Treatment of Bladder Disease/Stones[edit]

When it comes to the treatment of urinary tract stones, many solutions were suggested, including
drinking a lot of a water/wine mixture, taking strong medication, or trying different positions when
trying to flush them out.[30][31]
Extracting the urinary tract stones was another option; however, this method was not utilized very
often due to its serious risks and possible complications of cutting into the bladder. [32] Other than
leakage of urine into the body cavity, another common complication was that of the cells of the
testes dying due to the spermatic cord inadvertently being cut during the procedure. [30][33]
In fact, due to these and other complications and the lack of antiseptics and pain medicines,
the Hippocratic Oath opted for the avoidance of surgery – unless absolutely necessary – especially
when concerning surgeries that dealt with the urinary tract and more so when stone removal was the
intent.[30][31][32] Although, the urinary tract stone removal was not a necessary surgery and it appeared
to be avoided in most cases, some argue that the Hippocratic Oath only wards of these procedures if
the doctor holding the knife is inexperienced in that area. [30][33] This idea puts forth the development of
medical specialties – that is, doctors focusing on one particular area of medicine versus studying the
wide array of material that is medicine.[30][31] The doctors whom have become experts in the urinary
tract – whom we would call urologists today – are those that could perform the heightened risk
procedure of stone removal.[30][31][33] With this reliance on specialized doctors of the urinary tract, some
believe that urology itself was the first definable expertise of medical history. [31][33]