UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERNG

PROJECT TITLE:
– PROPOSED A NEW ROAD AT FELDA PALONG ENAM-

COURSE NAME & CODE HIGHWAY ENGINEERING (BFC 31802)

DATE SUBMITTED 29th MAY 2019

1. FARAH ARISHA BINTI SHAHROM (DF 170134)

2. FARAH NUR IZUWANI BINTI MUHAMADI SAIFULIZAN
(DF 170137)
STUDENT'S NAME 3. SAFI AQILA BINTI SABARUDIN (DF170168)
4. NUR FATIHIN NAJILA BINTI MOHD JAFFRI (DF170172)
5. NOR AMIRA AZWA BINTI JAMION (DF 170149)
6. KIRUBASHNI A/P RAVENDRAN (DF170160
LECTURER'S NAME EN KHAIRUL NIZAM BIN MOHDVYUNUS
SECTION 4

MARKS

 
 I

DECLARATION

“We acknowledge that this project is written out on our effort except for excerpts in
which we have stated source”

i. Signature:

Name:

Date:

ii. Signature:

Name:

Date:

iii. Signature:

Name:

Date:
 II

iv. Signature:

Name:

Date:

v. Signature:

Name:

Date:

vi. Signature:

Name:

Date:
 III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our Highway

Engineering lecturer, En Khairul Nizam Bin Yunus for the continuous support to
completing this project, for his motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge. His
guidance helped us a lot in all the time of doing the project and writing this report.
Without him, we would not end our semester successfully.
We also wanted to thank to all my fellow groupmates for the stimulating
discussion, for the sleepless night us working together before deadlines, and for all
the fun we have had in this semester. Also we want to thank to our family for giving
us moral support, money, guidance and we are very grateful for having a family
groupmates and lecturer that are very supportive and helpful. Thank you so much.
 IV

ABSTRACT

This paper is an innovative of using mass haul diagram for development of new road
to connect the road with FELDA at Palong Enam. Mass haul diagram (MHD) are
used to compare the economics of the various methods of earthwork distribution on
road. One important aspect of roadway design is determining the amount of
earthwork necessary on a project. Earthwork includes the excavation of existing
earth material and any placement of fill material required for constructing the
embankment. The manual method for determining earth excavation and embankment
amounts involves four steps: determining the ground level, proposed a formation
level on new road, the areas in cut and the areas in fill are calculated, and the
volumes between the sections are computed. Cut and fill are the terms that are
usually used for the areas of the section; the terms excavation and embankment
generally refer to volumes. Mass diagrams (or mass-haul diagrams) are plots of the
cumulative volumes of cut and fill along an alignment. Typically, the mass diagram
is plotted below a profile of the route, with the ordinate at any station representing
the sum of the volumes of cut and fill up to that station. With consideration for
shrinkage factor, stations mass ordinates were computed and its diagram generated
easily and successfully. An example of a mass diagram is shown below, with its
associated profile. Steps used to create a mass diagram are presented in the Excel
demonstration included with this page. The most economical way to handle the
distribution of earthwork volumes can be determined from the diagram.

Keyword: Mass Haul Diagram, earthwork, Palong Enam.

