5.

0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Type of Extended Surfaces Measurement

Flat Plate L:0.11015m x W:0.1090m x T:0.00005m
Finned Plate L:0.1010m x W:0.06715m x T:0.001m (9 fins)
Pinned Plate H:0.0677m x D:0.0124m (17 pins)

Ambient air temperature, Tꝏ= 25.5°C

Table 1: Experimental data for Flat Plate

Flat Plate
0 m/s 1 m/s 1.5 m/s
Time (min) Temp. (°C) Power (W) Temp. (°C) Power (W) Temp. (°C) Power (W)
0 55.5 8.8 55.5 18.0 54.6 21.5
1 55.3 8.4 55.1 16.8 55.3 20.6
2 55.1 6.2 55.0 16.1 55.8 20.0
3 55.2 10.5 54.4 14.5 55.6 18.5
4 54.8 9.9 54.6 13.9 55.2 18.8
5 54.7 10.8 55.1 12.2 55.3 19.3
6 55.0 8.6 55.3 10.3 55.4 18.4
7 55.1 8.1 55.3 11.0 55.1 18.1
8 54.9 7.0 55.6 10.3 55.0 17.7
9 54.5 6.6 55.5 9.9 55.1 17.6
10 54.8 6.1 55.4 8.8 55.2 17.4
11 54.8 6.1 55.0 8.6
12 54.7 6.2 55.1 8.8

Table 2: Experimental data for Finned Plate

Finned Plate
0 m/s 1 m/s 1.5 m/s
Time (min) Temp. (°C) Power (W) Temp. (°C) Power (W) Temp. (°C) Power (W)
0 55.1 23.5 55.5 80.7 55.6 91.3
1 55.0 23.8 55.0 77.3 55.1 90.4
2 54.6 24.3 54.5 74.6 55.8 88.4
3 54.2 25.8 54.4 74.3 55.0 88.0
4 54.7 26.5 54.8 71.9 55.2 87.8
5 54.7 26.7 55.6 69.3 54.3 86.8
6 55.0 25.2 55.2 69.1 54.4 85.2
7 55.4 25.4 55.3 70.3 55.1 85.7
8 55.5 24.3 55.5 70.0 55.4 85.5
9 55.5 24.5 55.2 69.8 55.3 85.4
10 55.4 24.5 55.4 69.9 55.2 85.3

Table 3: Experimental data for Pinned Plate

Pinned Plate
 0 m/s 1 m/s 1.5 m/s
Time (min) Temp. (°C) Power (W) Temp. (°C) Power (W) Temp. (°C) Power (W)
0 55.0 21.8 54.5 72.6 54.9 76.7
1 55.4 22.2 54.5 71.5 55.0 76.6
2 55.4 23.6 55.5 67.9 55.2 75.6
3 55.6 21.0 55.4 66.3 55.0 75.5
4 55.2 21.5 54.8 66.9 55.0 74.7
5 55.3 19.0 55.1 66.1 54.5 74.0
6 55.2 18.7 55.4 65.1 54.4 74.0
7 55.0 18.1 55.3 64.9 54.6 74.1
8 54.8 18.0 55.3 64.7
9 54.5 18.4
10 54.5 18.4

Table 4: Thermal Conductivity

Flat Plate Finned Plate Pinned Plate
Rate of heat
7.9462 24.9545 20.0636
transfer, Q (W)
Thermal conductivity, k
0.0012 0.0623 3.0493
(W/m.K)

From the data calculated in table 1, 2 and 3, we have obtained the rate of heat
transfer by conduction and the thermal conductivity of the flat plate, finned plate and
pinned plate as shown in table 4. The thermal conductivity of the pinned plate is the
highest among the three types of plates which is 3.0493W/m.K. The lowest thermal
conductivity is flat plate, 0.0012W/m.K while the finned plate is in between them. The
relationship between thermal conductivity and heat transfer rate can be
demonstrated in the following equation:
T
Q  kA( )
x
The thermal conductivity and heat transfer has a linear relationship in which
when the rate of heat conduction is faster, the thermal conductivity of the plate is also
higher. Hence, materials that have high thermal conductivity can transfer heat
efficiently.

Table 5: Heat Transfer Coefficient

Free convection (0 m/s) Force convection (1 m/s) Force convection (1.5m/s)
Heat transfer Rate of heat Heat transfer Rate of heat Heat transfer Rate of heat
coefficient, h transfer, Q coefficient, h transfer, Q coefficient, h transfer, Q
(W/m².K) (W) (W/m².K) (W) (W/m².K) (W)
Flat Plate 5.4416 1.7813 11.6003 3.8222 14.2153 4.6981
Finned
5.5305 19.9236 30.9442 111.9222 41.6262 150.5581
Plate
Pinned
7.7821 10.7938 28.4248 39.4348 34.3417 47.2186
Plate

In free convection heat transfer, which is at 0 m/s, the heat transfer coefficient is
the highest for pinned plate, 7.7821 W/m².K. However for heat transfer coefficient for
heat transfer by force convection, 1.0 m/s and 1.5 m/s are the highest for finned plate
which are 30.9442 W/m².K and 41.6262 W/m².K respectively. The relationship
between the value of heat transfer coefficient and rate of heat transfer is directly
proportional.This relationship can be illustrated based on the following equation:

Q  hAs(Ts  T)

It means that when the greater the heat transfer coefficient value, the greater
the heat transfer rate. The heat transfer coefficient is also dependent on the
thickness and thermal conductivity of the medium through which heat is transferred.
Thus, the higher the heat transfer coefficient, the heat is being transferred efficiently
from source to the heating plate.

