CHAPTER NO.

ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to the Study:

The research at hand is related to the genre of poetry. In poetry it is concerned

with one of the poetic masterpieces of the celebrated English poet of Romantic era i.e.

John Keats. John Keats is one of the poets of younger generation of romantic period of

English literature. He died in the prime of his life. Ode to a Nightingale is the focal point

of research. Normally Keats’s poetry has no such elements as far as his own life is

concerned. But in the Ode at hand we will venture to find elements which depict the

tragic aspects of Keats’s life.

The researcher in this poem just finds out those affective aspects in the Ode at

hand. Ode to a Nightingale is also full of other elements i.e. beauty immortality,

Platonism and figure of speech but here the researcher explain the tragic point which

depicts the life mean personal life of john Keats. Although his all poems is a source of

pain for Keats because his personal life is disturb and unhappy so the odes that he written

is imagination of his painful life. The poem at hand the researcher would venture to show

or to appear those dilemmas and difficulties which the researcher can show with the help

of these tragic elements that is consider by Keats.

Ode to a Nightingale is a lyric poem. It is believed that ‘Ode to a Nightingale’

was composed in the spring of 1819 when Keats was visiting a dear friend Charles

Brown. A Nightingale had built a nest near the house and Keats was simply memorized

by its melodious voice. Keats felt a tranquil and continual joy in her song; and one

morning he took his chair from the breakfast table to the grass-plot under a plum-tree,

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where he sat for two or three hours. It was then Keats wrote this poem in appreciation of

the Nightingale’s melodious voice and touched upon a lot of deep humanistic values

through this lyrical poem.

Literature is more or less the source of depiction/reflection of human life but here

our main concern is to search for the elements which depict Keats’s own life in his Ode

to a Nightingale. So the main concern of the researcher would be to try to bring about

those gloomy and tragic aspects of Keats’s life which are depicted in the Ode to a

Nightingale. The proposed research work is aimed at the analysis of his acclaimed lyric

poem Ode to a Nightingale.

1.2 Significance of the Proposed Study:

If one wants to appreciate the poetry of a poet he must have to know about the

general life of that particular poet only then the reader will be able to enjoy the poetry of

that particular poet. So keeping in view this fact, it is necessary that we should be able to

explore the personal aspects of a poet incorporated in the poetry of a particular poet, so

by this yardstick it is quite reasonable that we must have to fathom the personal aspects

of a poet in his works.

So the venture in this respect has a major significance to know about the tragic

side/aspect of Keats’s life in his celebrated Ode to a Nightingale. It is also to prove the

fact that poetry is a source of catharsis for the expression of melancholic feelings of the

poet.

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1.3 Objective of the research:

In this proposed study the researcher has tried:

1. To explore the tragic elements in general (sorrow, death, melancholy, disease etc.)

2. To explore figures of speech furthering the tragic element.

3. To explore the personal tragic elements depicts the actual life of John Keats.

4. To explore the element of escapism consequent upon tragedy in life.

1.4 Research Questions:

1. We are the general tragic elements?

2. What figures of speech have been utilized for vivifying the tragic elements?

3. What are the personal tragic elements depicting the actual life of John Keats?

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 CHAPTER NO.TWO LITERATURE REVIE

In Levis’s (1962) opinion, the “Ode moves outwards and upwards” and this

movement is “towards life” and “downwards towards extinction: (p.315). In my opinion,

this movement “towards life” is the poet’s ability to create, and the movement “towards

extinction” is a movement toward the fulfillment of the poet’s mission of composition.

Harding (1974), who believes that the background of the use of the word “sadder”

is significant because this word has been used with “the connotations of its older

meaning” that implies seriousness and steadfastness (p.57) and has nothing to do with

“sadness” as we understand it today, that is, as the opposite of “happiness.”

Paul de man says (1983), Keats’ love for anything, including the Nightingale,

“brings about the death of what is being loved” (p.238) in the sense that this love is then

fulfilled and consummated.

Macksey’s says (1984), “an immutable eternity of absolute being” (p.874).

Keats’s real demise and catastrophe is being unable, from time to time, to unite with the

Nightingale, that is, to cease being a creative poet.

McGuinnes (1995) called “brilliant” Keatsian contradictions” (p.41). The poet

tries to grasp what cannot be grasped by others. He is different from other generations

from all walks of life, who are represented by the “emperor and clown” (1.64), and heard

the song of the Nightingale.

In Caruth’s (2001), opinion the Nightingale’s singing is a “creative act” directed

“towards life’s immediacy” (p.58) in nature, which Doerner thinks (2013) “possessed

physical and mental healing powers” for the Romantics.

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 Grosholz (2001) says, this “moment of eclipse is often the moment of greatest

insight.” The third type of death is related to the poet’s success in composing his poem

and fulfilling his mission. This is clear in keats’ description of death: “chall’d him soft

names in many a mused rhyme”(1.53). thus, this death is not in the bad sense, but it is

rather the poet’s excitement as a result of achieving his goals. Logically, how can it be

“rich to die” (.55\0 if it were ordinary death?

Goldweber (2002), Keats’ escapes “from unhappy realities is well known”, and he

has a “lifelong concern” about resorting to “dreams and illusion.”

Khan Jalaluddin (2002), observes that the permanence of nature and short

lastingness of human life has been criticized in details by many critics but the figures of

speech through which the themes in the poem Ode to a Nightingale has been described

are not criticized and analyzed in detail so he has ventured to do the needful.

Koelzer (2006) termed the “world of transience, decay, and difference”. In this

phase, the poet is not purely free like the Nightingale because he cannot completely shed

the weariness, fever and groans of life:

Rana, Sujata (2011): Says that Nightingale is Keats poetry stands for a kind of

poet has the high level of the activity, so just like a Nightingale the poets also yearns to

have a fight into the ideal world of nature away from the trouble society of human beings.

So he says that Nightingale is a symbol of high poetic creativity.

Han (2012) says: “Keats seeks to help his readers to experience sensually the

concept of immortality” through “not mere verbal representation of a visual art work” but

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by “the embodiment of immortality”, such as the Nightingale, which can “be sensually

enjoyed”.

