoebis
ndobis formirebisa da CarTulobis
xarisxs demokratiis konsolidaciis
procesSi. sazogadoebis ndoba saxel-
mwifo institutebis mimarT, politi-
kuri elitebisTvis unda iyos signali
strategiuli politikis formirebisa
da Semdgomi implementaciisaTvis. am di-
skusiis ganuyofeli nawilia is faqtore-
bi, rac gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis
ndobaze demokratiisa da demokrati-
uli institutebis mimarT. nacional-
isturi populisturi jgufebis aqti-
uroba da gavlena saxelmwifos Sida da
sagareo politikaze, rac bolo period-
Si kidev ufro intensiurad SeiniSneba,
1
gvanca daviTaSvili aris sruli profesori niu viJen universitetSi, flobs baskeTis saxelmwifo
universitetis doqtoris xarisxs.
47
bis wyaroebis, araformaluri kavSire-
bisa da gavlenebis Sesaxeb, informaciis
gaumWvirvalobas. aRniSnuls Tan erT-
vis demokratiuli institutebis mimarT
sazogadoebis ndobis klebadi tenden-
cia, rac zrdis SesaZleblobas popu-
listuri jgufebis gavlenis gaZlier-
ebis, miuxedavad imisa, rom am dromde
gardamtexi gavlena politikur dRis
wesrigze ar mouxdeniaT.
sakvanZo sityvebi: demokratizacia, pop-
ulisturi jgufebi, saqarTvelo, saxel-
mwifo institutebi, sazogadoebis ndo-
ba.
konteqstis gaTvalsiwinebiT, erT-erTi
safrTxea. es naSromi aanalizebs ram-
denad axdenen gavlenas populisturi
nacionalisturi jgufebi demokratii-
sa da saxelmwifo institutebis mimarT
sazogadoebis ndobaze. pasuxismgebeli
saxelmwifo institutebi, populisturi
politikuri partiebisa, Tu sainicia-
tivo jgufebis mier anti-liberaluri
narativis propagandaze myisierad da
efeqtianad ar reagirebs, ramac Ses-
aZloa grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi sa-
frTxis winaSe daayenos qarTuli poli-
tikuri dRis wesrigi, Tumca am dromde
xelSesaxebi negatiuri Sedegi maT in-
tensiur aqtorobas Sida, Tu sagareo
politikur diskursSi ar moutania. am
narkvevSi, aseve warmodgenilia rekomen-
daciebi saxelmwifo institutebisa da
politikuri partiebisTvis.
48
sazogadoebis ndoba demokratiisa da saxelmwifo
institutebis mimarT

sazogadoebis politikuri ndobis sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis praqtikaSi

formireba demokratiisa da saxelmwifo
institutebis mimarT kompleqsuri pro-
cesia, rac TavisTavad aisaxeba demokra-
tizaciis xarisxze qveyanaSi.
saqarTveloSi, demokratiuli mmarTve-
lobis gaZliereba, rogorc mmarTveli
politikuri elitis pasuxismgebloba,
Tavismxriv, pirdapir kavSirSia saqarT-
velos evrointegraciul dRiswesrig-
Tan. evropul kavSirTan politikuri
asocirebisa da ekonomikuri integraci-
is procesi, romelic moicavs piro-
biTobidan gamomdinare demokratiis
xarisxis gaumjobesebis garantiebsac,2
gafarToebis politikis ararsebobis
pirobebSi, Seuqcevadad ar viTardeba.
garda amisa, demokratiis gaZlierebas
Tu gavaanalizebT, funqciuri TanamS-
romlobis diskursSi, cxadi xdeba, rom
calkeul seqtorebSi ganxorcielebuli
reformebi, qveyanaSi demokratiis saer-
To xarisxis gaumjobesebaze ar axdens
gavlenas.3 miuxedavad, demokratiuli
mmarTvelobis gasaZliereblad gadadg-
muli calkeuli nabijebisa,4 aRmosav-
leT evropis sxva qveynebis msgavsad,
saqarTveloSic gamowvevad rCeba
danergva.5 demokratiis konsolidacii-
sa da aqedan gamomdinare sazogadoebi-
sTvis xelSesaxebi Sedegebis misaRebad,
xelisuflebis mdgrad, Tanmimdevrul,
gangrZobad da proqtiul Zalisxmebas
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs.
demokratiis xarisxis gauareseba saqa-
rTveloSi, gasul wlebTan SedarebiT,
demokratiis inteqsis 2019 wlis maCvene-
blebiT dastudeba, iseTi indikatorebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoricaa erovnuli
demokratiuli mmarTveloba, saarCev-
no procesi, samoqalaqo sazogadoe-
ba, damoukidebeli media, adgilobrivi
demokratiuli mmarTveloba, sasamarT-
lo sistema da damoukidebloba, koruf-
cia.6 demokratiis xarisxis Semcireba-
ze miuTiTebs, saqarTvelos politikis
institutis mier Catarebuli kvleva
demokratizaciisa da politikis dina-
mikis Taobaze qarTveli da saerTaSo-
riso eqspertebis gamoTxvis meTodiT.
eqspertebis 78% fiqrobs, rom „saqarT-
veloSi demokratiis xarisxi gauares-
da“, 22% fiqrobs rom demokratiis
xarisxi ar Secvlila, xolo gamokiTx-
uli 23 eqspertidan arcerTi fiqrobs,

