Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tugas Kwantum April
Tugas Kwantum April
Tugas Kwantum April
Dosen Pengampu :
Oleh :
Kelas VI B
1713021011
SINGARAJA
2020
Jawaban soal 3.2
Beginning with the Schrodinger equation we find
ℏ2 d2
− +Vψ =Eψ
2 m dx 2
ℏ2 d2
ψ + ( E−V ) ψ=0
2 m dx 2
d2 2m
ψ+ ( E−V ) ψ=0
dx 2 ℏ2
d2
2
ψ+k 2 ψ=0
dx
2 m( E−V )
Where we have made the substitution k = √ . Now we can see that the solution is
ℏ
entirely dependent on the quantity E ¿ V then we get the differential equation,
2
d
2
ψ +k 2 ψ=0
dx
Which has known, square integrable solutions. The second case is E < V , which gives us the
differential equation
d2
2
ψ−k 2 ψ=0→ψ= Ae−kx + Be−kx
dx
Which have permitted solutions of non-complex exponentials ψ ( x ) =e± kx . However, these
standard exponential solutions are not square integrable over all space because they blow up
at either infinity or negative infnity, hence can never be normalized.
2m
ℏ √ lπ
√
ℏ
2m
2
E=
a
l2 π 2
E= 2
ℏ2 a
2 2 2
l ℏ π
E= 2
a 2m
π nπ
Ψ n = sin
π
a √
( )
lπ
a
x
a l
√
Ψ = cos ( x )
2a
a /2
l→odd
1= ∫ dx|Ψ|2
−a /2
a/2
1= ∫ dx|B|2 cos2 (kx)
−a/2
Ψ l=Bcos(kx)
∫ u dv=uv−∫ v du
u=cos kx
du=−sinkx
v=sin kx
dv=cos kx
a/2
1=|B| 2
[ cos ( kx ) sin(kx)|−a/2− dx sin2 kx
a/2
a/2
∫
−a/2
]
2 2
1=|B| ∫−a/2 dxsin kx
a
√
B= and same for A
2
a nπ
( ) √
Ψ n ( x ) = sin x ,n even
2 a
a nπ
( ) √
Ψ n ( x ) = cos x , n odd
2 a
2 nπ nπ
n
nπ
a a 2 √
Ψ ( x ) = sin ( x− )
2 2 πx
a √
ψ 2= sin
a a √
ℏ2 ∇2
corresponding to energy eigenvalues - =Ea ψ a
2m ψ a
h2 π 2
E1 =
2 ma2
h2 π 2
E2 =
2 ma2
Time dependence: we will need to know how these 2 states evolve in time. Since they
∂
are eigenstates of H, we must have H a ψ a=E a ψ a =iℏ( )ψ a which has the solution
∂t
−iEat /h
ψ a ( x ,t )=ψ a ( x ) e
2
b) Find ψ ( x , t ) |ψ ( x , t )|
iE 1 t iE t
From above,
(
ψ ( x ,t )= A ψ 1 ( x ) e
− ℏ − ℏ
+ψ 2 ( x ) e
1
)
1 2 π 2π
=
√2( )
a √[
sin x e−iωt +sin
a a
x e−i 4 ωt ( ) ]
1 π 2π
¿ e
√a [ sin ( x ) e
a
−iωt −iωt
+sin (
a )
x e −i3 ωt
]
( i E 1−E 2 t ) i E −E t
1 π 2π π 2π
2
|Ψ ( x , t )| =
a( ( ) ( )
sin2 x + sin2
a a
x +2 sin2 x sin 2
a a
x cos ( 3 ωt ) ( ) ( ) )
c) compute ⟨ x ⟩ . Notice that it oscillates in time. What is the frequency of the oscillation?
What is the amplitude of the oscillation?