Havird’s opinion (2013), “a psychological threshold” in which “a state of

displacement, etymologically the state of standing outside oneself” occurs (p.94).The

poet is now ready to be similar to the Nightingale and to sing his song.

Raj, Mary (2014) has explored Ode to a Nightingale to show that John Keats was

not on the a celebrated poet but also a man of spirits as well, He is of the view, upon the

close perusal of the Ode to a Nightingale that Keats has a very tough life but he has still

enjoyed his life and he has remained a good person as well as a brilliant poet at a very

young age. He has also been placed on a high position among his romantic

contemporaries and he has found a permanent niche in the gallery of English poets,

though he was awarded this high esteem posthumously.

Berlin says (2014), that “there is some canker, there is a worm in the bud

somewhere” threatening its life (p.124). However, victory is achieved either through

creativity or, at least, after death in becoming part of nature.

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 CHAPTER NO. THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Population:

In general there is a lot of poets, essay writers and prose writers. But here the

main concern of the researchers is to a specific romantic poet John Keats. The researcher

works on his specific Ode that is “Ode to a Nightingale”. Keats’s poetry is full of sorrows

and sufferings. In this poem the researcher desired to appear the dilemmas that confused

John Keats. Further the researcher wants just to find tragic elements in that particular ode

i.e. Ode to Nightingale.

3.2 Delimitation:

John Keats has a lot of poems and odes. But here the researcher is concerned to

one of his Odes i.e. Ode to a Nightingale. Ode to a Nightingale has a lot of aspects but the

researcher here analyzed just the aspect of the tragic elements.

3.3 Research Plan:

Chapter 1: The researcher introduces the topic, and then he writes significance,

objectives, research questions, and delimitation.

Chapter 2: The researcher has done Literature reviews of different critics about John

Keats.

Chapter 3: The researcher first writes the population, research plan, research type and

research instrument.

Chpater4: The researcher writes his actual writing and analyzed the topic.

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Chapter 5: The researcher finds tragic elements in Ode to a Nightingale, which proves

the topic and then the researcher writes the conclusion of the research.

3.4 Nature of Research:

The supposed research is qualitative in nature. As this research is about the

appreciation of a piece of poetry, so semantic analysis would be undertaken of the text of

the poem. This study is an applied one because the research is about a particular piece of

literature which is to be analyzed.

3.5 Data Type and Resource:

As the proposed research would be qualitative in nature, so the collected date will

also be of qualitative in nature. On one hand the researcher would try to have a semantic

analysis of the text so the data would an appreciative one i.e qualitative, on the other hand

the tragic tones would be explored so the collected data would be qualitative in nature.

3.6 Date Collection Tool:

As the focus of study is a poem by John Keats so we have to peruse the text of the

poem. Close reading i.e. scanning would be used as a method for collecting data.

Qualitative as well as quantitative analysis would be done through the close strategy.

3.7 Research instrument:

The researcher has perused the text of the poem. The researcher used the close

reading method as an instrument and scanned the whole text of the poem to search the

tragic and the gloomy elements permeating the text the researcher analyzed the ode line

by line to elicit tragic shades from the text.

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CHAPTER NO.FOUR THE TRAGIC ELEMENTS IN ODE TO A

NIGHTINGALE- AN ANALYSIS

Keats is in a state of uncomfortable drowsiness. In his celebrated Ode to a

Nightingale he says that he is not envy of the imagined happiness of the Nightingale but

in fact this happiness is responsible for his condition; rather, it is a reaction to the

happiness he has experienced through sharing in the happiness of the Nightingale. The

bird’s happiness is conveyed in its singing.

Keats longs for a draught of wine which would take him out of himself and allow

him to join his existence with that of the bird. The wine would put him in a state in which

he would no longer be himself, and not aware that life is full of pain that the young die,

the old suffer, and that just to think about life brings sorrow and despair. But wine is not

needed to enable him to escape. His imagination will serve just as well. As soon as he

realizes this, he is in spirit, lifted up above the trees and can see the moon and the stars

even though where he is physically there is only a glimmering of light. He cannot see

what flowers are growing around him, but from their odor and from his knowledge of

what flowers should be in bloom at the time he can guess.

In the darkness he listens to the Nightingale. Now, he feels, it would be a rich

experience to die, “to cease upon the midnight with no pain” while the bird would

continue to sing ecstatically. Many a time, he confesses, he has been “half in love with

easeful death. “The Nightingale is free from the human fate of having to die. The song of

the Nightingale that he is listening to was heard in ancient times by emperor and peasant.

Perhaps even Ruth (whose story is told in the Old Testament) heard it.

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 “Forlorn,” the last word of the preceding stanza, brings Keats in the concluding

stanza back to consciousness of what he is and where he is. He cannot escape even with

the help of the imagination. The singing of the bird grows fainter and dies away. The

experience he has had seems so strange and confusing that he is not sure whether it was a

vision or a daydream. He is even uncertain whether he is asleep or awake.

A major concern in “Ode to a Nightingale” is Keats’s perception of the conflicted

nature of human life, i.e, the interconnection or mixture of pain/joy, intensity of

feeling/numbness of feeling, life/death, mortal/immortal, the actual/the ideal, and

separation/connection. In this Ode, Keats focuses on immediate, real sensations and

emotions. The reader must wear the shoes of the if he wants to submerge into the deeper

meaning of the poem. Keats’s ultimate wish in this poem is to join the Nightingale. From

the first verse we learn that the Nightingale sings “in some melodious plot/ of beechen

green” (8-9), not in a plum-tree. The time is “night” or “midnight” (35, 56), not a

morning after breakfast. The season is summer (10, 50), not spring. Listening to the bird

makes the poet’s heart ache with a sense of joy and complete peace. He is overwhelmed

by its ageless music.Keats experiences the beautiful sensation of the song after Keats

suspends into another reality:

“Ode to a Nightingale” opens when Keats acknowledges the feeling of “a drowsy

numbness” that he associates with having taken drugs like hemlock or opium, or with

drinking from the classical river, Lethe, which makes humanity forget what it was like to

have lived. Keats then wishes to drink deeply of red wine so that he could “fade away”

(20-21), leaving the suffering world for the Nightingale’s joyful song. What transports

him, however, is the imagination. Despite the physical brain, which “perplexes and

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retards” 34), his mind enables him to “fly” up to the Nightingale in the trees. He imagines

himself desiring death, “Now more than ever seems it rich to die” (55), and experiencing

it, becoming “a sod” (60). Imagination ends the experience it initiated. At the word

“forlorn,” Keats comes “back” to his “sole self,” that is, the self alone by its flying

double. He becomes conscious of what he has experienced as, perhaps, “a waking dream”

(79).