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CONTENTS

DECLARATION I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II

    ABSTRACT III

    CONTENT IV

    LIST OF TABLES VI

LIST OF FIGURS VII

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
     
    1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Road Definition 1

1.3 Mass Haul Diagram 2

1.4 Function of Mass Haul Diagram 2

1.5 Instruction of the Project 2

     
CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY 4
     
    2.1 Introduction 4
     
    2.2 Determining the Ground Level 4
     
    2.3 Formation level for Proposed Road 5
       
    2.4 Plotting Mass Haul Diagram  6

2.5 Summary 6
       
CHAPTER 3 DATA ANALYSIS 7 
       
    3.1 Introduction 7 
       
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    3.2 Data and result 8 

       
  3.3 Data Information  9
       
    3.4 Calculation of cumulative Volume  10

3.5 Mass Haul Diagram Graph 11

3.6 Calculation of volumes of waste and borrow material 12

3.6.1 Data of Waste and Borrow Material 13

       
CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION  14
       
    4.1 Introduction  14
       
    4.2 Conclusion  14
       
    4.3 Recommendations  15
       
    REFERRENCES  16
 VII

LIST OF TABLE

2.1 Data of ground level and formation levels 5

3.1 Information data 9
3.2 Cumulative volume 10
3.3 Data of Waste and Borrow 13

LIST OF FIGURE

1.1 Mass haul diagram graph 3

1.2 Mass haul diagram 3
1.3 Mass haul diagram with balance line 3
Proposed formation level and existing ground level for the
3.1 construction of road 8
3.2 Mass haul diagram 11
3.3 Mass haul diagram 12
 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

Palong is a village of FELDA or village located in Gemas under Johol's customary

territory. Palong is located in the district of Jempol, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. The
boulder has Palong 1 to 20. Palong connects with Pasir Besar and Muadzam Shah
Town. Palong is also bordered by Johor state and Pahang state. Felda Palong Enam is
an agricultural area for cultivation of oil palm. The area is a village area that has been
gazetted to the Felda area by the malaysian government. Due to the area of Felda
Palong Enam is an area of oil palm cultivation, road construction is indispensable in
the area to transport oil palm to urban areas for commercialization purposes. Land in
the Felda Palong Enam is a kind of lush, loose clay and peat so that cultivation of oil
palm is easy to grow in the area.

1.1 Road Definition

Road is the main construction that almost occupies half of the construction project in
the world. Every road in the world have its own characteristics, size, shape and also
the material for each of the roads type. Road consist of several types which is street,
main road, highway road, countryside road. These types of road usually easily found
at any places in the world. Before constructing and create new road at some places,
some research works need to do first such as identify the type of soil, the contour of
the place, determine the shape of the earth at the places, and the amount of the soil at
the places. For doing the research, Mass Haul Diagram is one of the research work
for construct and build the new road.
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1.2 Mass Haul Diagram

Mass Haul Diagram is a graphical representation of the cumulative amount of
earthwork moved along the center line and distances over which the earth and
materials are to be transported. Mass-haul diagrams (MHD) are used to compare the
economics of the various methods of earthwork distribution on road or railway
construction schemes Mass Haul Diagram is used to minimize material waste or
borrow the soil to build the road. In Mass Haul Diagram consist of two lines axis
which are vertical axis for excavation and embankment, horizontal axis for
stationing.

1.2.1 Function of Mass Haul Diagram

Mass diagrams determine the average haul, free haul, and overhaul on a given
segment of roadway. Mass diagrams tell the contractors and inspectors the quantity
of material moved and how far it can be economically moved. Mass Diagrams are
used to calculate the average or free haul between two given balance points and also
the average or free haul for the entire project area. The Mass Haul Diagram also tell
the contractor which way the dirt is to be moved and the quantity of dirt to be moved

1.2.2 Instructions of Project

For the project given, a road must be construct and build using the topographic map
that is taken from the Geomatic lab in FKAAS. Using the topographic map given, the
road must be construct by the contour on the map. Based on the topographic map that
has been chosen which in Palong Enam , in between Negeri Sembilan and Johor, the
places is chosen with the contour in it and the area of the soil and place is calculate
by using the Mass Haul Diagram method.
 3

Figure 1.1: Mass Haul Diagram graph.

Figure 1.2: Mass Haul Diagram

Figure 1.3: The Mass Haul Diagram with A Balance Line

 4

CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

2.0 Introduction

In this chapter, we will explain on how the calculation and the method to form a
mass haul diagram from the determining of ground level, proposed the formation
level for new road, identify the chainage and plotting the cumulative volume by
using excel. However, the manual method for determining earth excavation and
embankment amounts involves three steps: cross sections of the proposed highway
are placed on the original ground cross sections, the areas in cut and the areas in fill
are calculated, and the volumes between the sections are computed. Cut and fill are
the terms that are usually used for the areas of the section; the terms excavation and
embankment generally refer to volumes. The methods used to manually calculate cut
and fill areas are presented in most surveying textbooks.