0
2 π
( )x 2 x sin
a
∫ x sin a x dx= 2 − 4 π − π 2
a
x cos
8
a
a
[
x ( ) ( )
( ) ] 0
a2 a
= =∫0 x sin
4
a
2 2π
( )
a
x dx
1 a2 π ax π a2 3π ax 3π
=
2 π[2 a π( )
cos x + sin x − 2 cos
a 9π a
x − sin
3π a
x ( ) ( )] ( ) 0
2 2 2 2
1 a
=
[( cos ( π )−cos ( 0 ) )−a ( cos ( 3 π ) −cos ( 0 ) ) ]=−a (1−1 )= 8 a
2 2 2
2 π 9π 2 9 9π
1 a2 a2 16 a 2 a 32
⟨ x ⟩=
[
+ − 2 cos ( 3 ωt ) = 1− 2 cos ( 3 ωt )
a 4 4 9π 2 9π ] [ ]
32 a a
Amplitude =
9π 2
2
=0,3603
2 () ()
2
3π ℏ
Angular frequency = 3 ω=
2m a2
d) compute ⟨ p ⟩
⟨ p ⟩= A 2∫ dx ( ( ψ 1∗ψ 2 ) −(−i ℏ ∇ ) ( ψ 1 +ψ 2 ) )
i( E1 −E 2 )t i (E 1−E2 )t
4
= − i ℏ eℏ
3a
( +e
−
ℏ )
4ℏ
= − sin (3 ωt )
3a
e) Find the expectation value of H. How does it compare with E1 and E2
⟨H ⟩= A 2∫ dx ( ( ψ 1 +ψ 2 ) H ( ψ 1 +ψ 2 ) )
¿ ¿
= A2 ∫ ( ψ 1 +ψ 2 ) ( E1 ψ 1 +E 2 ψψ 2 )
¿ ¿
a) Normalize ψ ( x , 0 )
Ψ ( x, 0 ) =Ax (a− x)
Ψ∗( x , 0 )= Ax (a−x )
a a
2
1=∫ Ψ∗Ψ dx= A ∫ x(a−x) x( x−a)dx
0 0
a
2
1= A ∫ (a2 x 2−2 ax+x 2 )dx
0
a
1= A2 ∫ (a2 x 2 −2 ax 3 +x 4 )dx
0
a
1 2 3 1 4 1 5
3
2
[
1= A a x − ax + x
2 5 ]0
1 1 1
3 [
1= A2 a5 − a5 + a5
2 5 ]
A2
1= [ 10 a5 −15 a5 +6 a5 ]
30
30
A= 2
√a
To graph this function, note that at the endpoints (i.e., x = 0 and x = a), (x, 0) = 0. Also,
expanding out the integrand gives ax−x2, which clearly indicates that this wave function has a
parabolic shape. We can find the extrema of this parabola by taking the derivative and setting
it equal to 0: a − 2x = 0, or x = a/2. The second derivative tells us the orientation of the
parabola: −2, so the curve is concave downward as shown on the graph on the next page. As
one can see from an inspection of this curve (see figure on next page), this wave function
resembles the harmonic oscillator solution in the ground state (n = 1) since it resembles a sine
function (note that we will be investigating simple harmonic oscillators in section III.E). As
such, we can guess the expectation value of the energy will follow Eq. (III-31):
π 2 ℏ2 ℏ2
E= =4 , 93
2 ma2 ma 2
b) Compute ⟨ x ⟩ , ⟨ p ⟩, and ⟨ H ⟩ , at t = 0
a 2 a
⟨x⟩=∫0 Ψ∗Ψ dx= A ∫0
x(a−x )x ( x−a )dx
a
= A 2∫0 x 3 (a−x )2 dx
a
= A 2∫0 a2 x 3−2ax 4 +x 5 dx
a
1 2 4 2 5 1 6
2
[
= A a x − ax + x
4 5 6 0 ]
1 2 1
4 [
= A 2 a6 − a 6 + x 6
5 6 ]
30
= 5 ( 15 a6 −24 a6 +10 a6 )
60 a
1 a
= 2 a6 =
2a 2
a ℏ 2 0
⟨ p⟩=∫0 Ψ∗ ∂ Ψ dx=A ∫a x ( a−x ) ∂ [ x(a−x)] dx
{ }
i ∂x ∂x
ℏ 0
= A2 ∫a { x ( a−x )( a−2 x)} dx
i
2ℏ 0 2 2 3
= A ∫a a x−3 ax +2 x dx
i
a
2ℏ 1 2 2 3 2 2
=A
i 2 [
a x −ax + x
4 0 ]
ℏ
= A 2 ( a4 −2a 4 +a4 )=0
i
The particle initially has an expectation of being at rest.