The bell curve of the Ode signifies Keats taking flight with the bird and towards

the end of the Ode his heart flies down as he realizes it is time to say good-bye to the

bird. Keats is actually visualizing himself flying with the bird, lost in its melodious voce.

A typical OBE (Out of Bode Experience) begins when sensory input is disrupted,

sometimes by drugs, The mind then feels itself float upwards out of the to a height that

has been termed “bird’s-eye” or tree-high. Often the ascent may seem like travelling

through a tunnel towards a bright light. Experiencing itself being divided into two, or

having a dissociated double, the self may feel itself near death. Afterwards, when the

mind returns to the body, the person recalls his experience, not as a dream during REM

(rapid-eye-movement) sleep, but as vivid or wide-awake dreaming. In the last verse Keats

is so completely lost in the bird’s song that he can’t really recall whether it was a vision

or a waking dream or had he actually experienced the bird’s singing.

Was a vision, or a waking dream?

Fled is that music:-do I wake or sleep?

In order to understand the complete beauty of the song it is important to know that

it will not last forever and that is what makes it even more beautiful and perhaps

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sorrowful. In the first verse Keats expresses that he is too happy in the bird’s song and is

not envious of its melodious voice. The bird’s capability to bring peace and happiness to

the listener is an important quality; life should not be led in a selfish manner. The essence

of ultimate happiness is to make others happy.

Keats’ “Ode to a Nightingale” springs form a poet’s personal life-changing, mind-

wrenching experience of a timeless paradise, a world where there si no suffering. Keats

wants to enjoy this timeless capsule ‘on the viewless wings of Poesy’ (33) using all his

craft’s resources, but with little sensory recall. The “tender” night (35) and “embalmed

darkness” (43) disable his sight and leave him guessing at fragrances. Simple words like

“song,” “voice,” “anthem,” and “music,” only hint at the Nightingale’s soul-pouring

“ecstasy”. The bird’s song makes the listener reflect on human suffering. In a world

which is full of plague and misery, the Nightingale’s works her magic of soothing the

nerves by producing magnificent music. Keats talks about suffering before death. Death

claims youth, ye man can’t do anything to prevent this suffering. During his training as a

medical practitioner, Keats saw drugs like opium (3) and wine (11) deaden the pain of

feverishly ill men, the aged shaking from palsy, and the consumptive young (23-26). His

own brother Tom, dying of consumption at this time, lingers on in “Where youth grows

pale, and specter-thin, and dies” (26). Keats ultimate goal is to join the bird and enter a

world of continuous peace and ecstasy.

That I might drink, and leave the world unseen,

And with thee fade away into the forest dim:

Nightingale through Keats’s eyes:

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 Keats associated the Nightingale’s melodious voice with ecstasy drugs, which

allow the human body to experience the ultimate highs in life. Keats views the bird as

one which dwells in the beech tree, a bird which sings of summer in an easy, elegant

manner. Listening to the bird is like drinking a draught of vintage. By drinking this

potion Keats believes he can disappear into nothingness just like the beautiful effect of

the bird’s song. In line 41 Keats’ praise of the Nightingale is infinite. He explains that he

is unable to notice any other sight of beauty, as his complete attention and devotion is for

the Nightingale and her beautiful song. In the following stanza Keats wishes death so he

is able to join the Nightingale. Keats believes that a thing of beauty is a joy forever. He

tells the bird that the bird is immortal; the joy her singing brings will never die. As the

Nightingale flies farther away from the poet, Keats pays his final compliment and wishes

the bird good-bye. He says that saying good bye to the bird’s singing is like being woken

up from a beautiful dream. As the bird flies over the meadows the immortal beauty of the

song can be enjoyed by many. Keats, in his last line, says he doesn’t know whether he

really experienced the magical singing of the Nightingale or if it was a dream.

In the five verse Keats has beautifully described the beauty of the Nightingale’s

voice by comparing it to the beautiful flora which was all around Keats while he enjoyed

the bird’s song. Keats is unable to see the beautiful flowers as the lush green trees do not

allow any moon light to fall upon the flora. Keats welcomes this, as he completely wants

to lose himself in the beautiful song and does not want any distractions. Keats can enjoy

the sweet fragrance of the violets and the musky rose which is in full bloom. Keats uses

the word Embalmed to describe the preserved beauty of the flowers and the thicket. The

surroundings make the song of the Nightingale ever more beautiful.

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 The poetry of Keats shows a process of gradual development. His earlier

experiments in verse are products of youthful imagination, immature and overcharged

with imagery. The youthful poet has abnormal sensibility, but lacks experience of life.

Thus he longed to escape from the realities of life. But it was a passing mood that seized

him when he was contrasting the lot of man with that of Nightingale.

Sorrows and sufferings were inevitable in life and he fully realized that escape

from the realities of life was neither possible nor desirable. Keats was trying to attain

peacefulness of mood in the midst of all the sufferings which he was undergoing in his

own life and which he saw all around him in life. This mood of serenity is expressed in

the Ode to autumn.

In the Ode on Melancholy, he points out how sadness inevitably accompanies joy

and beauty. The rose is beautiful indeed but we cannot think the importance of the beauty

without its thorn. It is therefore impossible to escape from inevitable pain in life.

Melancholy arises from humanity of joy, and joy is transient by its nature.

Therefore, Keats accepts life as a whole-with its joy and beauty as well as its pain and

despair. The Ode on Grecian Urn is not a dream of unutterable beauty nor the urn itself

the song of an impossible bliss.

Ode on a Grecian Urn of john Keats has a deep relation to “ode to a Nightingale”.