2
asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba erTis mxriv, saqarTvelosa da meores mxriv, evrokavSirs da evro-
pis atomuri energiis gaerTianebas da maT wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris, 200/42, saqarTvelos saknon-
mdeblo macne, gamoqveynebis TariRi 11.09.2014.
3
Tina Freyburg, Sandra Lavenex, Frank Schimmelfennig, Tatiana Skripka, Anne Wetzel (2009) EU promo-
tion of democratic governance in the neighbourhood, Journal of European Public Policy, 16:6, 916-934, DOI:
10.1080/13501760903088405.
4
European Commission Joint Staff Workig Document (2019) “Association Implementation Report on Geor-
gia”, Brussels,30.1.2019.SWD(2019)16Final.
5
Ibid.
6
saqarTvelosTvis demokratiis indeqsi 2018 wlis monacemebis mixedviT 4.61-dan 4.68-mdea gaz-
rili. damatebiTi informaciisTvis ix.: Freedom House (2018) Georgia. xelmisawvdomia: https://free-
domhouse.org/sites/default/files/NiT2018_Georgia_final.pdf wvdomis TariRi 22.01.2020. aseve, ixileT:
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/georgia wvdomis TariRia 01.02.2020.

rom demokratiis xarisxi saqarTvelo-
Si gaumjobesda.7 mniSvnelovania Sefas-
des is gamowvevebic, rac saqarTveloSi
demokratiis ganviTarebis dRis wesrig-
Si dgas. eqspertebi mTavar problemad
miiCneven sasamarTlo xelisuflebi da-
moukideblobas, araformaluri mmarT-
velobas, socialur-ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis dabali dones da socialuri
uTanasworobas.8
saqarTveloSi demokratiuli insti-
tutebisa mimarT ndobis deficiti rom
arsebobs, amas adasturebs rogorc ga-
49
suli wlebis, aseve uaxlesi kvlevebi.9
2019 wlis noemberSi, NDI-is mier Catare-
buli kvlevebis Sedegebi cxadyofs,
rom sazogadoebis ndoba demokratiisa
da saxelmwifo institutebis mimarT
metwilad klebadi tendenciiT xasiaT-
deba.
kiTxvaze aris Tu ara demokratia saqa-
rTveloSi, 33% dadebiTad, xolo 59%
uaryofiTad pasuxobs, amasTan 2017-
2018 wlebTan SedarebiT, qveyanaSi
demokratiis arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT
sazogadoebis uaryofiTi pasuxi mkveT-
rad gazrdilia.10