a ℏ
⟨H ⟩ =∫0 Ψ∗ − ∂ 2 +V Ψ dx
( i ∂x )
Now,
∂ Ψ∗¿ ∂2 [ x(x−a)]=∂2 ( a−2x )=−2
∂x2 ∂x 2 ∂x2
a
ℏ a ∂2 Ψ a ℏ2 2
⟨H ⟩= ∫0 Ψ∗¿ 2 dx+V ∫0 Ψ∗Ψ dx ¿ = A ∫ x(a−x)dx+V
2m ∂x m 0
a
ℏ2 1 1
[ ]
= A 2 ax 2− x 3 +V
m 2 3 0
ℏ2 2 1 3 1 3
[ ]
= A a − a +V
m 2 3
ℏ2 2 3 3
= A (3a −2a )+V
6m
ℏ 2 30 3
= 5 a +V
6m a
2
5ℏ
⟨H ⟩= 5 +V
ma
ℏ2
From this, it is clear that E = 5
ma5
∫ dx sin ( nπ
a
nπ
x ) sin ( x )=a
a
−a
with m=n
a
∫ dx sin ( nπ
a
mπ
x ) sin ( x )=
a
a
2
0
with m≠n
2
A=
√ a
¿
∫ dx Ψ m( x )Ψ n ( x )=δnm
∞ ∞
2 nπ
f ( x)= ∑ cn Ψ n ( x)= ∑ c n sin
n=1 a n=1 a
x
√ ( )
Ψ n=
√ 2
a
sin
¿
nπ
a
x ( ) ∞ ¿ ∞
∫ dx Ψ m( x) f ( x)= ∑ dx Ψ m( x)Ψ n ( x)= ∑ c n δnm=c m
n=1 n=1
¿
m
c m=∫ dx Ψ ( x) f ( x)
t
2 nπ −iEn
∞
Ψ ( x , t )=∑ c n sin
n=1 a a
∞
x e
√ ( ) ℏ
ψ ( x ,t )=∑ c n Ψ n ( x)
n=1
2 2
1=∫ dxA |Ψ ( x ,t )| when t=0
2
1=∫ dx|Ψ (x ,t )|
∞ a
2 nπ
1= ∑ |c n| ∫ dx sin 2
n=1 0
2
a a
x ( )
iEt iEt
ℏ −ℏ
e e =1
∞ a
1= ∑ |c n| ∫ dx sin2
n=1
2
0
(nπa x)
a
Because ∫ dx sin2
0
( nπa x )=2a , so
∞
a
1= ∑ |c n|2
n=1 2
so obtained
∞
1= ∑ |c n|2
n=1
∞
⟨H ⟩= ∑ E n|c n|2
n=1
2
ℏ ∂2
H=−
2 m ∂ x2
∞
22nπ ℏ 2 ∂2
a nπ
n=1 a ( )( ) ( ( ))
⟨H ⟩= ∑ |c n| ∫0 dx sin
a
x −
2m ∂x 2
sin
a
x
∞ 2 2 2
2ℏ n π nπ a
⟨H ⟩= ∑ |c | n ∫ dx sin ( x )
2
2
2
n=1 a 2m a a 0
a
Because ∫ dx sin
0
2
( nπa x ) = a2 so,
∞
ℏ 2 n2 π 2
2
⟨H ⟩= ∑ |c n|
n=1 2 m a2
ℏ2 n2 π 2
Karena En = maka
2 m a2
∞
⟨H ⟩= ∑ |c n|2 En
n=1
∞ ∞
(a) ∫−∞ |a+ψ n|2 dx=∫−∞ ( a+ψ n )∗( a+ψ n ) dx
¿
1 ℏd ℏd
∞
= ∫−∞ −
2m i dx [(
+im ωx ψ n × −
i dx
+im ωx ψ n dx ) ] [( ) ]
ℏ dψ n ℏ dψ n
=
1
∫
∞
−
2 m −∞ i dx
−im(ωx ψ n ×
i dx
¿
+im ωx ψ n dx ) [(
¿
) ]
dψ n dψ n dψ n dψ n
=
1
∫
∞
ℏ 2
2 m −∞ dx dx [ −ℏ mωx
dx
¿
ψ n −ℏ mωxψ n
dx
¿
+ ( mωx )2 ψ n ψ n dx
¿ ¿
]
at this point, note that
d dψ n dψ n ¿
