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Aerosol and Surface Stability of HCo1
Aerosol and Surface Stability of HCo1
Aerosol and Surface Stability of HCo1
Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
CA, USA
Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Fogarty International Center, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
HCoV-19 (SARS-2) has caused >88,000 reported illnesses with a current case-fatality ratio of ~2%.
Here, we investigate the stability of viable HCoV-19 on surfaces and in aerosols in comparison with
SARS35 CoV-1. Overall, stability is very similar between HCoV-19 and SARS-CoV-1. We found that
viable virus could be detected in aerosols up to 3 hours post aerosolization, up to 4 hours on
copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to 2-3 days on plastic and stainless steel. HCoV-19
and SARS-CoV-1 exhibited similar half-lives in aerosols, with median estimates around 2.7 hours.
Both viruses show relatively long viability on stainless steel and polypropylene compared to
copper or cardboard: the median half-life estimate for HCoV-19 is around 13 hours on steel and
around 16 hours on polypropylene. Our results indicate that aerosol and fomite transmission of
HCoV-19 is plausible, as the virus can remain viable in aerosols for multiple hours and on surfaces
up to days.
A novel human coronavirus, now named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-
CoV-2, referred to as HCoV-19 throughout this manuscript) emerged in Wuhan, China in late 2019
As of March 3, 2020, >88,000 cases have been diagnosed in 64 countries, including 2915 deaths.
Therefore, virus transmission via respiratory secretions in the form of droplets (>5 microns) or
aerosols (<5 microns) appears to be likely. Virus stability in air and on surfaces may directly affect
virus transmission, as virus particles need to remain viable long enough after being expelled from
the host to be taken up by a novel host. Airborne transmission or fomite transmission were
thought to play important roles in the epidemiology of the two zoonotic coronaviruses that
emerged this century, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV
Airborne transmission may have been responsible for the largest superspreading event during the
SARS epidemic of 2002-2003, and numerous nosocomial superspreading events of SARS-CoV-1
were linked to aerosol-generating medical procedures.
Fomite transmission was also suspected during the SARS epidemic, and one analysis of a
nosocomial SARSCoV-1 superspreading event concluded that fomites had played a significant role.
Given the potential impact of different routes of transmission on the epidemiology of emerging
viruses, it is crucial to quantify the virological traits that may shape these aspects of HCoV-19
transmission.
Here, we analyze the aerosol and surface stability of HCoV-19 and compare it with SARSCoV-1, the
most closely related coronavirus known to infect humans.
We evaluated the aerosol stability of HCoV-19 and SARS-CoV-1 for up to three hours in aerosols
and up to 7 days on different surfaces. We estimated decay rates of HCoV-19 and SARS-CoV-1 in
each condition using a Bayesian regression model.
Methods
HCoV-19 nCoV-WA1-2020 (MN985325.1) and SARS-CoV-1 Tor2 (AY274119.3) were the strains
used in our comparison. Virus stability in aerosols was determined as described previously at 65%
relative humidity (RH) and 21-23°C, In short, aerosols (69 humedad relativa (RH) y 21-23oC.
15 En resumen, aerosoles(<5 m) que contienen HCoV-19 (TCID50/mL) o SARS-CoV-1 (106.75-7
TCID50/mL) se generaron utilizando un nebulizador Collison de 3 chorros y en un tambor Goldberg
para crear un ambiente aerosolizado. Los aerosoles se mantuvieron en el
El tambor y las muestras de Goldberg se recogieron a los 0, 30, 60, 120 y 180 minutos después de
la aerosolización
Filtro de gelatina de 47mm (Sartorius). Los filtros se disolvieron en 10 ml de DMEM que contenían
10% DE FBS. Tres experimentos de réplica.
Las duraciones de la detectabilidad dependen del método inicial de inóculo y sampling, como se
esperaba. Para evaluar la estabilidad inherente de los virus, estimamos las tasas de
descomposición de los tetadores de virus viables utilizando un Modelo de regresión bayesiana.
Este enfoque de modelado nos permitió tener en cuenta las diferencias inóculos en las réplicas, así
como la censura a intervalos de datos ruido experimental. El modelo produce estimaciones de
posterio distribuciones de tasas de desintegración viral y en las diversas condiciones
experimentales, es decir, estimaciones de la gama de valores plausibles para estos parámetros
dados nuestros datos, con una estimación de la incertidumbre general. 17 Describimos nuestro
modelado enfoque con más detalle en los Materiales Suplementarios.
Resultados
HCoV-19 permaneció viable en aerosoles durante todo el experimento (180 minutos) con una
reducción del rumbo infeccioso 3 horas después de la aerosolización de 103,5 a 102,7
CID50/L(media tres réplicas). Esta reductio n en elmorte del virus viable es relativamente similar a
la reducción observada en aerosoles que contienen SARS-CoV-1, de 104.3 a 103.5 TCID50/mL
(media en tres réplicas) (Figura 1A).
El HCoV-19 era más estable en plástico y acero inoxidable y se podía nificar virus viables hasta 72
horas después de la aplicación (Figura 1B), aunque para entonces el morte de virus se
redujo en gran medida (polipropileno de 103,7 a 100,6 TCID50/ml después de 72 horas, acero
inoxidable de 103,7 a 100,6 TCID50/mL después de 48 horas, media en tres réplicas). SARS-
CoV-1 tenía una cinética de estabilidad similar y se podía detectar virus en vivo en estas superficies
hasta 72 horas en polipropileno y 48 horas en acero inoxidable (polipropileno de 103,4 a 100,7
TCID50/mL después de 72 horas, acero inoxidable de 103,6 a 100,6 TCID50/mL después de 48
horas, media en tres réplicas). No se mida ningún virus viable coul d después de4 horas en cobre
para HCoV-19 y 8 horas para SARS-CoV-1, o después de 24 horas en cartón para HCoV-19 y 8
horas para SARS-CoV (Figura 1B) Ambos virus mostraron una descomposición exponencial en el
rumbo del virus viable en todas las condiciones experimentales, como se indica por la disminución
lineal en el registro10TCID50/mL en el tiempo (Figura 2A).