wyaro: NDI-is 2019 wlis gamokiTxvis Sedegebi „sazogadoebis ganwoba saqarTveloSi“

7
demokratiis xarisxze saerTaSoriso da qarTveli eqspertebis mosazrebebi detalurad, ixileT:
eqspertTa gamokiTxva (2019) „eqspertTa azriT saqarTveloSi demorkatiis xarisxi uaresdeba“,
saqarTvelos politikis instituti, gamocema #10.
8
demokratiis xarisxze saerTaSoriso da qarTveli eqspertebis mosazrebebi detalurad, ixileT:
eqspertTa gamokiTxva (2019) „eqspertTa azriT saqarTveloSi demorkatiis xarisxi uaresdeba“,
saqarTvelos politikis instituti, gamocema #10.
9
kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri (2019) „NDI: sazogadoebis ganwoba saqarTveloSi, 2019 wlis
dekembris gamokiTxvis Sedegebi“, Catarebuli NDI-is dakveTiT CRRC saqarTvelos mier.
10
Ibid.
50
sazogadoebis ganwyobis kvlevisas gan-
sakuTrebiT mniSnelovania, saqarT-
velos prezidentisa da parlamentis,
rogorc pirdapir arCeuli da legit-
imaciis maRali xarisxis mqone insti-
tutebis Sefaseba, romelTa mimarT ro-
gorc sazogadoebis molodinebi, ise
pasuxismgeloba politikur procesebis
marTvaSi, gansakuTrebiT maRalia. NDI-
is kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, gamok-
iTxulTa 93%-s ar hqonia parlamentis
wevrTan, an mis warmomadgenelTan ko-
munikacia.11 amasTan, parlamentis wevTan
komunikaciisTvis saukeTeso formad
sazogadoebis 47%-s sajaro Sexvedrebi
miaCnia; 55% ki fiqrobs, rom misi sur-
vilis SemTxvevaSi parlamentis wevrTan
Sexvedras advilad ver SeZlebda; 64%
fiqrobs, rom parlamentis wevrebi ar
iTvaliswineben sazogadoebis mosazre-
bebs gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi;
73%-is azriT, parlamentis wevrebi gaa-
keTeben imas, rasac partia etyvis, xolo
26% sjera maTi interesebis dacvis.12
Tu prezidentis saqmianobas, 2018 wlis
martSi uaryofiTad 17% afasebda, 2019
wlis noembris monacemebi es ricxvi
54%-mdea gazrdili.

მარგველაშვილი ზურაბიშვილი

34

wyaro: NDI-is 2019 wlis gamokiTxvis Sedegebi „sazogadoebis ganwoba saqarTveloSi“

11
kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri (2019) „NDI: sazogadoebis ganwoba saqarTveloSi, 2019
wlis dekembris gamokiTxvis Sedegebi“, Catarebuli NDI-is dakveTiT CRRC saqarTvelos mier.
12
Ibid.
 51
arsebuli mTavrobis saqmianobas uary- bis monacemi 2018 wlis kvlevis Sede-
ofiTad afasebs sazogadoebis 64%, gebTan SedarebiT aqac gazrdilia.
dadebiTad ki 30%.13 uaryofiTi Sefase-

11

wyaro: NDI-is 2019 wlis gamokiTxvis Sedegebi „sazogadoebis ganwoba saqarTveloSi“

demokratiuli institutebis mimarT rogorc amomrCevlebi, moxaliseebi da

ndobis dabali xarisxi negatiurad politikuri mxardamWerebi.14
aisaxeba demokratizaciis procesze
qveyanaSi. saxelmwifo institutebis saxelmwifo institutebis mimarT ndo-
gadawyvetilebebs dabali legitimacia bis klebas, araerTi mizezi SeiZleba
da klebadi sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera hqondes, maT Soris socialur-ekonomi-
aqvs. maSin rodesac, moaxlovebuli sapa- kuri mdgomareoba, adamianis uflebebis
rlamento arCevnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, dacvasTan dakavSirebuli legitimuri
sazogadoebis CarTulobas demokra- kiTxvebi, politikuri krizisebis marT-
tiul procesebSi gadamwyveti mniSvne- vis saxelmwifo strategiis ararseboba.
loba aqvs. savaraudoa, rom ndobis na-
klebobis pirobebSi moqalaqeebi Tavs sazogadoebas aqvs mzardi moTxovna
Seikaveben arCevnebSi monawileobisagan, CarTuli iyos politikur procesebSi,
13
Ibid.
14
kaxiSvili, l. (2019) „qarTuli politikuri partiebis mimarT ndobis klebadi tendencia:ras niS-
navs es demokratiisTvis saqarTveloSi da rogor SeiZleba uaryofiTi Sedegebis Tavidan acile-
ba?“ saqarTvelos politikis instituti, gamocema #17; aseve, Ceka, B. (2012). “Do Perils of Political
Competition and Trust in Political Parties in Eastern Europe”. Comperative Political Studies, 46(12), 1610-1635.
52
Tumca saxelmwifo institutebTan urT- boba, ndobis Camoyalibebaze axdens ga-
ierTobis SesaZlo barierebi, aseve maTi lenas.15
saqmianobis Sesaxeb informaciis nakle-

saparlamento arCevnebis moaxlovebas- erT-erTi umTavresi gamowveva iqneba

Tan erTad, politikur partiebs So-
ris dialogisTvis sivrce mcirdeba,
politikuri konfrontaciisa da po-
larizaciis riski ki izrdeba, rac qa-
rTuli politikuri dRis wesrigisTvis
2020 wels. mometebulia populisturi
nacionalisturi partiebis gaaqtiure-
bis SesaZleblobac, saparlamento man-
datebis mopovebis mizniT.