ψ n ψ n=ψ n + ψ
dx n
¿ ¿
dx dx
As such, we can simplify the integral above as
dψ n ψ n dψ
∞
∫−∞ |a+ψ n|2 dx=2 m ∫−∞
1
dx dx
∞
[ ℏ2
¿
+(mωx )2 ψ n ψ n −ℏ mωx n ψ n ψ n dx
dx
¿ ¿
]
1 ∞ dψ n dψ n 1 ¿ ∞ ∞ dψ n ¿
The first integral in Eq. (A) is found by us1ing integration by parts, let
dψ n d2 ψn
u= →du= 2 dx
dx dx
dv=dψ n ¿
v=ψ n ¿
Then,
∞ 2
dψ n dψ n ¿ ∞ 2 dψ n
dψ n ¿
∫−∞ ℏ dx=∫−∞ ℏ dx
dx dx dx dx
∞ dψ n
=ℏ 2∫−∞ dψ n dx ¿
dx
2
dψ n ∞ d ψ
=ℏ ψ n 2
dx [ ∞
|−∞−∫−∞ ψ n 2 n dx
¿
dx
¿
]
2
∞ d ψn
=−ℏ2 ∫−∞ ψ n ¿ dx ( 2)
dx 2
d ψn ∞
Where ψ n¿ ( )
dx −∞ |
→ 0 since the wave function must be normalizable. The second integral
in Eq.1 is
∞ ∞
∞
∞
=ℏ mω xψ n ψ n|−∞ [
−∫−∞ ψ n ψ n dx
¿ ¿
]
=ℏ mω (4)
∞¿
Since x ψ n ψ n| 0 , plug eq. 2, 3, 4 in to eq. 1
−∞
d2 ψn
∞ 1 ∞
[
1
∫−∞ |a+ψ n| dx= 2 m ∫−∞ ℏ ψ n dx 2 +ψ n (mωx )2 ψ n dx− 2 m (−ℏ mω )
2 2
¿ ¿
]
ℏ2 d 2 1 1
∞
=∫−∞ ψ n ¿
2 m dx 22 [
+ m(ωx)2 ψ n dx + ( ℏ ω )
2 ]
∞ 1
¿∫−∞ ψ n En dx+ ( ℏ ω )
¿
2
∞ 1
¿ En ∫−∞ ψ n ψ n dx+ ℏ ω ¿
2
1 1 1
¿ En + ℏ ω= n+ ℏ ω+ ℏ ω
2 2 2 ( )
¿(n+1 )ℏ ω
We next have to prove the solutions of the raising and lowering operators.
Assume that a+ψ n=ψ n+1 for some constant c, with ψ n and ψ n+1 normalized
∞ ∞
∫−∞ |a+ψ n|2 dx=|c|2∫−∞ |ψ n+1|2 dx=|c|2=(n+1)ℏω
So, c =√ (n+ 1)ℏ ω Note however, to achieve consistency withthe integrals above,
c=i √(n+1) ℏ ω, so
a+ψ n =i √(n+1)ℏ ωψ n+1
Similarly, a−ψ n=¿ bψ n−1 for some constant b, so
∞ ∞
2 2 2 2
∫ |a−ψ n| dx=¿|b| ∫ |ψ n−1| dx=|b| =n ℏ ω ¿
−∞ −∞
So b=√ n ℏ ω, to achieve consistency with the integrals above, b=−i √ n ℏ ω
So a−ψ n=−i √ n ℏ ω ψ n−1
2
(mω /ℏ) x
2 ψ0
(b) ψ 0= A e(mω /ℏ )x , -e =
A0
mω 2
ψ n =A n (a ) e
( 2ℏ )n
x A
(a ) ψ
=
n n
+
A0 + 0
An An
= ( a+ )n−1 (a+ ψ 0 )= (i √ ℏ ω)(a+ )n−2 (a+ ψ 1 )=. ..
