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Chapter 10: Fundamentals of Metal Casting P.237
Chapter 10: Fundamentals of Metal Casting P.237
237
CONTENTS
1
Introduction p.237
.
2
Solidification of Metals p.238
.
3
Fluid Flow p.243
.
4
Fluidity of Molten Metal p.245
.
5
Heat Transfer p.247
.
6
Defects p.249
.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
1
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
10.1 Introduction
- Có nhiều phương pháp để tạo hình dáng của sản phẩm.
- Một trong số đó là phương pháp đúc. Nó dựa trên sự đổ kim loại nóng chảy
vào khuôn, sau khi đông đặc sẽ tạo hình như khuôn.
Chọn phương pháp đúc nào?
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
2
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
Selection?
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
3
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
- Mỗi phương pháp có những tính chất, ứng dụng, giới hạn và giá thành
riêng.
- Dựa vào :
Độ phức tạp của hình dạng, khả năng của khuôn chứa, đôi khi chỉ làm
một chi tiết rất lớn.
Những phương pháp khác không có tính kinh tế.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
4
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
5
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
Cân nhắc quan trọng trong quá trình đúc như sau :
Dòng chảy của kim loại nóng chảy vào khoang khuôn
Sự đông đặc và làm nguội của kim loại trong khuôn
Ảnh hưởng của các loại nguyên liệu làm khuôn.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
6
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
Sau khi kim loại nóng chảy được đổ vào một khuôn mẫu,
một loạt các sự kiện diễn ra trong quá trình đông đặc các
kim loại và làm nguội đến nhiệt độ môi trường xung quanh
. Những sự kiện này ảnh hưởng lớn tới kích thước , hình
dáng , tính đồng nhất , và thành phần hóa học của các hạt
được hình thành trong suốt quá trình đúc , do đó ảnh
hưởng đến các tính chất chung của kim loại .
Các yếu tố quan trọng ảnh hưởng đến những sự kiện
này là các loại kim loại , các tính chất nhiệt của cả hai
kim loại và khuôn , mối quan hệ hình học giữa khối
lượng, diện tích bề mặt và hình dạng của khuôn.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
7
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
Al: 660oC,
Fe:1537oC
W: 3410oC.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
8
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
9
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
10
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
11
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
G/R
where:
- G: the thermal
gradient
- R: the rate at
which the
G/R = 105 - 107 G/R = 1010 - 1012 interface moves.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
12
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
13
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
p v2
Bernoulli’s theorem h
g 2 g
constant
Mass continuity Q A1 v1 A 2 v 2
A1 h2
Sprue design
A2 h1
vD
Reynolds number Re
Volume n
Chvorinov’s Rule Solidification time = C
Surface Area
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
14
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
15
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
16
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
17
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
18
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
Hệ số co khi
đông đặc
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
19
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
10.6 Defects
Seven basic categories of casting defects
A-Metallic projections (Tính kim loại): fins, flash, or projections such as swells and rough surfaces.
B-Cavities (Lòng khuôn): rounded or rough internal or exposed cavities including blowholes, pinholes, and
shrinkage cavities
C-Discontinuities (Tính không liên tục): cracks, cold or hot tearing, and cold shuts.
D-Defective surface (Khuyết tật bề mặt): surface folds, laps, scars, adhering sand layers, and oxide scale.
E-Incomplete casting (Đúc không hoàn chỉnh): misruns (due to premature solidification), insufficient
volume of the metal poured, and runout
F-Incorrect dimensions or shape (Sai lệch kích thước và hình dáng): improper shrinkage allowance,
pattern-mounting error, irregular
G-Inclusions (Dính kết bề mặt): may form during melting when the molten metal reacts with the
environment (usually oxygen) or with the Crucible or mold material.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
20
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
10.6 Defects
Discontinuities - Hot Tears in Castings
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
21
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
10.6 Defects
Defective surface - Common Casting Defects
a- bọt khí
b- xẹo
c- rỗ khí
d- vảy
e- rò rĩ
f- không điền đầy
g- đường hàn
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
22
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
10.6 Defects
Types of Internal and External Chills used in Casting
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
23
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
24
Chapter 10: FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING p.237
Entapped air
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
25