populisturi nacionalisturi jgufebi saqarTveloSi

saqarTveloSi populisturi jgufebis bunidan, ramac legitimaciis xarisxi

gavlena politikur procesebze ufro
xilvadi da intensiuri xdeba. mniS-
vnelovani signali iyo sazogadoebi-
sTvis nacionalisturi populisturi
narativis gaJRereba saparlamento tri-
mianiWa anti-dasavlur diskusiebs saqa-
rTveloSi.16 populisturi jgufebisa
da partiebis aqtivobebi moicavs, ro-
gorc saprotesto aqciebis organize-
bas, aseve socialuri qselebiTa da me-

15
kavkasiis resursebis centri (2019). agebulia monacemTa onlain analizis veb-gverze https://cau-
casusbarometer.org/ wvdomis TariRi 30.01.2020.
16
saqarTvelos parlamentSi, politikuri partia „patriotTa aliansi“, romelmac 5%-iani barieri
gadalaxa.
 53
dia saSualebebiT anti-liberaluri da mowodebebis Semcveli aqtivobebi, sazo-
anti-dasavluri poziciebis gaJRerebasa gadoebriv yuradRebas mzardad iqcevs
da mxardaWeras.17 mosazreba, rom maTi da saqarTvelos evropuli integraciis
gavlena politikur procesebze mzardia konteqstSic analizdeba.19
dasturdeba bolodroindeli kvleve-
biT.18 deklarirebulad, sajaro gancxa- socialur qselebSi qarTuli angariSe-
debebisa da Sekreba-manifestaciebis bi, romlebic pozicionirebdnen ro-
formiT, aseve dafarulad, socialu- gorc axali ambebis saagentoebi, sajaro
ri qselebis meSveobiT, populisturi pirebi da media saSualebebi, metwilad
jgufebi pozicionireben politikur avrcelebdnen informacias politikuri
procesebSi. Tematikis Sesaxeb, maT Soris arCevnebis,
samTavrobo politikis, adgilobrivi
populisturi nacionalisturi aqtiv- aqtivistebisa da opoziciis Sesaxeb.20
istebi SeiZleba daiyos ramdenime jgu- anti-dasavluri da anti-demokratiuli
fad: propagandiT gajerebuli gverdebis mx-
- politikuri platformis mqone sa- ardaWera saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
parlamento da arasaparlamento daukavSira Facebook-ma.21 im konteqstis
partiebi; gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTveloSi
- calkeuli liderebis mier da demokratiuli mmarTvelobis gaZlier-
garSemo formirebuli jgufebi; ebis molodinebi aqvT saerTaSoriso
- religiuri interesTa jgufebi; partniorebs, maT Soris aSS-sa da evro-
- mediaSi da socialur qselebSi Se- pul kavSirs, populistur nacionalis-
qmnili, dafinanasebuli da faruli tur jgufebTan saqarTvelos xelisu-
jgufebi. flebis SesaZlo kavSiri, eWvqveS ayenebs
mmarTveli elitis Rirebulebebsa da
populisturi politikuri partiebi da dasavlur politikur arCevans, Sesa-
aqtiuri interesTa jgufebi, mediis mx- bamisad safrTxes uqmnis saqarTvelos
ardaWeriT axerxeben politikur dRis saerTaSoriso mxardaWerasa da demokra-
wesrigSi arsebobas. maT mier daorga- tiuli procesebis gaZierebas.
nizebuli da mxardaWrili agresiuli
17
lebaniZe, b. (2019). „populisturi nacionalizmi saqarTveloSi: rogoria misi gavlena saqarTve-
los evropuli integraciis procesze?“ saqarTvelos politikis instituti, gamocema #18; mag-
aliTisTvis, aseve ixileT Facebook jgufebi: „Welcome to Georgia“, „anti-paradoqsi“, „anti-liber-
aluri gverdi“, wvdomis TarRi 23. 01.2020.
18
lebaniZe, b. (2019). „populisturi nacionalizmi saqarTveloSi: rogoria misi gavlena saqarTve-
los evropuli integraciis procesze?“ saqarTvelos politikis instituti, gamocema #18.
19
Ibid.
20
tabula, „Facebook-ma saqarTvelos xelisfulebasTan dakavSirebuli asobiT gverdi da jgufi
gaauqma“ (2019) xelmisawvdomia: http://www.tabula.ge/ge/story/161994-facebook-ma-saqartvelos-xeli-
suflebastan-dakavshirebuli-asobit-gverdi-da-jgufi-gaauqma wvdomis TariRi: 01.02.2020; aseve ixileT:
Facebook, “Removing Coordinated Inauthentic Behaviur from Georgia, Vietnam and the USA“, (2019) xel-
misawvdomia: https://about.fb.com/news/2019/12/removing-coordinated-inauthentic-behavior-from-geor-
gia-vietnam-and-the-us/ wvdomis TariRi 01.02.2020.
21
Facebook-ma 418 qarTuli angariSi (39 profili, 344 gverdi, 13 jgufi da 22 Instagram angariSi)
gaauqma, detalurad ixileT: tabula, „Facebook-ma saqarTvelos xelisfulebasTan dakavSirebuli
