Chelonoidis Vicina,: Assessment By: Cayot, L.J., Gibbs, J.P., Tapia, W. & Caccone, A

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™
ISSN 2307-8235 (online)

IUCN 2008: T9028A82532040
Scope: Global
Language: English
Chelonoidis vicina, Cerro Azul Giant Tortoise

Assessment by: Cayot, L.J., Gibbs, J.P., Tapia, W. & Caccone, A.
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Citation: Cayot, L.J., Gibbs, J.P., Tapia, W. & Caccone, A. 2018. Chelonoidis vicina. The IUCN Red List
of Threatened Species 2018: e.T9028A82532040. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-
2.RLTS.T9028A82532040.en
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Taxonomy
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Animalia Chordata Reptilia Testudines Testudinidae
Taxon Name: Chelonoidis vicina (Günther, 1875)
Synonym(s):
• Chelonoidis nigra ssp. vicina (Günther, 1875)
• Chelonoidis vicina ssp. vicina (Günther, 1875)
• Geochelone elephantopus ssp. vicina (Günther, 1875)
• Geochelone nigra ssp. vicina (Günther, 1875)
• Testudo vicina Günther, 1875
Common Name(s):
• English: Cerro Azul Giant Tortoise, Iguana Cove Giant Tortoise
• Spanish: Tortuga Gigante de Cerro Azul
Taxonomic Source(s):
Fritz, U. and Havas, P. 2007. Checklist of chelonians of the world. Vertebrate Zoology 57(2): 149-368.
Taxonomic Notes:
The previous Red List assessments for Galápagos tortoises treated the various allopatric island
populations as subspecies of Chelonoidis nigra (now named Chelonoidis niger), as did several authors
(Pritchard 1996, Caccone et al. 1999, Beheregaray et al. 2003, Fritz and Havas 2007, TTWG 2007, Rhodin
et al. 2008). However, other authors have considered them as full species based on morphology (Bour
1980, Fritts 1983, Ernst and Barbour 1989) and the more recent consensus among researchers (Caccone
et al. 2002; Russello et al. 2005, 2007; Poulakakis et al. 2008, 2012, 2015; Chiari et al. 2009) is to treat
most as full species based on congruent patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear variation. This elevated
species-level taxonomy was largely accepted by TTWG (2009, 2014) and TEWG (2015) for most, but not
all, phylogenetic lineages of Galápagos tortoises, while synonymizing the four central and southern
Isabela Island populations (vicina, guntheri, microphyes, and vandenburghi) under C. vicina. However,
TTWG (2017) and this Red List assessment now treat these four Isabela Island taxa, previously treated as
subspecies of vicina, as separate and valid species, rather than retaining their previous rankings.
The taxonomy of the C. vicina species complex remains less resolved than for other Galápagos taxa, with
four taxa on central (microphyes, vandenburghi) and southern (guntheri, vicina) Isabela treated here as
a series of four recognized species. These most recently diverged lineages may not have been
completely sorted into reciprocally monophyletic clades in terms of mitochondrial DNA data, although
their nuclear gene pools are distinct (Ciofi et al. 2006, Poulakakis et al. 2008, Edwards et al. 2014). They
may possibly represent subspecies or Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs) rather than full species
(Edwards et al. 2014). TTWG (2009, 2014), following Pritchard (1996), synonymized these four taxa
under C. vicina, but in consideration of the majority of the assessors’ view that they may be full species,
TTWG (2017) and the Red List now treats them as separate species.
Tortoises from southern Isabela Island have also been referred to as C. (n.) elephantopus or C. (n.) vicina
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chelonoidis vicina – published in 2018. 1
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T9028A82532040.en
for the southwestern Cerro Azul population and C. (n.) elephantopus or C. (n.) guentheri or C. (n.)
guntheri for the southeastern Sierra Negra subpopulation. The guentheri and guntheri names have
previously either been considered nomina dubia and referred to vicina based on type locality, or
synonymized under C. (n.) vicina by morphology. Tortoises from Darwin Volcano on north central Isabela
have historically been recognized as C. (n.) microphyes, a name that has previously been considered
either a nomen dubium and referred to vicina based on type locality, or synonymized under C. (n.) vicina
by morphology (review by Pritchard 1996). Tortoises from Alcedo Volcano on central Isabela have
traditionally been recognized as C. (n.) vandenburghi, but were previously synonymized under C. (n.)
vicina based on morphology (Pritchard 1996; Fritz and Havas 2007; TTWG 2009, 2014).
All these taxa have in the past variously been argued to be valid at species or subspecies level (under
either elephantopus and/or nigra), and placed in the genera Testudo, Geochelone, or Chelonoidis, and
these permutations, plus a variety of typographic errors, have yielded over 50 nomenclatural
combinations and chresonyms.
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered A2bde ver 3.1
Year Published: 2018
Date Assessed: August 15, 2015
Justification:
The population of Chelonoidis vicina, estimated historically to potentially be about 18,000 at Cerro Azul,
is currently down to an estimated 1,800-2,700 animals, representing about an 85-90% decline. At ca 60
years generation length, these declines would have occurred over the past three generations. The
species, and particularly its recruitment and recovery, remain somewhat restrained by introduced
predators, invasive plant species, extensive vegetation impacts by introduced mammalian herbivores,
and occasional illegal slaughter of adults. While goats were recently eliminated from both southern and
northern Isabela, wild pigs and cattle continue to range on Cerro Azul. Based on a strict interpretation of
the assessment criteria, the population collapse from historical levels would qualify C. vicina as Critically
Endangered based on criterion A2bde, but in view of the uncertainty associated with past and present
population estimates, a more conservative estimate of decline is warranted, and we assess the species
as Endangered EN A2bde. The various populations of the C. vicina species complex were previously
assessed as subspecies in 1996, with C. n. vicina assessed as Endangered C2a, but these previous
assessments did not reflect the historical population decline that the recent assessment includes.
This assessment incorporates contributions from the workshop on Galápagos giant tortoises convened
by the Galápagos National Park Directorate in July 2012.
Previously Published Red List Assessments

