WHAT IS VIBRATION ?

 Vibration is simply the motion of a machine part back and forth from its
position of rest.

 The simplest way to show vibration is to follow the motion of a weight

suspended on the end of a spring as shown. This is typical of all machines since
they, too have weight and spring-like properties.

VIBRATION OF A SIMPLE SPRING MASS SYSTEM :

WHAT CAUSES VIBRATION ?

With a few exceptions mechanical troubles in a machine cause vibration. Listed

below are the most common problems that produce vibration.

 Unbalance of rotating parts

 Misalignment of couplings and bearings
 Bent shafts
 Worn, eccentric or damaged gears
 Bad drive belts and drive chains
 Bad bearings - anti-friction type
 Torque variations
 Electromagnetic forces
 Aerodynamic forces
 Hydraulic forces
 Looseness
 Rubbing
 Resonance

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF VIBRATION :

A machine's condition and mechanical problems are determined by measuring its
vibration characteristics. The more important of these charasterictics include :

 Frequency
 Displacement
 Velocity
 Acceleration
 Phase

 Referring to the weight suspended on a spring, we can study the detailed

charasterictics of vibration by plotting the movement of the weight against
time. This plot is shown in figure.

MOVEMENT OF A VIBRATING WEIGHT PLOTTED WITH TIME :

Vibration Frequency

 The amount of time required to complete one full cycle of a vibration pattern is
called the period of vibration.
 If a machine completes one full cycle of vibration in 1/60 th of a second, the
period of vibration is said to be 1/60th of a second.

PERIOD OF A VIBRATION PATTERN :

 Vibration frequency is the measure of the number of complete cycles that

occur in a specified period of time. Thus,

 Frequency = 1 / period

 The frequency of vibration is usually expressed as the number of cycles that

occur each minute. This is the origin of the term, cycles per minute, or CPM.

 Another way to specify frequency is in terms of the number of cycles per

second, or Hertz ( Hz).
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Frequency in CPM = Frequency in Hertz x 60

Frequency in Hertz = Frequency in CPM / 60

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Vibration Displacement
(Peak to Peak)
 The total distance traveled by the vibrating part, from one extreme limit of
travel to the other extreme limit of travel is referred to as the "peak-to-peak
displacement".

 Peak-to-peak vibration displacement is usually expressed in mils, where 1 mil

equals one-thousandth of an inch (0.001-inch).

 In Metric units, the peak-to-peak vibration displacement is expressed in

micrometers, where 1 micrometer equals one-thousandth of a millimeter
(0.001-mm).

Vibration Velocity
(Peak)
 The vibrating weight is moving at some speed. However, the speed of the
weight is constantly changing.
 At the top limit of the motion the speed is zero since the weight must come to
a stop before it can go in the opposite direction.
 The speed of the velocity is greatest as it passes through the neutral position.

VELOCITY OF A VIBRATING OBJECT :

 The vibration velocity is expressed in terms of inches-per-second peak for

English units.

 In Metric units, vibration velocity is expressed in millimeters per second peak.

Vibration Acceleration

 The part must "accelerate" to pick up speed as it travels towards the other
extreme limit of travel.
 Technically, acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

ACCELERATION OF A VIBRATING OBJECT :

 The acceleration of the part is maximum at the extreme limit of travel where
the velocity is zero, point "A".
 As the velocity of the part increases, the acceleration decreases.
 At point "B", the neutral position, the velocity is maximum and the acceleration
is zero.
 At point "C", the acceleration is greatest.

 Vibration acceleration is normally expressed in "g's" peak, where one g is the

acceleration produced by the force of gravity at the surface of the earth.

 ( g = 980.665 cm/sec/sec )

Vibration Phase

 Phase is defined as "…the position of a vibrating part at a given instance with

reference to a fixed point or another vibrating part".
 Phase measurement offer a convenient way to compare one vibration motion
with another; or to determine how one part is vibrating relative to another part.
 Two weights in the figure are vibrating at the same frequency and
displacement.

PHASE RELATIONSHIPS.
TWO OBJECTS VIBRATIONG 180 DEGREES OUT OF PHASE :

TWO OBJECTS VIBRATING 90 DEGREES OUT OF PHASE :

TWO OBJECTS VIBRATING EXACTLY IN PHASE :

OTHER CHARACTERISTICS :

 Forced Vibration is a vibration caused by a vibratory force such as an

unbalance that forces a machine of structure to vibrate at the frequency of
the vibratory force.
 Free Vibration is a vibration that occurs when a machine or structure is
allowed to vibrate in the absence of any external forces ( e.g. after removal of
the Forced Vibration ).

 Driving Frequency is the frequency of a Forced Vibration.

 Natural Frequency is a frequency at which a machine or structure will vibrate

when undergoing Free Vibration. It is a frequency at which a machine "prefers"
to vibrate. Most machines and structures have many natural frequencies at
which they will vibrate. Any momentary force ( e.g. striking the structure with a
hammer ) can cause the excitation at one or more natural frequencies.

 Resonant Frequency is a frequency at which coincidence occurs between a

Natural and a driving frequency. Usually, the vibration becomes large as the
Driving Frequency approaches a Natural Frequency and reaches a maximum
when they coincide.

 Critical Speed is a special case of a Resonant Frequency that occurs when the
rotational speed (RPM ) of a machine, which is the Driving Frequency, coincides
with a Natural Frequency of the machine. Most commonly, this is a Natural
Frequency of the shaft that causes it to bend with resulting large vibration
amplitudes.
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VIBRATION ANALYSIS

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