asobiT gverdi da jgufi gaauqma“ (2019) xelmisawvdomia: http://www.tabula.ge/ge/story/161994-face-
book-ma-saqartvelos-xelisuflebastan-dakavshirebuli-asobit-gverdi-da-jgufi-gaauqma wvdomis TariRi:
01.02.2020;
54
homofobiuri populisturi jgufe- agebulia, politikurad mikerZoebu-
bi gamoxatvis Zaladobriv formebsac lia, siyalbea da amasTan „es e.w. kvleve-
iyeneb, arRveven sazogadoebriv wes- bi pirdapir uqmnis saSiSroebas Cvens
rigs, Tumca saxelmwifo maT gamoxatvis saxelmwifos da ukve iqca saxelmwifo
TavisuflebiT mosargeble pirTa wred usafrTxoebis problemad“.24 patri-
ganixilavs da araefeqtianad reagirebs otTa aliansi mouwodebs saxelmwifo
individualuri Zaladobis faqtebze.22 institutebs dainteresdnen am sakiTx-
saxelmwifo institutebs ar aqvT myis- iT da daiwyon gamoZieba.25 am viTareba-
ieri reagireba Zaladobriv mowodebebis Si, xazgasasmelia is garemoeba, rom es
gaJRerebasTan erTad, rac danaSaulis politikuri partia warmodgenilia par-
prevenciis miznebidan gamomdinare le- lamentSi, uaxlesi gamokiTxvebis mixed-
gitimuri da gamarTlebuli iqneboda. viT ki sazogadoebis 3% dauWerda maT
saxelmwifos politika adamianis Zir- mxars momaval arCevnebSi.26 gancxadebis
iTadi uflebebis dacvis konteqstSi, gavrcelebidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg,
Sekrebisa da gamoxatvis fundamentu- patriotTa aliansma aqcia gamarTa aSS-
ri Tavisuflebis uzrunvelsayofad is saelCos win, mowodebebiT IRI-is da
araTanmimdevrulia. am konteqstSi NDI-is saqmianobis akrZalvis Taobaze
sayuradReboa 20-21 ivnisis aqcia, ramac saqarTveloSi.27 am konteqstSi, aRsan-
seriozuli kiTxvebi gaaCina Zalis gam- iSnavia, am jgufebis poziciebis kon-
oyenebis proporciulobisa da samarT- trastuloba, rac moicavs rogorc
aldamcavTa mxridan uflebamosilebis xelisuflebis mxardamWer, aseve mis
gadametebis SesaZlo SemTxvevebis Ses- sawinaaRmdego inciativebsa da aq-
axeb.23 tivobebs. magaliTad, proporciul
saarCevno sistemaze gadasvlis inicia-
bolo droindeli movlenebidan, aRsan- tivis Cavardnis Semdgom, patriotTa
iSnavia patriotTa aliansis mier, NDI- aliansis lideri aanonsebda aqciebs da
is sazogadoebis ganwyobebis Taobaze mouwodebda xelisuflebas mieRo gad-
Catarebuli uaxles kvlevis myisierad awyvetileba proporciuli sistemis sa-
Seafaseba, sadac ganacxada, rom 90-iani sargeblod.28 maTi damoukideblobisa
wlebidan am tipis kvlevebi tyuilebzea da miukerZoeblobis Sesaxeb warmod-
22
tabula (2019)“saxelmwifo mSvidobian aqciebs Slis da gansxvavebulad reagirebs moZalade
jgufebze“ xelmisawvdomia: http://www.tabula.ge/ge/story/161279-lomjaria-saxelmtsifo-mshvidobi-
an-aqciebs-shlis-da-gansxvavebulad-reagirebs-modzalade wvdomis TariRi 01.02.2020.
23
Ibid.
24
„inaSvili lora Torntonis winaaRmdeg gamoZiebis dawyebas iTxovs“, tabula, 20 ianvari 2020,
xelmisawvdomia http://www.tabula.ge/ge/story/163473-inashvili-lora-torntonis-tsinaaghmdeg-ga-
modziebis-datskebas-itxovs?fbclid=IwAR3jBQFHW1TvmMTTPcoZs9EYuIuKchGYrb1MHy1RJ1pMuD-
wDsNG_9YlvKaw wvdomis TariRi 25.01.2020.
25
Ibid.
26
kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri (2019) „NDI: sazogadoebis ganwoba saqarTveloSi, 2019
wlis dekembris gamokiTxvis Sedegebi“, Catarebuli NDI-is dakveTiT CRRC saqarTvelos mier.
27
netgazeTi, „IRI-sa da NDI-is saqarTveloSi saqmianoba unda aekrZaloT-inaSvili“, xelmisaw-
vdomia: https://netgazeti.ge/news/422276/?fbclid=IwAR1shBZbm0fGF7yurqe_4cH0ieuCHA-tRNNi-
wXYBeux5hJwrMr5cfGhmaFU wvdomis TariRi 27.01.2020. aseve, Civil Georgia, “Alliance of Patriots Ral-
lies, Wants NDI, IRI Banned in Georgia”, 2020, xelmisawvdomia: https://civil.ge/archives/336057 wvdomis
TariRi 28.01.2020.
28
netgazeTi, „proporciuls Tu CaagdebT, yvela partiis mxardamWers movuwodeb, quCaSi gamovid-
nene“ 2019, xelmisawvdomia: https://netgazeti.ge/news/404998/ wvdomis TariRi 28.01.2020.
 55
genebi, swored amdagvari pozicionire- amyarebs argumentebi „qarTuli erovnu-
bidan gamomdinareobs, rasac Tavismxriv li Rirebulebebis“ Sesaxeb.

