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‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻄﺎم‬SPSS ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

Book · April 2002

DOI: 10.13140/2.1.2894.1607

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Mahmoud K Okasha
Al-Azhar University - Gaza
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 SPSS ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
Statistical Package for Social Sciences
In Data Analysis

11.5

Dr. Mahmoud Okasha ‫ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﻋﻜﺎﺸﺔ‬

Head of Department Of ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ‬
Applied Statistics, ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺮ – ﻏﺰﺓ‬
Al-Azhar University – Gaza
Palestine ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم ‪ SPSS‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
 ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم ‪SPSS‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Statistical Package for Social Sciences‬‬
‫‪in Data Analysis‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2002‬‬

‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻧﺴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻱ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﲣﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻋـﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﻠـﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺳـﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌـﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﻤﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻧﺴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻱ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻷﻱ ﻏﺮﺽ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ‪ ، m.okasha@palnet.com‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﻳﺮﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬
‫ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪. SPSS‬‬

‫‪ISBN: Pending‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪2002 :‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪. 2002‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺪ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ SPSS‬ﻣﻦ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭﻱ ‪ 11.0‬ﻭ ‪ ، 8.0‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ 7.0‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 11.0‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ‪ :‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻋﻜﺎﺷﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻷزهﺮ – ﻏﺰة‬
‫ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬
 ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم ‪SPSS‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Statistical Package for Social Sciences‬‬
‫‪in Data Analysis‬‬

‫دآﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻋﻜﺎﺷﺔ‬

‫رﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻹﺣﺼﺎء اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻷزهﺮ ‪ -‬ﻏﺰة‬

‫اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ‪ -‬ﻣﺎرس ‪2002‬‬

‫ﻏﺰة – ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‬
 ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم ‪SPSS‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Statistical Package for Social Sciences‬‬
‫‪in Data Analysis‬‬

‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺩ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻟﻠﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻓﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ SPSS‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺃﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪ìˆÆ<I<†â‡ù]<íÃÚ^q‬‬
 âïy‹Üa@漋Üa@a@âi

áîÄÈÛa@a@Ö‡–
 ‫ﺇﻫﺪﺍﺀ‬
‫• ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺸﻬﺩﺍﺀ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﺭﺍﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﻴﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﺮﺣﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻷﻱ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺭﺤﺏ ﺒﺄﻱ ﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﺉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬
‫ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ ‪. m.okasha@palnet.com :‬‬
 ‫‪áí‡Ôm‬‬
‫ﻟﻘـﺩ ﺠـﺎﺀﺕ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻟﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻴﻔـﻴﺔ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺎل ﺘﺘﻁـﺭﻕ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺨـﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﺠﻌل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺘﺼﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻏﻠـﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺘﻨﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﺎﺤﺜﹰﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺒﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﹰﺎ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﻴﺤﺫﻭﻥ ﺤﺫﻭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻷﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴـﺏ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻗﺩﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺎﻭﻟﺕ ﺠﺎﻫﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﻀﺢ‬
‫ﻟـﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ‪ SPSS‬ﻭﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺃﻭﺍﻤﺭﻩ ﺒل ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻐـﺭﺽ ﺘﻭﻀـﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﻓﺼﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺘﺒﹰﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴـﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤـﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴـﺒﺔ ﻟﺤـل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺯﺍﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻜـل ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺘﻔﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨـﻭﺽ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻠـﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒـﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻗـﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ‪ SPSS‬ﻭﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺴﻬل ﻤﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻋـﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﻜل ﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻬـﺫﺍ ﻓﻘـﺩ ﺠﺎﺀﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﺒﺩﺃﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺒﺄﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ‪ SPSS‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺠﺩﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻡ ﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬
‫ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﺴـﻭﻓﺕ ﺃﻭﻓـﻴﺱ ‪ Microsoft Office‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟـﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺒـﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻜﺴل ‪ Excel‬ﻗﺩ ﻴﺠﺩ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﻴﻬﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﺼﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫ﻭﻟـﻭ ﺒﻨﻅـﺭﺓ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﺩﻓﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺘـﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻓﺭﻉ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﻁـﺭﻕ ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺭﺴﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨـﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﺫﻩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻨﺼﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻭﻗﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻬﺩ ﻴﺒﺫل ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻴـﻨﻤﺎ ﻴـﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﻔـﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺸﺭ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔـﺼﻭل ﺘﻭﻀـﺢ ﻜﻴﻔـﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺘﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩﹰﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻼﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪Non-‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻤﺴﺘﻘ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺠـﺩﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻨﺨﺼﺹ ﻓﺼ ﹰ‬
‫‪ parametric Methods‬ﺒل ﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺒﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻐﺎﻻﺓ‬
‫ﻓـﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻸﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﻠﺘﻘﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻀﻌﻑ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴـﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤـﻴﺔ ﻭﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋـﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺤﺎﻭﻟﻨﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻊ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔـﺼﻭل ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤـﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺯ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘﺤﻠـﻴل ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺤـﺩﺍﺭ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻴﻨﺎﻗﺵ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟـﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺒﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺴل ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟـﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺨﺼﺼﺕ ﻟﻸﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺄﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻬـﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻔـﺼل ﺍﻟـﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻋـﺸﺭ ﺒﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌـﻨﻘﻭﺩﻱ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻔـﺼل ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺒﻊ ﻋـﺸﺭ ﺒﺄﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﻬـﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨـﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﺩﻋﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻜل ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ‪ SPSS‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻴﺤـﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤـﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻗـﺒل ﺍﻟـﺒﺩﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﺩﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻜﻤﺎل ﷲ ﻭﺤﺩﻩ ﻓﻘﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻨﺄﻤل ﺃﻥ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻘـﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﺡ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﻬﻡ ﻜل ﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻭﺩﺍﺭﺱ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﷲ ﻨﺴﺄل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻓﻘﻨﺎ ‪،،،،،،‬‬

