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Bose-Einstein Condensation in Weakly Interacting Gases: Dr. Cammerata
Bose-Einstein Condensation in Weakly Interacting Gases: Dr. Cammerata
Condensation in Weakly
Interacting Gases
Dr. Cammerata
Bose-Einstein Condensation in
Weakly Interacting Gases
Definition
BEC
Statistics
Condensation Criteria
Achieving Critical Temperature
Definition
BEC
Statistics
Condensation Criteria
Achieving Critical Temperature
Definition
BEC
Statistics
Condensation Criteria
Achieving Critical Temperature
∞
1
Z = ∑e
ni = 0
− βni ( ε i − µ )
=
1− e − β (ε i − µ )
β = 1k T
B
Mean Occupancy
1 ∂ ln( Z i ) 1
ni = = β (ε i − µ )
β ∂µ e −1
Bose-Einstein Statistics (Continued)
dN = ni ⋅ dτ
g g 3 3
dτ = dp dp dp dxdydz = d p ⋅ d x
( 2π ) 3 ( 2π ) 3
x y z
gV 4πp 2
dτ = dp
(2π ) 3
p2
ε=
2m
3/ 2 ∞
gVm ε ⋅ dε
2 3 ∫ β (ε − µ )
N=
2π 0 e −1
Bose-Einstein Condensation
Einstein Condensation Temperature: μ = 0
∞ ∞
gVm 3 / 2 ε ⋅ dε gV (mkT ) 3 / 2 z ⋅ dz
2 3 ∫ ε k BT ∫
N= =
2π 0 e −1 2π 2 3 0
e z −1
∞
z x −1 ⋅ dz
∫0 e z − 1 = Γ( x) ⋅ ζ ( x) For x >1
gV (mkT ) 3 / 2 3 Γ( 32 ) ⋅ ζ ( 32 ) = π ⋅ 2.612
N= Γ ( 2 ) ⋅ ζ ( 2)
3 1
2
2π
2 3
2
2π 2
ρ 3
ρ=
N
TE = ⋅ V
mk B 2.612
Bose-Einstein Condensation
(Continued)
N = N ε =0 + N ε >0 N
Nε >0
3
T 2
T < TE
N ε >0 = N
TE
Nε =0
T
3
2
T < TE
N ε =0 = N 1 − TE T
TE
Bose-Einstein Condensation:
Thermal Wavelength
2
2π2
ρ 3
TE = ⋅
mk B 2.612
3
2.612 h
= = λT
ρ 2πmk BTE
Wavefunction Extent
ρλT < 2.612
3 in momentum space
=>
“Wavelength”
Particles described by
a single wavefunction
Definition
BEC
Statistics
Condensation Criteria
Achieving Critical Temperature
E2 − E1 = ∆E = ω1
AND
pc E
ω1 = =
Laser Trapping (Continued)
E ω1
p= =
c c
( ω1 − δ )
c
N ⋅ ( ω1 − δ )
c
N photons