populisturi jgufebis gavlena

populisturi jgufebis gavlena sazo- bis Zaladobis Semcveli aqtivobebi da

gadoebrivi ndobis formirebaze saxel- mowodebebi safrTxed unda aRiqmebodes
mwifo institutebis mimarT sponta- da aZlevdes biZgs saxelmwifo insti-
nuria da dakavSirebulia politikur tutebs am safrTxis kanonieri gziT ga-
dRis wesrigSi arsebul mwvave TemebTan, neitralebis, Tumca amis sapirispirod
rogoricaa magaliTad teritoriuli saxelmwifo ar emijneba, calsaxad ar
mTlianobis aRdgenis gadauwyvetelobis gmobs da araefeqtianad iZiebs popu-
fonze daviT garejis sakiTxis gamwvave- listuri jgufebis ukanono aqtivobebs
ba,29 evropasTan integraciis diskusiis sajaro sivrceSi, maT Soris siZulvilis
farglebSi lgbt+ adamianebis mimarT enis gamoyenebas, Zaladobriv mowode-
diskminaciis mowodebebi,30 viza liber- bebsa.
alizaciis fonze ID barTebis ar aRe-
basTan dakavSirebiT aqciebis mowyoba.31 kiTxvebi populisturi nacionalisturi
partiebisa da jgufebis aradeklarire-
populisturi nacionalisturi jgufe- buli miznebis, dafinansebis wyaroebis,
bis gavlenebis gaZlierebisTvis karg araformaluri kavSirebisa da gavlen-
niadags qmnis sazogadoebis ndobis dab- ebis Sesaxeb, rasac Tan erTvis demokra-
ali xarisxi saxelmwifo institutebis tiuli institutebis mimarT sazogadoe-
mimarT. magaliTisTvis, Tu sazogadoe- bis ndobis klebadi tendencia zrdis
bis 49% uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvs risks populisturi jgufebis politi-
saqarTvelos prezidentis mimarT, amave kur procesebze gavlenis gaZlierebis,
gamokiTvebiT 35% afasebs patriotTa grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi. Tumca, unda
aliansis liders, irma inaSvils, uary- aRiniSnos rom am dromde, es jgufebi ver
ofiTad. mosaxlebis 30-35% arc dadeb- axdenen mniSvnelovan, gardamtex gavle-
iTad da arc uaryofiTad afasebs poli- nas sazogadoebis ganwyobebze evropuli
tikuri liderebis saqmianobas, rac sxva integraciis mimarT, maT Soris, safrTx-
faqtorebTan erTad, SesaZloa, politi- es ver uqmnian funqciuri da instituci-
kuri liderebis saqmianobis gamWvirvalo- uri daaxloebis process evropul kav-
bis naklebobiTac iyos ganpirobebuli. SirTan.32 bolo kvlevebiTac dasturdeba
evropul kavSirSi gawevrianebis mzardi
populisturi nacionalisturi jgufe- mxardaWera mosaxleobis mxridan.33
29
minesaSvili, s. (2019) „ultramemarjvene populizmis socialuri safuZvlebi“, saqarTvelos poli-
tikis instituti, gamocema #16.
30
magaliTisTvis, 2019 wlis 8 noembris homofobiuri aqcia kinofilmis “And Then We Danced”-is
Cvenebisas saqarTvelos kinoTeatrebSi.
31
liberali (2013) „ID baraTebi: safrTxe piradi TavisuflebisTvis“, xelmisawvdomia http://liberali.
ge/articles/view/3150/ID-baratebi--safrtkhe-piradi-tavisuflebistvis wvdomis TariRi 20.01.2019.
32
lebaniZe, b. (2019). „populisturi nacionalizmi saqarTveloSi: rogoria misi gavlena saqarTve-
los evropuli integraciis procesze?“ saqarTvelos politikis instituti, gamocema #18.
33
kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri (2019) „NDI: sazogadoebis ganwoba saqarTveloSi, 2019
wlis dekembris gamokiTxvis Sedegebi“, Catarebuli NDI-is dakveTiT CRRC saqarTvelos mier.
56

