Introduction To System Analysis: Pamantasan NG Cabuyao

Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Engineering
1ST SEMESTER & A.Y. 2020-2021
MODULE
1 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
This module will gives a premise to application projects and goes about as a mediator between
the PC client and the PC equipment. An astounding part of working frameworks is the manner
by which they shift in achieving these errands in a wide assortment of figuring situations.
Working frameworks are all over the place, from vehicles and home machines that incorporate
"Web of Things(WOT)” also known as “Internet of Things ( IOT) " gadgets, to advanced mobile
phones, PCs, venture PCs, and distributed computing situations.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this module you should be able to:
1. Describe the impact of information technology on business strategy and success

2. Explain how profiles and models can represent business functions and operations
3. Identify various types of information systems and explain who uses them
4. Compare the traditional waterfall model with agile methods and models
PRE-TEST
You may want the students to test their knowledge/understanding of the unit’s topics before they
start (this helps students to know where they should focus their efforts). Can be self-check or
direct the student to an online quiz/survey/exercise.
1.0] NATURE OF THE SYSTEM
What is a System?
The word System is derived from Greek word Sistema, which means an organized relationship
between any set of components to achieve some common cause or objective.
A system is “an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a

plan to achieve a specific goal.”
Constraints of a System
A system must have three basic constraints −
 A system must have some structure and behavior which is designed to achieve a
predefined objective.
 Interconnectivity and interdependence must exist among the system components.

 The objectives of the organization have a higher priority than the objectives of its
subsystems.
For example, traffic management system, payroll system, automatic library system, human
resources information system.
Systems Analysis
It is a process of collecting and interpreting facts, identifying the problems, and decomposition of
a system into its components.
System analysis is conducted for the purpose of studying a system or its parts in order to
identify its objectives. It is a problem solving technique that improves the system and ensures
that all the components of the system work efficiently to accomplish their purpose.
Analysis specifies what the system should do.
Systems Design
It is a process of planning a new business system or replacing an existing system by defining its
components or modules to satisfy the specific requirements. Before planning, you need to
understand the old system thoroughly and determine how computers can best be used in order
to operate efficiently.
System Design focuses on how to accomplish the objective of the system.
System Analysis and Design (SAD) mainly focuses on −
 Systems
 Processes
 Technology
Properties of a System
A system has the following properties −
Organization
Organization implies structure and order. It is the arrangement of components that helps to
achieve predetermined objectives.
Interaction
It is defined by the manner in which the components operate with each other.
For example, in an organization, purchasing department must interact with production

department and payroll with personnel department.
Interdependence
Interdependence means how the components of a system depend on one another. For proper
functioning, the components are coordinated and linked together according to a specified plan.
The output of one subsystem is the required by other subsystem as input.
Integration
Integration is concerned with how a system components are connected together. It means that
the parts of the system work together within the system even if each part performs a unique
function.
Central Objective
The objective of system must be central. It may be real or stated. It is not uncommon for an
organization to state an objective and operate to achieve another.
The users must know the main objective of a computer application early in the analysis for a
successful design and conversion.
1.2] CLASSIFICATION OF A SYSTEM / TYPES OF SYSTEMS
Types of Systems
The systems can be divided into the following types −
Physical or Abstract Systems
Physical systems are tangible entities. We can touch and feel them.
Physical System may be static or dynamic in nature. For example, desks and chairs are the
physical parts of computer center which are static. A programmed computer is a dynamic
system in which programs, data, and applications can change according to the user's needs.
Abstract systems are non-physical entities or conceptual that may be formulas, representation
or model of a real system.
Open or Closed Systems
An open system must interact with its environment. It receives inputs from and delivers outputs
to the outside of the system. For example, an information system which must adapt to the
changing environmental conditions.
A closed system does not interact with its environment. It is isolated from environmental
influences. A completely closed system is rare in reality.
Adaptive and Non Adaptive System
Adaptive System responds to the change in the environment in a way to improve their
performance and to survive. For example, human beings, animals.
Non Adaptive System is the system which does not respond to the environment. For example,
machines.
Permanent or Temporary System
Permanent System persists for long time. For example, business policies.
Temporary System is made for specified time and after that they are demolished. For example,
A DJ system is set up for a program and it is dissembled after the program.
Natural and Manufactured System
Natural systems are created by the nature. For example, Solar system, seasonal system.
Manufactured System is the man-made system. For example, Rockets, dams, trains.
Deterministic or Probabilistic System
Deterministic system operates in a predictable manner and the interaction between system
components is known with certainty. For example, two molecules of hydrogen and one molecule
of oxygen makes water.
Probabilistic System shows uncertain behavior. The exact output is not known. For example,
Weather forecasting, mail delivery.
Social, Human-Machine, Machine System
Social System is made up of people. For example, social clubs, societies.
In Human-Machine System, both human and machines are involved to perform a particular task.
For example, Computer programming.
Machine System is where human interference is neglected. All the tasks are performed by the
machine. For example, an autonomous robot.
Man–Made Information Systems
It is an interconnected set of information resources to manage data for particular organization,