A0 A0
An
= (i √ ℏ ω)(i √ 2 ℏ ω)(i √ 3 ℏ ω).. .(i √ n ℏ ω )ψ n
A0
(−i )n
A n= A0
√ n! ( ℏ ω) n
2
(e mωxℏ ) dx=|A | πℏ
√
∞
1=|A 0|2 −∞
2
∫ 0
mω
Or
1
mω
A 0=
πℏ( ) 4
So,
mω 1
(−i )n
A 0=
πℏ( ) 4
√n!( ℏ ω)n
Jawaban Soal 3.14
3h
√ √
2 mω 2
= , (right at the uncertainnty liimit )
2
3 mωh h h
σ x=
2 mω
1 2 3
√ ; σp
2
1
√
; σ x σ p =3 >
2 2
1 2 2 3 1
(c)
{
⟨T ⟩= ⟨ p ⟩= ¿ 4 hω ( n=1)1
2m
4
hω( n=0 )
;⟨V ⟩= mω ⟨x ⟩ = ¿ hω ( n=1 )1 4
2 4 {
hω (n=0 )
1
⟨T ⟩+⟨V ⟩=⟨H⟩= { ¿ 34 hω (n=1)=E1 4
hω( n=0)=E 0
as excpected
Jawaban Soal 3.16
d −ξ 2
( e ) =−2 ξe−ξ 2
(a) dξ
d 2 −ξ 2 d (
( )
dξ
=e = −2ξe−ξ 2 )=(−2+4 ξ 2 )e−ξ 2
dξ
3
d d
( )
dξ
e ξ 2 = [ (−2+4 ξ 2 ) e−ξ 2 ]=[ 8 ξ + (−2+4 ξ 2 ) (−2 ξ ) ] e−ξ 2
dξ
= ( 12ξ −8 ξ3 ) e−ξ 2
d 4 −ξ 2 d
( )
dξ
e = [ ( 12 ξ−8 ξ ) e ]
dξ
3 −ξ 2
( )
dz dz
− z2+2 zξ
= {2 (−2 z +2 ξ ) )(−2 )+ [ −2+(−2 z +2 ξ ) ] } e
we can use , z=0
H 2 (ξ )=−8 ξ +(−2+4 ξ 2 )(2ξ )=−12 ξ+ 8 ξ3
Jawaban Soal 3.20
(a) Starting by make a usage of Euler’s identity i.e, e ±iαx =cos ( αx ) ± isin ( αx ), where can
find the sine and consine from identit, so
ei αx +e−iαx e iαx −e−iαx
cos ( αx )= sin ( αx )=
2 2i
Now we can write dirichlet’s theorem as
nπ nπ nπ nπ
f (x )= ∑
n=0 2i
e −e [ +∑
n=0 2
e −e ]
an i ( a ) x −i ( a ) x ∞ bn i ( a ) x −i ( a ) x
∞
[ ]
nπ nπ
∞ i( a )
x
an bn ∞ −i( )x bn an
=∑
n=0
e [ +
2i 2
+∑ e
n=0
]a
[ 2
+
2i ]
nπ (−n ) π
∞ i( ) x ∞ i( )x
an bn bn an
=∑
n=0
e a [ +
2i 2
+
n=0
]∑
e a [ 2
+
2i ]
So teher are two values for c n, one for positive n’s (i .e . cn ), where the other is for the
negative values of n’s (c ¿¿−n)¿,
1
c n= (bn −ia n)
2
1
c n= (bn +i an )
2
Thus
nπ
f (x )=
∞
c e
( i
a)
x
∑ n
n=−∞
f ( x )=c n ψ n (x)
To find c n we need to multiply both sides by ψ∗¿m (x)¿ then integrate from −a ¿ a
a ¿ ∞ ¿
m
∫=a f ( x )c n ψ (x )= ∑ c n ψ m ψ n (x )dx
n=−∞
nπ
a −i