71

wyaro: NDI-is 2019 wlis gamokiTxvis Sedegebi „sazogadoebis ganwoba saqarTveloSi“


mosaxleobis gamoTxvis SedegebiT, kiTx-
vaze aris Tu ara demokratia amJamad
saqarTveloSi da romeli partia gaum-
klavdeboda sagareo politikur sakiTx-
ebs yvelaze kargad, opoziciuri par-
tiebidan mesame adgils saparlamento
nacionalisturi populisturi partia
ikavebs.34 Tumca, politikuri proceseb-
Si arsebuli gamowvevebis SedarebiTi
analiziT, saerTaSoriso da erovnuli
eqspertebi populizms naklebad mniS-
vnelovan problemad miiCneven saqarTve-
los demokratiuli ganviTarebisTvis.35
57
cxadia, sazogadoebis ndobis formire-
bis procesi demokratiuli insti-
tutebis mimarT xangrZlivi da komple-
qsuri procesia. miT ufro im fonze,
rodesac bolo wlebSi mosaxleobis
umetesobas yvelaze didi ndoba da mx-
ardaWera saqarTvelos patriarqis
36
mimarT hqonda. am konteqsts politi-
kuris partiebis myife pozicionireba
da sazogadoebSi arsebuli socialuri
rwmenebic ganapirobebs.37

daskvna
sazogadoebis politikuri ndobis
formireba demokratiisa da saxelmwifo
institutebis mimarT kompleqsuri pro-
cesia, rac TavisTavad aisaxeba demokra-
tizaciis xarisxze qveyanaSi. saqarT-
veloSi, demokratiuli institutebis
mimarT ndobis deficiti rom arsebobs,
amas adasturebs rogorc gasuli wlebis,
aseve uaxlesi kvlevebi. saqarTvelos
demokratizaciis procesisa da saxelm-
wifo institutebis mimarT, sazogadoe-
bis ndobis klebadi tendencia SesaZloa
mravali faqtoriT iyos ganpirobebuli.
am konteqsis gaTvaliswinebiT, gansa-
kuTrebiT sayuradReboa saqarTveloSi
populisturi jgufebis gavlena poli-
tikur procesebze, rac ufro xilvadi
da intensiuri xdeba. kiTxvebi populis-
turi nacionalisturi partiebisa da
jgufebis aradeklarirebuli miznebis,
dafinansebis wyaroebis, araformalu-
ri kavSirebisa da gavlenebis Sesaxeb,
rasac Tan erTvis demokratiuli insti-
tutebis mimarT sazogadoebis ndobis
klebadi tendencia, zrdis risks, gr-
Zelvadian perspeqtivaSi, populisturi
jgufebis politikur procesebze gav-
lenis gaZlierebis.
saqarTvelos demokratizacias, cxadia,
mxolod erovnuli konteqsti ara aqvs
da pirdapir kavSirSia saqarTvelos
sagareo politikur dRis wesrigTan, maT
Soris, evropul kavSirTan politikuri
asocirebisa da ekonomikuri integraci-
is procesTan. Sesabamisad, populistu-
ri nacionalisturi jgufebis mxridan
anti-dasavluri da anti-liberaluri
Rirebulebebis mxardaWera negatiuri
efeqtis momtania qveynis prodasavlu-
ri kursisTvis. miT ufro im pirobeb-
Si, rodesac xelisufleba kanoniT mini-