under Direct Management Control (DMC).
This system includes hardware, software, communication, data, and application for producing
information according to the need of an organization.
Man-made information systems are divided into three types −
Formal Information System − It is based on the flow of information in the form of memos,
instructions, etc., from top level to lower levels of management.
Informal Information System − This is employee based system which solves the day to day
work related problems.
Computer Based System − This system is directly dependent on the computer for managing
business applications. For example, automatic library system, railway reservation system,
banking system, etc.
1.3] GENERAL SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES
What is a General System Principle?
Looking back at his early work in 1968, von Bertalannfy described the core idea of General
System Theory this way:
There exist models, principles, and laws that apply to generalized systems...irrespective of their
particular kind. ...We postulate a new discipline called General System Theory. (Bertalanffy,
1968)
According to Bertalanffy (1972a), he first presented the idea of general system theory in a
seminar at the University of Chicago in 1937. Earlier, in a 1928 German language publication,
Bertalanffy emphasized organization as a key concept for understanding systems. He provided
this English translation in 1972:
Since the fundamental character of the living thing is its organization, the customary
investigation of the single parts and processes cannot provide a complete explanation of the
vital phenomena. This investigation gives us no information about the coordination of parts and
processes. Thus the chief task of biology must be to discover the laws of biological systems (at
all levels of organization).
...This view, considered as a method of investigation, we shall call 'organismic biology' and, as
an attempt at an explanation, 'the system theory of the organism'... (quoted in Bertalanffy,
1972b)
Bertalanffy (1972b) added:
...If the term 'organism' in the above statements is replaced by other 'organized entities,' such as
social groups, personality, or technological devices, this is the program of systems theory.
Models, Principles, Laws
In his 1968 summary of general system theory, Bertalanffy referred to "models, principles, and
laws that apply to generalized systems." But those are arguably three different things.
Models are representations. They are simplified descriptions, diagrams, or depictions of more
complicated real-world things. Scientific theories can be regarded as models.
Principles are foundations. They are building blocks for more complex analysis or theories, such
as the fundamental propositions of a belief system. One commonly sees references to
elementary principles.
Law comes from the Old English lagu and Old Norse lag, meaning something laid down or fixed.
A law of nature is a fixed and immutable feature of the universe.
The concept of laws of nature is actually controversial in philosophy, defined in a variety of