a ( )
x a
∫−a f (x )e dx=c n ∫−a 1dx
a −i (nπa ) x dx=c (2a )
∫−a f (x )e n
f (x )=
∞
cn e
( )a
x
∑
n=−∞
∞
F (k ) π ikx
= ∑
n=−∞ a 2
∞
e
√ ikx
k
1
=
2π√ ∑
n=−∞
F (k )e n
π
1 ∞ ikx
=
π
√∑
2 π n=−∞
F (k )e a
a nπ
−i( ) x
1
What we can write also isc n= ∫ f ( x ) e a dx , so
2 a −a
F( k) π a
a
1 a
2 √
=∫−a f ( x)eikx dk
√ 2π ∫−a
f ( x)e ikx dk
1 ∞
f (x )=
√ ∑
2 π −∞
F (k)e ikx dk
a) Normalize Ψ ( x , 0)
∞ 2 2 ∞ −2a|x|
1=∫
−∞
|Ψ(x,0)| dx=|A| −∞ e dx
∫
but the integrand is an even function over a symmetric region, so we write :
∞
e−2 a|x|
∞
1=2|A|2 −∞ e−2a|x| dx=2|A|2
∫ [ ]−2a 0
And therefore,
A= √a
b) Find Ψ ( x , t)
1 ∞
Ψ ( x ,t )= ∫ φ(k)e i ( kx−ωt ) dk
√ 2π −∞
where ω=ħ k 2 /2 m so we cannot pull e−iωt out of the integration
∞
1 a 2a
Ψ ( x ,t )=
3
∫
√2 π −∞ √ 2 π k 2 +a 2
ei( kx−ωt )
2 i( kx−ωt )
a
∫−∞ ek 2 +a2
∞
= dk
π
∞
I= ∫ f ( x)⋅δ (cn)⋅dx
(a) −∞
let u =c⋅x
du=c dx
∞
1 u
I= ∫ f
−∞ c
∞
c ()
δ(u ) du for c>0
1 u
I =∫ f
−∞ c c ()
δ (u) du for c<0
1
for c>0 I= f (0)
c 1
∴ ⇒ I= f (0)
1 |c|
for c<0 I=− f (0)
c
∞
1
∴ ∫ f ( x )⋅δ( cx)⋅dx= f (0)......... .. ... ... ....(1)
−∞ |c|
∞ ∞
1 1
now , f (0)= ∫ f ( x)⋅δ ( x)⋅dx⇒ f (0)= ∫ f ( x)⋅ ⋅δ ( x)⋅dx .... ...... ......... .(2)
−∞ |c| −∞ |c|
1
∴ from (1), (2)→δ ( cx )= δ( x)
|c|
θ= 1 , if x >0
{
(b) 0 , if x <0
∞
dθ( x )
∫ f (x ) dx
dx=I
Consider the integral −∞
∞
∞
I=f (x ) θ(x )|−∞− ∫ f '( x) θ( x) dx
Integraling by part→ −∞
∞
∴I=f ( x) θ( x)|∞−∞ −∫ f '( x ). 1. dx (ds θ( x )=0 for xx<0)
0
∞
∴I=f ( x) θ( x)|∞−∞ −∫ f '( x ). dx
0
∞
(θ(−∞)=0)
=lim [ f ( x) θ( x)−f (−x)θ (−x )] −∫ f ' (x ).dx
x→ ∞ 0 (θ(∞ )=1)
∞
= lim f ( x )−∫ f ' ( x ) dx
x →∞ 0
= lim f ( x )− lim f ( x )−f (0 )
x →∞ [ x→∞ ]
=f (0 )
∞ ∞
dθ
∴ I=f (0)⇒ ∫ f ( x) dx=f (0)= ∫ f ( x)δ( x)dx
−∞ dx −∞
dθ( x)
∴ =δ( x )
dx
Ae−kx x >a
{
Ψ ( x )= B ( ekx +e−kx ) −a< x <a .