Table 6: Average Power Supply

Average Power Supply (W)
Air Velocity (m/s)
Flat Plate Finned Plate Pinned Plate
0 7.95 24.95 20.06
1 12.25 72.47 67.33
1.5 18.90 87.25 75.15

Figure 1: Relationship between Average Power Supply and Air Velocity

avERAGE pOWER VS aIR VELOCITY

87.25
90
80 75.15
72.47
67.33
70
AVERAGE POWER (w)

60 Average Power (W) Flat Plate

50 Average Power (W) Finned
Plate
40 Average Power (W) Pinned
24.95
30 Plate
20.06 18.90
20 12.25
7.95
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Air velocity (M/S)

From the data in table 6 and graph plotted in figure 1, it shows that the average
power supply is increasing with higher air velocity for all the three plates. The
average power supply for finned plate recorded the highest among the others for
each air velocities. The finned plate has the greater surface area and more heat is
needed to keep the surface temperature of the plates constant in which it will results
in the greater power supply to heat up the plates. When the air velocity increase,
there are more heat transferred by convection which in return will increase the heat
transfer rate. In short, the power which is supplied from the source will increase with
the greater air velocity, as well as the area of the extended surface.

Table 7: Surface Area and Rate of Heat Transfer

Flat Plate Finned Plate Pinned Plate
Air
Velocity Surface Rate of heat Rate of heat Rate of heat
Surface Surface
(m/s) transfer, Q transfer, Q transfer, Q
Area (m²) Area (m²) Area (m²)
(W) (W) (W)
 0 1.7813 19.9236 10.7938
1 0.0111 3.8222 0.1221 111.9222 0.0469 39.4348
1.5 4.6981 150.5581 47.2186

Based on the table above, the total surface area of finned plate is the largest
which is 0.1221 m². The rate of heat transfer is increasing with the greater surface
area, as in table 7 the rate of heat transfer by convection is the highest at the finned
plate. Hence, we can suppose that the total surface area and the heat transfer rate is
directly proportional.

Generally, all modes of heat transfer need to be considered within the

experimental setup. There are also an amount of heat transferred by conduction and
radiation, and it must not be neglected. On the extended surface, each of the
individual surface particles are involved in the heat conduction process. So, the
extended surface with greater area has more surface particles interacting with each
other to transfer heat. Apart from that, heat transfer by radiation does not require the
presence of intervening medium. The energy is emitted by the plates in the form of
electromagnetic waves called radiant energy. Radiant energy is carried inside the
apparatus from the source of heat to the cooler surrounding. However, it is normally
considered to be a surface phenomenon. The velocity of air affects the value of heat
transfer coefficient as well as rate of heat transfer by convection. It is proven in the
calculation that when the air velocity is higher, the heat transfer coefficient and heat
transfer rate also will increase. Besides, when the temperature difference increase,
the rate of heat transfer also will increase and therefore the temperature distribution
of the extended surface is determined.

Table 8: Actual Power Supply and Theoritical Rate of Heat Transfer

Free convection Force convection Force convection
(0 m/s) (1 m/s) (1.5 m/s)
Actual Theoritical Actual Theoritical Actual Theoritical
Power Rate of Heat Power Rate of Heat Power Rate of Heat
Supply (W) Transfer (W) Supply (W) Transfer (W) Supply (W) Transfer (W)
Flat Plate 7.9462 1.7813 24.9545 3.8222 20.0636 4.6981
Finned
12.2462 19.9236 72.4727 111.9222 67.3333 150.5581
Plate
Pinned
18.9000 10.7938 87.2545 39.4348 75.1500 47.2186
Plate

The theoritical rate of heat transfer is usually lower than the average power
supply for all three plates. Some factors need to be taken into account in which the
heat from the power source travelled inside the apparatus to heat the plates, and by
that, some amount of heat will be lost to the surrounding by radiation heat transfer.
Thus, the calculated theoritical rate of heat transfer are much lower. However, the
heat transfer rate shows an improvement through the extended surface.

REFERENCES

1. Surbhi S, (2018), Difference Between Conduction, Covection and Radiation, Key

Differences, Retrieved from https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-
conduction-convection-and-radiation.html
2. Rates of Heat Transfer, Thermal Physics - Lesson 1 - Heat and Temperature,
[Online] [Accessed 26th April, 2020] Retrieved from
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/thermalP/Lesson-1/Rates-of-Heat-Transfer

3. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, TLV A Steam Specialist Company, [Online]

[Accessed 27th April, 2020]
https://www.tlv.com/global/TI/steam-theory/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient.html