‫ﺇﻨﻪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ ‪،،،،،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ‬
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮس اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬
‫‪TABLE OF CONTENTS‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪19 .............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.1‬أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب ‪21 .............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.1‬ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت واﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪات‪26 ..................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.1‬اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات واﻷﻋﻤﺪة ‪31 .........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4.1‬اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪات واﻟﺼﻔﻮف ‪33 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .5.1‬ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ‪34 ..............................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم وإدﺧﺎل اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪39 ................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.2‬ﻧﻈﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ‪43 .....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.2‬إدﺧﺎل وﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪46 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.2.2‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات ‪47 ............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.2.2‬إدﺧﺎل اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪58 ................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.2.2‬اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪61 ......................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.2‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت أوراق ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪65 .............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.3.2‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﻨﻈﺎم ‪ SPSS‬ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ‪67 ....................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.3.2‬ﻓﺘﺢ أوراق ﻋﻤﻞ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى ‪69 .................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.3.2‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﺼﺤﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪70 ..........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4.2‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﺼﻴﺔ ‪74 .................................................................................‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ وﺗﺤﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات ‪81 ............................................................‬‬

‫‪ .1.3‬اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ‪85 ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.3‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات ‪104 ......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.3‬ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪات ‪118 ................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.3.3‬اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﻔﺮدات ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ‪119 ..........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.3.3‬إﻋﻄﺎء أوزان ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺮدات ‪125 .............................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.3.3‬ﻓﺮز )ﺗﺮﻧﻴﺐ( اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪126 .......................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4.3.3‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ‪128 ...................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ‪ :‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت وﺻﻒ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪131 .......................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.4‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪133 ...........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.4‬اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪134 ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.4‬إﻳﺠﺎد اﻟﻨﻮاﻓﺬ ‪137 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4.4‬وﺻﻒ وﺗﺒﻮﻳﺐ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪140 ....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.4.4‬وﺻﻒ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ‪141 .....................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.4.4‬وﺻﻒ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ‪153 .......................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .5.4‬اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺼﺎت واﻟﺘﻘﺎرﻳﺮ ‪177 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ‪ :‬اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪183 ..........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.5‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪185 ..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.5‬ﻃﻠﺐ أﻣﺮ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ‪185 .....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.5‬رؤﻳﺔ وﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ‪187 .........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4.5‬ﺷﻜﻞ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻤﺘﻼﺻﻘﺔ ‪192 ....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .5.5‬أﺷﻜﺎل أﻋﻤﺪة اﻷﺧﻄﺎء ‪198 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .6.5‬اﻧﺘﺎج اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻤﻬﺠﻨﺔ ‪201 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .7.5‬أﺷﻜﺎل ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‪206 ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﻦ ‪217 .........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.6‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪219 ..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.6‬اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ :‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ‪223 ............................................................................. t‬‬
‫‪.1.2.6‬ﻓﺮوض وﺷﺮوط اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ‪223 ...................................................... t‬‬
‫‪ .2.2.6‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ‪ t‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺘﻴﻦ ‪223 ..................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.2.6‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ‪ t‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺘﻴﻦ ‪231 ...................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.6‬اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻼﻣﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪238 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.3.6‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‪ :‬اﺣﺘﺒﺎرات وﻳﻠﻜﻮآﺴﻦ واﻻﺷﺎرة وﻣﻜﻨﻤﺎر ‪239 ....................‬‬
‫‪ .2.3.6‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ :‬اﺣﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﺎن وﻳﺘﻨﻲ ‪243 ................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4.6‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ‪247 .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.4.6‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﺔ واﺣﺪة ‪247 .....................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.4.6‬اﺣﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺪوث ‪249 ...............................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب "ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت" ذات اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ‪253 ................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.7‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪255 ..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.7‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ إﺗﺠﺎﻩ واﺣﺪ ‪259 ...............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.7‬اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻼﻣﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ :‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎر آﺮوﺳﻜﺎل واﻟﻴﺲ ‪268 .......................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب "ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت" اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ‪271 ..............................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.8‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪273 ..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.8‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ‪279 ................................................................... SPSS‬‬
‫‪ .3.8‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻐﺎﻳﺮ ‪286 .................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4.8‬اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ – اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﻴﻮآﻲ ‪295 ...............................................‬‬
‫‪ .5.8‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﺑﺄآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ‪301 ..................................................‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ‪305 ..........................................................‬‬