Ae kx x >−a
Next continuity at x=a gives
Ae−ka =B ( e kx+ e−kx ) → A=B (e 2 ka +1)
The derivative is discontinuous, so we use the ideas in problem, where
−2 mα 2 mα
−kA e−ka −B ( k ekx + ke−kx )= 2
A e−ka → A+ B ( e 2 ka +1 ) = 2 A
ℏ ℏ k
B ( e 2ka −1 )= A
( 2mα
ℏ k 2 ) 2 ka
−1 =B ( e +1 )
( 2 mα
ℏ k
−1
2 )
2
e 2 ka−1=e 2 ka ( 2mα
ℏk 2
−1 ) +(
2 mα
2
ℏ k
−1 ) → e =(
ℏ k
−2 ka
mα
−1)
2
ℏ
Graphing the results in Mathematica, we have, defining z=2 ka and c=
2 amα
and plotting α >e−z =cz−1 the solutions are: z=1.2785 using the find root
command. Thus for the even solutions we have one bound state and the energy of
the bound state is given through k and we have,
2
z 2 −(1.278) ℏ 2
2
k =
−2mE
ℏ2
=
2a ( )
→ E=
8 ma2 ( )
Now let’s do the odd solutions. We have for the wave functions for the bound
states (if there are any) given by:
Ae−kx x >a
{
Ψ ( x )= B ( ekx +e−kx ) −a< x <a
Ae kx x >−a
Net continuity at x=a gives Ae−ka =B ( e kx+ e−kx ) → A=B (e 2 ka +1) the derivative
Here there may or may not be a solution. Both graphs have their y-intercepts at 1,
but if c is too large (α too small), there may no intersection (red line), where as if
c is smaller (yellow line) there will be. (Note that z=0 which implies that k =0 is
not a solution, since Ψ is then non-normalizable.) So there could be an odd
ℏ2 ℏ2
solution for c <1 or α > . So we have one bound state if α ≤ and two
2 ma 2ma
ℏ2
α> . So for:
2 ma
z
α=
ℏ2
ma
→ c=
1
2
{ even :e−z = −1 ⇒ z=2.21772
−z
2
z
odd : e =1− ⇒ z=1.59362
2
ℏ2
The energies of the two bound states are given by E=−0.615 ( ) or
ma
ℏ2
E=−0.317 ( )
ma
using the formula for the even solutions. If
ℏ2 ℏ2
α=
4 ma
−z
→c=2⇒ e =2 z−1 → z=0.738835 and energy E=−0.682
ma
. The ( )
wave functions look like:
event odd
We have,
{
ψ ( x)= D sin ( l x ) , for ( 0< x< a ) ,
−ψ (−x ) , for ( x <0 ) .
Continuity of ψ ( x) gives :
Fe−ka=D sin(l a) ;
Or
2
√
cot z= ( z 0 / z ) −1 .
Wide, deep well: Intersections are at π ,2 π ,3 π , etc. Thiss fills the rest of the states for the
infinite square well.
Shallow, norrow well: if z 0 <π /2, there is no odd bound state. The corresponding contion on
π 2 ћ2
V0 is V 0 <
8 ma 2
ℏ 2 '' 1
− ψ + mω2 x 2 ψ=Eψ x≥0
2m 2
ψ (0 ) =0
and ψmust be square integrable. This problem is same as usual harmonic oscillator
except that we must choose only those eigenfunction which satisfy of the half harmonic
oscillator, that is ψ ( 0 )=0. if ∅ n ( x ) =H n ( ξ ) exp(−¿ ξ ² /2)¿, then we know that ∅ n satisfies the
For find Ψ (x, t), we use the same way like on stationer case. So we found :
2t
1 +∞ iℏk
φ(k )e ikx e 2m
Ψ ( x ,t )= ∫ dk
√ 2π −∞
With remembered wave function on the first, we can found k (k) by Plancherel theorem:
+∞
1
φ( k)= ∫ Ψ ( x ,0 )e−ikx dx
√2 π −∞
1 +∞
2a 1
φ( k)=
√2 π π ( )
4
−∞
φ(k )e−ikx +ilx dx
∫
1 −(k−l) 2
φ( k)= (2aπ )4e 4a
ϕ ( k ) e i (kx−ℏ k t /2 m )
Ψ ( x , t )= ∫ dk
2 π
√ −∞
ℏl2 t 2 iℏat
2a 1
e
( 2
−ax +i lx − ( 2m ))/(1+
m
)
( )
Ψ ( x , t )=
π
4
√ 1+2 iℏat /m
To count | Ψ (x, t) | 2 we can to use Maple, then the result is :
2
ℏlt
2
2
−2 ω ( −x)
Ψ ( x , t )=
π √
ωe m
ω≡¿¿
⟨ p ⟩=ℏl
⟨ x 2 ⟩=1+ ¿¿ ¿
⟨ p2 ⟩ =ℏ2 (a+ l2)
When l=0, all of the result will decrease, for the stationer wave packet. So the iffiness
principle is,
σ x σ p= √ ( ⟨ x ⟩ −⟨ x ⟩ )( ⟨ p ⟩ −⟨ p ⟩ )
2 2 2 2
ℏ
¿ √ 1+¿ ¿ ¿
2
That result were same with stationer wave packet. So although the packet move with constan
velocity, it’s spread with same velocity as stationer wave packet.