2016 – Endangered (EN)
1996 – Endangered (EN)

http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T9028A12951875.en
Geographic Range
Range Description:
Chelonoidis vicina occurs on southwestern Isabela Island [formerly Albemarle Island] in the Galápagos
Islands of Ecuador, specifically with several subpopulations scattered on the flanks of Cerro Azul Volcano
and at nearby Iguana Cove. Isabela has a total surface area of 4,580 sq. km in total, of which 184 sq. km
supports the population of C. vicina at Cerro Azul.
Country Occurrence:
Native: Ecuador (Galápagos)
Distribution Map
Chelonoidis vicina
Population
Based on an estimated average density of one tortoise per hectare of suitable habitat, the pre-human
population size of Chelonoidis vicina was estimated at 18,000 on Cerro Azul (J.P. Gibbs unpubl. data).
The C. vicina population was estimated at 400-600 in the 1970s (MacFarland et al. 1974), and at 1,800-
2,700 in 1995 (Márquez et al. 2004), an approximately 85-90% decline.
Current Population Trend: Unknown
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)

While detailed life history data are not available for the wild populations of Chelonoidis vicina,
observations on long-term captive animals indicate that the species matures at about 20-25 years of age
and longevity of 100 years or more is not unusual; generation time is estimated at ca 60 years. The
species has a domed shell morphology indicating that it is primarily a grazer on low-growing herbaceous
vegetation.
Systems: Terrestrial
Use and Trade

Tortoises on Isabela, especially the southern populations, including Chelonoidis vicina, were subject to
extensive over-exploitation for food by sailors and settlers in the 18th and 19th centuries, from which
they still have not recovered (Pritchard 1996).
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)

Tortoises on Isabela, especially the southern populations, were subject to extensive overexploitation for
food by sailors and settlers in the 18th and 19th centuries, from which they still have not recovered
(Pritchard 1996). After that, in the late 19th century and first half of the 20th century, the populations
on southern Isabela were further exploited for their oil. Further impacts were suffered from the
introduction of a wide range of predators and ecological competitors, as well as introduced invasive
vegetation changing nutrient and shelter dynamics for the tortoises. Significant species include pigs,
cattle, dogs, cats, rats, ants (Solenopsis), blackberry, and guava. Some of the invasive species are subject
to ongoing management programs, but the risk of (re)introductions of problem species remains. On
southern Isabela, pigs and fire ants (Solenopsis) continue to be particularly destructive of tortoise eggs
and hatchlings. Poaching remains an unquantified problem near the coast, and information is needed on
the impacts of poaching on tortoise population dynamics. Volcanic eruptions on Cerro Azul, one of the
active volcanoes in Galápagos, represent a long-term risk factor, not only from direct mortality but also
by lava flows cutting off migration routes between feeding and nesting areas and covering productive
habitat.
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)

All Galápagos tortoises are protected from exploitation under Ecuadorian national law. All Galápagos
tortoises have been included in Appendix I of CITES since 1975, prohibiting all forms of commercial
international trade. Nearly all of Isabela, including the entirety of Cerro Azul, are protected as part of the
Galápagos National Park. Research and conservation needs include continued elimination or
management of invasive species, surveying and monitoring tortoise population size and distribution,
studies of tortoise movement and habitat use, taxonomic clarification and population genetics studies.
Credits
Assessor(s): Cayot, L.J., Gibbs, J.P., Tapia, W. & Caccone, A.
Reviewer(s): Rhodin, A.G.J. & van Dijk, P.P.
Contributor(s): IUCN Galapagos Tortoises Red Listing Workshop, Galapagos National Park
Directorate
Facilitators(s) and van Dijk, P.P., Rhodin, A.G.J.