‫‪ .1.9‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪307 ..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.9‬ﻣﺰاﻳﺎ وﻋﻴﻮب اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ‪309 ..............................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.9‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم ‪310 .............................. SPSS‬‬
‫‪ .4.9‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻞ واﺣﺪ‪313 .............................................‬‬
‫‪ .5.9‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻮﻧﻔﺮوﻧﻲ ‪325 .............................................‬‬
‫‪ .6.9‬اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻼﻣﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ‪327 ........................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.6.9‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻣﺎن ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﻴﺔ ‪328 ....................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.6.9‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎر آﻮآﺮان‪-‬آﻴﻮ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ‪330 ....................................................‬‬

‫‪ .7.9‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ذات ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ‪333 ...........................................‬‬

‫‪ .8.9‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ ‪343 .........................‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ذات اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪345 ....................................................‬‬

‫‪ .1.10‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪347 ........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.10‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ ذات ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ‪349 ..........................................‬‬
‫‪ 3.10‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ ذات ﺛﻼث ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ‪365 ...............................................‬‬
‫‪ 1.3.10‬اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ )‪365 ............................................................. A*(B*C‬‬
‫‪ 2.3.10‬اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ )‪367 ............................................................. A*B*(C‬‬
‫‪ .4.10‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ واﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪368 ...........................................................‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺤﺎدي ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت واﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻈﻮاهﺮ ‪371 ............................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.11‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪373 ........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.11‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ ﻇﻮاهﺮ آﻤﻴﺔ ‪377 ........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.11‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﻴﺔ ‪383 .................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4.11‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ‪388 ..................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻹﻧﺤﺪار ‪401 ...................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.12‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪403 ........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.1.12‬اﻻﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﺨﻄﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ )ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ( ‪404 ................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.1.12‬اﻻﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد ‪404 .............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.1.12‬اﻟﺒﻮاﻗﻲ )اﻷﺧﻄﺎء( ‪405 ..........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4.1.12‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد‪405 .....................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .5.1.12‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﻧﺎﻓﺬة ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻻﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﺨﻄﻲ ‪406 ..........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.12‬اﻹﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﺨﻄﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ‪407 ..................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.12‬اﻹﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد ‪420 ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4.12‬ﺷﻜﻞ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر وﺧﻂ اﻹﻧﺤﺪار ‪435 ............................................................................‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻹﻧﺤﺪار ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ ‪439 ...................................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.13‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪441 ........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.13‬ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت ‪443 ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.13‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪446 ........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .4.13‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻹﻧﺤﺪار ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت ‪449 ................................................‬‬
‫‪ .5.13‬ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﺸﺎآﻞ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ‪450 .........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .6.13‬ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻻﻧﺤﺪار ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ ‪453 .............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .7.13‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ‪457 .....................................................................................................‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎرﻳﺘﻤﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ وﻧﻤﺎذج اﻹﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﻲ ‪471 ........................‬‬
‫‪ .1.14‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪473 ........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.14‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎرﻳﺘﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ‪474 ....................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.14‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎرﻳﺘﻤﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ وﻧﻤﻮذج اﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼل اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ‪490 ............................‬‬
‫‪ .4.14‬ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻹﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﻲ ‪492 ................................................................................‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ‪515 ......................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.15‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪517 ........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.15‬ﻧﻤﺎذج ﺑﻮآﺲ‪-‬ﺟﻴﻨﻜﻨﺰ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪519 .........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.15‬اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ‪521 .............................................‬‬
‫‪ .4.15‬ﻃﺮق آﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮح ‪525 ...............................................‬‬
‫‪ .5.15‬اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم ‪529 ............................................. SPSS‬‬
‫‪ .6.15‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﺎآﻨﺔ ‪543 ...........................................................‬‬
‫‪ .6.15‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ‪552 .......................................................................‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ واﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪات ‪553 .........................................‬‬
‫‪ .1.16‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪555 ........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.16‬أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ‪560 .....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.16‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم ‪562 ................................................................. SPSS‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ‪581 .......................................................................‬‬

‫‪ .1.17‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪583 ........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.17‬ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ‪586 ................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.17‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎهﺪات ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪597 ........................................................ SPSS‬‬
‫‪ .1 .3.17‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ‪597 ......................................................SPSS‬‬
‫‪ .2 .3.17‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎهﺪات ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻴﺔ ‪604 ............................‬‬
‫‪ .3 .3.17‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات ‪615 .............................‬‬
‫‪ .4 .3.17‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎت ‪622 ....................... K-Means‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ ‪631 ..........................................................................‬‬

‫‪ .1.18‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪633 ........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .2.18‬ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ إﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ‪635 ............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .3.18‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم ‪640 ............................................................... SPSS‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ ‪655 ..............................................................................................................‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻖ ‪661 ................................................................................................................‬‬

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