Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hiv and Aids
Hiv and Aids
SEMINAR
ON
NATIONAL POLICIES,
GUIDELINES & ISSUES
OF HIV &AIDS
KGNC. KGNC.
SUBMITTED ON:
NATIONAL POLICIES, GUIDELINES & ISSUES OF HIV &AIDS
INTRODUCTION
immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Following initial infection, a person may not notice any
more with the immune system, increasing the risk of developing common infections like
tuberculosis, as well as other opportunistic infections, and tumors that rarely affect people
who have working immune systems. These late symptoms of infection are referred to as
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This stage is often also associated with
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). The disease alters the immune system, making
people much more vulnerable to infections and diseases. This susceptibility worsens if the
syndrome progresses.
CAUSES OF HIV/AIDS
HIV infection is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus from contact with
infected blood, semen, or vaginal fluids. Most people get the virus by having unprotected
sex with someone who has HIV. Another common way of getting it is by sharing drug
Control has defined AIDS as beginning when a person with HIV infection has a CD4 cell
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Sexual transmission — it can happen when there is contact with infected sexual fluids
(rectal, genital, or oral mucous membranes). This can happen while having sex without a
condom, including vaginal, oral, and anal sex, or sharing sex toys with someone who is
HIV-positive.
Perinatal transmission — a mother can transmit HIV to her child during childbirth,
Blood transmission — the risk of transmitting HIV through blood transfusion is extremely
among people who inject drugs, sharing and reusing syringes contaminated with HIV-
There are three main stages of HIV infection: acute infection, clinical latency and
AIDS
mononucleosis-like illness 2–4 weeks after exposure while others have no significant
fever,
throat inflammation,
a rash,
headache,
The duration of the symptoms varies, but is usually one or two weeks.
The initial symptoms are followed by a stage called clinical latency, asymptomatic
HIV, or chronic HIV. Without treatment, this second stage of the natural history of HIV
infection can last from about three years to over 20 years (on average, about eight years).
While typically there are few or no symptoms at first, near the end of this stage many
people experience
fever,
weight loss,
enlargement of more than one group of lymph nodes (other than in the groin) for
If left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight infection. The person becomes
blurred vision
dry cough
night sweats
permanent tiredness
DIAGNOSIS OF HIV/AIDS
HIV infection is commonly diagnosed by blood tests. Testing for HIV is usually a
two-step process. First, a screening test is done. If that test is positive, a second test (Western
There are three common types of screening tests that use a blood specimen:
4. in addition, a blood test called a Western blot is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Stage 0: the time between a negative or indeterminate HIV test followed less than 180 days
by a positive test
Stage 2: CD4 count 200 to 500 cells/µl and no AIDS defining conditions
TREATMENT
There is currently no cure for HIV or AIDS. Treatments can stop the progression of
the condition and allow most people living with HIV the opportunity to live a long and
Earlier HIV antiretroviral treatment is crucial — it improves quality of life, extends life
HIV is treated with antiretroviral (ARVs). The treatment fights the HIV infection and slows
down the spread of the virus in the body. Generally, people living with HIV take a
Protease inhibitors
Integrase inhibitors
PREVENTION
Condomless sex - having sex without a condom can put a person at risk of contracting HIV
without a condom (vaginal, oral, and/or anal sex). It can also be transmitted by sharing sex
toys with someone infected with HIV. Condoms should be used with every sexual act.
Drug injection and needle sharing - intravenous drug use is an important factor in HIV
transmission in developed countries. Sharing needles can expose users to HIV and other
viruses, such as hepatitis C. Strategies such as needle-exchange programs are used to
reduce the infections caused by drug abuse. If someone needs to use a needle, it must be a
reduce the risk of exposure to contaminated blood. Healthcare workers should use barriers
(gloves, masks, protective eyewear, shields, and gowns) in the appropriate circumstances.
Frequent and thorough washing of the skin immediately after coming into contact with
Pregnancy - some ARVs can harm the unborn child. But an effective treatment plan can
prevent HIV transmission from mother to baby. Precautions have to be taken to protect the
HIV-infected mothers can pass the virus through their breast milk. However, if the mother
is taking the correct medications, the risk of transmitting the virus is greatly reduced. It is
important for a new mother to discuss the options with a healthcare provider.