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 Pip to the spirit ditties of no tone:

Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst no leave

Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare;

Bold lover, never, never canst thou kiss,

Keats actually was aware that the real life of everything is short lived but he looks

at the beautiful piece of art, the urn, he is all praises for the artistic worth which has lent

him a touch of immortality, not only the urn, but all the things that has been carved upon

it, the piper, the trees the lover and the maidens.

Ode to autumn also has a connection with “ode to a Nightingale”. Keats likes

serenity in his each poem he shows. Here in this poem Keats is a complete calm and

serenity. Keats in this poem in a mood that sets his mind at rest and Keats is at peace with

the world.

“The season of mists and mellow fruitfulness”; He is happy to think that soon all fruits

shall be full with ripeness to the core:

Again Keats reminds “Ode to a Nightingale” in which he enjoys to the full, the

sweet fragrance of flower, the white hawthorn, the fading violets and the coming musk

rose, full of dewy wine, thus we have seen as to how rich is Keats variety of mood as

depicted in his odes.

Ode on Melancholy is also another poem of Keats. It has a deep relation with

“ode to a Nightingale”. This poem is dealing with the strange dilemmas of human life.

Here Keats shows the beauty and joy as a source of pain because these both is a

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imaginatively things. She dwells with beauty-beauty that must die. And joys, whose hand

is ever at his lips bidding adieu; and aching pleasure high.

At the same time, the poem also means that man must enjoy the pleasure of life of

their full intensity because these pleasures can be over any moment, but one must prepare

himself well in advance for the gloomy period of his life.

4.1 Escapism

Keats desires to escape from the real world because the real world is full of

sorrows, sufferings and unhappiness. Keats is shocked by the death of his father, mother,

and his brother Tome Keats. His brother tome Keats was killed by tuberculosis and it

was incurable disease at that time .This disease was transferred from Tome Keats to

John Keats. So, that is the reason by which Keats is threatened. By listening to the song

of Nightingale he indulges in a happy mood. Nightingale sings the song in a joyful

condition. The environment around the bird is very peaceful, serene and calm. Keats

shifts in to the world of beauty and immortality, in which the bird sing a song.

‘Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,

But being happy in thine happiness,

In these lines Keats says that he has not the enemy of Nightingale happiness. But Keats

wants to take part in the happiness of Nightingale.

All the poets of Keats’ time were influenced by the ideas and ideals of the French

Revolution. The ideas of the French Revolution had awakened the youthful nature of both

Wordsworth and Coleridge; they had moved the wrath of Scott; they had worked like

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Yeats on Byron and brought forth new matter for Shelly. There was only one poet, Keats,

of that age whom they could not affect on any way whatsoever.

Keats longed to escape from the realities of life in a mood that seized him when

he was contrasting the lot of man with that of the Nightingale. Sorrows and sufferings

were expected in life and he had fully realized that escape from the realities of life as

neither possible nor desirable. Keats life long creed was: “A thing of beauty is a joy

forever.” He wanted to plunge into. “the realm of Flora and Pan… Sleep and Poetry.

Keats was so preoccupied with beauty that he turned a deaf ear to the actualities of life

around him.

Keats always tried to attain peacefulness of mood in the midst of all the sufferings

which he was undergoing in his own life and which he saw all around him in life. For

Keats the world of beauty was an escape from the boring and painful effects of life. Keats

was not a Revolutionary idealist like Shelley, nor had the Shelley’s reforming zeal. Keats

was a pure poet. He had aesthetic taste in the masterpieces of the past.

The song of the bird is a sort of imagination

Through he escapes their self for a temporary time.

That I might drink, and leave the world unseen,

And with thee fade away into the forest dim:

Here Keats wishes for wine so it will help him to faraway in to the forest.

It is way of Keats imagination that he will drink wine for a calm and peaceful
environment and forgets the world for temporary time.
Fade for away, dissolve, and quiet forget

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 What thou among the leaves hart never Known,

The weariness, the fever, and the fret

Here, where men sit and hear each other groan;

Keats adopts the way of escapism Keats desires to away from the problems of the world.

Keats wishes to forget completely himself in the world of reality as the

Nightingale did not know that Nightingale is leave in the forest in a peaceful and joy full

environment. Human life is full of difficulties and problem here man thinks of about his

hard lot.

Where but to think is to be full of sorrow

And leaden-eyed despairs;

Keats difficult life is also a proof of his escapism from the reality. Keats says in

this line that his imagination is full of suffering and problem. Keats is unable to do

something. His realities disturb him although his real world disturbs his mental psyche.

His imagination is a sign of torture. In the second line Keats says that the real world

brings sorrow into our heart and we face disappointment and leaden-eyed despairs. He

means that our eyes have become all like lead because of lack of luster. So the thinking or

imagination recalls us of all the sorrows and grief of his existence, Keats mind is deeply

conscious of life disappointments and misfortune.

For a beaker full of the warm south,

Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene,

With beaded bubbles winking at the brim,

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 And purple-stained mouth;

That I might drink, and leave the world unseen,

And with thee fade away into the forest dim;

Keats here longs for wine of south region. He likes to drink the genuine, red

velour wine which taken from the fountain of muses. It would delight him to redden his

mouth and lips when he drinks it so he might drink the wine and forget the world

completely and escape himself in to a dim forest and join Nightingale Keats shows

escapism by drinking wine. Keats realizes that the world of Nightingale is just for a

temporary time. The world of Nightingale is imaginative but the permanent world means

the world cannot be altered by imagination. In the real world imagination cannot works.

The reality is truth. The real world is the world of truth.

Away! Away! for I will fly to thee,

Not charioted by bacchus and his pards

But on the viewless wings of poesy,

Though the dull brain perplexes and retards:

Now Keats in these lines represents the poet wanted to drink wine order to

escape from the difficult world. He wanted to fly with Nightingale. Keats used here a

figurative language which is the power of imagination to cross the real world and go to

the ideal world the song of Nightingale recalls him the pain that man faces in real life. He

avoids these pains with the help of poetic imagination. Keats does not wants to ride on

the charioted of bacchus which is drawn by leopards .Keats rejected the idea of riding on

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chariot of bacchus and go to birds side. Simply he does not wants to seek relief by

drinking wine . Keats rejects the idea of forgetting his sorrow by drinking wine. Keats

imagination with bird is by her beautiful song. He will go to the Nightingale song laden

world, not with the help of wine, though it can open the joys of life to him. But the

enviable wings of poetry cannot help him to forget the reality. His flights in imagination

with Nightingale is a sort of relief for Keats. his flight with Nightingale is the insistence

upon his realities. Keats thanks that the wine of poetry make him forget about his realities

but it does take help him realties but take help him . Intellect consist of realities but Keats

ignores that consistency in place of all things poetry makes him to pass away from real

world to the ideal world.