34
kavkasiis resursebis centri (2019). agebulia monacemTa onlain analizis veb-gverze https://cau-
casusbarometer.org/ wvdomis TariRi 30.01.2020.
35
Ibid.
36
kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri (2019) „NDI: sazogadoebis ganwoba saqarTveloSi, 2019
wlis dekembris gamokiTxvis Sedegebi“, Catarebuli NDI-is dakveTiT CRRC saqarTvelos mier.
37
kaxiSvili, l. (2019) „qarTuli politikuri partiebis mimarT ndobis klebadi tendencia:ras niS-
navs es demokratiisTvis saqarTveloSi da rogor SeiZleba uaryofiTi Sedegebis Tavidan acileba?“
saqarTvelos politikis instituti, gamocema #17.
58
Webuli uflebamosilebis farglebSi ar
reagirebs am jgufebis mxridan Zalado-
bis Semcvel qmedebebsa Tu mowodebebze.
amasTan, mmarTveli politikuri elitis
SesaZlo faruli mxardaWera anti-lib-
eraluri Rirebulebebis mimarT saer-
TaSoriso yuradRebis qveS ukve moeqca.
daskvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom saer-
To politikuri, ekonomikuri da so-
cialuri gamowvevebis fonze, populis-
turi nacionalisturi partiebisa da
jgufebis gavlena, sazogadoebis ndo-
rekomendaciebi:
saxelmwifo institutebis mimarT:
 calsaxad da upirobod gaemijnos
populisturi nacionalisturi par-
tiebisa da jgufebisagan gaJRere-
bul Zaladobriv da anti-dasavlur
mowodebebs, Zaladobrivi mowode-
bebis prevenciis, demokratizaciis
xarisxis gaumjobesebisa da evro-
integraciuli procesis Seuqceva-
dobis miznebidan gamomdinare.
 aqtiurad da efeqtianad Seuwyos
xeli sazogadoebaSi dasavluri Ri-
rebulebebis Sesaxeb cnobierebis
amaRlebas, rac grZelvadian pespeq-
tivaSi anti-dasavluri propagan-
dis efeqtur xelSemSlel bari-
erebs Seqmnis.
 demokratizaciis xarisxis gasaum-
jobeseblad qveyanaSi, uzrunve-
lyos sazogadoebis farTo wreebis
CarTuloba saxelmwifo politikis
dagegmisa da implementaciisas,
Riaobisa da gamWvirvaleobis prin-
baze demokratiisa da saxelmwifo in-
stitutebis mimarT, spontanuria da ara
gardamtexi. miuxedavad anti-liberal-
uri midgomebis mxardasaWerad intensi-
uri pozicionirebisa, populisturi na-
cionalisturi politikuri partiebi da
jgufebi demokratiisa da saxelmwifo
institutebis mimarT sazogadoebis ndo-
baze pirdapir negatiur gavlenas ver
axdenen. rac TavisTavad ar gamoricxavs
maTi samomavlo gavlenis gaZlierebis
SesaZleblobas, myife demokratizaciis
procesis pirobebSi.
cipebze dafuZnebiT;
politikuri partiebis mimarT:
 politikur dRis wesrigSi, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki winasaarCevnod, ar
waaxalison populisturi narativi;
 intensiuri dialogisTvis gamoin-
axos sakmarisad maRali politiku-
ri resursi;
 saTanado gulmodginebiT mimar-
Ton Zalisxmeva populisturi na-
cionalisturi narativis Tavidan
asarideblad, rogorc deklar-
irebuli politikuri dRis wes-
rigisa da saarCevno programebis
farglebSi, aseve sazogadobasTan
komunikaciis procesSi.
 Seqmnan Zlieri politikuri plaT-
formebi, axalgazrda liderebis mo-
sazidad, evropuli Rirebulebebisa
da faseulobebis mxardasaWerad.
 20
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