2.1 Determination of Ground Level

Each contour line on a topographic map represents a ground elevation or vertical

distance above a reference point such as sea level. The difference in elevation
between two adjacent contours is called contour interval. This are given on our
topography map which is we are using interpolation method to get the difference
between two adjacent. The result that we get based on the topography map is shown
in table 2.1
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2.3 Formation levels for Proposed Road

Formation level is the level at which excavation ceases and construction commences.
It is the lowest point of the path structure. It is the prepared ground on which the sub
base layer is laid. When planning the design and construction of the road, the given
site is not level and must be modified before any construction can begin. So, the
formation level must be done to get the accurate level to construct a new road in
Felda Palong Enam. The topography map describes the existing slopes of land and
we assume 48m to get the formation level on the topography. Each line on the
topography may represents a change in elevation of 20 feet.
The table below shows ground level and formation levels for a proposed road
construction. Embankments are to be built with side slopes of 1: 0.5 and cuttings
with slopes of 1:0.5. The embankment crest width and cutting base width is 10m. It
may be assumed that the ground is horizontal across the section.

Table 2.1: Data of ground level and formation levels

Chainage Ground Formation

(m) Level (m) Level (m)
0 37 48
250 40 48
500 45 48
750 42 48
1000 46 48
1250 50 48
1500 53 48
1750 55 48
2000 51 48
2250 47 48
2500 43 48
2750 42 48
3000 44 48
3250 46 48
3500 43 48
 6

2.4 Plotting Mass Haul Diagram

From the data given on table 2, the calculation is made to produce cumulative
volume as shown in table 3.2 and to draw a mass haul diagram, the scale that we are
using is x axis: 2cm = 500m and y axis: 2 cm = 20000m. The mass haul diagram is
plotted by chainage against cumulative volume where the interval every chainage is
250m. The maximum chainage and highest value of cumulative volume on the graph
is 3500m and -40730.5m 3 .
Then, the road profile in Felda Palong Enam and mass haul diagram is
plotted. On the road profile, the maximum point on the curve will represents the end
of a cut and vice versa meanwhile, a rising curve on mass haul diagram indicate an
increasing volume (cut) and a falling curve represents a decreasing volume(fill).
Lastly, a table of waste and borrow is constructed in table 3.3 to determine the
volume of waste or borrow material on site.

2.5 Summary

Mass diagrams (or mass-haul diagrams) are plots of the cumulative volumes of cut
and fill along an alignment. Typically, the mass diagram is plotted below a profile of
the route, with the ordinate at any station representing the sum of the volumes of cut
and fill up to that station. A result of a mass diagram is shown on the next chapter
with its associated profile. Steps used to create a mass diagram are presented in the
Excel demonstration included with this page.
The most economical way to handle the distribution of earthwork volumes
can be determined from the diagram. It is also extremely used in determining the
most economical distribution of material. When reading a mass haul diagram, if the
data line rises that indicates a net excavations (cut) area. A dropping data line
indicates an area of net embankment (fill).
 7

CHAPTER 3

DATA ANALYSIS

3.1 Introduction

In this chapter, we would like to explain and discuss about the method we use
to solve the problems. Based on problems statement that stated in the project
instruction, we decided to use Mass Haul Diagram method which this method
are use to determine the cut and fill level for the formation level and determine
the suitable amount borrow or haul of the subgrade compaction to avoid the
waste of soil happen. The data information is assume based on the foundation
books as a reference to solve the problems.
 8

3.2 Data and Result

Figure 3.1: Proposed formation level and existing ground level for the construction of a road

Figure 3.0 shows the proposed formation level and existing ground level for the construction of a road. For ground level, the data obtained
from contour in the topography map. Based on the ground level data obtained, the formation level used is 48m with one same value. This
is to construct a straight and new path without hilly, also, to provide a comfortable and facilitate to the residents while using the road.
Other than that, it is to facilitate the construction work since the purposed road is straight and upright.
 9

3.3 Data Information

 Embankment side slopes : 1 : 0.5

 Cutting slopes : 1 : 0.5
 Embankment crest width : 10m
 Cutting base width : 10m
 Bulking factor : 0.8
 Shrinkage factor : 1.0