HIV IN PREGNANCY
Unlike viral flu, HIV does not spread by contact, breathing the same air or through
food and water. HIV can be spread in ways similar to the Hepatitis B virus:
Vertical transmission: From mother to child via the placenta or breast milk
The chance of transmission depends on the viral load that is the number of viruses per ml of
the blood. Also, during pregnancy, high levels of the hormone progesterone increase the
level of virus receptors. This aids the entry of virus and increases the chance of
transmission.
SYMPTOMS
AIDS in pregnant women has symptoms depending on how low the immunity is. Your
doctor would check the immune status by asking for the CD4 count. CD4 is a type of blood
cell that helps the body’s immune system and a low count of it is the strong indication of
Infections: As the CD4 count falls, more serious and deadly infections set in,
Cancer: Various forms of cancer are common in AIDS. Women may suffer from
STDs: Other sexually transmitted infections in addition to HIV like syphilis may addto
List of Circulars in the field of prevention, screening, management, treatment and follow-up
of HIV infection (in Hebrew):
10. Provision of medical services against HIV for pregnant HIV positive
women not being covered by the National Health Insurance.
Circular from the Department of Tuberculosis and AIDS, 1.08.2001.
13. Regulation for sending blood samples to the HIV Reference Laboratory.
Circular of the Head of the Laboratory Department No. 11/1999 from 15.02.1999.
16. Circular for payment and notification of the diagnosis of HIV infection.
Circular of the Head of the Public Health Services No.B404-1 from 17.02.1998; update No.
749-1 from 5.01.1999.
Disclosure
Disability rights
Economical resources
Employment rights
Medication & Treatments
Suicide
Duty to warn
1. Disclosure
To tell or not?
Decisions whether to disclose the diagnosis in the workplace.
A doctor with HIV needs not to disclose?
2. Disability rights
e.g., “Somehow a check-out person at a local grocery store found out I had
AIDS and started wearing latex gloves every time she waited on me. I called their
legal department and informed them that this needed to stop or I would sue them”
3. Economical resources
Financing treatment
Different kind and degree of services than a person who is employed and who
has health insurance and other resources available.
4. Employment
e.g., “My old job as a nursing assistant was too high risk, so I had to leave.”
e.g., “Work had always been important to me and it really hit me all at once that I wasn’t
able to do it anymore.”
Whether a therapist has a duty to protect third parties when his or her patient,
if HIV-positive, persists in engaging in unprotected sex with an unknowing partner involves
complex clinical and legal questions which have not been adequately addressed.
Moral principles
9. Counseling implications
May find their clients feeling overwhelmed with their medical treatment, medical
personnel, and health care systems.
Can help clients to cope with emotional reactions to their illness and to
interpersonal insensitivity from medical care providers.
JOURNAL PRESENTATION
Background
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV, has been a major global public health
burden. Despite the use of antiretroviral prophylaxis by HIV-positive pregnant women and
their infants, safe obstetric practice and safe infant feeding habits in the prevention of
MTCT of HIV, the prevalence of HIV among HIV-exposed infants is still high in Cameroon.
Objective
Our objectives were to determine the prevalence, assess the predictors and
determine the effect of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) on MTCT of HIV at the
Methods
This was a retrospective study. Secondary data from 877 HIV-exposed infants aged
≤ 72 weeks were extracted from the records between January 2008 and December 2014.
The predictors and effect of cART on MTCT of HIV were analysed using a multivariable
Results
Out of 877 HIV-exposed infants, 62 were positive for HIV, giving a prevalence of
7.1%. Maternal antiretroviral intervention and infant age group were statistically
significant predictors of MTCT of HIV. HIV-positive mothers who were on cART were 2.49
times less likely to transmit HIV than those who were not on cART.
Conclusion
antiretroviral intervention should be targeted and the use of cART by HIV-positive pregnant
THEORY APPLICATION
SUMMARY
So far we have discussed about in detail about HIV/ AIDS, in that we have seen about
the definition, causes, transmission of HIV, diagnosis, treatment and their prevention. We
discussed about HIV during pregnancy and standard safety measures taken by health care
professionals.
CONCLUSION
their presumed infectious state. It is a very important principle and practice among health
workers globally. Practice of hand washing and hygiene, use of protective barriers,
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOK REFERENCE
NET REFERENCE
www.scribd.com
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_HIV/AIDS
https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/tc/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-
infection-prevention
http://www.pitt.edu/~super7/24011-25001/24381.ppt
JOURNAL REFERENCE
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5803518/