Though the dull brain perplexes and retards;

Keats in this line describes the swift flight of imagination on the viewless of

poetry is compelled by the heaviness confusion of the brain. Here poet desires to escape

from the stern realities of the world and life. But Keats feels that his intellect is so strong

to let him in imagination region where Nightingale abode.

Already with thee! tender is the night,

And haply the queen-Moon is on her throne,

Keats thinks in these lines that he is very near to the bird in imagination. The

night has not far advanced. Darkness has not begun to thicken this night it is dark in the

world below. But the poet thinks that the moon is shinning in the sky. It recalled here that

the poem is composed in day time the moon is reigns as the queen over sky. In these lines

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the poet describe in the scene which he imagined. The moon is shining in the sky and the

stars are surrounding her.

Cluster’d around by all her starry Fays;

But here there is no light,

Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown

Through verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways.

Keats describe in these lines that the moon is like a fairies that surrounding her

mean stars the moon is bright but it rays imagined by poet and it cannot reach where the

Nightingale sings amidst the branches of some trees. The forest he considers is dark.

When the breeze moves the leaves and the branches of trees so the moon rays penetrate in

to the forest indeed it is the light in the forest. Thus the poet’s pectoral imagination paints

vivid picture of the scene.

4.2Life is a trouble:

Where but to think is to be full of sorrow

and leaden-eyed despairs;

Here in the line Keats points that every where is sorrow. He says that my thought

is full of sever sadness or pain. Keats thinks the that without trouble problem nothing

other in this real would. He face a lot of tragedies. He is confused what to do to control

his emotion and feeling which is face in his life. There is no happiness in his life so that

why this world only brings sorrow to the heart and we feel so disappointed that our eyes

lack lusture and become dull like a lead.

21
Keats in search of escapism that I might drink, and leave the world unseen and with thee

fade away in to forest dim:

Keats desires to drink wine because of his tough and difficult life. He wants to

escape from the real world. He likes to join forest with Nightingale. Keats wishes a calm

and serene environment. Here Keats gives comparison to forest. The reason is that he is

disturb by his young brother tom Keats. Keats did not to come to his world again and

leave this world unseen in his imagination.

Fade faraway, dissolve, and quiet forget

What thou among the leaves hast known,

The weariness, the fever, and the fret

Here, where men sit and here each other groan;

The poet expresses his own desire to away or to ran away from the fever and fret

of life mean to away from the problems of life . Keats wants to escape himself to the trees

where he forgets his sorrows and misfortunes from which the Nightingale is free. Keats

wishes to forgets the depressing and tiresome condition of life and the anxieties and cares

of the world where people constantly suffering and withering under the agonies of pain.

Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs,

Where youth grows pale and spectre-thin and dies;

In these lines Keats presents his insoluble trouble and also incurable disease. It

makes Keats upset. Palsy is a sort of unhappiness. Now he is tired in his life. Keats is an

grief and sorrows. Old disappointed grey headed men are afflicted with palsy. Keats says

22
that his hair is grey color and palsy will make it more gray and weak. Misfortune is the

main disappointment of his life. Young man states that here growth is thin like a skeleton

and dies.

4.3 Love is lacking:

Keats has failed in love with Fanny Brawne. Fanny and Keats loved each other

very much. But Fanny knows about the disease of Keats so Fanny Brawne dejected Keats

in his love. It is also a trouble for Keats. Keats’s life keeps him unhappy in every sort of

situation and circumstances.

Darkling I listen; and, for many a time

I have been hath in love with easeful death.

Keats snows his deject on in love with fanny brawn. He expresses or captures the

deep senses of disgust with life. His dejection in love with brawn is also prepared him for

death. The words ,,easeful death,, keeps him half in love. The reason is that Keats in

control of incurable disease which leads him death. It is mark of dejection in his love

with Fanny brawne.

Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs,

The poet presents here a grief which is very pathetic condition for Keats. Keats is

afflicted with palsy disease is also a dejection Keats in his love. The poet feels the sad

condition. Fanny brawn when know about the disease of keats,so she reject him in his

love.

23
Keats given the comparison of palsy as like a old man when his hairs is gray. It is the

situation like a old man who cannot tolerate his burden.

4.4 Fear of death

The actual concern of Keats is death. Death makes him unhappy or unsatisfied. In

his general Keats is face a lot of trouble but here death is actual and the main concerned

point.

Darkling Listen; and, for many a time

I have been half in love with easeful death.

These lines is capture the poet in a deep sense of disgust with his life. Keats here disturb

by his difficult life. Keats wishes to die with a painless death. Because this death left him

from a lot of chances in which he enjoy his life with his friend.

Call’d him soft names in many a mused rhyme,

To take in to the air my quiet breath;

Now more than ever seems it rich to die,

To ease upon the midnight with no pain,

While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroad

In such an ecstasy

Still wouldst thou sing, and I have ears in vain-

To thy high requiem become a sod.

24
 The poet have suggest himself that he has taught of death as a isolation so the

death may take away his breath quietly, so that he may die quietly-Keats is an

enthusiastic moment . The poet says that nothing bring happiness in his life. He is happy

for death . Keats suggest this moment is a great moment. Keats suggests it the moment of

happiness. The poet wishes to die in the middle of the night. The environment of the

night time is very calm and relax . Keats inner most feeling is an enthusiastic form. The

poet with Nightingale feels bliss extreme happiness. Here Keats transports his joys with

Nightingale in deep imagination the poet expressing his thought continuously. The poet

says that when I am die, you will go for singing here. At that time I would not be able to

here because I would be dead. Keats desires that when he is dead so the Nightingale song

will still continue , as if to lament end his deal in the last line of this stanza Keats a says

that he would be deaf to listen the noble song of Nightingale in his grave, it shock him.