Table 3.1: Information data

Chainage Ground Formation
(m) Level (m) Level (m)
0 37 48
250 40 48
500 45 48
750 42 48
1000 46 48
1250 50 48
1500 53 48
1750 55 48
2000 51 48
2250 47 48
2500 43 48
2750 42 48
3000 44 48
3250 46 48
3500 43 48

Table 3.1 shows information data of the existing road with the ground level,
formation level, and the chainage. Total chainage of the construction road is
3500m (3.5km). The maximum ground level is 55m, meanwhile, the lowest
ground level is 37. Between 55 and 37, 48 are the most suitable value of
formation level to construct a straight road without a hill.
 10

3.4 Calculation of Cumulative Volume (m3)

Table 3.2: Cumulative Volume
Chainage GL FL GL Heigh Base, Slope, Distance Volume, Bulking & Equivalent Cumulative
Area, A (m2)
(m) – ,h b (m) n , D (m) V (m3) Shrinkage Volume Volume
FL (m) Factor (m3) (m3)
A A
0 37 48 -11 11 10 0.5 170.5 -170.5 0 0 0.8 0 0
250 40 48 -8 8 10 0.5 112.0 -112.0 250 -35312.5 1.0 -35312.5 -35312.5
500 45 48 -3 3 10 0.5 34.5 -34.5 250 -18312.5 1.0 -18312.5 -53625.0
750 42 48 -6 6 10 0.5 78.0 -78.0 250 -14062.5 1.0 -14062.5 -67687.5
1000 46 48 -2 2 10 0.5 22.0 -22.0 250 -12500.0 1.0 -12500.0 -80187.5
1250 50 48 2 2 10 0.5 22.0 22.0 250 0 0.8 0 -80187.5
1500 53 48 5 5 10 0.5 62.5 62.5 250 10562.5 0.8 8450.0 -71737.5
1750 55 48 7 7 10 0.5 94.5 94.5 250 19625.0 0.8 15700.0 -56037.5
2000 51 48 3 3 10 0.5 34.5 34.5 250 16125.0 0.8 12900.0 -43137.5
2250 47 48 -1 1 10 0.5 10.5 -10.5 250 3000.0 0.8 2400.0 -40737.5
2500 43 48 -5 5 10 0.5 62.5 -62.5 250 -9125.0 1.0 -9125.0 -49862.5
2750 42 48 -6 6 10 0.5 78.0 -78.0 250 -17562.5 1.0 -17562.5 -67425.0
3000 44 48 -4 4 10 0.5 48.0 -48.0 250 -15750.0 1.0 -15750.0 -83175.0
3250 46 48 -2 2 10 0.5 22.0 -22.0 250 -8750.0 1.0 -8750.0 -91925.0
3500 43 48 -5 5 10 0.5 62.5 -62.5 250 -10562.5 1.0 -10562.5 -102487.5
Table 3.2 shows the calculation of cumulative volume. Slope stakes define the limits of grading work. When used in reading work, they can be
used as guides in determining the width of clearing necessary. In this construction, 0.5 of slope used, and the value is constant for every chainage.
For the base, the value used is 10m, this is because, the road is constructed with two-lane which one traveling in one direction and the other one
traveling in the opposite direction, therefore, 10m are the most suitable value for the base to construct in this type of road.

* Please refer appendix for the example of calculation for chainage at 250m.
 11

3.5 Mass Haul Diagram Graph

Mass Haul Diagram

0

Cumulative Volume (m3)

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
-20000

-40000

-60000

-80000

-100000

-120000

Chainage (m)

Figure 3.2: Mass Haul Diagram.

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3.6 Calculation of volumes of waste and borrow material

Mass Haul Diagram

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
1125 2175
-20000
Cumulative Volume (m3)

-40000

-60000

-80000

-100000

-120000

Chainage (m)
FILL CUT FILL

Figure 3.3: Mass haul Diagram

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Figure 3.4 shows the mass haul diagram drawn based on cumulative volume
and chainage. Based on the graph, the falling curve represents a decreasing
volume which is filling process happen. Meanwhile, the rising curve indicates
an increasing volume where the process of cutting off the existing road
happen. The minimum point is at 1125m of chainage with 81,250m3 of the
cumulative volume whereas the maximum point is at 2175m of chainage with
40,000m3 of the cumulative volume. The minimum point represents the end of
fill which also a start of a cut, meanwhile, the maximum on the curve represent
the end of the cut as the start of the fill.