different ways ("Laws of Nature," 2017). If one follows the etymology of the word law, a law of
nature should be something fixed and immutable, true of all systems everywhere, like the
limitation on the speed of light, or the law of gravity.
Bertalanffy and James G. Miller originally defined general system theory as a search for general
laws of all systems. Miller followed this template in writing Living Systems (1978) when he
specified 20 critical subsystems found in every living system (see previous page).
Anatol Rapoport, by contrast, looked for deep structural similarities between superficially
different systems. Those resemblances are not laws (not found always or everywhere) and they
are not models (theories of a single type of system).
That label principles fits the type of patterns located by Rapoport. They are foundational
patterns, discovered at the root of different systems.
Rapoport focused on functional similarities: parallels in the way the system functioned or
operated. This required focusing on patterns of organization, as Bertalanffy originally specified,
but also patterns of operation, observed when a system is in motion, with information or energy
flowing between parts.
1.4] EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
System
A system is an arrangement in which all its unit assemble work together according to a set of
rules. It can also be defined as a way of working, organizing or doing one or many tasks
according to a fixed plan. For example, a watch is a time displaying system. Its components
follow a set of rules to show time. If one of its parts fails, the watch will stop working. So we can
say, in a system, all its subcomponents depend on each other.
Embedded System
As its name suggests, Embedded means something that is attached to another thing. An
embedded system can be thought of as a computer hardware system having software
embedded in it. An embedded system can be an independent system or it can be a part of a
large system. An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor based system which
is designed to perform a specific task. For example, a fire alarm is an embedded system; it will
sense only smoke.
An embedded system has three components −
 It has hardware.
 It has application software.
 It has Real Time Operating system (RTOS) that supervises the application
software and provide mechanism to let the processor run a process as per
scheduling by following a plan to control the latencies. RTOS defines the way the
system works. It sets the rules during the execution of application program. A
small scale embedded system may not have RTOS.
So we can define an embedded system as a Microcontroller based, software driven, reliable,

real-time control system.
Characteristics of an Embedded System
Single-functioned − An embedded system usually performs a specialized operation and does

the same repeatedly. For example: A pager always functions as a pager.
Tightly constrained − All computing systems have constraints on design metrics, but those on
an embedded system can be especially tight. Design metrics is a measure of an
implementation's features such as its cost, size, power, and performance. It must be of a size to
fit on a single chip, must perform fast enough to process data in real time and consume
minimum power to extend battery life.
Reactive and Real time − Many embedded systems must continually react to changes in the
system's environment and must compute certain results in real time without any delay. Consider
an example of a car cruise controller; it continually monitors and reacts to speed and brake
sensors. It must compute acceleration or de-accelerations repeatedly within a limited time; a
delayed computation can result in failure to control of the car.
Microprocessors based − It must be microprocessor or microcontroller based.
Memory − It must have a memory, as its software usually embeds in ROM. It does not need
any secondary memories in the computer.
Connected − It must have connected peripherals to connect input and output devices.
HW-SW systems − Software is used for more features and flexibility. Hardware is used for
performance and security.
Advantages
 Easily Customizable
 Low power consumption
 Low cost
 Enhanced performance

Disadvantages
 High development effort

 Larger time to market
Basic Structure of an Embedded System
The following illustration shows the basic structure of an embedded system –
Sensor − It measures the physical quantity and converts it to an electrical signal which can be
read by an observer or by any electronic instrument like an A2D converter. A sensor stores the
measured quantity to the memory.
A-D Converter − An analog-to-digital converter converts the analog signal sent by the sensor
into a digital signal.
Processor & ASICs − Processors process the data to measure the output and store it to the
memory.
D-A Converter − A digital-to-analog converter converts the digital data fed by the processor to
analog data
Actuator − An actuator compares the output given by the D-A Converter to the actual
(expected) output stored in it and stores the approved output.
Pre-test (Given Before the Lesson)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Module 1: Topic 1 Pre-test