Thou wast not born for death, immortal bird!

Keats says that the Nightingale is not born for death. Here Keats suggest his singing is

immortal so Keats considered the bird is immortal Nightingale sing melodious song and

this song will remained same or still immortal,

No hungry generation tread thee down;

The voice I here this passing night was heard

In ancient day, by emperor and clown:

Perhaps the self same song that found a path

Through the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home,

25
 The poet feels that the same bird his lived from the ancient time of Ruth to this

day. This reference is from the bible. Ruth came from Moab. She was married to a Jew in

you after the death of his husband she want to migrating with her mother in law, Naomi

the alien foreign land of Judah there she gleaned corn in the field of a kinsman of Naomi.

Here Keats give a sketch of death of Ruth husband. Keats shows that the separation of

her husband is a sort of death for Ruth her life is now become full of misery and

difficulties.

Here Keats presents a picture in imagination of immortality. Keats think that a lot

of time is spend. From Ruth to this time but the Nightingale is remain Estill constant.

Keats shows the beauty of Nightingale song with immortality . Keats thinks that we will

die but the Nightingale sound of song will remain constant. The beauty of song will not

lead the Nightingale to his death.

She stood in tears amid the alien corn;

The poet says in the first line of this stanza that when he hear the Nightingale

song the idea occurs rememorized him that the Nightingale is singing today has lived for

thousand years. For a long time Ruth is far away from his native Moab in Judah and her

heart was sad. This Nightingale sing a very beautiful song and brought relief to her sad

heart.

The same that oft- times hath

Charm’d magic casements, opening on the foam

26
 The poet says that the song is same that is soothed before. Here magic casement is

stands for those person who imagined as sitting at the open windows of enchanted

palaces listening the song of Nightingale. It is not the window who make a charmed but

it is the listener who sit there. In the lines Keats desires to enjoy the music of beautiful

Nightingale is very sweet. It can give me a sort of serene environment. Keats desires to

escape himself in the beauty of Nightingale song. Simply he want escapism in the real

meaning. The poet wishes to forget the real world.

Of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn.

Keats describes the magic casements. The poet says that where is the castle

located or situated and its window is maiden or half listen to the sound of Nightingale

song? The poet answer in “fairyland” on the brink of dangerous sea. Keats says that if he

is only live in fairy land means dangerous place where Keats desires to live lonely and

indulged himself in his loneliness’

4.5: Melancholy

In the last stanza of Ode to a Nightingale Keats in his loneliness. He is said this

stanza is also presents his torture in imagination. Keats thinking is full of sorrow. He did

not find a released and comfortable condition in his life. His life is a torture for him.

Fororn! The very word is like a bell

To toll me back from thee to my sole self !

The poet has forgotten the real world for a while, which is full of fever, fret and the

weariness. The song of Nightingale take him in his control or transferred him and around

his imagination. By Nightingale song for a while or for a moment keats is transported

27
himself into the dark forest. Where Nightingale sings. Here the word, forlorn is like a

ringing bell. This word recalls him that he is nor really with Nightingale. This word

disturb his imagination and call him back the reality like a ringing bell. Suddenly he is

awakes from his beautiful day dream and come back to his worries and difficulties, the

word forlorn is like a big sound which awakes him from his sleep.

Adieu! The fancy cannot cheat so well

As she is fam’d to do, deceiving elf.

The poet bound himself in his dream with Nightingale and its song. Keats is gone

to the world of sweet fancies in which the poet search to escape from the fever, weariness

and fret of the real world. Fancy transported him for a short while from the real world to

the world of beauty. But when he comes back himself and recalls those realities of life

again. Here Keats presents romanticism. He feels that this fancy cannot help him long.

The imagination takes him away just for a while like a fairy having supernatural power. It

can transport the world around us but for a while only. That is why Keats calls it a

deceiving elf.

Adieu, adieu! Thy plaintive anthem fades

Past the near meadows, over the still steam,

Up the hill-side; and now ‘tis buried deep

In the next, valley glades:

The poet here explains the fading away of Nightingale sound. When the

Nightingale sings so the sound fades away from Keats. The Nightingale flies farther

28
away. It is heard over the field bear by then it flies away still farther over and the sound

of Nightingale grows dimmer. The poet then hears the sound of Nightingale from the

valley. Now the sound of Nightingale grows dimmer, altogether and become inaudible.

Keats is in real senses. The imagination flies away. Keats again comes to the suffer

world. As the Nightingale sound is fades the poet imagination is also fails.

Was it a vision, or a walking dream?

Fled is that music: do I wake or sleep?

Keats in these lines says that the vision he has been seeing is no longer before

him. The poet realizes that he has travelled back from the region of poetic world into the

world of common world or actual world. Actually Keats last the world of imagination

when the music of Nightingale is punish. It is the serenity and calm for Keats means the

song of Nightingale. Now Keats is awake from his day dream. This is a pathetic

condition for Keats. Keats indulges or keeps busy himself in the beautiful world of

Nightingale.

4.6 Palsy (Disease):

Palsy is the main point in the poem. Palsy is the disease which is incurable in that

time. It is transfer from his brother Keats to john Keats tom Keats is a hospital. In that

there is no treatment of palsy. He contracts tuberculosis from his brother.

Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs,

This line shows a very sad picture of his life. The poet here talks about the old

man as having a grey hair and lost all control of their limbs. This is a pathetic condition

29
for a man. His hair is grey and his body is weak. He is completely disturbed by his grey

hair. Keats here shows his disease in a good way. Keats expresses that diseases punish

the life of a man. The disease is incurable so the man is more miserable. Diseases and

thinking about diseases terminate the life of a man.

Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies;

Keats here shows a sad picture of his life. The poet has reminded his young

brother who died in front of his eyes some time before. The poet here talk about his

young brother who is die by a terrible disease. Here poets forgets the vast majority of

young people is healthy.

Where but to think is to be full of sorrow

Keats in this line shows again a pathetic and sad condition. The poet says that everywhere

is full of sorrow. Even our thinking is also full of sorrow.