Compiler(s):
Bibliography
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Citation
Cayot, L.J., Gibbs, J.P., Tapia, W. & Caccone, A. 2018. Chelonoidis vicina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species 2018: e.T9028A82532040. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T9028A82532040.en
Disclaimer
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External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Major
Habitat Season Suitability
Importance?
1. Forest -> 1.5. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry Resident Suitable Yes
3. Shrubland -> 3.5. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry Resident Suitable Yes
Threats
Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score
10. Geological events -> 10.1. Volcanoes Past, likely Minority (50%) Unknown Past impact
to return
Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping Past, Majority (50- Very rapid Past impact
terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is unlikely to 90%) declines
return
the target)
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & Ongoing Majority (50- Slow, significant Medium
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien 90%) declines impact: 6
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Bos

taurus)
Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & Ongoing Whole (>90%) Slow, significant Medium
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien declines impact: 7
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Felis catus)

8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & Ongoing Whole (>90%) Slow, significant Medium
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien declines impact: 7
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Solenopsis

geminata)
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & Past, likely Whole (>90%) Slow, significant Past impact
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien to return declines
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Capra

hircus)
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Psidium

guajava)
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Rubus

niveus)
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Canis

familiaris)
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Sus

domesticus)
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
Conservation Actions in Place


In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning
Action Recovery plan: Yes
Systematic monitoring scheme: Unknown
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range
Occur in at least one PA: Yes
Percentage of population protected by PAs (0-100): 91-100
Area based regional management plan: Yes
Invasive species control or prevention: Yes
In-Place Species Management
Harvest management plan: No
Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No
Subject to ex-situ conservation: Yes
In-Place Education
Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: Yes
Included in international legislation: Yes
Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes
Conservation Actions Needed

Conservation Actions Needed

2. Land/water management -> 2.2. Invasive/problematic species control
6. Livelihood, economic & other incentives -> 6.1. Linked enterprises & livelihood alternatives
Research Needed
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.1. Taxonomy
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology
2. Conservation Planning -> 2.1. Species Action/Recovery Plan
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
Additional Data Fields

Distribution
Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 184
Population
Number of mature individuals: 2600
Habitats and Ecology

Generation Length (years): 60
Movement patterns: Altitudinal Migrant
Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive)
The IUCN Red List Partnership
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.
The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens
Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew;
Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.
THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™

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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™

ISSN 2307-8235 (online)

Chelonoidis vicina, Cerro Azul Giant Tortoise

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™

Animalia Chordata Reptilia Testudines Testudinidae

Taxon Name: Chelonoidis vicina (Günther, 1875)

Year Published: 2018

Date Assessed: August 15, 2015

Previously Published Red List Assessments

1996 – Endangered (EN)

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)

Use and Trade

Threats (see Appendix for additional information)

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)

Reviewer(s): Rhodin, A.G.J. & van Dijk, P.P.

Facilitators(s) and van Dijk, P.P., Rhodin, A.G.J.

Pritchard, P.C.H. 1971b. Galapagos tortoises. Herpetological Review 3(3): 49–51.

1. Forest -> 1.5. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry Resident Suitable Yes

3. Shrubland -> 3.5. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry Resident Suitable Yes

Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score

species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Bos

species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Felis catus)

species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Solenopsis

species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Capra

species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Psidium

species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Rubus

species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Canis

species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Sus

Conservation Actions in Place

Conservation Actions in Place

Action Recovery plan: Yes

Systematic monitoring scheme: Unknown

In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management

Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range

Occur in at least one PA: Yes

Percentage of population protected by PAs (0-100): 91-100

Area based regional management plan: Yes

Invasive species control or prevention: Yes

In-Place Species Management

Harvest management plan: No

Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No

Subject to ex-situ conservation: Yes

Included in international legislation: Yes

Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes

Conservation Actions Needed

Conservation Actions Needed

1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends

1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology

2. Conservation Planning -> 2.1. Species Action/Recovery Plan

3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends

Additional Data Fields

Habitats and Ecology

Movement patterns: Altitudinal Migrant

Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive)

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