Name: _______________________________ Score: ____________
Section: _______________________________ Instructor: ____________ Date: ______
a. Describe in your own words: What is a System? Give examples of a System.
b. If you are going to design a simple system for your field of discipline, what kind of system would it
be? How about in the field where it could contribute to the community?
Name Score
Section Instructor Date
POST-TEST
I. True or False: Analyze each statement and point – out the word that makes the statement
false. Supply the correct word. Else, write true.
1. The word System is derived from Greek word Sistema, which means an organized relationship
between a distinct set of components to achieve some common cause or objective.
2. Interconnectivity and interdependence is one of the basic constraints of a system.
3. System Design is a problem solving technique that improves the system and ensures that all the
components of the system work efficiently to accomplish their purpose.
4. It is a process of planning a new business system or replacing an existing system by defining its
components or modules to satisfy the specific requirements.
5. An embedded system usually performs a specialized operation and does the same repeatedly.
6. Adaptive System responds to the change in the environment in a way to improve their
performance and to survive.
7. Principles are foundations, which they are building blocks for more complex analysis or theories,
such as the fundamental propositions of a belief system.
8. It must compute acceleration or de-accelerations repeatedly within a limited time is one of the
characteristic of a Reactive and Real-time System.
9. An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor based system which is designed to
perform a multiple task.
10. This system is directly dependent on the computer for managing business applications. This is a
Computer Based System
1._______________________ 6. ____________________
2._______________________ 7.____________________
3._______________________ 8.____________________
4._______________________ 9.____________________
5._______________________ 10.____________________
II. Short Answer Questions. Use the Matrix to accumulate the highest possible point .
Descriptions / Factors Grading points
1. Completeness - Does your response directly answer each part of the 2 pts 1 pts
assignment question(s)? partia
l
2. Knowledge - Does your response clearly show you have read and 0 pt
understand the lesson content by correctly defining key terms, key persons No answer
4 pts 2 pts
and summarizing concepts? partia
l
3. Analysis - Have you clearly state analysis and give examples to back
them up? Does your response provide analysis to the larger concepts of the 2 pts 1 pts
lesson? partia
4. Writing Skills - Do you write clearly, in complete sentences, with minimal l
errors in grammar and spelling?
1. Identify the main components of an information system, and describe the system's stakeholders.
2. Explain the difference between vertical and horizontal systems packages.
ANSWER KEY MODULE 1 POST-TEST
True or False
1. Distinct set – any set
2. True
3. System Design – System Analysis
4. True
5. True
6. True
7. True
8. True
9. Multiple – specific
10. True
Generic answer
#1
An information system has five key components: hardware, software, data, processes, and people.
Stakeholders include the management group responsible for the system, the users inside and outside
the company, and IT staff members.
#2
A horizontal system:
-can be adapted for use in many different types of companies.
A vertical system
-is designed to meet the unique requirements of a specific business or industry.

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Pamantasan ng Cabuyao

1 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM ANALYSIS

By the end of this module you should be able to:

1. Describe the impact of information technology on business strategy and success

1.0] NATURE OF THE SYSTEM

A system is “an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a

 Interconnectivity and interdependence must exist among the system components.

Analysis specifies what the system should do.

System Design focuses on how to accomplish the objective of the system.

System Analysis and Design (SAD) mainly focuses on −

A system has the following properties −

For example, in an organization, purchasing department must interact with production

1.2] CLASSIFICATION OF A SYSTEM / TYPES OF SYSTEMS

The systems can be divided into the following types −

Physical or Abstract Systems

Open or Closed Systems

Adaptive and Non Adaptive System

Permanent or Temporary System

Natural and Manufactured System

Deterministic or Probabilistic System

Social, Human-Machine, Machine System

Social System is made up of people. For example, social clubs, societies.

Man–Made Information Systems

It is an interconnected set of information resources to manage data for particular organization,

Man-made information systems are divided into three types −

1.3] GENERAL SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES

What is a General System Principle?

Bertalanffy (1972b) added:

Models, Principles, Laws

The concept of laws of nature is actually controversial in philosophy, defined in a variety of

An embedded system has three components −

So we can define an embedded system as a Microcontroller based, software driven, reliable,

Characteristics of an Embedded System

Single-functioned − An embedded system usually performs a specialized operation and does

Microprocessors based − It must be microprocessor or microcontroller based.

 High development effort

Basic Structure of an Embedded System

The following illustration shows the basic structure of an embedded system –

Module 1: Topic 1 Pre-test

a. Describe in your own words: What is a System? Give examples of a System.

Section Instructor Date

Descriptions / Factors Grading points

ANSWER KEY MODULE 1 POST-TEST

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