Here people do not happy. Keats is always in a terrible and sad condition. The

poet shows a tired picture of his life. The poet is not satisfactory. He is all the time

disappointed.. He sees darkness in his life. The poet supposes that if we think about his

life in deepest meaning so, it will cause him a hard pain.

And leaden-eyed despairs;

Keats here shows the heaviness of his life and compares it to a lead, a dark color

metal. Despairs here personified as one whose eyes are as dull as lead and heavy as lead.

Keats desires to show that when a man is die so He can do nothing. His eyes become like

a lead. In another form Keats here shows the sufferings of human life. He says that when

30
a human suffer by his problem. And the suffering is insoluble so at that time he do

nothing and just see the world.

4.7 Shortness of Beauty:

Every great poet must follow the bent of his genius: ---he has his own vision of

life, and he expressed it in his own way. Wordsworth has a spiritual vision and he

expresses it in simple style; Shelly has an idealistic vision and he expresses it in musical

verse; Keats had the artist’s vision of beauty, and he expresses it in picturesque style.

‘Beauty is truth and truth beauty’; that is all

Ye known on the earth and all ye need to know.

It has a precious message to mankind, not as a thing of beauty which gives

exquisite delight to the senses, but as a symbol and prophecy of a comprehension of

human life to which mankind can attain. Keats was not an escapist form life, as he is

sometimes supposed to be.

Where beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,

Keats says in this line that those who have beauty today. He will lose it tomorrow. Beauty

is just for a short time as sorrows suffered his life.

Or new love pine at them beyond to-morrow.

Keats in this line in a sad form shows that beauty and love is short lived ideas. The lover

pine herself for his beloved just for a short moment. It is very soon she loses her looks

and his love for them.

31
4.8 Shortness of life.

Keats knows that his life is short. He also knows that very soon he will die. The

difficulties and problem in a young age is a source of dissatisfaction. And another big

problem is that his brother death by palsy. Then the transfer of that disease from Tom

Keats to John Keats he becomes the patient of palsy. The poet knows that very soon he

will die because the palsy is an incurable disease.

Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs,

Keats here describes palsy which shows the shortness of Keats life. It also shows

the darkness of his life. Here the poet talks about the old man who has no control of his

own self. This is a pathetic situation for an old man because their hair color is gray, their

body is weak. Actually palsy here presents the pictures of old man. A patient of palsy is

like a old man who cannot have the capability to do something. He has lost their life.

Keats is sad and unsatisfactory.

Where youth grows pale, specter-thin and dies;

The poet says that young men whether grow thin like skeleton and die for a while

when a man can rememorize his life of grief and sorrows then he will fall down into the

state of helpless condition with his lusture eyes forever. The passion of youth love is only

for a moment. The duration of beauty is very short.

32
4.9 Torture in Imagination:

Where but to think is to be full of sorrow

Keats describes here torture in imagination. His thought is full of sorrow. This

world just brings sorrow into the heart of human. A man feel here defective mood, and

disappointed. The poet says that he has a misfortune. Everywhere is full of sorrow for

him. .Even the thinking of the poet is also a mood of disappointment for him.

My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains

My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,

The poet in this time feels a sleepy mood. He feels numb because of his excessive

joy. It cause him slight feeling of pain. The sense of Keats is like a drunken who drunk

the poison of a plant (hemlock). Keats is a situation of great imagination. The poet in day

time wishes to forget about the reality of the actual world.

O, for a draught of vintage that hath been

cool’d a long age in the deep delved earth,

Keats here wishes to drink the wine which has been stored and cooled for a long

time deep under the earth. The poet here used the word of wine to forget the reality. He

desires to indulge in the poetic world.

Referred to by critics of the time as “the longest and most personal of the Odes,

“the poem describes Keats” journey into the state of Negative Capability. The poem

explores the themes for nature, transience and mortality, the latter being the most

personal to Keats, making as he does a direct reference to the death in 1818 of his

33
brother, Tom.The image of human misery is very profound when Keats alludes to his

brother’s death:

Where youth grows pale and specter-thin and dies

where but to think is to be full of sorrow

And leaden-eyed despairs”.

This image, of the youth dying and transient nature of love, is further heightened

by the image of Keats” predicting his own death. As the poem progresses, Keats

associated his death with the song. The image sued by Keats of a human body becoming

a cold of earth, the human body becoming one with the earth creates a vision of coffin

being lowered into grave and covered by shovels of earth, the human body becoming one

with earth.

In the darkness he listens to the Nightingale. Now, he feels, it would be a rich

experience to die, “to cease upon the midnight with no pain” while the bird would

continue to sing ecstatically. Many a time, he confesses, he has been “half in love with

easeful death. “the Nightingale is free from the human fate of having to die. The song of

the Nightingale that he is listening to was heard in ancient times by emperor and peasant.

Perhaps even Ruth (whose story is told in the Old Testament) heard it.

“Forlorn” the last word of the preceding stanza brings Keats in the concluding

stanza back to consciousness of what he is and where he is. he cannot escape even with

the help of the imagination. The singing of the bird grows fainter and dies away. the

experience he has had seems so strange and confusing that he is not sure whether it was a

vision or a daydream. He is even uncertain whether he is asleep or awake? The “ode to a

Nightingale “is a regular ode. All the eight stanzas have ten pentameter lines and a

34
uniform rhyme scheme. Although the poem is regular in form, it leaves the impression of

being a kind of rhapsody; eats is allowing his thoughts and emotions free expression..One

thought suggests another and, in this way, the poem proceeds to a somewhat arbitrary

conclusion. The poem impresses the reader as being the result of free inspiration

uncontrolled by a preconceived plan..The poem is Keats in the act of sharing with the

reader an experience he is having rather than recalling an experience. The experience is

not entirely coherent. It is what happens in his mind while he is listening to the song of a

nightingale.

Three main thoughts stand out in the ode. One is Keats; evaluation of life; life is

a vale of tears and frustration..The happiness which Keats hears in the song of the

Nightingale has made him happy momentarily but has been succeeded by a feeling of

torpor which in turn is succeeded by the conviction that life is not only painful but also

intolerable. So at each point in the poem the poet longs to escape from this miserable

world. He laments that life is full of sorrows, “where but to think is to be full of despair”.