3.6.1 Data of Waste and Borrow Material

Table 3.3: Data of Waste and Borrow

Distance (m) 1,125 1,050 1,325
Cut (m3) 41,250
Fill (m3) 81,250 62,487.5
Haul (m3) 41,250
Borrow (m3) 40,000 62,487.5
Waste (m3)

Table 3.5 Indicates the volume of waste and borrow material. The total volume
of cut is 41,250 m3 (81,250m3 – 40,000m3), while the total volume of fill is
143,737.50 m3. Since there is no river along the construction road, therefore
the process of haul can happen and there is no soil are wasted. But, the
construction work needs to borrow soil from other places that have the same
characteristics as the site soil. The total soil that needs to borrow is 102,487.5
m3.
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CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses about the discussion and recommendation based on the project
given on proposed a new road at Felda Palong Enam. We have been chosen the best
elevation and method for the area in a given topography.

4.2 Conclusion

Based on the result data of waste and borrow materials, we can conclude that the
mass diagram assumes that all material excavated in the cut sections is acceptable for
use in the embankment sections. This is not necessarily true. However, all
unacceptable quantities can be eliminated from the earthwork table. The mass
diagram is applicable to projects needing balanced earthwork.
Balancing eliminates the double handling of quantities. If there is a short
distance between an acceptable borrow pit and an embankment section, it may be
more economical to use the borrow pit instead of a long balancing operation. This
can be determined by a work or economy study.
In the nutshell, the excavated in-situ material used in embankments or fills
may swell or shrink. It is important to determine the properties of a material in order
to evaluate how these properties will affect the earth volume.
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4.3 Recommendation

The recommendation that can be done based on this project are the selection of the
optimum horizontal and vertical alignment for a road should result in the volume of
material excavated being equal to the amount of fill required in embankment, so that
there is no need to waste good excavation soil or to borrow expensive material from
elsewhere. However, in the engineering practice, ideal does not always happen, and
good excavation material may have to be wasted because it is uneconomical to do
otherwise, whilst material that is unsuitable for use in embankments may have to be
discarded
Last but not least, an equipment used on a cut or fill section may destroy or
remove many of the grade (centreline, shoulder, or slope) stakes. To prevent loss of
man-hours and repetition of survey work, caution construction crews to protect grade
stakes whenever possible. Place offset stakes beyond construction limits to avoid
resurveying portions of the road to relocate these stakes. 
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REFERENCES

Akiije, I. (2013). An innovative Mass Haul Diagram Development for Highway

Earthwork. Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 1.

Earthwork and Mass Diagrams. (2011). NFFOT Construction Conference.

Gemechu, D. (n.d.). Earthwork and Mass-Haul Diagram. Retrieved from SCRIBD

web site: https://www.scribd.com/doc/113227216/9-Earthwork-and-Mass-
Haul-Diagram

Ismail, H. (2014, Febuary 6). Excavation, Earthwork and Filling Method Statement.
Retrieved from Planning Engineer: https://planningengineer.net/excavation-
earthwork-and-filling-method-statement-2/

Kmasz, K. (2011, May 22). Tutorial MHD. Retrieved from Slide Share Web Site:
https://www.slideshare.net/kmasz/tutorial-mhd

Mass Haul Diagram. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://k612.fd.cvut.cz/predmety/12ppok/English/Exercises/Texts/12ppok-c-
07_ENG.pdf

Shah, R. K., & Nashwan, D. (2011). An Innovative approach for generation of time
location plan in Road Construction Project. Journal of Construction
Management and Economics, 29. Retrieved from Research Gate Web Site.

Son, J., Mattila, K. G., & Myers, D. S. (2005). Determination of haul Distance and
Direction in Mass Excavattion. Journal of Construction Engineering and
Management.
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