NAME: MUHAMMAD QASIM

REGISTRATION # SP17-BCS-047(B)

SUBMITTED TO: QASEEM DEEWAN

SUBJECT: DCCN

DATE: 20-11-2019
Collision Domain:
A collision domain is, as the name implies, the part of a network where packet collisions
can occur. A collision occurs when two devices send a packet at the same time on the shared network
segment. The packets collide and both devices must send the packets again, which reduces network
efficiency. Collisions are often in a hub environment, because each port on a hub is in the same collision
domain. By contrast, each port on a bridge, a switch or a router is in a separate collision domain.

Only one device in the collision domain may transmit at any one time, and the other devices in the
domain listen to the network and refrain from transmitting while others are already transmitting in order
to avoid collisions. Because only one device may be transmitting at any time, total network bandwidth is
shared among all devices on the collision domain. Collisions also decrease network efficiency on a
collision domain as collisions require devices to abort transmission and retransmit at a later time.

Since data bits are propagated at a finite speed, simultaneously is to be defined in terms of the size of the
collision domain and the minimum packet size allowed. A smaller packet size or a larger dimension
would make it possible for a sender to finish sending the packet without the first bits of the message being
able to reach the most remote node. So, that node could start sending as well, without a clue to the
transmission already taking place and destroying the first packet. Unless the size of the collision domain
allows the initial sender to receive the second transmission attempt – the collision – within the time it
takes to send the packet he would neither be able to detect the collision nor to repeat the transmission –
this is called a late collision.

Example #1:
The following example illustrates collision domains:
There are six collision domain I the above example.

Example #2:

For Example, if "Computer A" send a data signal to "Computer X" and "Computer B" send a data
signal to "Computer Y", at same instance, a Collision will happen. As the number of devices in a
collision domain increases, chances of collisions are also more. If there is more traffic in a collision
domain, the chances of collisions are also more. More collisions will normally happen with a large
number of network devices in a Collision domain. Increased collisions will result in low quality
network where hosts spending more and more time for packet retransmission and packet processing.
Usually switches are used to segment a big Collision domain to many small collision domains. Each
port of an Ethernet Switch is operating in a separate Collision domain. In other words, Collision cannot
happen between two devices which are connected to different ports of a Switch. No need to worry
much about collision and related network problems now because we are not using Network Hubs to
connect our device.

Broadcast Domain:

Broadcast is a type of communication, where the sending device send a single

copy of data and that copy of data will be delivered to every device in the network segment. Broadcast is
a required type of communication and we cannot avoid Broadcasts, because many protocols and
applications are dependent on Broadcast to function. A Broadcast Domain consists of all the devices that
will receive any broadcast packet originating from any device within the network segment .
Example:

In

above example, "Computer A" is sending a broadcast and switch will forward it to every port and all the
switches will get a copy of broadcast packet. Every switch will flood the broadcast packet to all the ports.
Router also will get a copy of broadcast packet, but the Router will not forward the packet to the next
network segments. The number of devices in the Broadcast Domain increases, number of Broadcasts also
increases and the quality of the network will come down because of the following reasons.

1) Decrease in available Bandwidth: Large number of Broadcasts will reduce the available bandwidth
of network links for normal traffic because the broadcast traffic is forwarded to all the ports in a switch.

2) Decrease in processing power of computers: Since the computers need to process all the broadcast
packets it receives a portion of the computer CPU power is spent on processing the broadcast packets.
Normally a Broadcast packet is relevant to a particular computer and for other computers that broadcast
packet is irrelevant. This will reduce the processing power of computers in a Broadcast domain. By
design, Routers will not allow broadcasts from one of its connected network segments to cross the router
and reach another network segment. The primary function of a Router is to segment a big broadcast
domain in to multiple smaller broadcast domains.