The poem is replete with tragic elements covering different aspects of life.

35
 CHAPTER NO. FIVE

5.1 Findings

The researcher finds the tragic elements with proof in “ode to a Nightingale”

because John Keats mentioned all those elements which depict his life. Keats here in this

poem reflects his actual life and gives a personal touch. All those dilemmas which makes

Keats confused and sad placed at in this ode. The ode at hand of the researcher is also the

reflection of his tragedies in his personal life.

At last the tragic elements which find the researcher from the ode at hand is under below.

(1) Escapism:

The researcher find the element escapism in the at hand. All his poems at hand

Keats desire escapism. In “Ode to a Nightingale” each and every line is the presentation

of freedom.

That I might drink, and leave the world unseen,

Some time Keats wants freedom through drink wine means that to drink wine he would

forget the realities of his life.

And with thee fade away into the forest dim:

In this line Keats wants to free himself with the help of Nightingale. Keats desires to fly

with Nightingale to the forest.

Fade far away, dissolve, and quite forget:

36
In this line Keats shows his transition stage. The poet wants to lose his identity. The poet

wants to forget himself and his own existence and get freedom.

(2) Life is trouble:

The researcher also fined in the poem at hand that his life is trouble for Keats.

Where but to think is to be full of sorrow

In this line Keats shows his sorrow mood. Even the thoughts of the poet are full of

unhappiness. Here psychologically the poet is confused. Keats says that everywhere grief

is present.

The weariness, the fever, and the fret

This line shows that the poet has a deep disgust with his life. The poet considers life is to

be full of misery and sorrows.

Here, where men sit and hear each other groan;

Again the poet is in dark views of life. The poet feels that the life is nothing but a series

of groan and complaints.

(3) Love is lacking:

Keats is fail in love with Fanny Brawne. Keats and Fanny love each other. But

Fanny knows about the disease (palsy) of Keats so she dejected Keats.

I have been half in love with easeful death.

Here in this line Keats shows his dejection in love with Fanny Brawne. Keats reflects the

deep senses of his life. His dejection in love is also prepared him for death.

37
(4) Fear of death:

Actually Keats is concern to his death. Death makes him unsatisfactory and

disappointed.

I have been half in love with easeful death.

Keats shows in this line a fear from death it would take him from his love.

To take into the air my quiet breath;

The poet has suggested himself that he has taught about death as isolation. So, the death

may take away his breath quietly.

(5) Melancholy:

In the last stanza of the poem at hand the poet is sad and loneliness. Now the

imagination of the poet in his loneliness presents the torture.

Forlorn! The very world is like a bell

The poet has forgotten the real world for a while. But the poet says that it is like a bell.

When we imagine something so after that we come to the real world.

Adieu! Adieu! Thy plaintive anthem fades

Keats here explains the fading away of Nightingale sound in his loneliness. The singing

of Nightingale is fade away from Keats.

38
(6) (Palsy) Disease:

Is the main concern of Keats in the poem. The poet describes his disease in

confused form. The poet is tired and feels fear of death. At that time palsy was incurable

disease.

Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs,

Here the poet shows a very sad picture of his life. Totally Keats is in a situation which is

intolerable, because the reason is that palsy at that incurable disease. The poet give the

example of old man as having grey hair but lost the control of their limbs.

Keats says that this disease make a young one like a old man when his hairs has lost

progressively. The actual meaning of the poet is that it could punish the life a young one.

Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin and dies;

Again the poet appears here the unhappy picture of his life. Here the poet recall the death

of his young brother who is died by palsy in from of his eyes. The poet talks about his

young brother death but he forgets the vast majority of young people is healthy.

(7) Shortness of Beauty:

Every great poet has his own vision of life, and he describes it in his own way.

Wordsworth has a spiritual vision and he presents it in simple style. Shelly has an

idealistic vision and he expresses it in musical verse. Now Keats had the artist’s vision of

beauty, and he expresses it in picturesque style.

Beauty is truth, truth beauty:- That is all

Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.

39
Keats left a precious message for mankind, not just a thing of beauty which gives delight

to the senses, but as a symbol of comprehension of human life to which mankind is attain.

Where beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,

In this line Keats says that those who have beauty today. He will lose it tomorrow.

Beauty is just for a moment, because sorrows condemned his life.

Or new love pine at them beyond to-morrow.

In this line Keats shows that the lover pine herself for his beloved just for a short

moment. It is very soon she loses her looks and his love for them.

(8) Shortness of Life:

Keats knows that his life is very short because he is the patient of palsy. He

knows that very soon he will die.

Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs:

Keats here presents the shortness of his life by palsy. The poet shows darkness of his life,

palsy here shows the old man picture.

Where youth grows pale, and spectr- thin and dies,

Keats says in this line that young man wither grows thin like skeleton and dies. For a

while when a man rememorize his actual life grief and sorrows then he would fall down

into the helpless situation.

40
(9) Torture in imagination:

Keats feels torture in his thoughts. His thoughts and imagination is a source of

sorrows. The poet is disappointed. The poet is exists in his grief and thinks about his

misfortune.

Where but to think is to be full of sorrow

This line is shows the big problem of the poet psyche.

The poet thinks that everywhere is sorrows and sufferings even his thought is full of

disappointment. The world just brings sorrows in his life. Keats is a mental confusion.

5.2 Conclusion

John Keats has a lot of poems. His all poetry is a source of pain for Keats. Keats

life is also full of sorrow, and sufferings as Keats described the picture of imagination in

“ode to a Nightingale” so it is also shows the dilemmas of Keats actual life. Keats all

poems is full of sad picture. But here the researcher main work is to the “Ode to a

Nightingale”. This ode has a lot of aspects. But the research just touch one aspect that is

tragic elements in the poem a hand. Because the ode at hand of the researcher is touched

the personal life of Keats. The researcher point out that the ode at hand is a symbol of

tragic life. The researcher appear all those elements which make him disturb. The

researcher point out that every line of the ode at hand is full of his disappointment and

unhappiness.

41
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