a. (i) b = 0 => ordinary finite square well. Exponential decay outside; sinusoida
inside (cos for Ψ1, sin for Ψ2). No nodes for Ψ1. One node for Ψ2.
(ii) Ground state is even. Exponential decay outside, sinusoidal inside the wells,
hyperbolic cosine inbarrier. First excited state is odd-hyperbolic sine in barrier.
No nodes for Ψ1, one node for Ψ2.
(iii) For b >> a, same as (ii), but wave function very small in barier region.
Essentially two isolated finite squer wells; Ψ1, and Ψ2 are degenerate (in energy);
they are even and linier combinations of the ground states of the two separate
wells.
b. From Eq. 2.157 we know that for b = 0 the energies fall slightly below
Π 2ħ2 h
E1 + Vo ≈ =
2m ( 2 a ) 2 4
4 Π2ħ2
E1 + Vo ≈ =h
2m ( 2 a ) 2
Π 2ħ2
Where h =
2ma 2
For b >> a, the width of each (isolated) well is a, so
Π2ħ2
E1 + Vo ≈ E2 + Vo ≈ =h (again, slightly below this)
2ma 2
d2Ψ
Hance the graph (next page). [Incidentally, within each well, =
dx 2
−2 m
(Vo+ E)Ψ , so the more curved the wave fuction, the higher the energy.
ħ2
This is consistent with the graps above.]
c. In the (even) ground state the energy is lowest in configuration (i), with b → 0, so
the electron tends to draw the nuclei together, promoting bonding of the atoms. In
the (odd) first excited state, by contrast, the electron drives the nuclei apart.
+∞
A2 ∫ sech2 ( ax ) dx=1
−∞
2 A2
=1
a
a
A=
√ 2
a
The maximum of ψ 0 occurs at .
2 √
b) Show that the function
ψ k ( x ) =A ( ik−aik+a
tanh (ax)
e )
ikx
(where k =√ 2mE /ℏ , as usual) solves the Schrödinger Equation for any (positive)
energy E. Since tanh ( z )→−1 as z →−∞,
ψ k ( x ) ≈ A e ikx ,for large negative x.
This represents, then, a wave coming in from the left with no accompanying
reflected wave (i .e . ,no exp (−ikx )) . What is the asymptotic form of ψ k ( x ) at large
positive x? What are Rand T for this potential? Comment: This is a famous example
of a reflectionless potential - every incident particle, regardless of its energy, passes
right through.
We start by checking that ψ k satisfies the Schrödinger Equation.
2
−ℏ2 ∂ ψ k
+V ( x ) ψ k =E k ψ k
2m ∂ x 2
2
−ℏ2 ∂ ψ k
+V ( x ) ψ k
2m ∂ x 2
2 i a2 A e 1 kx k sech 2 ( ax ) 2 a3 A e ikx sech 2 ( ax ) tanh ( ax )
¿− + − A e ikx k 2 ¿ ¿
ik+a ik+a
ℏ2 a 2 ik−a tanh(ax) ikx
¿−
m
sech 2 ( ax ) A (
ik+a
e )
Simplifying and replace k for √ 2 mEwe obtain
i √2 m Ek x
−√ a e Ek ℏ2 ¿ ¿
Also
Ek ψ k
i √2 m Ek x
¿ √ a Ek e ¿¿
As we can see ψ k satises the Schrödinger Equation.
We have
lim tanh ( ax )=1
x→+∞
So ψ k → A ( ik−a
ik +a )
e ikx
. For the transmission coeffcient T , we take the ratio of the
T= ( ik−a −ik −a
ik +a )( −ik + a )
=1